毕设三项文档之-外文翻译
毕设外文翻译是什么意思(两篇)
引言概述：在现代高等教育中，毕业设计（或称为毕业论文、学士论文等）是学生完成学业的重要环节。
而对于一些特定的专业，例如翻译专业，有时候还需要完成外文翻译这一项任务。
本文将探讨毕设外文翻译的意义和目的，以及为什么对翻译专业的学生而言这一任务极其重要。
正文内容：1.提高翻译能力和技巧外文翻译是一项对翻译专业学生而言十分重要的任务，通过进行外文翻译，学生们可以通过实践提高自己的翻译能力和技巧。
在这个过程中，他们可以学习如何处理不同类型的外文文本，熟悉不同领域的专业术语，并掌握一些常用的翻译技巧和策略。
2.扩展语言和文化知识毕设外文翻译要求学生们对翻译语言的相关知识和背景有一定的了解。
在进行翻译时，学生们需要遵循目标语言的语法规则，并确保所翻译的内容准确、清晰地传达源语言的意义。
通过这一过程，学生们可以进一步扩展自己的语言和文化知识，提高自己的跨文化沟通能力。
3.提供实践机会毕设外文翻译为学生们提供了一个实践的机会，让他们能够将在课堂上所学到的理论知识应用于实际操作中。
通过实践，学生们可以对所学知识的理解更加深入，同时也可以发现并解决实际翻译过程中的问题和挑战。
这对于学生们将来从事翻译工作时具备更好的实践能力和经验具有重要意义。
4.培养翻译专业素养毕设外文翻译要求学生们具备良好的翻译专业素养。
在进行翻译过程中，学生们需要保持专业的态度和责任心，严谨地对待每一个翻译任务。
他们需要学会如何进行翻译质量的评估和控制，以确保最终翻译稿的准确性和流畅性。
这一系列的要求和实践，可以帮助学生们培养出色的翻译专业素养。
5.提升自我学习和研究能力毕设外文翻译要求学生们进行广泛的文献阅读和研究，以便更好地理解所翻译的内容，并找到适当的翻译方法和策略。
在这个过程中，学生们需要培养自己的自主学习和研究能力，提高对学术和专业领域的敏感性，并能够独立思考和解决问题。
这将对学生们未来的学术研究和进一步的职业发展产生积极的影响。
总结：引言概述:毕业设计外文翻译（Thesis Translation）是指在毕业设计过程中，对相关外文文献进行翻译，并将其应用于研究中，以提供理论支持和参考。
毕业设计外文文献翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系别：专业：班级：姓名：学号：外文出处：附件： 1. 原文； 2. 译文2013年03月附件一：A Rapidly Deployable Manipulator SystemChristiaan J.J. Paredis, H. Benjamin Brown, Pradeep K. KhoslaAbstract:A rapidly deployable manipulator system combines the flexibility of reconfigurable modular hardware with modular programming tools, allowing the user to rapidly create a manipulator which is custom-tailored for a given task. This article describes two main aspects of such a system, namely, the Reconfigurable Modular Manipulator System (RMMS)hardware and the corresponding control software.1 IntroductionRobot manipulators can be easily reprogrammed to perform different tasks, yet the range of tasks that can be performed by a manipulator is limited by mechanicalstructure.Forexample, a manipulator well-suited for precise movement across the top of a table would probably no be capable of lifting heavy objects in the vertical direction. Therefore, to perform a given task,one needs to choose a manipulator with an appropriate mechanical structure.We propose the concept of a rapidly deployable manipulator system to address the above mentioned shortcomings of fixed configuration manipulators. As is illustrated in Figure 1, a rapidly deployable manipulator system consists of software and hardware that allow the user to rapidly build and program a manipulator which is customtailored for a given task.The central building block of a rapidly deployable system is a Reconfigurable Modular Manipulator System (RMMS). The RMMS utilizes a stock of interchangeable link and joint modules of various sizes and performance specifications. One such module is shown in Figure 2. By combining these general purpose modules, a wide range of special purpose manipulators can be assembled. Recently, there has been considerable interest in the idea of modular manipulators [2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 14], for research applications as well as for industrial applications. However, most of these systems lack the property of reconfigurability, which is key to the concept of rapidly deployable systems. The RMMS is particularly easy toreconfigure thanks to its integrated quick-coupling connectors described in Section 3.Effective use of the RMMS requires, Task Based Design software. This software takes as input descriptions of the task and of the available manipulator modules; it generates as output a modular assembly configuration optimally suited to perform the given task. Several different approaches have been used successfully to solve simpli-fied instances of this complicated problem.A third important building block of a rapidly deployable manipulator system is a framework for the generation of control software. To reduce the complexity of softwaregeneration for real-time sensor-based control systems, a software paradigm called software assembly has been proposed in the Advanced Manipulators Laboratory at CMU.This paradigm combines the concept of reusable and reconfigurable software components, as is supported by the Chimera real-time operating system [15], with a graphical user interface and a visual programming language, implemented in OnikaA lthough the software assembly paradigm provides thesoftware infrastructure for rapidly programming manipulator systems, it does not solve the programming problem itself. Explicit programming of sensor-based manipulator systems is cumbersome due to the extensive amount of detail which must be specified for the robot to perform the task. The software synthesis problem for sensor-based robots can be simplified dramatically, by providing robust robotic skills, that is, encapsulated strategies for accomplishing common tasks in the robots task domain [11]. Such robotic skills can then be used at the task level planning stage without having to consider any of the low-level detailsAs an example of the use of a rapidly deployable system,consider a manipulator in a nuclear environment where it must inspect material and space for radioactive contamination, or assemble and repair equipment. In such an environment, widely varied kinematic (e.g., workspace) and dynamic (e.g., speed, payload) performance is required, and these requirements may not be known a priori. Instead of preparing a large set of different manipulators to accomplish these tasks—an expensive solution—one can use a rapidly deployable manipulator system. Consider the following scenario: as soon as a specific task is identified, the task based design software determinesthe task. This optimal configuration is thenassembled from the RMMS modules by a human or, in the future, possibly by anothermanipulator. The resulting manipulator is rapidly programmed by using the software assembly paradigm and our library of robotic skills. Finally,the manipulator is deployed to perform its task.Although such a scenario is still futuristic, the development of the reconfigurable modular manipulator system, described in this paper, is a major step forward towards our goal of a rapidly deployable manipulator system.Our approach could form the basis for the next generation of autonomous manipulators, in which the traditional notion of sensor-based autonomy is extended to configuration-based autonomy. Indeed, although a deployed system can have all the sensory and planning information it needs, it may still not be able to accomplish its task because the task is beyond the system’s physical capabilities. A rapidly deployable system, on the other hand, could adapt its physical capabilities based on task specifications and, with advanced sensing, control, and planning strategies, accomplish the task autonomously.2 Design of self-contained hardware modulesIn most industrial manipulators, the controller is a separate unit housing the sensor interfaces, power amplifiers, and control processors for all the joints of the manipulator.A large number of wires is necessary to connect this control unit with the sensors, actuators and brakes located in each of the joints of the manipulator. The large number of electrical connections and the non-extensible nature of such a system layout make it infeasible for modular manipulators. The solution we propose is to distribute the control hardware to each individual module of the manipulator. These modules then become self-contained units which include sensors, an actuator, a brake, a transmission, a sensor interface, a motor amplifier, and a communication interface, as is illustrated in Figure 