雅思写作分类话题必备词汇及固定搭配纯净可打印
雅思写作词汇和句型
雅思写作词汇和句型雅思写作必备词汇和句型形容词1. 明显的Obvious, apparent, evident, manifest2. 优秀的Excellent, eminent, top, outstanding3. 惊人的Surprising, amazing, extraordinary, miraculous, remarkable 4. 消极的，不良的Bad, detrimental, baneful, undesirable5. 美丽的`Beautiful, attractive, gorgeous, eye-catching6. 贫穷的Poor, needy, impoverished, poverty-stricken7. 有活力的Energetic, dynamic, animated8. 积极的，好的Good, conducive, beneficial, advantageous8. 健康的Healthy, robust, sound, wholesome10. 富裕的Rich, wealthy, affluent, well-to-do, well-off11. 流行的Popular, prevailing, pervasive名词1. 人类Human beings, mankind, human race2. 影响Influence, impact3. 危险Danger, peril, hazard4. 污染Pollution, contamination5. 老人Old people, the old, the elderly, the aged,senior citizens 6. 幸福Happiness, well-being7. 老师Teachers, instructors, educators8. 教育Education, schooling, upbringing9. 青少年Young people, youngsters, youths,adolescents10. 优点Advantage, merits, superiority, virtue11. 责任Responsibility, obligation, duty, liability12. 能力Ability, capacity, power, skill13. 职业Job, career, employment, profession14. 娱乐Enjoyment, pastimes, recreation,entertainment15. 孩子Children, offspring, descendant, kid动词1. 提高，加强Improve, enhance, promote, strengthen,optimize2. 解决Solve, resolve, cope with, deal with3. 拆除Destroy, knock down, eradicate4. 引起Cause, trigger5. 培养Develop, cultivate, foster, nurture6. 激发，鼓励Encourage, motivate, stimulate7. 认为Think, assert, hold, claim, argue8. 完成Complete, fulfill, accomplish, achieve9. 保留Keep, preserve, retain, hole10. 有害于Destroy, impair, undermine, jeopardize11. 减轻Ease, alleviate, relieve, lighten作文必备加分句型：开头Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic Recently the problem has been brought into focus. Nowadays there is a growing concern overWhat calls for special attention is thatIt is common knowledge thatIt is well-known thatMany nations have been faced with the problem of According to a recent surveyWith the rapid development of结尾From what has been discussed / mentioned above, we may conclude thatTherefore, it is not difficult to draw / come to the conclusion thatAs far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent.From all the seasons/ consideration above, it is clear/ obvious thatTaking into account all these factors, we may reach the conclusion thatGiven the reasons/consideration I have just outlined/ discussed/ presented, I strongly recommend thatAll in all, what really matters isIt is essential that effective measures be taken toFrom what has been discussed above, we may reasonably draw the conclusion thatAs a result, we should take some effective steps toJudging by the figures/statistics, it is not difficult to see that 表示反驳It is true that, but one vital point is being left out.There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact.Some people say, but it does not hold water.Many of us have been under the illusion thatA close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is.It makes no sense to argue forToo much stress placed on may lead toSuch a statement mainly rests onthe assumption thatContrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that表示证明No one can deny the fact thatThe idea is hardly supported by facts.Unfortunately, none of the available date showsRecent studies indicate thatThere is sufficient evidence to show thatAccording to statistics proved by, it can be seen that表示原因A number of factors areaccountable for this situation/ contribute to (lead to)(account for) the phenomenon(problem) The answer to this problem involves many factors.The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact thatThe factors that contribute tothis situation includeThe change in largely results from the fact thatPart of the explanations for itis thatOne of the most common factors(causes) is thatAnother contributing factor(cause) isPerhaps the primary factor is thatBut the fundamental cause is that【雅思写作必备词汇和句型】。
雅思写作必背的100个常用词汇
雅思写作必背的100个常用词汇雅思写作中我们会遇到各种话题，要求我们用明确的观点来定位文章基调，需要我们掌握各种类型的意群词汇。
今天店铺给大家汇总了100个雅思写作中会遇到的高频观点词汇及替换表达，希望这些词汇能对大家的写作有所帮助。
为便于大家复习，我们将内容拆分为五部分，同学们可以按日期背诵，一天一个section，五天即可掌握。
雅思写作必背的100个常用词汇(一)1. 持某观点：claimcontend, deem, reckon, assert, share the belief that2.支持某观点: advocatemaintain, vote for, side with, be in favor of3.反对某观点: contradictcriticize, be against, cast doubts on4.合理的：justifiedsensible, feasible, convincing, persuasive, rational, practicable, logical, wise, sagacious, viable, preferable, advisable, appropriate, bear much analysis5.好处：advantagebenefit, merit, positive side, upside, boon, pros6.弊端：disadvantagedefect, demerit, negative side, downside, flaw, drawback, cons7.肯定：undoubtedlyindeed, undeniably, there is no denying that8.不确定：be likely topotentially presumably9.重要的：essentialsignificant, vital, crucial, critical, fundamental, indispensable10.有益的：beneficialconducive, instrumental11.有害的：detrimentalharmful, virulent12.有争议的：controversialdisputable, contentious13.普遍的：widespreadprevalent, universal14.显著地：considerablysignificantly,remarkably, dramatically,tremendously, substantially15.明显的：evidentapparent, manifest16.增强：enhancestrengthen, boost17.减少：declinedescend, collapse, relieve18.大约：approximatelynearly, around, estimated,roughly19.趋势：trendtendency, inclination20.预见：predictexpect, project雅思写作必背的100个常用词汇(二)21.带来：bring aboutresult in, lead to22.产生，引起：createspark, yield, give rise to23.建立：establishfound, institute24.要求：call forrequest, demand25.去除：eliminateremove, eradicate26.探讨：exploreexamine, identify27.表明，描绘：indicatedepict, portray, illustrate28.满足…需求：meet the need of satisfy the requirement of,cater for the demand of29.足够：adequateenough, sufficient30.解决：tackleresolve, address31.意识：awareness consciousness32.控制：curbregulate, censor33.解释：account forbe responsible for, be attributed to 34.投资：financeinvest in, subsidize35.缓解：relieveease, alleviate36.压力：stresspressure, strain37.遵循：observefollow, conform to38.继承：inherithand down, carry forward39.培养：cultivatetrain, foster40.促进：promotecontribute to, upgrade雅思写作必背的100个常用词汇(三) 41.适应：adapt toadjust to, acclimate to42.提供：providerender, afford43.替代：replacesubstitute, take the place of44.保护：preserveprotect, safeguard45.证据：evidenceproof46.赢得：gainacquire, attain47.国外的：foreignalien, exotic48.重视：attach importance to emphasis, highlight49.发展：advance development, progress50.倾向于：tend tobe inclined to, be apt to51. 吸引：attractallure, tempt52. 专注的：be absorbed inbe immersed in, devote oneself to 53. 目的是：aim atThe purpose is54. 实现：achievefulfill, implement55. 危害：endanger threaten; jeopardize56. 损害：undermineimpair, damage57. 阻碍：hinderobstruct, impede58. 禁止：forbidban, prohibit59. 责备：blamedenounce, criticize60. 污染：pollute contaminate, stain雅思写作必背的100个常用词汇(四) 61. 腐蚀：erodewear away, corrode62. 欺骗：deceivecheat, defraud63. 冲突：conflictshock, tension64. 驱使：promptspur, incite65. 贪婪的：acquisitivemoney-oriented, materialistic 66. 自私的：self-centered selfish, inconsiderate67.体谅的：considerate understanding, sympathetic68.冷漠的：indifferent apathetic, aloof69.奢侈的：wasteful luxurious, extravagant70.残忍的：inhumanebrutal, barbaric71.绝望的：hopeless despairing, desperate72.过分的：excessive extravagant, exorbitant73.激烈的：intensefierce, vigorous74.严厉的：stringent rigorous, rigid75.与…相关：be related tobe associated with, be linked to 76.难以置信的：unbelievable incredulous, virtual77.惊人的：extraordinary marvelous, spectacular78.有抱负的：ambitious aggressive, aspirant79.固有的：inherentnature, innate80.稳定的：steadystable, constant雅思写作必背的100个常用词汇(五) 81.恶化：worsenaggravate, deteriorate82.夸大：exaggerateoverstate83.限制：restrainconstrain, confine84.拆除：tear downknock down, pull down85.加速：acceleratespeed up, precipitate86.占优势：predominatedominate87.分辨：distinguish differentiate, discern88.抵消：counteractoffset, cancel out89.开展：launchconduct, carry out90.承担：assumeshoulder, accept91.颁布, 制定：enactenforce, promulgate, map out92.影响：influenceimpact, pervade93.差异：differencedistinction, gap94.交流：communicate exchange, associate95.接触：have access tomake contact with, keep in touch with 96.优先：give priority toput…into first place97.节约：economizeconserve, cherish 98.面临：be faced with be confronted with 99.措施：measure step, action100.注意：beware prevent, guard against。
