非谓语动词和虚拟语气
动词的类别和用法
动词的类别和用法动词是语言中最活跃、最关键的词类之一，它们用于描述动作、状态、行为和存在等。
了解动词的类别和用法对于准确、清晰地表达意思至关重要。
一、动词的类别1、实义动词实义动词是表示具体动作或状态的动词，又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。
及物动词：后面需要接宾语才能完整表达意思。
例如，“我吃苹果”中的“吃”就是及物动词，“苹果”是宾语。
不及物动词：本身就能完整表达意思，后面不需要接宾语。
比如，“鸟儿飞”中的“飞”就是不及物动词。
2、系动词系动词用于连接主语和表语，表明主语的身份、状态、特征等。
常见的系动词有 be（am/is/are/was/were）、seem、look、sound、feel、taste、smell 等。
例如，“她看起来很漂亮”中的“看起来”就是系动词，“漂亮”是表语。
3、助动词助动词协助主要动词构成各种时态、语态、语气等。
常见的助动词有 do/does/did、have/has/had、will/would、shall/should 等。
例如，“我正在吃饭”中的“正在”就是由助动词“be”和现在分词“eating”构成的进行时态。
4、情态动词情态动词表示说话人的态度、情感或推测等。
常见的情态动词有can/could、may/might、must、shall/should、will/would、ought to 等。
例如，“你应该努力学习”中的“应该”就是情态动词。
二、动词的用法1、时态动词的时态用于表示动作发生的时间。
常见的时态有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时等。
一般现在时：表示经常发生的动作、客观事实或真理。
例如，“太阳从东方升起”。
一般过去时：表示过去发生的动作。
比如，“昨天我去了公园”。
一般将来时：表示将来要发生的动作。
例如，“明天我将去北京”。
现在进行时：表示正在进行的动作。
比如，“他正在看电视”。
非谓语动词及虚拟语气
非谓语动词
不定式 非谓语动词 动名词 分 词 现在分词 过去分词
非谓语动词可充当的成分
He works hard to catch up with his brothers. Doing morning exercises is good for us. A falling leaf a fallen leaf The film gets more and more exciting. We were excited about the news. Hearing a knock on the door, he went to open it. Moved by his performance, the audience applauded for half an hour.
• The little girl practices to play the piano every day. The little girl practices playing the piano every day. • Do you mind me to smoke here? Do you mind my smoking here? • Jean doesn’t feel like to clean the house. Jean doesn’t feel like cleaning the house.
can do nothing but do…
can not do anything but do…(只能做) 3)在情态动词如：had better, would rather… than之后不用to, 动词help后，to 可带可不带。
• You’d better B the water until it has been boiled. • A. not to drink B. not drink • C. not drunk D. not drinking • I prefer to go to the beach rather than C at home. • A. to stay B. staying • C. stay D. have stayed
考研英语句式
考研英语句式
考研英语中常见的句式包括：
1.强调句：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其他部分。
2.倒装句：将谓语放在主语之前，常见的是否定词或半否定词开头放在句首。
3.省略句：省略了句子的某些部分，常见的是省略主语或谓语。
4.复合句：包含一个主句和一个或多个从句，从句本身有自己的语法结构。
5.并列句：由并列连词连接的两个或多个句子。
6.虚拟语气：通过使用特殊形式的谓语动词来表示与实际情况相反的情况。
7.被动语态：将谓语动词变为被动形式，表示动作是被动的而不是主动的。
8.非谓语动词：包括动词不定式、动名词和分词，它们在句子中可以作为名词、
形容词或副词使用。
9.比较级和最高级：用于表示比较或最高程度的概念。
10.情态动词：包括can、could、may、might、will、would等，表示推测或可
能性。
这些句式在考研英语中经常出现，掌握这些句式可以帮助考生更好地理解阅读材料和写作复杂的句子。
语法实用指南虚拟语气的情态动词与非谓语动词
语法实用指南虚拟语气的情态动词与非谓语动词虚拟语气是英语语法中重要的一部分，它用于表达假设、愿望、建议、命令等含义。
具体而言，虚拟语气通常由情态动词和非谓语动词来表示。
本文将为你提供一个语法实用指南，详细介绍虚拟语气的情态动词和非谓语动词的用法。
一、虚拟语气的情态动词1. 用于表示假设的情态动词情态动词"should"和"wish"可用于表达假设。
例如：- If I were you, I should make a decision as soon as possible.（虚拟条件句假设）- I wish I could speak fluent French.（对现在状态的希望）2. 用于表示愿望的情态动词情态动词"would"和"wish"还可用于表达愿望。
例如：- I would like to travel around the world.（对未来的愿望）- I wish you would stop making noise.（对现在的愿望）3. 用于表示建议的情态动词情态动词"should"和"wish"也可用于表示建议。
例如：- You should take a rest if you feel tired.（对现在状态的建议）- I wish you would listen to me.（对现在的建议）4. 用于表示命令的情态动词情态动词"would"可用于表示命令，语气委婉。
例如：- Would you please close the door?（对现在状态的命令）二、虚拟语气的非谓语动词1. 用于表示目的的非谓语动词不定式"to" + 动词原形可用于表示目的。
例如：- He bought a book to learn English.（目的）- She returned early to catch the train.（目的）2. 用于表示条件的非谓语动词不定式的"if"从句可用于表示条件。
英文中动词的分类和用法
英文中动词的分类和用法在英语学习中，动词是至关重要的一部分。
动词不仅能够表达动作、状态和行为，还在句子结构和语法规则中起着关键作用。
为了更好地理解和运用英语，我们有必要深入了解英文中动词的分类和用法。
一、动词的分类1、实义动词（Notional Verb）实义动词是表示具体动作或状态的动词，能够独立地充当谓语。
例如：run（跑）、jump（跳）、eat（吃）、sleep（睡觉）、think（思考）等。
实义动词又可以分为及物动词（Transitive Verb）和不及物动词（Intransitive Verb）。
及物动词：后面需要接宾语才能表达完整的意思。
比如，“I love you”中的“love”就是及物动词，“you”是宾语。
不及物动词：自身就能表达完整的意思，不需要宾语。
例如，“The bird flies”中的“flies”就是不及物动词。
2、系动词（Linking Verb）系动词用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的性质、状态、特征等。