3. As a result, only six wires are requiredfor power distribution and data communication.2.1 Mechanical designThe goal of the RMMS project is to have a wide variety of hardware modules available. So far, we have built four kinds of modules: the manipulator base, a link module, three pivot joint modules (one of which is shown in Figure 2), and one rotate joint module. The base module and the link module have no degrees-of-freedom; the joint modules have onedegree-of-freedom each. The mechanical design of the joint modules compactly fits aDC-motor, a fail-safe brake, a tachometer, a harmonic drive and a resolver.The pivot and rotate joint modules use different outside housings to provide the right-angle or in-line configuration respectively, but are identical internally. Figure 4 shows in cross-section the internal structure of a pivot joint. Each joint module includes a DC torque motor and 100:1 harmonic-drive speed reducer, and is rated at a maximum speed of 1.5rad/s and maximum torque of 270Nm. Each module has a mass of approximately 10.7kg. A single, compact, X-type bearing connects the two joint halves and provides the needed overturning rigidity. A hollow motor shaft passes through all the rotary components, and provides achannel for passage of cabling with minimal flexing.2.2 Electronic designThe custom-designed on-board electronics are also designed according to the principle of modularity. Each RMMS module contains a motherboard which provides the basic functionality and onto which daughtercards can be stacked to add module specific functionality.The motherboard consists of a Siemens 80C166 microcontroller, 64K of ROM, 64K of RAM, an SMC COM20020 universal local area network controller with an RS-485 driver, and an RS-232 driver. The function of the motherboard is to establish communication with the host interface via an RS-485 bus and to perform the lowlevel control of the module, as is explained in more detail in Section 4. The RS-232 serial bus driver allows for simple diagnostics and software prototyping.A stacking connector permits the addition of an indefinite number of daughtercards with various functions, such as sensor interfaces, motor controllers, RAM expansion etc. In our current implementation, only modules with actuators include a daughtercard. This card contains a 16 bit resolver to digital converter, a 12 bit A/D converter to interface with the tachometer, and a 12 bit D/A converter to control the motor amplifier; we have used an ofthe-shelf motor amplifier (Galil Motion Control model SSA-8/80) to drive the DC-motor. For modules with more than one degree-of-freedom, for instance a wrist module, more than one such daughtercard can be stacked onto the same motherboard.3 Integrated quick-coupling connectorsTo make a modular manipulator be reconfigurable, it is necessary that the modules can be easily connected with each other. We have developed a quick-coupling mechanism with which a secure mechanical connection between modules can be achieved by simply turning a ring handtight; no tools are required. As shown in Figure 5, keyed flanges provide precise registration of the two modules. Turning of the locking collar on the male end produces two distinct motions: first the fingers of the locking ring rotate (with the collar) about 22.5 degrees and capture the fingers on the flanges; second, the collar rotates relative to the locking ring, while a cam mechanism forces the fingers inward to securely grip the mating flanges. A ball- transfer mechanism between the collar and locking ring automatically produces this sequence of motions.At the same time the mechanical connection is made,pneumatic and electronic connections are also established. Inside the locking ring is a modular connector that has 30 male electrical pins plus a pneumatic coupler in the middle. These correspond to matching female components on the mating connector. Sets of pins are wired in parallel to carry the 72V-25A power for motors and brakes, and 48V–6A power for the electronics. Additional pins carry signals for two RS-485 serial communication busses and four video busses. A plastic guide collar plus six alignment pins prevent damage to the connector pins and assure proper alignment. The plastic block holding the female pins can rotate in the housing to accommodate the eight different possible connection orientations (8@45 degrees). The relative orientation is automatically registered by means of an infrared LED in the female connector and eight photodetectors in the male connector.4 ARMbus communication systemEach of the modules of the RMMS communicates with a VME-based host interface over a local area network called the ARMbus; each module is a node of the network. The communication is done in a serial fashion over an RS-485 bus which runs through the length of the manipulator. We use the ARCNET protocol [1] implemented on a dedicated IC (SMC COM20020). ARCNET is a deterministic token-passing network scheme which avoids network collisions and guarantees each node its time to access the network. Blocks ofinformation called packets may be sent from any node on the network to any one of the other nodes, or to all nodes simultaneously (broadcast). Each node may send one packet each time it gets the token. The maximum network throughput is 5Mb/s.The first node of the network resides on the host interface card, as is depicted in Figure 6. In addition to a VME address decoder, this card contains essentially the same hardware one can find on a module motherboard. The communication between the VME side of the card and the ARCNET side occurs through dual-port RAM.There are two kinds of data passed over the local area network. During the manipulator initialization phase, the modules connect to the network one by one, starting at the base and ending at the end-effector. On joining the network, each module sends a data-packet to the host interface containing its serial number and its relative orientation with respect to the previous module. This information allows us to automatically determine the current manipulator configuration.During the operation phase, the host interface communicates with each of the nodes at 400Hz. The data that is exchanged depends on the control mode—centralized or distributed. In centralized control mode, the torques for all the joints are computed on the VME-based real-time processing unit (RTPU), assembled into a data-packet by the microcontroller on the host interface card and broadcast over the ARMbus to all the nodes of the network. Each node extracts its torque value from the packet and replies by sending a data-packet containing the resolver and tachometer readings. In distributed control mode, on the other hand, the host computer broadcasts the desired joint values and feed-forward torques. Locally, in each module, the control loop can then be closed at a frequency much higher than 400Hz. The modules still send sensor readings back to the host interface to be used in the computation of the subsequent feed-forward torque.5 Modular and reconfigurable control softwareThe control software for the RMMS has been developed using the Chimera real-time operating system, which supports reconfigurable and reusable software components [15]. The software components used to control the RMMS are listed in Table 1. The trjjline, dls, and grav_comp components require the knowledge of certain configuration dependent