雅思写作话题词汇(全)
雅思写作话题分类词汇教育与学业考试频率：★★★★★Education and study 教育与学业1、Teaching methods 教学方法 7、Generation gap 代沟2、Educational facilities 教育设施8、Adolescents’/Teenagers’problems 青少年问题3、Academic subjects 学校科目9、Studying abroad 留学话题4、Computer and learning(teaching) 电脑与学习（教学）10、Taking a part-time job 兼职工作5、Personal development 个人发展11、Parents’/Teachers’responsibilities 父母/教师责任6、Physical and mental growth 身心成长12、Functions/tuition of university 大学功能/学费真题重现In schools and universities, some girls tend to choose arts subjects, while boys choose to study science subjects. What are the reasons? Do you think this trend should be changed?Some people think that the main purpose of school is to turn children as a good citizens and workers, rather to benefit them as individuals. To what extent do you agree or disagree?分类词汇加油站1. scope of knowledge 知识面2.lighten the burden of 减轻了…的负担prehensive knowledge 广博的知识4.long-distance education 远程教育5.enrich the teaching method 丰富教育手段6.teaching\pedagogical methodology 教学方法7.schooling 学校教育parenting、upbringing 家庭教育8.impart\inculcate knowledge 传授知识9.multi-media teaching 多媒体教学10.vocational education 职业教育11.down-to-earth, practical 切合实际的12.enlightening 予以人启迪的13.perplexing 令人困惑的14.the cultural diversity 文化的多元性15.insightful 富有洞察力的,有深刻见解的16.undertake the due obligations 承担责任17.exam-oriented education 应试教育18.develop our creative mind 培养我们创造性思维19.widen one’s knowledge 拓展知识面20.realize the value of life 实现生命价值21.grasp good communication skills 掌握良好交流技能22.cultivate a strong sense of responsibility 培养了强烈的责任感23.cultivate logical thinking 培养逻辑思维24.rote learning、learn things by rote 死记硬背25.cultivate，foster，nurture 培养26.promote the student’s physical, mental \intellectual and emotional development 促进学生身心发展27.psychological soundness\well-being 心理健康28.aptitude，talent 学习能力（先天）29.ability，skill 学习能力（后天）30.tap one’s potential 挖掘某人的潜能31.go astray 误入歧途;indiscipline 、misbehavior 、mischief 不遵守纪律;disruptive students 、unruly students 违反纪律的学生;commit crimes 犯罪32.theoretical knowledge 理论知识;practical knowledge 实践知识33.university education 大学教育;vocational education职业教育;primary-level education 小学教育;secondary-level education 中学教育34 youngsters、adolescents 青少年35.develop linguistic skills 培养语言技能prehensive knowledge 全面的知识37.face-to-face communication 面对面交流38.stimulate one’s interest 激发了…的兴趣39.increase efficiency 提高效率40.enrich the teaching and learning methods 丰富了教学手段41.be fully aware of…充分意识到…科学与技术考试频率：★★★★★Science and Technology 科学与技术1、Technological 科技产品7、Medical advancement 医学进步2、Information technology 信息与技术8、Technology VS. arts 科技与艺术3、Discoveries and inventions 发现与创造 9、Animal experiments 动物实验4、Science VS. culture 科学与文化10、Space research 太空研究5、High-tech entertainment 高科技娱乐11、Extending human life 延长寿命6、Producing contaminants/resources 制造污染/资源12、Genetically modified food 转基因食品真题重现With computer technology becoming cheaper and more accessible, more adults work from home and more children study from home. Do you think it is a positive or negative development?In today's world of advanced science and technology, we still greatly value our artists such as musicians, painters and writers. What can arts tell us about life that science and technology cannot?分类词汇加油站1.exert a far-reaching impact on 产生一种深远的影响2.cutting-edge technology 尖端科技3 information explosion\overload 信息爆炸4 depletion of resources 能源消耗5.sophisticated equipment 尖端设备6.technical innovation 科技创新7.enhance\augment\boost the efficiency 提高效率8.the proliferation of Internet 互联网的广泛使用9.technological innovations 科技创新及发展bor-saving 省力的labor-replacing 代替人力的11.biotechnology 生物技术12.a fatal breakdown 致命故障13.potential hazards 潜在危险14.pose a threat to…对…有一种威胁15.promote relative industries 促进相关产业发展16.accelerate 加速…17.transportation tools 交通工具18.environmentally-friendly resources 环保的能源19alternative fuel 可替代燃料20.sustainable development 可持续性发展21.scientific exploration 科学探索22.substitute 取代23.overcome difficulties 克服困难24.unprecedented 前所未有的25.see dramatic breakthroughs 取得突破性进展26.aggravate 使恶化27.levy the tax 征税28.be viewed as …被视为是…29.be concerned about …对…担忧/关注…30.pollution-free fuel 无污染燃料31.luxury 奢侈品32.chronic lead poisoning 慢性铅中毒y more emphasis on…把重心放在…34.settle down effective laws 制定出积极有效的法律35.Impose restrictions on …对…实施限制36.short-sighted 目光短浅的37.non-renewable resources 不可再生资源38.telecommunications 远程通信39.a pillar industry 支柱产业40.make full use of …充分利用41.speed limits 限速42.enhance the quality of life 提高生活质量43.pay a heavy price 付出惨痛的代价44.call for …需要…45.overcrowded 过度拥挤的46.headache 令人头痛的事47.traffic accidents 交通事故48.head-way 进展49.conflict with …与…相冲突50.major cause 主要原因传媒与网络考试频率：★★★★Media and the Internet 传媒与网络1、TV and learning 电视与学习7、Internet shopping 网络购物2、Computer games 电脑游戏8、Computer illiteracy 电脑文盲3、Online communication 网络交际9、Media and consumption 传媒与消费4、Computers VS. teachers 电脑与老师10、Children and advertising 儿童与广告5、Nature of journalism 新闻本质11、Global VS. local 全球与本地6、Media and crime 传媒与犯罪12、Virtuality and isolation 虚拟与孤独真题重现We are surrounded by all kinds of advertising, which significantly influence our lives. Do the positive effects of advertising outweigh its negative effects?Some think that computer games are dangerous for children in every way; others think that computer games help children’s development. Discuss both views and give your opinion分类词汇加油站1. paparazzi 狗仔队27. sitcom 情景喜剧2. mass media 大众媒体28. soap opera 肥皂剧3. entertainment 娱乐29. affair 绯闻4. journalism 新闻业30. celebrity 名人5. the latest news 最新消息31. rise to fame 声名鹊起6. exclusive news 独家新闻32. invade one's privacy 侵扰了…的隐私7.endanger social stability and safety 危害社会稳33. misleading 误导性的定和安全34. cheating 欺骗性的8. news agency 新闻社 35. popularity 知名度9. news block-out 新闻封锁36. scandal 丑闻10. news censorship 新闻审查37. sensational 轰动的11. freedom of the press 新闻自由38. prevalent 普遍的、流行的12. coverage 新闻报道39. imperative 重要的、必要的13. do reportage on …报导…40. audience ratings 收视率14. hit the headlines 上头条 41. propaganda 宣传15. issue 出版、发行42. be abducted by 受…诱导16. newsstand 报摊43. purify one's soul 净化心灵17. free-lancer writer 自由撰稿人44. live in virtual would 生活在一个虚拟世界中18. chief editor 总编45. be a great comfort to somebody 对…来说是19. editorial 社论一个巨大安慰20. newsworthy 值得报道的46. meet different tastes 满足不同口味21. barometer 晴雨表47. follow the fashion blindly 盲目追逐时尚22. the barometer of public opinion 舆论晴雨表48. be inconceivable to somebody 对来说是难以23. live broadcast 直播想象的24. quiz show 智力竞争节目49. impressive 给人印象深刻的25. right to know 知情权50. in the disguise of …打着…的幌子26. variety show 综合节目国家与政府考试频率：★★★★Nation and government 国家与政府1、Government’s responsibility 政府职责7、Funding arts 资助艺术2、Educational policy 教育政策8、Healthcare system 医疗福利体系3、Assisting poor countries 帮助贫困国家9、Housing shortage 住房问题4、Measuring a country’s success 成功国家标准10、Legal system 司法体系5、Financially-aiding sports 体育投资 11、Space research 太空研究6、Developing public transport 发展公共交通12、Military defense 军事防御真题重现Some people think that government should only spend money on the construction of public services rather than waste on the arts such as music and painting. To what extent do you agree or disagree?The number of people who watch foreign films is much more than people who watch local films, describ the reasons and should the government provide financial support to the local film industries分类词汇加油站1.unemployment；joblessness 失业2.infrastructure 基础设施3.social security 社会保障4.medical care system 医疗保健5.public transportation 公共交通6.public service 公共服务7.essential sectors 关键行业8.non-essential sectors 非紧要行业9.private sector 私人企业10.general interest 公众利益11.welfare 福利12.financial assistance 经济援助13.shake off\get rid of poverty 摆脱贫穷14.authorities 当局15.citizens; the citizenry 老百姓16.regulate;administe;oversee 规范，管理17.implement 实施18.legislate; make laws 立法19.strictly prohibit; ban altogether 严禁20.stringent laws/legislation 严格的法律21.scrutiny (n.); scrutinize (v.) monitor (v.) 