常见的系动词有：be（am/is/are/was/were）、seem（似乎）、look（看起来）、sound（听起来）、feel（感觉）、taste（尝起来）、smell（闻起来）等。
例如，“She is beautiful” 中的“is”就是系动词，“beautiful”是表语。
3、助动词（Auxiliary Verb）助动词主要用于协助主要动词构成各种时态、语态、语气等。
常见的助动词有：do/does/did、have/has/had、will/would、shall/should、be （am/is/are/was/were/been/being）等。
例如，“He is doing his homework” 中的“is”就是助动词，“doing”是主要动词。
4、情态动词（Modal Verb）情态动词表示说话人的态度、情感或推测等。
常见的情态动词有：can/could、may/might、must、shall/should、will/would、ought to、need、dare等。
非谓语动词和虚拟语气专项练习
动名词专项练习1. He thought that ____A. the effort doing the job was not worthB. the effort was not worth in doing the jobC. it was not worth the effort doing the jobD. it was not worth the effort by doing the job2. It’s no use ____ me not to worry.A. you tellB. your tellingC. for you to have toldD. having told3. That young man still denies ____ the fire behind the store.A. startB. to startC. having startedD. to have started4. I don’t mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late.A. you to delay makingB. your delaying makingC. your delaying to makeD. you delay to make5. Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested____ at the next town.A. stopB. to stopC. stoppingD. having stopped6. Mark often attempted to escape ___ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.A. having been finedB. to have been finedC. to be finedD. being fined7. My wife said in her letter that she would appreciate _____ from you sometime.A. to have heardB. to hearC. for hearingD. hearing8. They are considering ___ before the prices go up.A. of buying the houseB. with buying he houseC. buying the houseD. to buy the house9. No one had told Smith about ___ a lecture the following day.A. there beingB. there beC. there would beD. there was10. Ann never dreams of ____ for her to be sent abroad very soon.A. there being a chanceB. there to be a chanceC. there be a chanceD. being a chance11. I have no objection ___ your story again.A. to hearingB. to have heardC. to hearD. to having heard12. I have no objection ___ the evening with them.A. to spendB. to spendingC. of spendingD. spending13. The match was cancelled because most of the members____ a match without a standard court.A. objected to havingB. were objected to haveC. objected to haveD. were objected to having14. The traditional approach ____ with complex problem is to break them down into smaller, more easily managed problems.A. to dealingB. in dealingC. dealingD. to deal15. He gives people the impression ___ all his life abroad.A. of having spentB. to have spentC. of being spentD. to spend16. The man in the corner confessed to ___ a lie to the manager of the company.A. have toldB. be toldC. being toldD. having told17. After___ for the job, you will be required to take a language test.A. being interviewedB. interviewedC. interviewingD. having interviewed18. Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy ___ for her examination.A. to prepareB. to be preparedC. preparingD. being prepared19. Your hair wants-__. You’d better have it done tomorrow.A. cutB. to cutC. cuttingD. being cut20. People appreciate____ with him because he has a good sense of humor.A. to workB. to have workedC. workingD. having workedKeys：1-5 CBCBC6-10 D DCAA11-15 ABAAA16-29 DACCC动词不定式1. I would rather have a room of my own, however small it is, than ___ room with someone else.A. shareB. to shareC. sharingD. to have shared2. The bank is reported in the local newspaper ____ in broad daylight yesterday.A. being robbedB. having been robbedC. to have been robbedD. robbed3. A Dream of the Red Chamber is said ____ into dozens of languages in the last decade.A. to have been translatedB. to translateC. to be translatedD. to have