parametersof the RMMS, such as the number of degrees-of-freedom, the Denavit-Hartenberg parameters etc. During the initialization phase, the RMMS interface establishes contact with each of the hardware modules to determine automatically which modules are being used and in which order and orientation they have been assembled. For each module, a data file with a parametric model is read. By combining this information for all the modules, kinematic and dynamic models of the entire manipulator are built.After the initialization, the rmms software component operates in a distributed control mode in which the microcontrollers of each of the RMMS modules perform PID control locally at 1900Hz. The communication between the modules and the host interface is at 400Hz, which can differ from the cycle frequency of the rmms software component. Since we use a triple buffer mechanism [16] for the communication through the dual-port RAM on the ARMbus host interface, no synchronization or handshaking is necessary.Because closed form inverse kinematics do not exist for all possible RMMS configurations, we use a damped least-squares kinematic controller to do the inverse kinematics computation numerically..6 Seamless integration of simulationTo assist the user in evaluating whether an RMMS con- figuration can successfully complete a given task, we have built a simulator. The simulator is based on the TeleGrip robot simulation software from Deneb Inc., and runs on an SGI Crimson which is connected with the real-time processing unit through a Bit3 VME-to-VME adaptor, as is shown in Figure 6.A graphical user interface allows the user to assemble simulated RMMS configurations very much like assembling the real hardware. Completed configurations can be tested and programmed using the TeleGrip functions for robot devices. The configurations can also be interfaced with the Chimera real-time softwarerunning on the same RTPUs used to control the actual hardware. As a result, it is possible to evaluate not only the movements of the manipulator but also the realtime CPU usage and load balancing. Figure 7 shows an RMMS simulation compared with the actual task execution.7 SummaryWe have developed a Reconfigurable Modular Manipulator System which currently consists of six hardware modules, with a total of four degrees-of-freedom. These modules can be assembled in a large number of different configurations to tailor the kinematic and dynamic properties of the manipulator to the task at hand. The control software for the RMMS automatically adapts to the assembly configuration by building kinematic and dynamic models of the manipulator; this is totally transparent to the user. To assist the user in evaluating whether a manipulator configuration is well suited for a given task, we have also built a simulator.AcknowledgmentThis research was funded in part by DOE under grant DE-F902-89ER14042, by Sandia National Laboratories under contract AL-3020, by the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and by The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University.The authors would also like to thank Randy Casciola, Mark DeLouis, Eric Hoffman, and Jim Moody for their valuable contributions to the design of the RMMS system.附件二：可迅速布置的机械手系统作者：Christiaan J.J. Paredis, H. Benjamin Brown, Pradeep K. Khosla摘要：一个迅速可部署的机械手系统，可以使再组合的标准化的硬件的灵活性用标准化的编程工具结合，允许用户迅速建立为一项规定的任务来通常地控制机械手。
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译基本规范
本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译基本规范一、要求1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。
2、两篇文献。
二、基本格式1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主（Journals from English speaking countries）。
2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的，其中应该包括题目、作者（可以不翻译）、译文的出处（杂志的名称）（5号宋体、写在文稿左上角）、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。
3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。
4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去，但在文献翻译的末页标注：图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)。
（空一行，字体同正文）5、原文中出现的专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译，并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。
二、毕业论文（设计）外文翻译（一）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的内容要求外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关，外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。
译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。
原文出处：期刊类文献书写方法：[序号]作者（不超过3人，多者用等或et al表示）.题（篇）名[J].刊名（版本）,出版年，卷次（期次）：起止页次.原文出处：图书类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地：出版者,出版年.起止页次.原文出处：论文集类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.篇名[A].编著者.论文集名[C]. 出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页次。
要求有外文原文复印件。
（二）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的撰写与装订的格式规范第一部分：封面1.封面格式:见“毕业论文（设计）外文翻译封面”。
普通A4纸打印即可。
第二部分：外文翻译主题1.标题一级标题，三号字，宋体，顶格，加粗二级标题，四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗三级标题，小四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗2.正文小四号字，宋体。
第三部分：版面要求论文开本大小：210mm×297mm（A4纸）版芯要求：左边距：25mm，右边距：25mm，上边距：30mm，下边距：25mm，页眉边距：23mm，页脚边距：18mm字符间距：标准行距：1.25倍页眉页角：页眉的奇数页书写—浙江师范大学学士学位论文外文翻译。
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译基本规范
本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译基本规范一、要求1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。
2、两篇文献。
二、基本格式1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主（Journals from English speaking countries）。
2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的，其中应该包括题目、作者（可以不翻译）、译文的出处（杂志的名称）（5号宋体、写在文稿左上角）、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。
3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。
4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去，但在文献翻译的末页标注：图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)。
（空一行，字体同正文）5、原文中出现的专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译，并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。
二、毕业论文（设计）外文翻译（一）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的内容要求外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关，外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。
译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。
原文出处：期刊类文献书写方法：[序号]作者（不超过3人，多者用等或et al表示）.题（篇）名[J].刊名（版本）,出版年，卷次（期次）：起止页次.原文出处：图书类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地：出版者,出版年.起止页次.原文出处：论文集类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.篇名[A].编著者.论文集名[C]. 出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页次。
要求有外文原文复印件。
（二）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的撰写与装订的格式规范第一部分：封面1.封面格式:见“毕业论文（设计）外文翻译封面”。
普通A4纸打印即可。
第二部分：外文翻译主题1.标题一级标题，三号字，宋体，顶格，加粗二级标题，四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗三级标题，小四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗2.正文小四号字，宋体。
第三部分：版面要求论文开本大小：210mm×297mm（A4纸）版芯要求：左边距：25mm，右边距：25mm，上边距：30mm，下边距：25mm，页眉边距：23mm，页脚边距：18mm字符间距：标准行距：1.25倍页眉页角：页眉的奇数页书写—浙江师范大学学士学位论文外文翻译。
毕业设计外文文献翻译(原文+译文)