监督22.allocate money to sth;be a patron of; invest in; fund; dedicate money to sth.为……拨款23.budget (n.) 预算24.tax revenue 税收25.the government spending/expenditure on sth.政府开支26.curtail 削减27.augment 增加28.give priority to sth.把当作当务之急29.responsibility; obligation 责任30.arms race 军备竞赛31.self-defense 自卫32.national security; homeland security 国土安全33.short-sighted policy 缺乏远见的政策34.expansion (n.) aggression (n.)扩张35.seek\pursue hegemony 谋求霸权36.a vicious circle 恶性循环37.destabilizing factors 地区不稳定因素38.rules and regulations 规章制度39.space race 太空竞赛40.arms (n.) weapons (n.) armaments (n.) 武器id-off workers; downsized workers 下岗工人42.power grid 电网43.democratic 民主的democracy 民主44.民主与开明的政府a democratic and progressive government生活与城市考试频率：★★★Life and city 生活与城市1、Life-altering inventions 发明改变生活7、Keeping pets in cities 城市养宠物2、Police and guns 警察佩戴枪支8、Lifestyle decisions 生活方式3、Relocation of enterprises 企业搬迁9、Money VS. happiness 金钱与幸福4、Housing problems 住房问题10、Teenagers VS. adults 青少年与成年人5、Protecting people’s privacy 保护隐私11、Fast-paced modern life 现代快节奏生活6、Popularity of fast foods 快餐现象12、City plan 城市布局真题重现Some people think that a police force carrying guns can educate higher level of volience.to what extent do you agree or disagree？In many cities, planners have separated schools, homes, shops, offices in specific areas which were widely separated from each other. Do you think advantages of this policy overweigh disadvantages to the city residents?分类词汇加油站1.urbanization 城市化2.centralization 集中化3.imbalance 不平衡4.in the long run 从长远角度而言5.infrastructure 基础设施6.booming 繁荣发展的7.tertiary industry 第三产业9.revenue 税收mercialization 商业化11.traffic congestion 交通拥挤12.water scarcity 水短缺13.the environmental pollution 环境污染14.over-industrialization 过度工业化15.over-crowdedness 过度拥挤16.unemployment 失业17.wealth distribution 财富分配18.social instability 社会动荡19.urban construction 城市建设20.population explosion 人口激增21.a rising crime rate 犯罪率上升22.drain of energy and resources 能源和资源消耗23.offer more job opportunities 提供更多的就业机会24.a rapid pace of life 快节奏生活25.stress-related illnesses 与压力有关的疾病26.high cost of living 高额生活费用27.pastoral life 田园生活28.class polarization 阶级两极分化29.social welfare 社会福利30.give special care to …给予…特殊关照31.urban sprawl 城市扩张32.convenient transportation means 便捷的交通工具33.better medical services 更好的医疗服务34.pressure of modern life in city 城市生活压力35.be vulnerable to …易于患上…36.melting pot 熔炉37.on the brink of …处于…边缘38.pollutant 污染性物质39.waste disposal 废物处理40.put the blame on …归咎于…41.be attributable to …归因为…42.ways of consumption 消费方式43.suffer heavy losses 遭受重大损失44.citizen 居民45.be confronted with…面临着…46.breed crimes 滋生犯罪47.vicious cycle 恶性循环48.a feasible measure 一种可行的措施49.give priority to …优先考虑…50.city planners 城市规划工作与职业考试频率：★★★Career and occupation 工作与职业1、Interpersonal skills 人际交流技能7、Changing jobs/careers 跳槽与工作改变2、Stress management 减压8、Part-time positions 兼职工作3、Safty and health hazards 安全及健康危害9、Graduate unemployment 毕业生失业4、Telecommuting 远程办公10、Work vs. family 工作与家庭5、Women at workplace 女性参加工作11、Qualification vs. experience 资历与经验6、Job satisfaction 工作的满意度12、Working in rural areas 去乡村工作真题重现Some people think that people working at home can benefit the employees a lot, not the employers. To what extent do you agree or disagree？Nowadays, many people change their jobs frequently, some believe it is good for their development while others hold different opinions. What is your opinion?分类词汇加油站1.the tempo\pace of life has increased 生活节奏加速2.social settings 社会环境3.religious belief 宗教信仰cational level 教育程度5.a sense of belonging 归属感6.sedentary lifestyle 缺少运动的生活方式7.live a high-pressured and fast-paced lifestyle 高压力和快节奏的生活方式8.nurture a good state of mind 养成良好的心态9.block out worries 争取减少忧虑10.balance work and family 平衡工作和生活11.a means of self-expression 自我表达的一种方式12.follow blindly 盲目追求13.root in daily life 源于生活14.over nourishment 营养过剩15.create alienation between people 人与人之间疏远16.money-worshiping、mercenary、materialistic 过于功利的17.pursue maximum profit 追求最大限度利润18.poverty alleviation 扶贫19.job opportunity、employment opportunity 就业机会20.promotion opportunity 提升机会21.switching jobs、job-hopping 换工作\跳槽22.acquire a wide array of skills 发展多种技能ck of self-motivation 缺乏动力24.directionless\aimless 没有目标25.egoism 利己主义\altruism 利他主义26.soothe the soul 平缓情绪27.utilised as a form of propaganda 用做一种宣传手段28.enrich cultural life 丰富文化生活29.enhance the quality of life 提高生活质量30.conform the existing rules 墨守成规31.satisfied with material comforts 满足于物质32.spiritual needs 精神享受33.achieve a balance between work and pleasure 劳逸结合34.time-conscious people 时间观念很强的人35.impoverished、destitute、indigent 贫穷的36.affluent、wealthy、well-off 富裕的37.urban 城市的rural 乡村的38.urbanization 城市化39.the disparity between the city and the countryside城乡差距40.relocate 搬迁41.telecommute 在家上班42.leisure、recreation、entertainment 休闲、娱乐issez-faire management 宽松的管理44.operating costs、overhead costs 运营成本bor pool 劳动力资源46.depression 抑郁症/insomnia 失眠症47.population explosion 人口爆炸48.gender equality 两性平等49.gender discrimination、sexism 性别歧视50.child bearing 生育孩子/child rearing 抚养孩子51.elderly people、senior citizens 老年人52.family bonds\ties 家庭成员间的情感纽带语言与文化考试频率：★★Language and culture 语言与文化1、Language and age 语言与年龄7、Tourism and culture 旅游与文化2、Learning a foreign language 学习外语8、Pressing local culture 保护本地文化3、International language 国际语言9、Traditional architecture 传统建筑4、Dominance of English 英语的主导地位10、Cultural facilities 文化设施5、Assisting artists 资助艺术11、Culture vs business 文化与贸易6、Cultural gap 文化差距12、Working overseas 海外工作真题重现Some people think that international tourism has brought great benefit to the world’s economy, some others hold that it ruin the culture and the ecosystem. Discuss both and give your opinion.In some cities, the old buildings are replaced by many modern buildings. Some people think it brings more disadvantages. Do you agree or disagree?分类词汇加油站1.tourist attractions 、tourist spots、places of interest旅游景点2.maitain、protect、preserve(v.)保护3.forefathers、ancestors 祖先4.descendants 后代5.ethnic minorities 少数民族6.the harmony between ethnic groups/races 民族团结7.cultural diversity 文化融合8.interaction 互相影响9.cultural diversity 文化多元性10.insular/provincial/parochial mentality 狭隘的观念11.deprecate/denigrate/minimize the importance of 贬低12. push back/expand one’s vision/ horizons 开阔眼界13.promote cultural communication 促进文化交流14.draw/attract/appeal to/ be a magnet for sb.吸引15.first-hand experience 亲身体验second-hand experience/vicarious experience 间接体验16.multi-sensory 多种感官体验的17.conflict 冲突18.discord/dissension 争端19.isolate the tourist from the locals 把游客和当地人隔离mercialize 商业化21.cultural heritage 文化遗产22.the Internet will not render tourism obsoletes 互联网不会让旅游业过时环境与生态考试频率：★★★★Environment and ecology 环境与生态1、Environmental pollution 环境污染 7、Awareness raising 环保意识提高2、Ecotourism 生态旅游8、Transport and environment 交通与环境3、Curbing car-using 限制汽车使用9、International cooperation 国际合作（环境）4、Endangered species 濒临灭绝物种10、Sustainable development 可持续发展5、Throw-away society 浪费型社会11、Agriculture and ecology 农业与生态6、Environmental improvement 环境改善12、Biodiversity 生物多样性真题重现Many people hold that only international cooperation can solve the environmental problems, single person or country can not deal with such big problem. To what extent do you agree or disagree?Some people think it is not necessary to invest money on protecting the wild animals. Do you agree or disagree?