大学英语西方文化概论课文翻译
《西方文化概论》教学大纲
《西方文化概论》教学大纲一、基本信息二、教学目标及任务本课程为全校文法类各专业通识课。
本课程将通过对古希腊文化、古罗马文化、中世纪基督教文化和西方近现代文化的讲解，使全校文法类各专业的本科生了解西方文化孳乳繁衍、发生进化的来龙去脉，掌握西方文化史中的一些重大事件和重要人物，认识不同时代的精神和文化状貌，为从不同专业的涉外部分的学习、进行中西比较、或直接学习研究具体领域的西方文化打下知识基础。
三、学时分配四、教学内容及教学要求第一章古希腊罗马文化：爱琴文明与希腊神话传说习题要点：米诺斯文明, 迈锡尼文明, 希腊神话传说的源流,希腊神谱, 神谱的文化学意义，荷马史诗与“系统叙事诗”等的具体内容。
本单元重点、难点：1．爱琴文明与希腊城邦文明之间的文化联系。
2．希腊神话的源流与谱系。
本单元教学要求：了解古希腊罗马文化：爱琴文明与希腊神话传说，要求基本理解希腊罗马文化的发展脉络，掌握希腊罗马文化的特征。
第二章古希腊罗马文化：希腊城邦文化习题要点：希腊城邦的发展演变, 希腊城邦的崛起与殖民，早期希腊城邦的政治变革，斯巴达的政治与文化，雅典的政治与文化，从分离主义到帝国主义等的具体内容。
本单元重点、难点：1．希腊宗教的文化特点。
2．希腊悲剧与喜剧的文化学意义。
本单元教学要求：了解希腊宗教的文化特点。
理解希腊悲剧与喜剧的文化学意义。
掌握希腊哲学发展的基本梗概。
第三章古希腊罗马文化：城邦文化的衰落与希腊化时代习题要点：希腊城邦文化的衰落，雅典民主制的蜕变，亚历山大帝国与希腊化时代，希腊文化精神的凋敝等的具体内容。
本单元重点、难点：1．希腊分离主义向帝国主义转化的历史契机。
2．希腊化时代的文化特点。
本单元教学要求：了解希腊城邦文化的衰落的过程，理解与掌握希腊文化精神的凋敝与希腊化时代的文化特点。
第四章古希腊罗马文化：罗马帝国的兴衰习题要点：罗马政治制度演化与罗马帝国的扩张过程等的具体内容。
本单元重点、难点：1．罗马政治制度演化的基本情况。
大学英语教材西方文化读本翻译整理
Unit1根据传说，伏羲生于中国西部，出生之前在其母腹中孕育了12年。
伏羲教会了人类打猎、捕鱼、驯养野兽、饲养家禽。
伏羲制定了人类的嫁娶制度，教会人们劈柴取火和烹煮食物；他还通过龟背上的裂纹创立了八卦，这些八卦成为数学、医学、占卜学和风水的基础。
此外，伏羲还创造了中华民族的图腾龙，被认为是中国历史上第一个真正的统治者。
Fuxi was born in the west part of China and, according to legend, he was carried in his mother’s womb for twelve years before birth. He taught people how to hunt, fish, domesticate animals and tend their flocks. He instituted marriage and taught people how to devise tools to split wood, kindle fire and cook food. He devised the Trigrams, which evolved from markings on tortoise shells. These trigrams served as the basis for mathematics, medicine, divination and geomancy. Furthermore, he created the Chinese dragon as the totem of the nation and was considered as the first real ruler.Unit2儒家的创始人是孔子（公元前551—479），他提出了一套道德规范，基于五种美德：仁、义、礼、智、信。
其中“仁”被认为是他的哲学理念的基石，代表着忠诚、孝道(filial piety)、宽容和善良。
大学英语西方文化概论课文翻译
英语翻译1Eating Food That’s Better for You, Organic or Not吃对你有益的食物，无论是否有机In the six-and-one-half years since the federal government began certifying food as “organic,” Americans have taken to the idea with considerable enthusiasm.自从联邦政府六年半前开始对食物“有机”认证以来，美国人以相当大的激情接受了这个概念。
Sales have at least doubled, and three-quarters of the nation’s grocery stores now carry at least some organic food.销售额至少翻倍，国内3/ 4的食品杂货现在都在出售有机食品。
A Harris Poll in October 2007 found that about 30 percent of Americans buy organic food at least on occasion, and most think it is safer, better for the environment and healthier.2007年10月的一份哈里斯民意调查发现大约30%的美国人至少会偶尔买有机食品，大部分人认为它更为安全，更有利于环境和更健康。
People believe it must be better for you if it’s organic,” says Phil Howard, an assistant professor of community, food and agriculture at Michigan State University.密歇根州立大学的社区、食品和农业助理教授Phil Howard说，“人们认为如果它是有机的话一定会对你更好。
西方文化导论Unit7
(1) Henry Fielding (2) Jonathan Swift (3) Daniel Defoe (4) John Bunyan (5) John Milton
a. Paradise Lost b. Robinson Crusoe c. Gulliver’s Travels d. Pilgrim’s Progress e. Tom Jones
_T_ (2) The late Renaissance focused on the metaphysical and rationalist philosophy, while the Enlightenment was based on epistemology and empiricism.
