非谓语动词,虚拟语气,名词性从句1

非谓语动词do/doesdiddo doingdoneto do一．非谓语动词在句子中不能单独充当谓语。

二．一个逗号不能连接两个并列的分句，必须要有连词。

通过逗号的问题可以判断出来是否使用非谓语动词。

三．非谓语动词的联系和区别1．doing既是现在分词，又是动名词，但是它们在句子中充当的成分及与之相连的结构都不同。

1）现在分词在句子中起修饰限定补充说明的作用，所以充当定语，状语，补语；动名词是具有动词含义，保留了动词某些用法的名词，所以在句子中充当主语，宾语，定语。

现在分词做定语时表示被修饰的中心词所处的状态或所做的动作;而动名词做定语表示被修饰的中心词的目的或用途。

a sleeping boysleeping room2) 现在分词和动名词在独立结构中的逻辑主语不同。

独立结构的概念在主从复合句中，当主句和从句的主语一致时，可以将从句中的主语及be动词省略，这时从句就变为独立结构。

While (he is) eating, he is watching TV.在主从复合句中，当主句和从句的主语不一致时，不能按照上面的规则省略，在新的独立结构中应添加逻辑主语。

分词的逻辑主语是代词的主格和名词的通格；动名词的逻辑主语是形容词性物主代词，名词所有格，代词的宾格和名词的通格。

While she is eating, he is watching TV.While she eating, he is watching TV.His saying that kind of things made us very angry.2．现在分词和过去分词的区别doing 主动物动作正在进行done 被动人动作已经结束the boy sleeping in the roomthe man killed in the warthe exciting newsthe excited peoplethe developing countrythe developed countryfallen/falling snowboiled/boiling water*当用及物动词的分词做定状补语时，如果是现在分词，后面必须加宾语，如果是过去分词，后面不能加宾语。

the boy seeing the filmseen in the cinemathe army controlling the gov.controlled by the gov.3.不定式一般表示将来的概念built last yearthe bridge being built nowto be built next month四．非谓语动词时间的表达方法Having finished the work, they went home.Seeing his girl friend, the boy jumped to his feet.The fog ____ dense, the ferryboat has been cancelled.A. isB. wasC. beingD. having been虚拟语气一．概念虚拟语气表示说话人所做的一种与现实相反的假设，既通常所说的“说反话”。

二．形式1．If引导的虚拟条件句1) 对过去的虚拟If +主语+had done, 主语+would/should/could have done.If you had come yesterday, you would have seen your brother.2)对现在的虚拟If +主语+did, 主语+ would/should/could do.If I knew the truth, I would tell it to you.3)复合时态的虚拟If +主语+had done，主语+ would/should/could do.If you had thought clearly at that time, you wouldn’t be in trouble now. 2.省略should的虚拟语气1)表示“命令，要求，请求，建议”的动词引导的宾语从句，例如order, demand, suggest, advise, require, insist…The officer ordered that the army (should) start off at once.2)表示上类含义的名词引导的同位语从句。

The advice that we (should) do something about the matter was good.3)I think/consider/regard it important/necessary/helpful…that we (should) do…They thought it necessary that they (should) do something to help him.4)should还可以表示“一旦，竟然，万一”If you should be in trouble, you can call me directly.3.其他常用的虚拟语气结构I would rather that you said nothing now.I would rather that you had said nothing at yesterday’s meeting.It is (high) time that we went to school.If only I were as rich as Bill Gates.名词性从句一.名词性从句概述名词性从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句.简单而言, 名词性从句是一个句子的结构，但是起到名词的作用.主语从句: That he has come back safe and sound makes his mother very happy.宾语从句: His mother knows that he has come back safe and sound.表语从句: What makes his mother very happy is that he has come back safe and sound.同位语从句: The news that he has come back safe and sound makes his mother very happy.二.名词性从句的引导词1.连接词that, whether, ifThat he survived the accident is a miracle.Whether she comes or not makes no difference.I asked her if she wanted to come the next day.2. 关系代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoeverWho will preside at the meeting hasn’t been decided yet.He asked me whom I borrowed the money from.Which team has won the game is not known yet.*what引导名词性从句的问题what引导名词性从句时可以把这个名词性从句改写为定语从句,其中what相当于先行词+关系代词What(All that) you do is right.*what不能与all或that连用.The book will show you how what you have learned can be put into use. What he has done is for the benefit of people.That what he has done is for the benefit of people won him the prize.3. 关系副词when, where, how, whyWhen we can begin the expedition is still a question.We didn’t know why she didn’t come.The question is how we can get there.That’s where he used to live.三. 名词性从句和其他从句的关系1. 名词性从句和定语从句的关系名词性从句起到名词的作用,在句子中可以充当主语,宾语,表语和同位语,而定语从句相当于形容词,在句子中做定语.The news that he told us was true.The news that he came back was true.2. 名词性从句和强调句式的关系强调句式实际上是一种倒装句.It is/was +被强调的成分+who(m)/that…定语从句一.关系代词引导的定语从句1.如果先行词是all, much, anything, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词用thatThat’s all (that) I can do now.2. 如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, much, no some, very等修饰，关系代词用that,不用which, who或whomHe was the only person that was present at the meeting.3.可以做表语用的关系代词关系代词that可指代人或物,用作表语,仅用于限制性定语从句.He is no longer the single-minded man that he was 5 years ago.二.关系副词引导的定语从句1. There are some cases where this rule doesn’t hold true.2. that有时也可以代替关系副词when, where, 或why引导定语从句,表示时间，地点或原因,that有时可以省略.I don’t like the way (that, in which) he speaks.3. how不能引导定语从句,要用how,句中不能有先行词.This is how he behaves.This is the way how he behaves.三.as的用法1. 先行词之前有such, the same修饰，关系代词用asSuch people as were recommended by him were reliable.the same… as和the same…that的区别2.在非限定性定语从句中代替一句话As we all know, the earth is round.四.but的用法but与表示否定的主句连用There is nobody in the class but (who doesn’t)respect him.五.在定语从句中关系词的选择取决于先行词在句子中做什么成分Beijing is the place that he likes to visit.Beijing is the place where he lives.。