translated4. The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds ____ his arguments in favor of the new theory.A. on which to baseB. which to base onC. to base onD. to be based on5. There is more land in Australia than the government knows____.A. what to do withB. how to doC. to do with itD. to do it6. ____ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master’s degree.A. To becomeB. BecomeC. One becomesD. On becoming7. Mr. Smith advised us to withdraw___.A. so that get not involvedB. so as to get not involvedC. so as not to get involvedD. so that not to get involved8. I have heard both teachers and students ____ well of him.A. to speakB. spokenC. to have spokenD. speak9. My sister’s professor had her ___ paper many times before allowing her to present it to the committee.A. rewrittenB. to rewriteC. rewriteD. rewriting10. In the course of a day students do far more than just ____ classes.A. attendB. attendedC. to attendD. attending11. I’d rather read than watch television; the problems seem _____ all the time.A. to get worseB. to be getting worseC. to have got worseD. getting worse12. Mrs. Brown is supposed ___ for Italy last week.A. to have leftB. to be leavingC. to leaveD. to have been left13. He moved away from his parents, and missed them ___ enjoy the exciting life in New York.A. too much toB. enough toC. very much toD. much so as to14. This box is too heavy, ____ give me a hand?A. would you mindB. would you pleaseC. will you like toD. will you please to15. They are going to have the serviceman ___ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.A. installB. to installC. to be installedD. installed16. As a public relation’s officer, he is said ___ some very influential people.A. to knowB. to have been knowingC. to be knowingD. to have known17. With the development in science and technology man can make various flowers_____ before their time.A. be bloomedB. bloomedC. bloomD. blooming18. If I had remembered ___ the window, the thief would not have got in.A. to closeB. closingC. to have closedD. having closed19. There’s a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means ___ trouble.A. makingB. to makeC. to have madeD. having made20. The project, ___ by the end of 2000, will expand the city’s telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.A. accomplishedB. being accomplishedC. to be accomplishedD. having been accomplishedKeys:1-5 ACAAA6-10 ACDCA11-15 BAABA16-20 ACABC分词1. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ____ on benches, chairs or boxes.A. having seatedB. seatingC. seatedD. having been seated2. ____ the temperature falling so rapidly we couldn’t go on with the experiment.A. SinceB. forC. AsD. With3. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys _____ to go to school.A. to be encouragedB. been encouragedC. being encouragedD. be encouraged4. So many directors ___, the board meeting had to be put off.A. were absentB. been absentC. had been absentD. being absent5. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper ___ it closely.A. followedB. to followC. followingD. being followed6. All flights ____ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.A. had been canceledB. have been canceledC. were canceledD. having been canceled7. All things _____, the planned trip will have to be called off.A. consideredB. be consideredC. consideringD. having considered8. _____, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.A. Other things being equalB. Were other things equalC. To be equal to other thingsD. Other things to be equal9. A new technique ____, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.A. working outB. having worked outC. having been worked outD. to have been worked out10. ____ in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarships totaling $ 21,000.A. Judged the bestB. Judging the bestC. To be judged the bestD. Having judged the best11. _____in this way, the situation doesn’t seem so disappointing.A. To look atB. Looking atC. Looked atD. To be looked at12. Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it ____in China.A. being cultivatedB. been cultivatedC. having cultivatedD. cultivating13. You will see this product ____ wherever you go.A. advertisedB. advertisingC. advertiseD. to be advertised14. This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, _____ both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil.A. beingB. beenC. to beD. having been15. The computer works very fast___ data at the speed of light.A. having handledB. handledC. handlingD. handles16. ____ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off theedge of the earth.A. Having believedB. BelievingC. BelievedD. Being believed17. Having no maoney but____ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner.A. not to want anyoneB. not wanting anyoneC. wanted no oneD. to want no one18. The speaker, ____ for her splendid speeches, was warmly received by the audience.A. having knownB. being knownC. knowingD. known19. Michael used to look hurt and surprised when _____.A. scoldingB. to scoldC. having scoldD. scolded20. While ____ the sun, the satellite has sent more than four billion bits of information back to earth.A. having orbitedB. being orbitedC. having been orbitedD. orbiting21. ____ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.A. When comparedB. CompareC. While comparingD. Comparing22. ____ in a seemingly endless war, the general was forced to evaluate the situation again.A. Since the loss of 50,000 soldiersB. Because of 50,000 soldiers having lostC. Having lost 50,000 soldiersD. 50,000 soldiers were lost23. ____ such a good chance, he planned to learn more.A. To be givenB. Having been givenC. Having givenD. Giving24. If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one___.A. to correctB. correctingC. having correctedD. being corrected25. Homework ___ on time will lead to better grades.A. doneB. be doneC. having doneD. to have been done26. His remarks left me ___ about his real purpose.A. wonderedB. wonderC. to wonderD. wondering27. After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute ___.A. being settledB. to be settledC. had settledD. as settled28. When I caught him ___ I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.A. cheatingB. cheatC. to cheatD. to be cheating29. Don’t get your schedule ____; stay with us in this class.A. to changeB. changingC. changedD. change30. In Australia the Asians make their influence____ in businesses large and small.A. feelingB. feelC. feltD. to be felt31. The children went there to watch the iron tower ___.A. to erectB. be erectedC. erectingD. being erected32. The manager promised to keep me ____ of how our business was going on.A. to be informedB. on informingC. informedD. informing33. If you want ____ you have to get the fund somewhere.A. that the job is doneB. the job doneC. to have done the jobD. the job that is done34. As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported school must be established in every town ____ 50 households or more.A. havingB. to haveC. to have hadD. having had35. The house was very quiet, ____ as it was on the side of a mountain.A. isolatedB. isolatingC. being isolatedD. having been isolated36. The president promised to keep all the board members_____ of how the negotiations were going on.A. informB. be informedC. informingD. informed37. All the tasks ____ ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week.A. been fulfilledB. were fulfilledC. having been fulfilledD. had been fulfilled38. I worked so late in the office that I hardly had time ___ the last bus.A. to have caughtB. to catchC. catchingD. having caught39.