_T_ (5) Hume’s empiricist philosophy greatly influenced Immanuel Kant’s critical philosophy.
Comprehension Exercises
Multiple choice.
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
_T_ (4) The Enlightenment laid an ideological foundation for the breakout of the French Revolution.
_T_ (5) The Enlightenment unveiled the inauguration of the modern era and laid a solid foundation for the later process of the Western modernization.
Unit7西方文化导论
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The foremost figures in the Enlightenment were a group of French thinkers known as philosophers. The preeminent member of this group was the writer, historian, and poet Voltaire. He emerged as the Enlightenment’s chief critic of contemporary culture and religion. Another important member of this group was Jean Jacques Rousseau, whose writings greatly influenced the political thinking of the time. Also influential were the writings of Charles, Baron de Montesquieu, who challenged the idea of rule by a monarch and championed individual freedom. The philosopher Denis Diderot, in collaboration with Jean D’Alembert, planned and edited a multivolume encyclopedia designed to include all realms of knowledge. Many of the entries were written by other philosophies.
Unit2 西方文化导论
Decline: In 33 AD, Roman Empire was divided into two parts.
End: In 476, West Rome was defeated by German troops and came to an end.
Interpretation of Cultural Terms
Interpretation of Cultural Terms
Text Study
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 卢修斯•塔克文•苏佩 布(？– 496 BC): Superbus was the 7th emperor of the Roman Kingdom Etruscan，ruling from 535 BC to
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1. A General Introduction 2. Focus In
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Ancient Rome, once the largest empire in the world, was originated from some villages located on the Apennine Peninsula along the Mediterranean Sea in the 10th century BC. In 509 BC, Augustus built a republic country of Rome. During the 4th century BC, Rome unified Italy by military conquest, and after years of wars, it conquered Carthage, Greece, Macedon, etc. and built up a vast Roman Empire with a territory stretching across three continents. During this period, Rome succeedingly experienced the rule of Sulla Felix, the first Triumvirate, and the second Triumvirate. In 27 BC, Octavian called himself “Augustus” and held together in his own grasp all the military, administrative, judicial and religious powers, becoming the Emperor of Roman Empire. In the two
西方文化概论2- Greek Mythology and Religion
Questions: 1. Is the Trojan war real?
Archaeological Site of Troy
Turkey
Archilles
Hector
2. Who do you like most?
Paris
3. What caused Achilles’ rage?
• Achilles’s rage is the theme of the Iliad.
5. The cause of the war?
A story behind!
Wedding of Peleus and Thetis, 1638, Abraham Bloemaert (1566 -1651), a Dutch painter
Eris, goddess of discord
The Gold Apple
• The wedding ceremony of Thetis & Peleus •↓
• The goddes of discord, Eris, was not invited, hence, angry •↓
• Golden apple: “for the fairest” • Hera, Athena, Aphrodite ↓
when the Trojan war ended. • 3. Agamemnon’s death: • He was not killed by Bryseis, but on his return from
Trojan war was murdered by his wife, Clytemnestra, and her lover, who was later killed by his daughter, Electra and her brother. • > Sigmund Freud’s psychological term: Electra complex
Unit8 西方文化导论
Text Study
Supplementary Resources
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1. A General Introduction 2. Focus In
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The 18th and 19th centuries were not only an important period for political stage, but also a period of important cultural change. A great host of forms and styles came to the fore in the scene of Western literature and art. They included romanticism, realism and naturalism. Generally realism is based on the mode of reproducing reality, while romanticism focuses on emotion and nature and ontological naturalism refers more to reality being limited to the observable world. The 18th-century Enlightenment firmly established the rational capacity of the Europeans. But by the end of the century and into the early part of the 19th century, people began to realize that man is an emotional and organic individual. Therefore, the man of reason became the new man