分类词汇加油站1.ecosystem\ecological system 生态系统2.cological balance\equilibrium 生态平衡3.sustainable development 可持续发展4.biodiversity 生物的多样性5.environmentalists\conservationists 环保主义者animal right activists 动物权益保护主义者6.environmentally-friendly（adj.）对环境无害的7.conservation 节约8.recycle\reuse (v.) 再利用10.benefit from 从中受益11.enhance\elevate\raise the public awareness of …增强公众的……意识12.put forward valuable suggestions 提出宝贵建议13.shortage\scarcity\dearth\lack（n.）短缺14.participate in the reconstruction of the city 参与城市重建15.raise the environmental management level 提高环境管理水平16.create a pleasant ecological environment 创造出一种和谐的生态环境17.give priority to 优先关注18.catch much attention 引起很大关注19.deforestation (n.)砍伐森林20.greenhouse effect、global warming 温室效应21.discharge effluent\sewage 排放污水22.non-biodegradable garbage、inorganic trash 白色污染产生的垃圾/bio-degradable plastic bags 可降解一次性塑料袋23.afford their masters consolation and comfort 给主人心理安慰24.infertile soil 贫瘠的土壤25.fertile soil 肥沃的土壤26.arable land 、farmland 耕地27.pollute\contaminate (v.) 污染28.poisonous\toxic (adj.) 有毒的29.consume\deplete(v.)消耗(某种资源) e up\exhaust （v.）用尽(某种资源) 31.harsh measures\actions 严厉措施32.condemn rather than condone sth.谴责而不是纵容bat desertification 防治荒漠化34.curb environmental pollution; bring the pollution under control 治理环境污染35.industrial solid wastes 工业固体废物anic pollutions 有机污染物37.environment-friendly agriculture; eco-agriculture 生态农业38.water resource conservation zone 水资源保护区39.establish nature reserve 建立自然保护区40.endangered wildlife 濒危野生动物41.medical research 医学研究42.cruel\merciless\inhuman\callous\brutal 残忍的43.vivisection 活体解剖44.ease\alleviate\relieve animals’pain 减轻动物的痛苦个人与社会考试频率：★★★Individual and society 个人与社会1、Personal health 个人健康7、Stressful life 压力生活2、Age of machine 机器时代8、Healthcare and education 医疗与教育3、Social responsibility 社会责任9、Environmental responsibility 环保责任4、Money and happiness 金钱与幸福10、Disasters and violence 灾难与暴力5、Saving for retirement 养老储蓄11、Housing problems 住房问题6、Team activities 团队活动12、Law and order 法律与秩序真题重现Many people are busy with work and have less time to spend with families and friends. Why doesthis happen? What are the effects of this on family life and society as a whole?Some people say that it is the responsibility of individuals to save money for their own care after they retire. Do you agree or disagree?分类词汇加油站1.urbanization 城市化2.centralization 集中化3.imbalance 不平衡4.in the long run 从长远角度而言5.infrastructure 基础设施6.booming 繁荣发展的7.tertiary industry 第三产业9.revenue 税收mercialization 商业化11.traffic congestion 交通拥挤12.water scarcity 水短缺13.the environmental pollution 环境污染14.over-industrialization 过度工业化15.over-crowdedness 过度拥挤16.unemployment 失业17.wealth distribution 财富分配18.social instability 社会动荡19.urban construction 城市建设20.population explosion 人口激增21.a rising crime rate 犯罪率上升22.drain of energy and resources 能源和资源消耗23.offer more job opportunities 提供更多的就业机会24.a rapid pace of life 快节奏生活25.stress-related illnesses 与压力有关的疾病26.high cost of living 高额生活费用27.pastoral life 田园生活28.class polarization 阶级两极分化29.social welfare 社会福利30.give special care to …给予…特殊关照31.urban sprawl 城市扩张32.convenient transportation means 便捷的交通工具33.better medical services 更好的医疗服务34.pressure of modern life in city 城市生活压力35.be vulnerable to …易于患上…36.melting pot 熔炉37.on the brink of …处于…边缘38.pollutant 污染性物质39.waste disposal 废物处理40.put the blame on …归咎于…41.be attributable to …归因为…42.ways of consumption 消费方式43.suffer heavy losses 遭受重大损失44.citizen 居民45.be confronted with…面临着…46.breed crimes 滋生犯罪47.vicious cycle 恶性循环48.a feasible measure 一种可行的措施49.give priority to …优先考虑…50.city planners 城市规划能源与交通考试频率：★★★Energy and Transportation 能源与交通1、Public transport expansion 发展公共交通7、Food export 食品出口2、Increasing private cars 私家车增多8、Space travelling 太空旅游3、Traffic congestion 交通拥堵9、Producing pollution 制造污染4、Road security 道路安全10、Cheap flight 低价飞行5、Water scarcity 水源短缺 11、Resource consumption 能源消耗6、Overuse of fuel 燃料过度使用12、International tourism 国际旅游真题重现In some countries, air travel has become a much cheaper form of transport than in the past. Is this a positive or negative trend?The number of cars in many large cities is increasing significantly nowadays. What are the problems it may bring? How to solve this problem?分类词汇加油站1.perfect the construction of urban infrastructure 完善城市基础设施建设2.implement strict vehicle emission standards 制定严格的汽车排放标准3.reduce waste 减少浪费4.eliminate poverty and backwardness 消除贫穷落后5.prevent and control pollution 预防和控制污染6.reinforce the conservation of water and soil 加强水土保护7.keep ecological balance 维护生态平衡8.adopt environmental protection technique 环保技术9.strengthen the regulation and monitoring 加强监督和管理10.enhance the governmental intrusion 加大政府干预性措施11.promote legislative regulations 促进立法管理12.establish and perfect the social security system 建立和完善社会的安全体系13.impose some restrictions on 对…实施限制14.arouse people’s awareness of 唤醒人们的…意识15.take some preventive (remedial) measures 采取一些预防（补救）措施16.enforce on-the-spot penalties 采取立即惩罚性措施17.take proper guidance and support 恰当引导和支持18.impose heavier penalty on 对…实施严格的惩罚19.set down effective laws 制定积极有效的法律20.urban planning 城市规划21.break the ecological balance 破坏了生态的平衡22.contaminate the environment 污染环境23.promote the sustainable development of the city 促进城市的可持续性发展24.greenhouse effect 温室效应25.strengthen pollution control 加强污染控制26.popularize environmental protection knowledge 普及环保知识27.burning 迫在眉睫的28.environmental degradation 环境恶化29.at the cost of environment 以环境污染为代价30.uncontrolled urbanization 城市化失控31.motor vehicle exhaust、car emission 汽车尾气排放32.exhaust purifier 尾气净化器33.urban refuse 城市垃圾34.protect …from overexploitation 防止过度开发35.conservation of water and soil 水土保持36.lead-free gasoline 无铅汽油37.gas-fueled vehicles 天然气汽车38.cell-driven vehicles; battery cars 电动汽车39.slow down the rate of resource degradation 降低资源消耗率40.develop renewable resources 开发可再生资源29.renewable resources 可再生资源30.non-renewable resources 不可再生资源人口与经济考试频率：★★★Population and economy 人口与经济1、Overpopulation 人口爆炸7、Feminism 女权主义2、Population ageing 人口老龄化8、Industrial locations 工业选址3、Governmental pension 政府养老9、Global trade 国际贸易4、Juvenile delinquency 青少年犯罪10、Economic gaps 经济差距5、Crimes 犯罪11、Youth unemployment 年轻人失业6、Agricultural development 农业发展12、Consumption patterns 消费方式真题重现In some countries, governments are encouraging industries and businesses to move out of large cities into regional areas. Do you think the advantages of this development outweigh its disadvantages?The proportion of older people in many countries is steadily increasing. Does this trend have more positive or negative effects on the society?分类词汇加油站1.saving 储蓄2.investment 投资3.expenditure 支出花费4.capital 资本资金资产5.currency 通货通用市价7.demand 需求、需求量8.supply 补给、供给、供应品9.purchase 购买10.inflation 通货膨胀11.monetary 货币的金钱的12.consume 消费消耗13.distribution 分配、分发、配给物14.taxation 课税、征税、税收、税款、估定的税额15.externality 外部因素16.trademark 商标copyright 版权著作权17.restrict freedom 限制自由18.invade privacy 侵犯隐私19.depression 萧条不景气20.discount 折扣21.financial 财政的金融的mit a crime 犯罪23.break\violate\flout\disobey the law 触犯法律24.offence、crimes、criminal acts 罪行25.criminal、offenders、culprit、perpetrator 罪犯26accomplice、accessory 从犯27.resent society、hold a grudge against society 憎恨社会28.trauma 心理创伤29.prison 监狱30.imprison\incarcerate someone 监禁31.victims 受害者32.be brought to justice 被绳之以法33.reform\rehabilitate criminals 改造罪犯w enforcement agencies 执法部门35.heinous\flagitious crime、felony 重罪36.petty crime 轻罪37.first-time offenders 初犯者38.hardened offenders 惯犯39.revert to crime 再次犯罪40. hunt down、capture 抓捕41.abide by the law 、comply with the law 遵守法律w-abiding citizens 守法公民43.boost the sense of safety 增强安全意识44.reinforce the police force and increase patrol 增强警力和巡逻45.miscarriges of justice 执法不公46.deterrent effect 震慑作用47.being closely monitored 受到严格监控48.fear of reprisal 担心报复的心理49.alert people to the risk of being victimized by crime提高人们对于犯罪的警惕。
雅思写作烤鸭必看的100个词语搭配