Environmental problems caused by Istanbul subway excavation and suggestionsfor remediation伊斯坦布尔地铁开挖引起的环境问题及补救建议Ibrahim Ocak Abstract：Many environmental problems caused by subway excavations have inevitably become an important point in city life. These problems can be categorized as transporting and stocking of excavated material, traffic jams, noise, vibrations, piles of dust mud and lack of supplies. Although these problems cause many difficulties,the most pressing for a big city like Istanbul is excava tion,since other listed difficulties result from it. Moreover, these problems are environmentally and regionally restricted to the period over which construction projects are underway and disappear when construction is finished. Currently, in Istanbul, there are nine subway construction projects in operation, covering approximately 73 km in length; over 200 km to be constructed in the near future. The amount of material excavated from ongoing construction projects covers approximately 12 million m3. In this study, problems—primarily, the problem with excavation waste(EW)—caused by subway excavation are analyzed and suggestions for remediation are offered.摘要：许多地铁开挖引起的环境问题不可避免地成为城市生活的重要部分。
毕业设计(论文)外文参考资料及译文
英文原文：Java is a simple, object-oriented, distributed, interpreted, robust security, structure-neutral, portable, high performance, multithreaded dynamic language. The main advantage of Java language, Java applications across hardware platforms and operating systems for transplant - this is because the JVM is installed on each platform can understand the same byte code. Java language and platform scalability is very strong. At the low end, Java language is the first open standards technology support enterprise one, support the use of XML and Web service can not stride business lines to share information and applications Cheng Xu.There are three versions of Java platform, which makes software developers, service providers and equipment manufacturers can target specific market development:1. Java SE form applications. Java SE includes support for Java Web services development classes, and for the Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) to provide a basis. Most Java developers use Java SE 5, also known as Java 5.0 or "Tiger".2. Java EE formerly known as J2EE. Enterprise Edition to help develop and deploy portable, robust, scalable and secure server-side Java applications. Java SE Java EE is built on the foundation, which provides Web services, component model, management and communication API, can be used to achieve enterprise-class service-oriented architecture and Web 2.0 applications.3. Java ME formerly known as J2ME. Java ME devices in mobile and embedded applications running on a robust and flexible environment. Java ME includes flexible user interfaces, robust security model, and many built-in network protocols and networking that can be dynamically downloaded and extensive support for offline applications. Java ME-based application specification only write once and can be used in many devices and can use the native features of each device.Java language is simple. Java language syntax and the C language and C ++ language is very close, Java discarded the C++, rarely used, hard to understand the characteristics, such as operator overloading, multiple inheritance, the mandatory automatic type conversion. Java language does not use pointers, and provides automated waste collection. Java is an object-oriented language. Java language provides classes, interfaces and inheritance of the original language, for simplicity, only supports single inheritance between classes, but support multiple inheritance between interfaces and support classes and interfaces to achieve between the mechanism (keyword implements) . Java language fully supports dynamic binding, and C ++ language used only for dynamic binding of virtual functions. In short, Java language is a pure object-oriented programming language. Java language is distributed. Java language support for Internet application development, Java's RMI (remote method activation) mechanism is also an important means of developing distributed applications. Java language is robust. Java's strong type system, exception handling, automated waste collection is an important guarantee robust Java programs. Java language is safe. Java is often used in network environment, this, Java provides a security mechanism to prevent malicious code attacks.Java language is portable. This portability comes from the architecture neutrality. Java system itself is highly portable. Java language is multi-threaded. In the Java language, the thread is a special object, it must Thread class or the son (Sun) class to create. Java language support simultaneous execution of multiple threads, and provide synchronization mechanisms between threads (keyword synchronized).Java language features make Java an excellent application of unparalleled robustness and reliability, which also reduced application maintenance costs. Java on the full support of object technology and Java Platform API embedded applications to reduce development time and reduce costs. Java's compile once, run everywhere feature can make it anywhere available to provide an open architecture and multi-platform, low-cost way of transmitting information between. Hibernate Hibernate is a lightweight JDBC object package. It is an independent object persistence framework, and the App Server, and EJB is no necessary link. Hibernate can use JDBC can be used in any occasion, such as Java application, database access code, DAO interface implementation class, or even access the database inside a BMP code. In this sense, Hibernate, and EB is not a category of things that did not exist either-or relationship.Hibernate and JDBC is a closely related framework, the Hibernate and JDBC driver compatibility, and databases have some relationship, but the Java program and use it, and the App Server does not have any relationship, there was no compatibility issues. 1614Hibernate provides two Cache, first-level cache is a Session-level cache, which cache belongs to the scope of services. This level of cache by the hibernate managed without the need for intervention under normal circumstances; second-level cache is SessionFactory-level cache, it belongs to the process of range or scope of the cache cluster. This level of cache can be configured and changed, and can be dynamically loaded and unloaded. Hibernate query results also provide a query cache, it depends on the second level cache.When an application called Session's save (), update (), saveOrUpdate (), get () or load (), and the query interface call list (), iterate () or filter () method, if the Session cache does not exist a corresponding object, Hibernate will put the object to the first level cache. When cleaning the cache, Hibernate objects according to the state of the cache changes to synchronize update the database. Session for the application provides two methods of managing the cache: evict (Object obj): removed from the cache parameters of the specified persistent object. clear (): Empty the cache of all persistent objects.Hibernate second-level cache strategy general process is as follows:1) The condition when a query is always issued a select * from table_name where .... (Select all fields) such as SQL statement to query the database, an access to all of the data object.2) all the data objects to be placed under the ID to the second level cache.3) When the Hibernate object-based ID to access the data, the first check from the Session a cache; finding out, if the configuration of the secondary cache, then the secondary cache from the investigation; finding out, and then query the database, the results in accordance with the ID into the cache.4) remove, update and increase the time data, while updating the cache. Hibernate second against the conditions of the Query Cache.Hibernate object-relational mapping for the delay and non-delay object initialization. Non-lazy