公路隧道施工技术规范99256
公路隧道施工技术规范
中华人民共和国行业标准JTJ042—94公路隧道施工技术规范Technical Specifications for Construction of Highway Tunnel（附条文说明）1994—11——30发布1995—07—01实施中华人民共和国交通部发布关于发布《公路隧道施工技术规范》的通知交公路发[1994]1134号（不另行文）部批准《公路隧道施工技术规范》（编号为JTJ042—94）作为行业标准，自1995年7月1日起施行。
该规范由交通部重庆公路科学研究所负责解释。
希各单位在执行中注意积累资料，并将发现的问题和修改意见函告部重庆公路科学研究所，以便修订时参考。
该规范由人民交通出版社出版、发行。
中华人民共和国交通部一九九四年十一月三十日目录1 总则 ·································································································2 施工准备······························3 施工测量······························3.1一般规定····························3.2洞内施工测量··························3.3 贯通误差的测定及调整······················3.4竣工测量 ·····················································································3.5辅助坑道测量 ···············································································4洞口、明洞与浅埋段工程·······················4.1洞口工程····························4.2明洞工程····························4.3浅埋段工程···························5 开挖································5.1 一般规定····························5.2 开挖方法····························5.3超欠挖控制···························5.4 钻爆设计····························5.5钻爆作业····························5.6掘进机开挖···························6 出渣与运输·····························6.1 装渣与卸渣···························6.2 运输······························7 施工支护······························7.1一般规定····························7.2锚杆施工····························7.3 喷射混凝土···························7.4 锚喷支护的质量要求·······················7.5 构件支护····························7.6构件支护的架设·························8衬砌································8.1 一般规定····························8.2拱(墙)架与模板·························8.3模筑衬砌····························8.4二次衬砌····························9 监控量测9.1 一般规定····························9.2 量测内容与方法·························9.3 量测数据处理与应用·······················9.4 量测管理····························10防水和排水····························10.1 一般规定···························10.2施工防排水··························10.3结构防排水施工························11 风水电作业和通风防尘·······················11.1供风和供水··························11.2供电与照明··························11.3 通风、防尘、防有害气体····················12辅助坑道·····························12.1一般规定···························12.2余井·····························12.3 坚井·····························12.4 横洞与平行导坑························13辅助施工方法···························13.1适用范围及一般规定······················13.2稳定开挖面的方法·······················13.3 涌水的处理方法························14 特殊地质地段的施工························14.1 一般规定···························14.2 膨胀性围岩··························14.3黄土·····························14.4 溶洞·····························14.5 塌方·····························14.6 流沙·····························14.7 瓦斯地层···························15路基、路面基层与路面·······················15.1一般规定···························15.2路基·····························15.3路面基层···························15.4路面·····························16附属设施工程···························16.1 设备洞、横通道及其它·····················16.2 装饰工程···························16.3营运管理设施·························附录A 开挖方法及开挖、支护顺序图………………………………………………附录B 爆破成缝试验方法……………………………………………………………附录C 锚喷支护施工记录………………………………………………………附录D 锚喷支护的试验和测定方法……………………………………………附录E 量测记录表……………………………………………………………………附录F 施工通风方式…………………………………………………………………附录G 本规范用词说明………………………………………………………………附加说明………………………………………………………………………………附件：公路隧道施工技术规范JTJ042-99条文说明…………………………………编制说明………………………………………………………………………………1总……………………………………………………………………………2 施工准备…………………………………………………………………………3 施工测量…………………………………………………………………………3.1一般规定………………………………………………………………………3.2洞内施工测量…………………………………………………………………3.3贯通误差的测定及调整………………………………………………………3.5辅助坑道测量…………………………………………………………………4 洞口、明洞与浅埋段工程…………………………………………………………4.1洞口工程………………………………………………………………………4.2明洞工程………………………………………………………………………4.3浅埋段工程……………………………………………………………………5 开挖………………………………………………………………………………5.1一般规定………………………………………………………………………5.2开挖方法………………………………………………………………………5.3超欠挖控制……………………………………………………………………5.4钻爆设计………………………………………………………………………5.5钻爆作业………………………………………………………………………5.6掘进机开挖……………………………………………………………………6 出渣与运输………………………………………………………………………6.1 装渣与卸渣……………………………………………………………………6.2 运输……………………………………………………………………………7 施工支护…………………………………………………………………………7.1一般规定………………………………………………………………………7.2锚杆施工………………………………………………………………………7.3喷射混凝土……………………………………………………………………7.4锚喷支护的质量检查…………………………………………………………7.5构件支护………………………………………………………………………7.6构件支护的架设………………………………………………………………8 衬砌………………………………………………………………………………8.1一般规定………………………………………………………………………8.2拱（墙）架与模板………………………………………………………………8.3模筑衬砌………………………………………………………………………8.4二次衬砌………………………………………………………………………9 