1.经济的快速开展the rapid development of economyimprovement/ steady growth of people’s living standard3.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology4.面临新的机遇和挑战be faced with new opportunities and challenges5.人们普遍认为It is commonly believed/ recognized that…6.社会开展的必然结果the inevitable result of social development7.引起了广泛的公众关注arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention8.不可否认It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…10. 有争议性的问题a controversial issue11.完全不同的观点a totally different argument12.一些人…而另外一些人…Some people…while others…13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言As far as I am concerned, / Personally,…到达绝对的一致reach an [wv]absolute consensuson…15.有充分的理由支持be supported by sound reasons16.双方的论点argument on both sides17.发挥着日益重要的作用play an increasingly important role in……必不可少be indispensable to …19.正如谚语所说As the proverb goes:20.…也不例外…be no exception…产生有利/不利的影响exert positive/ negative effects on…22.利远远大于弊the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.23.导致，引起lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in24.复杂的社会现象a complicated social phenomenon25.责任感/ 成就感sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement26. 竞争与合作精神sense of competition and cooperation27. 开阔眼界widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision28.学习知识和技能acquire knowledge and skills29.经济/心理负担financial burden / psychological burden30.考虑到诸多因素take many factors into account/ consideration31. 从另一个角度from another perspective32.做出共同努力make joint efforts33. 对…有益be beneficial / conducive to…34.为社会做奉献make contributions to the society35.打下坚实的根底lay a solid foundation for…36.综合素质comprehensive quality37.无可非议blameless / beyond reproach39.致力于/ 投身于be committed / devoted to…40. 应当成认Admittedly,41.不可推卸的义务unshakable duty42. 满足需求satisfy/ meet the needs of...43.可靠的信息源a reliable source of information44.珍贵的自然资源valuable natural resources45.因特网the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I 大写)46.方便快捷convenient and efficient47.在人类生活的方方面面in all aspects of human life48.环保(的) environmental protection / environmentally friendly49.社会进步的表达a symbol of society progress50.科技的飞速更新the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology51.对这一问题持有不同态度hold different attitudes towards this issueopinion54.在一定程度上to some extent/ degree / in some way55. 理论和实践相结合integrate theory with practice56. …必然趋势an irresistible trend of…57.日益剧烈的社会竞争the increasingly fierce social competition58.眼前利益immediate interest/ short-term interest59.长远利益. interest in the long run60.…有其自身的优缺点…has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages61.扬长避短Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones62.取其精华，取其糟粕Take the essence and discard the dregs.…有害do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to…的最新开展keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast withthe latest development of ……take effective measures to do sth.67.…的安康开展the healthy development of …68.有利有弊Every coin has its two sides.No garden without weeds.…观点因人而异Views on …vary from person to person.70.重视attach great importance to…71.社会地位social status…上focus time and energy on…73.扩大知识面expand one’s scope of knowledge74.身心两方面both physically and mentally…76. 提出折中提议set forth a compromise proposal77. 可以取代“think〞的词believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that…give (top) priority to sth.…比拟compared with…/ in comparison with81. 相反in contrast / on the contrary.82.代替replace/ substitute / take the place of83.经不起推敲cannot bear closer analysis/ cannot hold water84.提供就业时机offer job opportunities85. 社会进步的反映mirror of social progress86.毫无疑问Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…87.增进相互了解enhance/ promote mutual understanding88.充分利用make full use of / take advantage of89.承受更大的工作压力suffer from heavier work pressure90.保障社会的稳定和繁荣guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society91.更多地强调put more emphasis on…92.适应社会开展adapt oneself to the development of society93.实现梦想realize one’s dream/ make one’s dream come true94. 主要理由列举如下The main reasons are listed as follows:95. 首先First，Firstly，In the first place, To begin with96.其次Second, Secondly, In the second place97. 再次Besides，In addition, Additionally, Moreover, Furthermore98. 最后Finally, Last but not the least, Above all, Lastly,99. 总而言之All in all, To sum up, In summary, In a word,100.我们还有很长的路要走We still have a long way to go.。
雅思写作高频分类词汇
global warming全球变暖
ecological system=ecosystem生态系统
green belt绿化带, sand storm沙尘暴, (filter v. 过滤)
arouse people’s awareness/consciousness of environmental protection提高公众的环保意识
discourage critical thinking 打击评判性思维
students stop questioning what they are being taught
学生们不去质问他们学习的东西
conduce to academic performance有助学习表现
Adversely influence 负面地影响（动作）
access v. n. 接触
The internet enables people to have easy access to various information.
记者：reporter, journalist, paparazzi 狗仔队（复数）
读者群Readership
cyber crime网络犯罪 (financial crime)
Internet-addicted 上网成瘾的
isolation 孤立, isolated 孤立的
unsociable不善社交的
新闻审查制度: censorship
filter objectionable content过滤不良内容,
Exert adverse/unfavorable influence on对。。。产生负面影响
Emphasis on memorisation adversely influences one’s academic performance.
(完整word版)雅思写作词伙分类
雅思写作高频词汇分类汇总一．科技类1。
advanced science 尖端科学2。
scientific invention 科学发明3。
exert a far—reaching impact on…对…产生一种深远的影响4。
double—edged sword 双刃剑5。
earth-shaking changes 翻天覆地的改变6.pay the way for the future development 为未来的发展铺平道路7。
lay a solid foundation for…为…打下良好的基础8。
energy crisis 能源危机9.depletion of resources 能源消耗10。
milestone 里程碑11.sophisticated equipment 尖端设备12。
technical innovation 科技创新13。
expediency 权宜之计14.antithetical 与…背道而驰的15。
over-commercialized 过渡商业化的16.a heated discussion 热烈的讨论17。
exhaust gas 废气18。
disastrous 灾难性的19.overshadow 使…相形见绌20。
compared to/with…与…相比21。
usher in 引领22。
speedy and comfortable 既快捷又舒适23。
opposite forces 负面影响24。
a fatal breakdown 致命故障25.potential hazards 潜在危险26.pose a threat to…对…有一种威胁27.promote relative industries 促进相关产业发展28。
accelerate 加速…29.means of transportation 交通方式30.transportation tools 交通工具31。
雅思写作必备8大分类词汇汇总1
雅思写作必备 8 大分类词汇汇总最新最全的雅思资源尽在小站教育雅思频道备考资料：小站最全雅思考试资料汇总备考答疑：小站烤鸭各种疑难问答解答屠鸭联盟：雅思考试吐槽分享组队许愿雅思机经：各大机构最新雅思机经汇总雅思真题：小站独家最新真题回忆与解析Education1.adapt oneself to the development of 使自己适应…的发展2.scope of knowledge 知识面3.narrow the gap between 缩小了…的鸿沟4.lighten the burden of 减轻了…的负担prehensive knowledge 广博的知识6.receive education 接受教育7.enlightening 予以人启迪的8.far-reaching 深远的9.never-ending 永不停息的10.perplexing 令人困惑的11.overwhelming 压倒一切的12.exchange experience 交流经验13.exam-oriented education 考试教育cation for all-round development 全面发展教育15.have quick and easy access to something 更快地接触到…东西16.Develop Our Creative Mind 培养我们创造性思维17.Fake Diplomas 假文凭18.Embracing the Knowledge Economy Age 拥抱知识经济时代19.Renew Knowledge 革新知识20.People-oriented 以人为本的pulsory education 义务教育22.keep skills fresh and up-to-date 使得技能可以与时俱进23.widen one’s knowledge 拓展知识面24.enrich one’s social and life experience 丰富了社会和生活阅历25.enlarge one’s view 拓展知识面26.broaden one’s horizons 拓展知识面27.realize the value of life 实现生命价值28.grasp good communication skills 掌握良好的交流技能29.remove misunderstanding and discrimination 消除误解和歧视30.improve cultural integration and globalization 促进了文化的融合和文化全球化31.cultivate a strong sense of responsibility 培养了强烈的责任感32.promote social skills and competence 提高了社会能力和竞争力33.make contribution to society 对社会做出贡献34.quality Education 素质教育35.cross-cultural communication 跨文化交流36.rote learning 死记硬背Technology1.ubiquitous 普遍存在的= omnipresent (^ omniscient, omnipotent)2.versatile (人)多才多艺的，(物)通用的 a versatility3.alchemy 炼金术4.transmute 变形，变质 transmute silver into gold (!)5.arduous 艰巨的 (=strenuous)an arduous task6.pitfall 陷阱，未预见之困难7.metallurgy 冶金8.alloy 合金9.aluminum = aluminium (BE)^ calcium, uranium, radium^ copper, brass, bronze10.electrode 电极11.distill 蒸馏 distilled water12.quartz 石英13.phosphorus 磷，磷光物质14.inflammable 易燃的 (? flame)bustion 燃烧 (a combustible)spontaneous