____ with the corresponding period of last year, the output of chemical fibers in the first quarter rose by 15%.A. comparingB. to compareC. ComparedD. compare40.They got the work ___ before the rainy season set in.A. to doB. doneC. doingD. didKeys：1-5 CDCDC6-10 DAACA11-15 CAAAC16-20 BBDDD21-25 CCBDA26-30 DDACC31-35 DCBAA36-40 DCCCB虚拟语气1. If I you, I wouldn’t answer the call.a. beb. amc. wasd. were2. If we yesterday, we the work.a. weren’t interrupted / would finishb. didn’t interrupted / would have finishedc. hadn’t interrupted / had finishedd. hadn’t been interrupted / would have finished3. --Did you submit your application for a Master’s degree?--Not yet. If I to see my father, I would have.a. didn’t gob. haven’t goc. wouldn’t have goned. hadn’t gone4. Your examination results were quite satisfactory, but if you had spent lesstime in playing football.a. wouldn’t they have been betterb. wouldn’t they be betterc. won’t they be betterd. won’t they have been better5. --Do you think the thief entered through the garage door?--No, if he had, I don’t believe broken the living room window.a. would he haveb. he hadc. he would haved. he has6. , I’d have told you.a. If I would have known itb. If I had have known itc. Had I known itd. Should I know it7. today, he would get there by Friday.a. Would he leaveb. Was he leavesc. Were he to leaved. If he leaves8. If the sun tomorrow, what would we do?a. will not riseb. had not risec. would not rised. were not to rise9. Helen doesn’t know how much I spent in repairing the houses; if she ever found out, Iam sure .a. she’d never forgive meb. she never forgives mec. she’ll never forgive med. she does never forgive me10. If you had not helped them, they in London.a. would still beb. will still bec. would have still goned. will have still gone11. The Bakers arrived last night. If they’d only let us know earlier, at thestationa. we’d meet themb. we’ll meet himc. we’d have met themd. we’ve met them12. If I had time, see that new movie at the University Theater.a. I’llb. I shallc. I mayd. I’d13. Without your help, we so much.a. will not achieveb. didn’t achievec. don’t achieved. wouldn’t have achieved14. I have come yesterday, but I couldn’t.a. was to haveb. mustc. ought tod. have to15. His doctor suggested that he his right hand.a. avoid to useb. has avoided usingc. avoid usingd. avoided to use16. The professor gave orders that the test before 5:30.a. be finishedb. will finishc. will be finishedd. shall finish17. The housemaster was strict. He requested that we television on weeknight.a. not watchb. must not to watchc. not be watchingd. have not watch18. I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I there.a. wasb. werec. had beend. went19. I should have gone to the opera yesterday. It was very good. I wish Iyesterday off.a. have hadb. hadc. haved. had had20. Kumar can take his car apart and put it back together again. I certainly wish heme now.a. teachesb. will teachc. has taughtd. would teach21. It is imperative that you there in prison.a. beb. will bec. willd. are22. She speaks as if she on the spot.a. wasb. werec. had beend. is23. It looks it is going to rain.a. thatb. asc. as ifd. like that24. It is about time the police illegal horse betting.a. do away withb. did away withc. did awayd. should do away with25. I’d rather you anything about it for the time being.a. dob. didn’t doc. don’td. didn’t26. I’d just as soon those important papers with you.a. that you won’t takeb. your not takingc. please don’t y ou taked. you didn’t take27. But for the sun’s heat, nothing .a. could liveb. will livec. can lived. may live28. We strongly urge that you interfere in this matter.a. don’tb. won’tc. notd. are not going to29. If only we a phone! I am tired of lining up outside the public phone box.a. haveb. hadc. will haved. are to have30. I could go myself but I would sooner you .a. gob. have gonec. will god. wentKeys：1-5 dddac6-10 cccac11-15 cddcc16-20 aacdd21-25 abcbb26-30 dacbd。