when reading an object and the object will be all read out together with other objects. This sometimes results in hundreds (if not thousands of words) select statement when reading the object implementation. This problem sometimes occurs when using the two-way relationship, often leading to the databases to be read during the initialization phase out. Of course, you can take the trouble to examine each object and other objects of Guanxi, and to the most expensive of the Shan Chu, but in the last, we may therefore lose Le ORM tool this Xiangzai obtained Bian Li.A cache and secondary cache of comparison: the first level cache second level cache data stored in the form of interrelated persistent objects the object of bulk data cache range of the scope of services, each transaction has a separate first-level cache process range or scope of the cluster, the cache is the same process or cluster to share on all matters within the concurrent access policies because each transaction has a separate first-level cache, concurrency problem does not occur without the need to provide concurrent access policy will be a number of matters simultaneous access to the same second-level cache data, it is necessary to provide appropriate concurrent access policies, to ensure that a particular transaction isolation level data expiration policies did not provide data expiration policies. Object in a cache will never expire, unless the application explicitly clear the cache or clear a specific object must provide data expiration policies, such as memory cache based on the maximum number of objects, allowing objects in the cache of the most a long time, and allowing the object in the cache the longest idle time of physical memory and hard disk memory storage medium. First of all bulk data objects stored in the memory-based cache, when the number of objects in memory to data expiration policy specified limit, the remaining objects will be written on the hard disk cache. Caching software implementation of the Hibernate Session is included in the realization of the cache provided by third parties, Hibernate provides only a cache adapter (CacheProvider). Used to plug into a particular cache in Hibernate. Way cache enabled applications by as long as the Session interface implementation save, update, delete, data loading and query the database operations, Hibernate will enable first-level cache, the data in the database in the form of an object copied to the cache For batch updates and bulk delete operations, if you do not want to enable first-level cache, you can bypass the Hibernate API, JDBC API directly to perform that operation. Users can type in a single class or a single set of second-level cache size on the configuration. If the instance of the class are frequently read but rarely modified, you can consider using a second-level cache. Only for a class or set of second-level cache is configured, Hibernate will run when an instance of it to the second-level cache. User management means the first level cache of physical media for the memory cache, because the memory capacity is limited, must pass the appropriate search strategies and retrieval methods to limit the number of objects loaded. Session of the evit () method can explicitly clear the cache a specific object, but this method is not recommended. Second-level cache memory andthe physical media can be a hard disk, so the second-level cache can store large amounts of data, data expiration policy maxElementsInMemory property values can control the number of objects in memory. Second-level cache management mainly includes two aspects: Select to use the second-level cache of persistent classes, set the appropriate concurrency strategy: Select the cache adapter, set the appropriate data expiration policies.One obvious solution is to use Hibernate's lazy loading mechanism provided. This initialization strategy is only invoked in an object-to-many or many to many relationship between its relationship only when read out of the object. This process is transparent to the developer, and only had a few requests for database operations, it will be more obvious performance have open. This will be by using the DAO pattern abstracts the persistence time of a major problem. Persistence mechanisms in order to completely abstract out all of the database logic, including open or closed session, can not appear in the application layer. The most common is the realization of the simple interface of some DAO implementation class to encapsulate the database logic completely. A fast but clumsy solution is to give up DAO mode, the database connection logic to add the application layer. This may be an effective small applications, but in large systems, this is a serious design flaw, preventing the system scalability.Struts2Struts2 is actually not a stranger to the Web frameworks, Struts2 is Webwork design ideas as the core, absorb Struts1 advantages, so that the Struts2 is the product of the integration Struts1 and Webwork.MVC Description: Struts2 WebWork is compatible with the MVC framework Struts1 and since, that the MVC framework on the MVC framework will have to make a brief, limited to a brief, if want to learn more about MVC can view the related knowledge document, or to find a Struts1 books, I believe the above is not rare on the length of MVC. Closer to home, in fact, Java the present situation of these frameworks, its ultimate goal is to contact coupling, whether Spring, Hibernate or the MVC framework, are designed to increase contact with coupling reuse. MVC contact with the coupling between View and Model. MVC consists of three basic parts: Model, View and Controller, these three parts work together to minimize the coupling to increase the scalability of the program and maintainability. Various parts of the implementation technology can be summarized as follows:1) Model: JavaBean, EJB's EntityBean2) View: JSP, Struts in TagLib3) Controller: Struts the ActionServlet, ActionTo sum up the advantages of MVC mainly about aspects:1) corresponds to multiple views can be a model. By MVC design pattern, a model that corresponds to multiple views, you can copy the code and the code to reduce the maintenance amount, if model changes, but also easy to maintain2) model the data returned and display logic separate. Model data can be applied to any display technology, for example, use the JSP page, Velocity templates, or directly from Excel documents, etc.3) The application is separated into three layers, reducing the coupling between the layers, providing application scalability4) The concept of layers is also very effective, because it put the different models and different views together, to complete a different request. Therefore, the control layer can be said to include the concept of user requests permission5) MVC more software engineering management. Perform their duties in different layers, each layer has the same characteristics of the components is beneficial tool by engineering and production management of program codeStruts2 Introduction: Struts2 Struts1 development appears to come from, but in fact Struts1 Struts2 and design ideas in the framework of the above is very different, Struts2 WebWork's design is based on the core, why not follow the Struts1 Struts2 design ideas After all, Struts1 in the current enterprise applications market is still very big in the, Struts1 some shortcomings:1) support the performance