combustion (white phosphorus)16.ceramic 陶瓷的瓷器 (a ceramics)17.insulate 隔离，绝缘 a insulator (<> conductor)18.fiber 纤维 (BE: fibre)fiber optics (纤维光学)19.optics 光学 (a optical)20.retina 视网膜21.iris 虹膜22.opaque 不透明的 v.s. transparent, translucent23.microprocessor 微处理器^ CPU(Central Processing Unit), chip24.binary 二进制的25.integrate a integrated, integrationintegrated circuit (IC), system integration (SI)26.buffer 缓冲区 buffer storage27.browser 浏览器 (^ IE, Netscape)28.hypertext 超文本29.envisage 想象，看作 en + vis(see) + ageThe internet can be envisaged as a network of visual telephone links.30.momentous (极为)重要的 v.s. momentary31.reticular 网状的32.Ethernet 以太网33.domain 域 domain names34.patent 专利 (a patented)v.s. copyr ight, ^ pirated software/VCD’s35.chronological 按时间顺序的“chron”: time^ chronic, chronicle, chronograph36.robot 机器人(“肉包它”)a robotics37.artificial 人造的，做作的 artificial satellite/smile38.cone 圆锥体，锥形物 the nose cone of a missile39.exorbitant 过度的，过分的，过高的 ex(out) + orbit + ant40.centripetal 向心(力)的<> centrifugal41.high-rise 高楼 (~ skyscraper)42.cathedral 大教堂43.dome 圆顶 (a hemispherical roof)44.infrastructure 基础设施<> superstructure45.sewage 污水，下水道46.hydraulic 水力的，水压的ndfill 垃圾掩埋(地)48.ventilation 通风49.thermostat 温控器 thermo(hot) + stat(steady)^ thermos, thermometer, thermonuclear50.prefabricate 预先制造 a prefab (预制的)51.polytechnic 各种工艺的理工学校 Hong Kong Polytechnic52.geometric 几何(学)的? geometry, geo(land) + metry(measure)53.asymmetry 不对称a(not) + sym(same) + metry(↑)<> symmetry54.concave 凹的 (<> convex)55.bilateral 双边的，两方面的<> unilateral56.paradoxical “似非而是”的? paradox (悖论)57.empirical 经验的 empirical law/formula58.clockwise 顺时针的 (<> anticlockwise)Media1.Propaganda n.宣传2.Advertising n.广告3.Poster n. 招贴画海报4.Pamphlet n. 小型宣传册5.Illustration n. 插图6.advertisement n.广告7.affair n.桃色新闻;绯闻8.attribution n. 消息出处，消息来源9.back alley news n. 小道消息10.backgrounding n.新闻背景11.body n. 新闻正文12.brief n. 简讯13.bulletin n.新闻简报14.clipping n.剪报15.column n.专栏;栏目16.columnist n.专栏作家17.contributing editor 特约编辑18.contribution n.(投给报刊的)稿件;投稿19.correction n.更正(启事)20.correspondence column 读者来信专栏21.correspondent n.驻外记者;常驻外埠记者22.cover vt.采访;采写23.cover girl n. 封面女郎24.covert coverage 隐性采访;秘密采访25.daily n.日报26.digest n.文摘27.editorial n.社论28.editorial office 编辑部29.exclusive n.独家新闻30.expose n.揭丑新闻;新闻曝光31.extra n.号外32.feature n.特写;专稿33.feedback n.信息反馈34.free-lancer n.自由撰稿人35.headline n.新闻标题;内容提要36.highlights n. 要闻37.invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私(权)38.kill vt.退弃(稿件);枪毙(稿件)yout n.版面编排;版面设计40.Lettering n.字体设计41.man of the year 年度新闻人物，年度风云人物42.No news is good news.没有消息就是好消息;不闻凶讯便是吉。
雅思大作文写作必备词组
•前进类词组（论证好处）• 1. benefit／profit from 从…..当中获益• 2. invest in 对…….投资（钱／时间）• 3. promote the development of 促进……..的发展• 4. It is obvious/evident/apparent that 显而易见• 5. play a key/vital／crucial role in 在…..中起关键作用• 6. enrich one’s experience 丰富…..的生活•7. keep society safe and stable 保持社会稳定•8. relax their bodies and ease their minds 让人放松身心•9. have duty to do 有责任去做•10. afford/provide people entertainment and pleasure 给人们提供娱乐•11.create employment opportunities 创造就业机会•12. less time-consuming and more economical 让人省钱省时间•13. broaden one’s horizons 开阔人的眼界•14.fulfill one’s potential 发挥人的潜能•15. remove the barrier for 为….. 消除障碍•16.promote the cultural communication and interaction between…..and …..促进文化交流•17.curb the proliferation of 控制…..的扩散•18. raise people’s awareness(consciousness) of 提高人们的意识•19. has the inherent advantage of 有……的内在优势•20. A is an indispensable part of B A是b 不可或缺的一部分•21. enable sb to do sth 让某人可以去做…..•22. someone can utilize sth 可以使用xxx•23. sth is in the best interest of someone 做某事符合….的利益•24.contribute to 导致／推动•25.draw on 借鉴•26. get a clear perspective of 对……有更清晰的认识•倒退类（论证disadvantage)• 1.live a stressful life 生活压力大• 2. lead to crimes 导致犯罪• 3.the competition is stiff竞争激烈• 4. avoid 避免• 5.suffer from 遭受• 6. stem from 源于•7. is a threat to 对…… 构成威胁•8. have detrimental influence upon 对……有坏的影响•9. be monotonous and unmotivating 单调而且无法给人动力的•10.cope with/deal with 解决•11. spin out of control 失去控制•12. create tension and conflicts between 在xx和xx之间产生紧张和冲突•13. be overly dependent on 对某事过于依赖•14. stifle creativity 扼杀创造力•15.the population is booming 人口在激增•16.is attended by 某种好的现象伴随某种坏的现象•17.the more……the more有越多的…..就会有越多的……•18. a can be attribute to B 可以归因于B•19.deprive someone of sth 剥夺某人的•20. sth impels sb to do 促使某人去….•21. A has rendered B+ adj/n A 让B变成•22. be addicted to sth 对xx上瘾•23. sth is the root cause of 某事是XXX的根源•24. be confronted with sth 面对….（主动encounter）•25. pose threat to 对xxx构成威胁•26. be inundated with sth 充满xxx•27. sth is unwarranted 某事做法是很不合理的•28. at the high expense of 以xxx 为代价•29. run contrary to 与xxx背道而驰•30. diminish individual’s leisure time 减少人们的休闲时间•31. this trend is not only restricted to , but also evident in•32. tend to 多半／倾向于•33. give priority to 把xx放在优先位置prioritize•34.be likely to be vulnerable to 容易成为xx的受害者•35. it is imperative/crucial/key/essential that 至关重要•36.distinguish between A and B 区分A和B•各类话题•教育•科技•媒体•政府•发展•文化•环境•犯罪•全球•大作文全话题必备短语•技能短语类（学生、儿童、员工的技能）• 1.develop／improve／build/boost/sharpen their skills 发展他们的技能•Problem-solving skills and teamwork skill 解决问题和团队合作的能力• 2.gain practical experience 获得实践经验• 3. develop good learning（eating/spending/driving) habit 形成良好的习惯• 4.increase their independence （活动经历）增强他们的独立性• 5. work closely/tightly with their classmates/ colleagues 和同学同事密切合作• 6.prepare them for employment 让其为就业做好准备•Vocational training 职业培训•Career advice 职业规划•7.upgrade their skills／knowledge 升级其技能／知识•8.reach/achieve／fulfill their potential 充分发挥他们的潜能•9.increase/boost working efficiency（productivity）提高工作效率／产量•10.reduce distraction 减少干扰•Concentrate on 专注于•11.make full use of their time 充分利用时间•Is a waste of time 浪费时间•12. academic performance 学习表现grade•13.Increase their motivation 提升兴趣•Make them frustrated /unmotivated/lack motivation 有挫折感／缺乏动力•14. make our lives more convenient and comfortable 让生活变得更便捷舒适•High-tech equipment/device 高科技设备gadget•Labor-saving/consuming device 省力费力设备•Keep in touch with family and friend 与亲友保持联系•Scientific research／survey 科学研究／调研•15. make/enable the country more competitive 让国家更具有竞争力•权利类短语• 1.give／reduce them more freedom 给／减少他们更多的自由• 2.increase/widen/vary their choices 丰富选择•Provide them with a wide selection of products 提供大量选择（NCE)• 3. can have more flexible schedules(timetable)有更加灵活的时间安排•Online-learning远程教育／在线教育•Can study at their own pace 照自己的进度来学•traditional/psychically classroom 传统教室•can have face-to face discussion/ interaction/communication 可以进行面对面的交流•develop good learning habit 形成良好的学习习惯•School is a society in miniature. 学校是社会的缩影•form close relationships with their classmates 与同学形成亲密的关系•Telecommuting 远程办公(SOHO)•Can achieve a work-life balance 能够在生活工作间实现平衡•Spend more time with their family 更多地和家人在一起•Save money on transport costs 节省交通费•Help to reduce traffic jams/congestion 有助于缓解交通堵塞• 4. have a job security 拥有工作的稳定性• 5. employee benefits 员工福利•Paid holiday 带薪休假Health insurance / 医保• 6. promote gender equality 促进男女平等•Gender bias 性别偏见•Have the equal opportunities for employment and promotion 享有平等的就业和升职机会•7.violate their privacy 侵犯他们的隐私•责任类（家庭／学生／学校／政府／媒体）• 1.teach their children good behavior 交给孩子良好的行为习惯• 2. parenting/schooling 家庭教育／学校教育• 3.give them advice and support 给予他们建议和支持•Respect their feeling/individuality 尊重他们的感受与个性•help them to achieve their potential 帮助他们发挥出自己的潜能•Encourage them to think independently／critically 鼓励他们独立思考／批判性地•Family/community member 家庭／社区成员• 4.working parents 工作的家长•Spoil their children 溺爱孩子•Lead a busy lifestyle生活忙忙碌碌•feel disconnected from their family 感觉他们的家人缺少沟通alien-alienated-alienation(疏远）•学生的责任•学生的责任• 5.good behavior/perform well at school• 6.develop self-discipline 发展自制力•Become responsible members of society 成为有责任感的社会成员•Drop out 辍学•Do not follow the rule/regulation of school 不遵守校规•老人的责任•7.elderly people 老人•Look after their grandchildren 照看孙辈•Share their life experience with their grandchild 分享人生经验•Have conservative views on many things 对于很多食物持有保留的看法•Generation gap 代沟•Misunderstanding 误解•feel lonely and isolated 感到孤独和孤立•学校的责任•8.meet students’ needs 满足学生的需求•Provide a broad and balanced curriculum 提供科目广泛、不偏科的课程安排•Core subjects 核心科目•Optional / compulsory 选修课／必修课•Provide a friendly learning environment 提供一个适于学习的环境•社区成员的责任•9.do volunteer work 做义工•Respect their neighbors 尊重邻里•Help people in need 帮助贫困的人•Contribute to their community／country／economy 为社区／国家／经济做贡献•政府的责任•10. Improve public services/infrastructure 提高公共服务／基础建设•11. create jobs/employment opportunities 创造就业•Take jobs away from 抢走…..