独立主格,非谓语动词,虚拟语气
用法及动词形式1、表示与现在事实相反的情况：从句：If主语+过去时(Be动词用were)主句：主语+should/would/could/might+do eg：1．If I were you,I would take an umbrella. 如果我是你，我会带把伞。
（事实：我不可能是你）2．If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。
（事实：不知道）3．If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。
(事实：地球上既有空气也有水) 4．If I had any money with me,I could lend you some. 如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。
（事实：没有带钱）5．If he studied harder,he might pass the exam. 如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。
（事实：没有努力）6．she looked at me as if I had been a stranger. 她看我的样子好像我是一个陌生人。
（事实：我并非陌生人）2、表示与过去事实相反的情况从句：If主语+had+done主句：主语+should/would/could/might+have done eg：1．If I had got there earlier,I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。
（事实：去晚了）2．If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。
（事实：没有听我的话）3、表示对将来情况的主观推测从句：①if+主语+were to do主句：①主语+should/would/could/might+do②if+主语+did/were ②主语+should/would/could/might+do③if+主语+should+do③主语+should/would/could/might+do eg：1．If he should come here tomorrow,I would talk to him. 如果他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。
英语难的语法
英语难的语法
英语是一门语法规则较为严谨的语言，其中有些语法规则对于初学者来说确实有些难以理解和掌握。
以下是其中一些英语难得语法： 1.虚拟语气：虚拟语气是英语的一个难点，它表示与事实相反或者与现实不符的假设、愿望或建议。
虚拟语气通常出现在条件句、愿望句和建议句中。
例如：If I were you, I would study harder.（如果我是你，我会更加努力学习。
）
2.倒装句：倒装句是指在句子中将主语和谓语的位置颠倒过来，通常出现在疑问句和某些感叹句中。
例如：What am I supposed to do?（我该怎么办呢？）
3.非谓语动词：非谓语动词是指不具有时态和人称的动词形式，如动名词和不定式。
非谓语动词通常出现在复合句中，作为主语、宾语或者定语。
例如：Walking in the park is a good way to relax.（在公园里散步是一个很好的放松方式。
）
4.从句：从句是指在句子中充当一个成分的句子，通常出现在复合句中。
从句可以是名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句等。
例如：I don't know what he is doing.（我不知道他在做什么。
）
5.冠词：冠词是英语中的一个难点，它分为定冠词和不定冠词。
冠词的使用要根据具体的语境和意义进行判断，有时候甚至会出现没有冠词的情况。
例如：I want to buy a car.（我想买一辆车。
）总之，英语的语法规则是比较繁琐和复杂的，但只要我们多加练习和掌握，就能够更好地运用英语。
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非谓语动词语法讲解 一、非谓语动词的概念 非谓语形式有三种：1、动词不定 式：to do 2、动词的 ing : doing 3、 动 词的过去分词：done 二、三种形式的含义（基本用法） 不定式：表示目的和将来； 动词的 ing：表示主动和进行； 过去分词：表示被动和完成。
三、非谓语动词的时态和语态 一般 式 to do 完成式 进行式不 定 式 ing 形主 动 被 动 主 动to have to be done doing to be to have done been done doing having done式 过 去 分 词被 动 被 动being done donehaving been done四、非谓语动词的否定形式 在非谓语动词前加 not, never. 即 not / never to do, not / never doing 五、非谓语动词的复合结构 不定式的复合结构：for / of sb. to do sth. 动词 ing 形式的复合结构：宾格或所 有格+doing (-ing 形式作主语时，用的所有 格＋doing) 六、非谓语动词的做题步骤 1、判定是否用非谓语形式。
方法：看 看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。
方法： 非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。
3、判断主被动关系。
方法：非谓语动 词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。
4、判断时间关系。
方法：分析句子， 看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语 动作之前、之后还是同时。
之前常用 done; 之后常用 to do; 同时常用 doing. 学习非谓语形式时，建议把三种形式一 起来比较学习，会更加有效一些。
一、非谓语动词作主语和表语的比较 1、不定式和动名词作主语和表语 a. 不定式表示一次性的、具体的动词。
动词 ing 常表示一般的、 泛指的或习惯性的 动作。
如： ________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old. A. The walk B. Walking C. TowalkD. Walk(分析) a good form 暗示泛指一般的 行为，用动名词作主语，选 B b. 不定式作主语时，常用 it 作形式主 语，即用句型：It is + adj. / n. + (for / of sb. ) to do sth. It’s important for us to learn English well. It’s kind of you to help us. 注意：下面几个句型是用动名词： It’s no good / use doing sth. It’s useless doing sth. There is no need to do sth. 2、不定式、动名词、分词作表语的比 较 1、不定式、动名词作表语，.表示主语 的内容。