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英语翻译1Eating Food That’s Better for You, Organic or Not吃对你有益的食物，无论是否有机In the six-and-one-half years since the federal government began certifying food as “organic,” Americans have taken to the idea with considerable enthusiasm.自从联邦政府六年半前开始对食物“有机”认证以来，美国人以相当大的激情接受了这个概念。
Sales have at least doubled, and three-quarters of the nation’s grocery stores now carry at least some organic food.销售额至少翻倍，国内3/ 4的食品杂货现在都在出售有机食品。
A Harris Poll in October 2007 found that about 30 percent of Americans buy organic food at least on occasion, and most think it is safer, better for the environment and healthier.2007年10月的一份哈里斯民意调查发现大约30%的美国人至少会偶尔买有机食品，大部分人认为它更为安全，更有利于环境和更健康。
People believe it must be better for you if it’s organic,” says Phil Howard, an assistant professor of community, food and agriculture at Michigan State University.密歇根州立大学的社区、食品和农业助理教授Phil Howard说，“人们认为如果它是有机的话一定会对你更好。
”So I discovered on a recent book tour around the United States and Canada.最近我在美国和加拿大宣传新书时发现了这个问题。
No matter ho w carefully I avoided using the word “organic” when I spoke to groups of food enthusiasts about how to eat better, someone in the audience would inevitably ask, “What if I can’t afford to buy organic food?”当我和食物爱好群体交流如何吃得更好时，无论我再怎么小心地避免使用“有机”这个词语，读者中还是会有人不可避免地问及“如果我买不起有机食品怎么办？”Organic food seems to have become the magic cure for all.有机食品似乎变成万能的神奇疗法。
When people think of eating it, they think they are eating well, healthily, reasonably, even morally.人们在吃它的时候，他们认为自己吃得好，吃得健康，吃得合理甚至是有道德的。
But eating “organic” offers no guarantee of any of that.但是吃“有机”食品不能对这些提供保障。
And the truth is that most Americans eat so badly — we get 7 percent of our calories from soft drinks, more than we do from vegetables; the top food group by caloric intake is “sweets”; and one-third of nation’s adults are now obese — that the organic question is a secondary one.而事实是大部分美国人吃得很糟糕——我们从软饮料（不含酒精的饮料）中获取7%的卡路里，多于我们从蔬菜中所获取的卡路里；卡路里摄取量最多的食品类别是糖果；国内1/3的成年人现在都超重——这样一来有机食品问题成了次要问题。
It’s not unimportant, but it’s not the primary issue in the way Americans eat.它不是不重要，但它不是美国人饮食的首要问题。
To eat well, says Michael Pollan, the author of In Defense of Food, means avoiding “edible food-like substances” and sticking to real ingredients, increasingly from the plantkingdom. (Americans each consume an average of nearly two pounds a day of animal products.)《食物防御》的作者Michael Pollan说，要吃得好就意味着要避免‘可食用的类似食品食品的物质’，并逐渐地坚持从蔬菜中获取真正的营养成分。
（平均每个美国人每天消费近两磅的肉类产品。
）There’s plenty of evidence that both a person’s health — as well as the environment’s — will improve with a simple shift in eating habits away from animal products and highly processed foods to plant products and what might be called “real food.”有充足的证据表明，只要对饮食习惯做简单的改变，把吃肉类食品和高度加工食品的习惯转为食用蔬果类食品和那些能被成为“真正的食品”，就能增进一个人的健康和改善环境。
From these changes, Americans would reduce the amount of land, water and chemicals used to produce the food we eat, as well as the incidence of lifestyle diseases linked to unhealthy diets, and greenhouse gases from industrial meat production.这些转变会使美国人减少用于生产食物的土地，水和化学品，同时降低与不健康饮食有关的生活方式引发的疾病的发病率，减弱因工业肉类生产产生的温室效应。
The government’s organic program, says Joan Shaffer, a spokeswoman for the Agriculture Department, “is a marketing program that sets standards for what can be certified as organic. Neither the enabling legislation nor the regulations address food safety or nutrition. ”“政府的有机计划，”农业部发言人Joan Shaffer说，“是给可以认证为有机的食品设立标准的一项市场计划，无论是授权法条或是规定都没有处理食品安全和营养问题。
”People don’t understand that, nor do they realize “organic” doesn’t mean “local.”人们不明白这些东西，也不知道“有机”并不意味“本土”。
“It doesn’t matter if it’s from the farm down the road or from Chile,” Ms. Shaffer said. “As long as it meets the standards, it’s organic.”“无论食品是从路边的农场或是从智利运来”，Shaffer女士说，“只要符合标准，它就是有机的。
”Hence, the organic status of salmon flown in from Chile, or of frozen vegetables grown in China and sold in the United States — no matter the size of the carbon footprint left behind by getting from there to here.因此，从智利空运来的鲑鱼或是在美国出售的中国种植的冷冻蔬菜都是有机的，与食物从哪里飞到这里来所留下的碳排放量无关。
Today, most farmers who practice truly sustainable farming, or what you might call “organic in spirit,” operate on small scale, some so small that they can’t afford the requirements to be certified organic by the government.今天大部分农民在实践真正的可持续农业，或者你可能称之为“精神上的有机”的农民都实行小规模经营，有一些的规模小到无法承担让政府进行有机认证的费用。
But the organic food business is now big business, and getting bigger.但有机食品商业现在是大产业，而且日益壮大。
Professor Howard estimates that major corporations now are responsible for at least 25 percent of all organic manufacturing and marketing.Howard教授估计现在大公司至少占整个有机生产与销售市场的25%。