的就业机会•12.rudece poverty／hunger 减少贫困／饥荒•13. fulfill responsibility 旅行义务•14. introduce laws to….. 通过立法来….•Is a long/short term solution 是一个长期有效／短期的解决方案•15.run campaigns to encourage to……举办大规模的宣传会去鼓励人们去………•Encourage people to ……..鼓励人们去…..•16. promote fair competition 促进公平就业•媒体的责任•17. provide reliable information提供可靠的信息•Help consumers to make better decisions 帮助消费者做出更好的选择•Provide fair and balanced reports 提供公正的、不偏颇的报道•are driven by profit( profit-oriented/profit-centered)受到利益的驱动•False information 虚假信息•Mislead the public 误导大众•Reliable (energy/healthcare/service）•环境类（环境污染／能源危机／转基因食物／动植物）• 1.Damage environment 破坏环境•Create waste and pollution 产生垃圾和污染•Household／industrial waste 家庭生活／工业垃圾• 2. industrial production工业生产•Cause smog and acid rain导致雾霾和酸雨•Toxic/poisonous 有毒的•Car fumes/pollutant 汽车尾气／污染物•PM2.5•解决交通问题的方法•Control the number of cars•Raise vehicle taxes•Improve public transport services•Reduce people’s dependence on cars•Encourage people to buy eco-friendly cars•Develop cleaner energy•Work or cycle to work or school• 3.fossil fuels 化石燃料•Solar/wind/water energy•Energy crisis 能源危机•Non-renewable energy sources 不可再生能源•Alternative energy 替代能源•Rely too much on/ depend on 过度依赖于•对nuclear 的看法•Pros:•Nuclear power 核电•Does not depend on weather conditions 不依赖于天气•Can help to reduce greenhouse gas emission•Cons:•Nuclear accident 核事故•Cause health and safety problem 造成健康安全问题•Irreversible radiation 不可逆的辐射•Fukushima 福岛（日本）• 4.contribute to climate change 加速环境变化（工业生产和飞机等）•Global warming 全球暖化•Reduce carbon emission 减少碳排放• 5. rapid population growth/boom 人口高速增加／爆炸•Use more energy/create more waste and pollution•Promote sustainable development 促进可持续发展•Increase the demand for 增加对xx的需求（能源／医疗／土地•Put pressure on （人口／消费的增长）对xx构成压力（自然资源／基础假设／医疗）• 6. meet／fulfill their environmental responsibilities 履行他们对于环境的义务•个人对于环境的义务•Lead eco-friendly lifestyles•Reuse shopping bags•Recycle cans and bottles•Use public transport more often•Walk or cycle to work or school•公司对于环保的义务•Reduce their waste•Recycle their waste•Treat their waste properly•Develop cleaner energy•Pay more taxes•政府的职责•Improve public transport•Run campaign to encourage people to use public transport•Introduce laws to protect the environment•Fine companies that pollute the environment•Give financial support to research on renewable energy•7. become crowded (城市）变得拥挤•Urban areas 城市地区•Rural areas 农村地区•8. genetically modified food 转基因食物（GM food)•9. cut down forests/ log forests 砍伐森林•Human activity 人类活动•Wildlife habitats 野生动物栖息地•Lead to natural disaster 导致自然灾害•10. endangered animals 濒危动物•Die out/ extinct 灭绝•Ivory trade 象牙交易•Be hunted for sth 因为某物而受到捕猎健康类（生活方式／老龄化／心理健康）• 1.Lead healthy life style 保持着健康的生活方式•Do more physical activities 做更多体力活•Have a balanced diet 保持平衡的饮食结构•Eat more fruit and vegetables 多吃蔬菜和水果•Keep a regular sleep schedule 保持有规律的睡眠时间•Sedentary lifestyle 缺乏运动的生活方式•Heart disease 心脏病•High blood pressure 高血压•Diabetes 糖尿病•Obesity 肥胖病•Asthma 哮喘•Lung cancer 肺癌（与抽烟和环境有关）• 2. outdoor and indoor activity 室内室外运动•Increase ,strength ,speed and balance 提高力量、速度和平衡能力•Improve memory and concentration 提高记忆力和注意力•Improve hand-eye coordination 增强手和眼的协调能力•打电子游戏和运动的好处•Feel lively and energetic 感到有活力而且精力充沛•develop strong will power 形成顽强的意志力•Build self-confidence 树立自信•Develop their teamwork skills 发展团队合作能力•give them a sense of achievement 带给他们一种成就感3.Promote healthy lifestyle （政府／媒体）推广健康的生活方式Regulate fast food advertising 对快餐广告进行严格的监管Encourage people to make healthy food choices 鼓励人们去选择健康的视频Raise people’s health awareness 提高人们的健康意识• 4.population ageing 人口老龄化•Retired people 退休的老人们•Life expectancy 寿命•人口老龄化带来的问题•Cause labor shortages(老龄化／低出生率）导致劳动力短缺•Put pressure on the healthcare system 对医疗体系构成压力•Increase the burden on taxpayers 加重纳税人负担••人口老龄化的解决方法•Save money for retirement（个人）为退休养老存钱•Retire later 更晚退休•Raise the retirement age(政府)提高法定退休年龄•Encourage immigration 鼓励其他国家向本国移民• 5. cause stress and anxiety 导致压力和焦虑•Damage their emotional health 造成心理伤害•is a good way to reduce stress and anxiety 是一种减轻压力焦虑的好方法•Frustration 挫折•Overtime 加班•Peer pressure 同辈压力•Face tough/keen competition for jobs/promotion/business 在工作／升职／商业方面面临激烈竞争• 6. develop good relationships with their neighbors 与邻居们发展好良好的关系•Lack a sense of belonging/community 缺乏归属感/社区感•feel homesick 思乡•Screen time 盯着屏幕的时间•Limit children’s screen time 限制孩子看电视电脑的时间（家长的责任）•Rely heavily on 严重依赖于•Be addicted to 对……上瘾•财务类（个人财务／贫富差距／个人资产／国际贸易援助）• 1.Consumer society 消费型社会•Follow the latest trends 跟风•Become greedy and selfish 变得贪婪和自私•Earn more money 赚更多钱•Have a higher standard of living 有更高的生活水平•Budget 预算•Save for future 为将来存钱•Buy things on impulse 冲动地购物• 2. involve high costs 涉及到高昂的费用•High housing/ rent price 高房价／高昂租房费用•Affordable 可以接受的• 3. the gap/discrepancy between rich and poor 贫富差距•Homeless 无家可归的•Unemployed 无业的•Face financial difficulties 面临经济困难•reduce income inequality 减少收入不平等现象4. Give/provide financial support/help to（政府／大学／慈善组织／发达国家）为…提供资助Support themselves 自食其力Reduce their dependence on the government 减少他们对于政府的依赖Should give priority to 应当把……当作主要的关注对象Is a waste of public funds/time/energy 是一种…..的浪费ernment tax revenue 政府税收(income)Impose taxes on (政府) 对…..征税Is an important source of government tax revenue（旅游／广告／体育／烟草）是政府税收的重要来源Increase the burden on 加重……..的负担6.Contribute to/boost local economy/ economical growth 促进经济增长7. long-distance food 远距离运送的食物Provide consumers with more choices 给消费者更多选择Take away jobs from local farmers 抢走当地农民的就业机会8.Multinational companies/ corporations 跨国公司Poor working conditions 恶劣的工作环境Threaten cultural diversity 威胁文化多样性9. International aid 国际援助Long term solution 长期解决方案Misuse the aid 滥用援助Recipient country 接受援助的国家1.Reduce crime rates 降低犯罪率Prevent crime 预防犯罪Commit a crime 犯罪／violent crime 暴力犯罪Deter+宾语表示震慑违法者或违法行为Deter crime/ criminal /dangerous driving/anti-social behavior2. Reform criminal 改造罪犯Provide them with career advice 为他们提供职业规划Law-abiding citizensCriminal record 犯罪记录3.Give them harsh punishment 给他们严厉的惩罚Are sent to prison 被送去监狱Serve long sentences 长时间服刑Lose their freedom 失去其自由Lead to resentment 导致憎恨Are likely to re-offend 很有可能会再次犯罪4. Address the root causes of crime 从根本上去解决犯罪问题Create jobs/ reduce poverty 创造就业／减少贫困5. Media violence 媒体里的暴力内容Violent image 暴力画面Glorify violence 美化暴力Youth crime /Juvenile delinquency 青少年犯罪Aggressive 有攻击性的6. Break traffic rules 违反交通规则Pay fines 交罚金Install red light cameras 安装交通灯监控摄像头1.Protect their heritage 保护文化传承erode their sense of cultural identify 削弱他们的文化认同感Feel disconnected from heritage/nature/family 感到自己与传统／自然／家庭想脱节2. Customs and traditions 风俗和传统value 价值morals values 道德观念3. Are expose to + 宾语（重要相当于immerse in )Are expose to different cultures /languages/ media violence 接触到不同的文化／语言／媒体暴力4. Promote peace and understanding( 国际交流）促进和平与理解international corporation 促进国际合作Build understanding and trust 建设相互理解和信任Improve international relations 改善国际关系Transcend national borders 超出了国家间的边界Global problemsGlobal warming 全球变暖Poverty 贫困Population aging 人口老龄化The increasing demand for energy 对能源的日益增长的需求Air and water pollution 空气和水的污染Overpopulation人口过多5.Cultural globalization 文化全球化Share the same fashions and brands 分享相同的时尚和品牌Watch the same films and television programmes看同样的电影和电视节目Satellite TV 卫星电视Spread their own culture 传播自己的文化6. The expansion of English 英语的扩张A global language 全球性的语言Make communication and cooperation easier 让沟通与合作变得更加容易Is widely used around the world 在全世界范围内被广泛地使用International conferences 大型国际会议Language barrier 语言障碍Expansion/ invasion/proliferation 扩张／侵占／扩散（三者意思相近7. An endangered language 一种濒危的语言8.Introduce laws to protect historic buildings 通过立法来保护具有历史意义的建筑Famous landmarks 著名的标志性建筑8. Adapt old buildings to meet modern needs 让老房子适应现代生活的需要Update the equipment 对设备的更新Make space for new buildings 为新建筑让出空间Renovate old buildings 对老房子进行翻新Demolish old buildings 拆坏老房子9.Work of art 艺术品Enrich the local culture 丰富当地的文化Broaden their interests 扩展他们的兴趣爱好The art industry 艺术产业Public art 公共艺术•乐趣类（休闲／虚拟／工作乐趣／探索发现）1.Is a good leisure activity 是一种很好的休闲活动Browse/surf the internet 上网Passive entertainment (TV)Active entertainment (Reading/chess)Interactive entertainment (online game)Is an important source of 是…..