of a single layer2) coupled with the Servlet API serious, this could be the Execute method from the Action Statement which you can see them3) The code depends Struts1 API, there are invasive, this can be written when the Action class and look out FormBean, Action Struts in Action class must implement The reason for Struts2 WebWork's design for the core point is the recent upward trend of WebWork and play WebWork not Struts1 above those shortcomings, more MVC design ideas, and more conducive to reuse the code. Based on the above description can be read out, Struts2 architecture and architecture Struts1 very different, Struts1 is to use the ActionServlet as its central processor, Struts2 is using an interceptor (FilterDispatcher) as its central processor, so One benefit is to make Action class and Servlet API was isolated.Struts2 simple process flow is as follows:1) browser sends a request2) the processor to find the corresponding file under struts.xml the Action class to process the request3) WebWork interceptor chain applications automatically request common functions, such as: WorkFlow, Validation functions4) If Struts.xml Method configuration file parameters, then call the corresponding Action Method parameters in the Method class method, or call the Execute method to deal with common user request5) Action class method returns the results of the corresponding response to the browserStruts2 and Struts1 contrast:1) Action class impleme achieve the time to achieve any classes and interfaces, while providing a ActionSupport class Struts2, however, not required.2) Struts1 the Action class is the singleton pattern, must be designed into the thread-safe, Struts2 was generated for each request for an instance3) Struts1 the Action class dependence and the Servlet API, execute the method from its signature can be seen, execute method has two parameters Servlet HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse, Struts2 is not dependent on the ServletAPI4) Struts1 depends on the Servlet API the Web elements, therefore, of Action Struts1 when testing is difficult, it needs with other testing tools, Struts2 in Action can be as testing a number of other classes as Service Model layer test5) Struts1 of Action and the View through the ActionForm or its sub-class of data transmission, although there LazyValidationForm this ActionForm appearance, but still can not like the other levels as a simple POJO data transfer, and Struts2 would like expect change becomes a reality6) Struts1 binding of the JSTL, the preparation of convenience for the page, Struts2 integrates ONGL, you can use JSTL, Therefore, Struts2 is more powerful expression language underCompared with Struts2 WebWork: Struts2 actually WebWork2.3, however, Struts2 WebWork, or with a little difference:1) Struts2 IOC no longer support the built-in containers, use Spring's IOC container2) Struts2 Ajax for Webwork features some of the label to use Dojo to be replacedServletServlet is a server-side Java application, platform and protocol independent features that can generate dynamic Web pages. Customer requests to play it (Web browser or other HTTP client) and server response (HTTP server, database or application) of the middle layer. Servlet Web server is located inside the server-side Java applications started from the command line with the traditional application of different Java, Servlet loaded by the Web server, the Web server must include the Java Virtual Machine to support Servlet.HTTP Servlet using a HTML form to send and receive data. To create an HTTP Servlet, need to extend the HttpServlet class, the class is a special way to handle HTML forms GenericServlet a subclass. HTML form is <FORM> and </ FORM> tag definition. Form typically includes input fields (such as text input fields, check boxes, radio buttons and selection lists) and a button for submitting data. When submitting information, they also specify which server should implement the Servlet (or other program). HttpServlet class contains the init (), destroy (), service () and other methods. Where init () and destroy () method is inherited.init () method: In the Servlet life period, only run once init () method. It is executed when the server load Servlet. You can configure the server to start the server or the client's first visit to Servlet fashion into the Servlet. No matter how many clients to access Servlet, will not repeat the init (). The default init () method is usually to meet the requirements, but can also use custom init () method to overwrite it, typically the management server-side resources. For example, you may write a custom init () to be used only once a load GIF images, GIF images and improve the Servlet returns with the performance of multiple clients request. Another example is to initialize the database connection. The default init () method sets the Servlet initialization parameters, and use it's ServletConfig object parameter to start the configuration, all covered by init () method of the Servlet should call super.init () to ensure that stillperform these tasks. In the call to service () method before, make sure you have completed the init () method.service () method: service () method is the core of Servlet. Whenever a client requests a HttpServlet object, the object of the service () method must be called, and passed to this method a "request" (ServletRequest) objects and a "response" (ServletResponse) object as a parameter. Already exists in the HttpServlet service () method. The default service function is invoked with the HTTP request method to do the corresponding functions. For example, if the HTTP request method is GET, the default on the call to doGet (). Servlet Servlet support should do HTTP method override function. Because HttpServlet.service () method checks whether the request method calls the appropriate treatment, unnecessary coverage service () method. Just do cover the corresponding method on it.Servlet response to the following types: an output stream, the browser based on its content type (such as text / HTML) to explain; an HTTP error response, redirect to another URL, servlet, JSP.doGet () method: When a client through the HTML form to send a HTTP GET request or when a direct request for a URL, doGet () method is called. Parameters associated with the GET request to the URL of the back, and send together with this request. When the server does not modify the data, you should use doGet () method. doPost () method: When a client through the HTML form to send a HTTP POST request, doPost () method is called. Parameters associated with the POST request as a separate HTTP request from the browser to the server. When the need to modify the server-side data, you should use the doPost () method.destroy () method: destroy () method is only executed once, that is, stop and uninstall the server to execute the method of Servlet. Typically, the Servlet as part of the process server to shut down. The default destroy () method is usually to meet the requirements, but can also cover it, and typically manage server-side resources. For example, if the Servlet will be accumulated in the run-time statistics, you can write a destroy () method is used in Servlet will not load the statistics saved in the file. Another example is to close the database connection.When the server uninstall Servlet, it will in all service () method call is completed, or at a specified time