如：My job is teaching / to teach English. (teaching / to teach English 是 my job 的内 容) Knowing who we are means knowing what we like to do. （主表语要用同一种形 式） 2、 分词作表语 记住：一些表示情感、情绪的动词，常 用分词形式作表语。
现在分词表示主语的性 质特征，用过去分词表示主语的状态。
常用 动词：surprise (使某人吃惊)， surprising (令人吃惊)， surprised (主语)感到吃惊）类 似动词有：excite (激动)，astonish (惊奇)， shock (震惊)， scare (惊恐)， disappoint (失 望)，move （感动）， 如：The movie is exciting. We are excited at the news. 3、 在 seem / appear (似乎，好像)， prove / turn out (被证明是)， remain (仍然是，尚待)等连系动词后，可用不定式作 表语。
如：He seemed (to be ) very happy.虚拟语气的用法总结 语气：语气是动词的一中形式，它表示说话 人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
语气的种类： （1）陈述语气表示动作或状态是现实的， 确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句，疑问句 和某些感叹句。
如 We are ready. What a fine day it is! （2）祈使语气 表示说话人的建议，请求， 邀请，命令等。
如 Open the door, Please. 应注意以下几点： 主语通常是第二人称 you，但多不出现，动 词用原形，否定用 do not 或者 don’t 加动 词原形（或 be） 如 Be careful next time. Don’t smoke here. 有时为了强调，主语也可以出现，而且可以 是第三人称，谓语动词不加-s 或者-es 如 You be quiet. He stand up. 祈使语气可以用 do 加强语气 如 Do come to see this Sunday. 在 Let’s 的祈使句后， 疑问部分通常用 shallwe；在 Let us 后，疑问部分用 will you 如 Let’s go out for a walk after supper，shall we? /Let us clean our classroom, will you? 祈使句与连词 and 连用时相当于一个条件 句，而 and 之后则是表示结果。
如 Think hard and you will have a good idea. （3）虚拟语气 表示动作或状态不是客观存 在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望，假设或 推测等。
如 If I were you, I should study English. 一．虚拟语气在条件从句的用法 条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句；一类是 非真实条件句，也就是虚拟条件句。
如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实 条件句， 谓语要用陈述语气。
如 If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的， 或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。
如 If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 在含有虚拟条件句 的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气，列表如下： 从句（条件句） 果句） 与现在事实相反的假设 动词过去式 Be 一般用 were Should 原形主句（结Would +动词 Could Might与过去事实相反的假设 Had +分词 have+ 过去分词Would +Could Might 与将来事实相反的假设或实现的可能性很 小 1）should+ 动词原形 2） were to+动词原形 Would + 动 词原形 CouldMight 例如：If he were here, everything would be all right. If her mother had taken the doctor’s advice, she would/might have got well earlier. If it were to rain tomorrow, the match would be canceled. 有时候省略 if，采用局部倒装语序。
把 had /should/were 等动词（不包括行为动词）移 到从句的句首。
例如： Were it to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be canceled. Had it not been for the storm, we would have arrived in time. 四、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用 ① “wish+宾语从句”表示不可能实现的愿 望，汉语可译为“可惜……、悔不该……、 但愿……”。
表示现在不能实现的愿望，从 句的谓语动词用过去式； 表示将来不可能实现的愿望用 “would/could+动词原形”；表示过去不可能实现的愿望时用“had+过去分词”。
如：I wish I were better-looking. 要是我长得再漂亮些就好了。
I wish I had met the film star just now. 我要是刚才遇到那位电影明星该多好啊！I wish I would be a solider. 我想当一名军人。
②在表示建议、要求、愿望、命令、坚持、想法(advise, command, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, require, suggest)等动词后面的宾语从句，或这些动词的同源名词后面所跟的同位语从句或表语从句中，从句谓语用“shoul d+动词原形”，其中在美国英语中，should常省略。
如：The young man insisted that I (should) go with his fellows. 这个年轻人坚持要我同他的同伴们一起去。
The doctor advised that he change his job. 医生建议他换工作。
③在would rather后的宾语从句中，谓语常常用过去时来表示现在或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况。
如：— Shall I open the window? 我可以把窗户打开吗?— I’d rather you didn’t. 我觉得还是不要。
④在It is +形容词(important, necessary, good, right, wrong, better, natural, proper, funny, strange, surprising) +that从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气用“(should)+动词原形”的结构。
如：It is natural that she (should) do so. 很自然她应该这样做。
五、虚拟语气在状语从句中的应用1. if only的条件状语从句中的虚拟语气if only 与I wish一样，也用于表示与事实相反的愿望，其后所接虚拟语气的时态与wish 后所接时态的情况相同。