的重要来源之一2.are fun and enjoyable 是很有趣且令人愉快的Educational/boring/unhelpful/3. In a virtual world 在一个虚拟的世界里Video/photo sharing websites 视频照片共享网站Form close friendships 形成亲密的友谊Interact with friends online. 与网友互动Reduce face-to-face interaction 减少面对面交流Cause social isolation 导致脱离真实社会的生活方式4. Use online resources 利用网上资源Search engine 搜索引擎Find information quickly and easily 快速轻松地找到信息Is a good educational tool 很好的教学工具Have access to more information 可以使用更多信息•Online shopping在线购物5.Buy things at lower prices 以更低的价格买东西Save time/energy/transport costs 节省时间/精力/交通费Can compare prices and services 可以比较价格和服务6. Are portable and easy to use 便于携带且方便使用•7. keep in touch with family and friends 于亲友们保持联络•Radiation 手机辐射•Can get help quickly in an emergency 遇到紧急情况时能够迅速获得帮助•8. advertising campaigns 大规模的广告宣传活动•9. is an enjoyable and memorable experience 是令人愉快且值得回忆的经历•10. explore the local culture and history 探索当地的文化和历史•Appreciate/respect local culture 欣赏尊重当地文化•Expand their horizons 开扩他们的思维•Satisfy their curiosity about the local culture 满足他们关于当地文化的好奇心。
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青少年：teenagers/youngsters/adolescents培养：develop/cultivate/foster/nurture心理健康：psychological soundness促进学生身心发展：promote the students’physical,mental/intellectual and emotional development学校教育(先天)：aptitude家庭教育(后天)：upbringing/parenting教学法：teaching methodology适应：adapt to sth.;adjust oneself to sth;become accustomed to sth.给学生动力：motivate students to do sth.give students motivation to do sth.就业技能：employable skills强迫学生学习：force students to learn;force-feed the students责任感：a sense of responsibility/obligation盲从：follow sth.indiscriminately/blindly;限制创造力的发展：constrain creativity打击学生积极性：dampen the students’enthusiasm;frustrate the students塑造性格：mould one’s character逆境：adverse circumstances;adversity独立思考：think independently在理解的基础上学习：learn things through understanding鼓励学生用辩证的眼光看问题：encourage students to think critically 理论和实践相结合：integrate theory with practice培养独立性:cultivate one’s independence学生的反馈：students’feedback各门功课总称：curriculum课外活动：extra-curricular activities不遵守纪律：indiscipline,misbehavior理论知识：theoretical knowledge全面发展：well-rounded,versatile通才：generalist专才：specialist人文科学：humanities社会科学：social sciences文科：arts；liberal studies理科：sciences工科：engineering职业教育：vocational education尖端的技术：cutting-edge technology信息爆炸：information explosion/overload 信息时代：the information age科技创新：technological innovations提高效率：enhance/boost efficiency提高生产效率：enhance/boost productivity 生物技术：biotechnology克隆：cloning远程通讯：telecommunications太空探索：space exploration/research登月：moon landing受到普遍欢迎：gain widespread popularity 综合国力：overall national strength国家安全：national security核武器：nuclear weapon科学成就：scientific achievement可再生资源：renewable energy sources能源危机：energy crisis人工智能：artificial intelligence当局：authorities规范，管理：regulate,monitor实施：implement严禁：strictly prohibit监督：monitor,scrutinize拨款:invest in；allocate money to sth.;dedicate money to sth.预算：budget税收：tax revenue政府开支：government spending/expenditure on sth.把……当成当务之急：give priority to sth.自卫：self-defense国土安全：national security缺乏远见的政策：short-sighted policy生活节奏加速：The tempo/pace of life is accelerating导致人与人之间疏远：create alienation between people最求最大限度利润：pursue maximum profit交通堵塞：traffic jams/congestion阻碍：hinder/hamper/impede the development of…贫穷的：poverty-stricken,impoverished富裕的：wealthy,affluent,well-off扶贫：poverty alleviation就业机会：employment opportunity行人：pedestrians下岗工人：laid-off workers基础设施：infrastructure交通肇事者：traffic accident perpetrators居民：resident,city dwellers高楼：high-rise buildings摩天大楼：skyscrapers城乡差距：the disparity between the city and the countryside 贫富差距：the gap between the wealthy and the impoverished 城市的：urban乡村的:rural搬迁：relocate人口爆炸：population explosion/boom;控制人口：family planning;birth control性别歧视：gender discrimination两性平等：gender equality被家务事拖累：be tied down by household chores生育孩子：child bearing抚养孩子：child rearing母性本能：maternal instinct开明的社会：a progressive/enlightened society家庭暴力：domestic violence家庭情感纽带：family bonds/ties归属感：a sense of belonging单亲家庭：single-parent households对……的依恋：an attachment to sth.老年人：elderly people,senior citizens毒品上瘾：be addicted to drugs英语的广泛使用：the proliferation of English小语种将会消亡：lesser-known languages will become extinct.保护文化遗产：preserve cultural heritage祖先：ancestors,forefathers后代：descendants少数民族：ethnic minorities民族团结：the harmony between ethnic groups文化融合：cultural integration文化多样性：cultural diversity文化特性：cultural identity贬低……的重要性：minimize the importance of…地球村：global village新闻界：the press时事：current affairs无处不在的：prevalent充斥着：be saturated with sth.恰当的监管：proper supervision and guidance杜绝暴力和色情内容：eliminate violent and pornographic contents建立和实施针对所有媒体的严格的审查制度：establish and impose a strict censorship on all mass media广告行业的兴旺发达：the thriving of the advertising industry虚假的：false,bogus报道非常详尽的细节：report sth.in graphic detail夸大事情：exaggerate things公正客观的：objective揭露：expose,reveal侵犯隐私：violate sb.privacy破坏某人名誉：tarnish one’s reputation狗仔队：paparazzi(ns)名人：celebrity丑闻：scandals谣言：rumor道德准则：code of ethics随着因特网技术的出现：with the advent of the Internet technology在这个日益电脑化的世界中：in this increasingly computerized world 加速信息的传播：accelerate the flow of information旅游景点：tourist attractions/spots吸引游客：attract tourists开拓眼界：widen one’s horizon;broaden one’s view;broaden one’s scope of knowledge促进文化交流：promote cultural communication把游客和当地人隔离：seclude/isolate the tourists from the locals商业化：commercialize游客和当地人互动：Tourists can interact with the locals.冲突：conflict with…文化遗产：cultural heritage弘扬民族文化：carry forward national cultural创造就业机会：create employment opportunities环保的：environmentally-friendly环保主义者：environmentalists环境恶化：environment deterioration全球变暖：global warming一次性产品：disposable product可持续发展：sustainable development提高公众对…的意识：raise the public awareness of…破坏生态平衡：break the ecological balance砍伐森林：deforestation污染：pollution,contamination增加农产品产量：boost crop yield不可再生资源：non-renewable resources用尽，耗尽：exhaust;use up生态系统：ecosystem=ecological system白色污染：white plastic pollution;non-biodegradable garbage 肥沃的土壤：fertile soil贫瘠的土壤：infertile soil耕地：farmland恶劣的环境：hostile environment降低成本：lower the cost降低风险：lower the risks采取严厉措施：take harsh measures天然资源：natural resources濒危物种：endangered species寿命：life expectancy,life span处于灭绝的边缘：be on the verge of extinction 身心健康：physical and mental health犯罪：commit crime罪犯：criminal初犯：first-time offender惯犯：repeat criminals;hardened criminals罪行：offences控制犯罪率：control crime rate遏制犯罪：curb crime憎恨社会：resent society受害者：victim牢房：cell,prison监禁：imprison sb.改造犯罪：reform criminals执法部门：law enforcement agencies触犯法律：break/violate/disobey the law遵守法律：abide by the law;comply with the law;obey the law 犯罪倾向：criminal tendency动物权益保护主义者：animal right activists医学研究：medical research残忍的：cruel,inhuman减轻动物痛苦：relieve/alleviate/ease animals’pain给主人心理安慰：afford masters consolation and comfort。