interval after the call to destroy () method. Running a Servlet service () method may have other threads, so make sure the call destroy () method, the thread has terminated or completed.GetServletConfig () method: GetServletConfig () method returns a ServletConfig object, which used to return the initialization parameters and ServletContext. ServletContext interface provides information about servlet environment. GetServletInfo () method: GetServletInfo () method is an alternative method, which provides information on the servlet, such as author, version, copyright.When the server calls sevlet of Service (), doGet () and doPost () of these three methods are needed "request" and "response" object as a parameter. "Request" object to provide the requested information, and the "response" object to provide a response message will be returned to the browser as a communications channel.javax.servlet packages in the relevant classes for the ServletResponse andServletRequest, while the javax.servlet.http package of related classes for the HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse. Servlet communication with the server through these objects and ultimately communicate with the client. Servlet through call "request" object approach informed the client environment, server environment, information and all information provided by the client. Servlet can call the "response" object methods to send response, the response is ready to send back to clientJSPJavaServerPages (JSP) technology provides a simple and fast way to create a display content dynamically generated Web pages. Leading from the industry, Sun has developed technology related to JSP specification that defines how the server and the interaction between the JSP page, the page also describes the format and syntax.JSP pages use XML tags and scriptlets (a way to use script code written in Java), encapsulates the logic of generating page content. It labels in various formats (HTML or XML) to respond directly passed back to the page. In this way, JSP pages to achieve a logical page design and display their separation.JSP technology is part of the Java family of technologies. JSP pages are compiled into a servlet, and may call JavaBeans components (beans) or EnterpriseJavaBeans components (enterprise beans), so that server-side processing. Therefore, JSP technology in building scalable web-based applications play an important role.JSP page is not confined to any particular platform or web server. JSP specification in the industry with a wide range of adaptability.JSP technology is the result of collaboration with industry, its design is an open, industry standards, and support the vast majority of servers, browsers and related tools. The use of reusable components and tags replaced on the page itself relies heavily on scripting languages, JSP technology has greatly accelerated the pace of development. Support the realization of all the JSP to Java programming language-based scripting language, it has inherent adaptability to support complex operations.JqueryjQuery is the second prototype followed by a good Javascrīpt framework. Its purpose is: to write less code, do more.It is lightweight js library (compressed only 21k), which is less than the other js library which, it is compatible CSS3, is also compatible with all browsers (IE 6.0 +, FF 1.5 +, Safari 2.0 +, Opera 9.0 +).jQuery is a fast, simple javaScript library, allowing users to more easily dealwith HTML documents, events, to achieve animation effects, and provide easy AJAX for interactive web site.jQuery also has a larger advantage is that it is all documented, and various applications are very detailed, as well as many mature plug-ins available.jQuery's html page to allow users to maintain separate code and html content, that is, no need to insert in the html inside a pile of js to call the command, and you can just define id.jQuery is the second prototype followed by a good Javascrīpt framework. On theprototype I use small, simple and understood. However, after using the jquery immediately attracted by her elegance. Some people use such a metaphor to compare the prototype and jquery: prototype like Java, and jquery like a ruby. In fact I prefer java (less contact with Ruby Bale), but a simple jquery does have considerable practical appeal ah! I put the project in the framework jquery as its the only class package. Use the meantime there is also a little bit of experience, in fact, these ideas, in the jquery documentation above may also be speaking, but still it down to stop notes.译文：Java是一种简单的，面向对象的，分布式的，解释型的，健壮安全的，结构中立的，可移植的，性能优异、多线程的动态语言。
毕业设计(论文)外文原文及译文
毕业设计（论文）外文原文及译文一、外文原文MCUA microcontroller (or MCU) is a computer-on-a-chip. It is a type of microcontroller emphasizing self-sufficiency and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a general-purpose microprocessor (the kind used in a PC).With the development of technology and control systems in a wide range of applications, as well as equipment to small and intelligent development, as one of the single-chip high-tech for its small size, powerful, low cost, and other advantages of the use of flexible, show a strong vitality. It is generally better compared to the integrated circuit of anti-interference ability, the environmental temperature and humidity have better adaptability, can be stable under the conditions in the industrial. And single-chip widely used in a variety of instruments and meters, so that intelligent instrumentation and improves their measurement speed and measurement accuracy, to strengthen control functions. In short，with the advent of the information age, traditional single- chip inherent structural weaknesses, so that it show a lot of drawbacks. The speed, scale, performance indicators, such as users increasingly difficult to meet the needs of the development of single-chip chipset, upgrades are faced with new challenges.The Description of AT89S52The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel's high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with In-System Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes ofFlash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.Features• Compatible with MCS-51® Products• 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory– Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz• Three-level Program Memory Lock• 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM• 32 Programmable I/O Lines• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters• Eight Interrupt Sources• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes• Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode• Watchdog Timer• Dual Data Pointer• Power-off FlagPin DescriptionVCCSupply voltage.GNDGround.Port 0Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs.Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pullups are required during program verification.Port 1Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the following table.Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.RSTReset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 96 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.ALE/PROGAddress Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory.If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSENProgram Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSENis activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPPExternal Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.XTAL1Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Special Function RegistersNote that not all of the addresses are occupied, and unoccupied addresses may not be implemented on the chip. Read accesses to these addresses will in general return random data, and write accesses will have an indeterminate effect.User software should not write 1s to these unlisted locations, since they may be used in future products to invoke new features. In that case, the reset or inactive values of the new bits will always be 0.Timer 2 Registers:Control and status bits are contained in registers T2CON and T2MOD for Timer 2. The register pair (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) are the Capture/Reload registers for Timer 2 in 16-bit capture mode or 16-bit auto-reload mode.Interrupt Registers:The individual interrupt enable bits are in the IE register. Two priorities can be set for each of the six interrupt sources in the IP register.Dual Data Pointer Registers: To facilitate accessing both internal and external data memory, two banks of 16-bit Data Pointer Registers areprovided: DP0 at SFR address locations 82H-83H and DP1 at 84H-85H. Bit DPS = 0 in SFR AUXR1 selects DP0 and DPS = 1 selects DP1. The user should always initialize the DPS bit to the appropriate value before accessing the respective Data Pointer Register.Power Off Flag:The Power Off Flag (POF) is located at bit 4 (PCON.4) in the PCON SFR. POF is set to “1” during power up. It can be set and rest under software control and is not affected by reset.Memory OrganizationMCS-51 devices have a separate address space for Program and Data Memory. Up to 64K bytes each of external Program and Data Memory can be addressed.Program MemoryIf the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external memory. On the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses 0000H through 1FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 2000H through FFFFH are to external memory.Data MemoryThe AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space.When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing access of the SFR space. For example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at location 0A0H (which is P2).MOV 0A0H, #dataInstructions that use indirect addressing access the upper 128 bytes of RAM. For example, the following indirect addressing instruction, where R0 contains 0A0H, accesses the data byte at address 0A0H, rather than P2 (whose address is 0A0H).MOV @R0, #dataNote that stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the upper 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space.Timer 0 and 1Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89S52 operate the same way as Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89C51 and AT89C52.Timer 2Timer 2 is a 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an event counter. The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2 in the SFR T2CON (shown in Table 2). Timer 2 has three operating modes: capture, auto-reload (up or down counting), and baud rate generator. The modes are selected by bits in T2CON.Timer 2 consists of two 8-bit registers, TH2 and TL2. In the Timer function, the TL2 register is incremented every machine cycle. Since a machine cycle consists of 12 oscillator periods, the count rate is 1/12 of the oscillator frequency.In the Counter function, the register is incremented in response to a1-to-0 transition at its corresponding external input pin, T2. In this function, the external input is sampled during S5P2 of every machine cycle. When the samples show a high in one cycle and a low in the next cycle, the count is incremented. The new count value appears in the register during S3P1 of the cycle following the one in which the transition was detected. Since two machine cycles (24 oscillator periods) are required to recognize a 1-to-0 transition, the maximum count rate is 1/24 of the oscillator frequency. To ensure that a given level is sampled at least once before it changes, the level should be held for at least one full machine cycle.InterruptsThe AT89S52 has a total of six interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0 and INT1), three timer interrupts (Timers 0, 1, and 2), and the serial port interrupt. These interrupts are all shown in Figure 10.Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabledby setting or clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts at once.Note that Table 5 shows that bit position IE.6 is unimplemented. In the AT89S52, bit position IE.5 is also unimplemented. User software should not write 1s to these bit positions, since they may be used in future AT89 products. Timer 2 interrupt is generated by the logical OR of bits TF2 and EXF2 in register T2CON. Neither of these flags is cleared by hardware when the service routine is vectored to. In fact, the service routine may have to determine whether it was TF2 or EXF2 that generated the interrupt, and that bit will have to be cleared in software.The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in which the timers overflow. The values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle. However, the Timer 2 flag, TF2, is set at S2P2 and is polled in the same cycle in which the timer overflows.二、译文单片机单片机即微型计算机，是把中央处理器、存储器、定时/计数器、输入输出接口都集成在一块集成电路芯片上的微型计算机。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(学生用)
毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：软件工程姓名： XXXXX学号： XXXXXXXXX外文出处： Think In Java (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂，而且极易出错。
程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节，有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。
一般地，我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”（Layer）。
而且对于每个连网库，一般都包含了数量众多的函数，分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包；这些块的来回运输；以及握手等等。
这是一项令人痛苦的工作。
但是，连网本身的概念并不是很难。
我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息，并把它们移到这儿；或者相反。
这与读写文件非常相似，只是文件存在于远程机器上，而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。
Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。
有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去，并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。
我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型；事实上，网络连接（一个“套接字”）已被封装到系统对象里，所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。
除此以外，在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候，Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。
本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。
15.1 机器的标识当然，为了分辨来自别处的一台机器，以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器，必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。
早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。
但Java面向的是整个因特网，这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。
为达到这个目的，我们采用了IP（互联网地址）的概念。
IP以两种形式存在着：(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS（域名服务）形式。
我自己的域名是。
所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机，它的域名就可以是。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
本科生毕业设计 (论文)
外文翻译
原文标题
Worlds Collide:
Exploring the Use of Social Media Technologies for
Online Learning
译文标题
世界的碰撞：
探索社交媒体技术在在线学习的应用
作者所在系别计算机科学与工程系作者所在专业计算机科学与技术作者所在班级
作者姓名
作者学号
指导教师姓名
指导教师职称讲师
完成时间2013年2月
北华航天工业学院教务处制
注：1. 指导教师对译文进行评阅时应注意以下几个方面：①翻译的外文文献与毕业设计（论文）的主题是否高度相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业设计（论文）的参考文献；②翻译的外文文献字数是否达到规定数量（3 000字以上）；③译文语言是否准确、通顺、具有参考价值。
2. 外文原文应以附件的方式置于译文之后。