监控量测…………………………………………………………………………9.1一般规定………………………………………………………………………9.2量测内容与方法………………………………………………………………9.3量测数据处理与应用…………………………………………………………9.4量测管理………………………………………………………………………10 防水和排水………………………………………………………………………10.1一般规定……………………………………………………………………10.2施工防排水…………………………………………………………………10.3结构防排水施工……………………………………………………………11 风水电作业和通风防尘…………………………………………………………11.1供风和供水…………………………………………………………………11.2供电与照明…………………………………………………………………11.3通风、防尘、防有害气体……………………………………………………12 辅助坑道…………………………………………………………………………12.1一般规定……………………………………………………………………12.2斜井…………………………………………………………………………12.3竖井…………………………………………………………………………12.4横洞与平行导坑……………………………………………………………13 辅助施工方法……………………………………………………………………13.1适用范围及一般规定………………………………………………………13.2稳定开挖面的方法…………………………………………………………13.3涌水的处理方法……………………………………………………………14 特殊地质地段的施工……………………………………………………………14.1一般规定……………………………………………………………………14.2膨胀性围岩…………………………………………………………………14.3黄土…………………………………………………………………………14.4溶洞…………………………………………………………………………14.5塌方…………………………………………………………………………14.6流沙…………………………………………………………………………14.7瓦斯地层……………………………………………………………………15 路基、路面基层与路面……………………………………………………………15.1一般规定……………………………………………………………………15.2路基…………………………………………………………………………15.3路面基层……………………………………………………………………15.4路面…………………………………………………………………………16 附属设施工程……………………………………………………………………16.1设备洞、横通道及其他………………………………………………………16.2装饰工程……………………………………………………………………16.3营运管理设施………………………………………………………………1 总则1.0.1为给公路山岭隧道工程的施工和施工管理提供技术依据和行为准则，特制订本规范。
公路隧道施工技术规范JTJ优选资料—范文精选
中华人民共和国行业标准JTJ042—94公路隧道施工技术规范Technical Specifications for Construction of Highway Tunnel（附条文说明）1994—11——30发布1995—07—01实施中华人民共和国交通部发布关于发布《公路隧道施工技术规范》的通知交公路发[1994]1134号（不另行文）部批准《公路隧道施工技术规范》（编号为JTJ042—94）作为行业标准，自1995年7月1日起施行。
该规范由交通部重庆公路科学研究所负责解释。
希各单位在执行中注意积累资料，并将发现的问题和修改意见函告部重庆公路科学研究所，以便修订时参考。
该规范由人民交通出版社出版、发行。
中华人民共和国交通部一九九四年十一月三十日目录1 总则 ·································································································2 施工准备······························3 施工测量······························一般规定·····························洞内施工测量···························贯通误差的测定及调整·······················竣工测量 ··························································································辅助坑道测量 ····················································································4洞口、明洞与浅埋段工程·······················洞口工程·····························明洞工程·····························浅埋段工程····························5 开挖································一般规定·····························开挖方法·····························超欠挖控制····························钻爆设计·····························钻爆作业·····························掘进机开挖····························6 出渣与运输·····························运输·······························7 施工支护······························一般规定·····························锚杆施工·····························喷射混凝土····························锚喷支护的质量要求························构件支护·····························构件支护的架设··························8衬砌································一般规定·····························拱(墙)架与模板··························模筑衬砌·····························二次衬砌·····························9 监控量测一般规定·····························量测内容与方法··························量测数据处理与应用························量测管理·····························10防水和排水····························一般规定·····························施工防排水····························结构防排水施工··························11 风水电作业和通风防尘·······················供风和供水····························供电与照明····························通风、防尘、防有害气体······················12辅助坑道·····························一般规定·····························余井·······························坚井·······························横洞与平行导坑··························13辅助施工方法···························适用范围及一般规定························稳定开挖面的方法·························涌水的处理方法··························14 特殊地质地段的施工························一般规定·····························膨胀性围岩····························黄土·······························溶洞·······························塌方·······························流沙·······························15路基、路面基层与路面·······················一般规定·····························路基·······························路面基层·····························路面·······························16附属设施工程···························设备洞、横通道及其它·······················装饰工程·····························营运管理设施···························附录A 开挖方法及开挖、支护顺序图………………………………………………附录B 爆破成缝试验方法……………………………………………………………附录C 锚喷支护施工记录………………………………………………………附录D 锚喷支护的试验和测定方法……………………………………………附录E 量测记录表……………………………………………………………………附录F 施工通风方式…………………………………………………………………附录G 本规范用词说明………………………………………………………………附加说明………………………………………………………………………………附件：公路隧道施工技术规范JTJ042-99条文说明…………………………………编制说明………………………………………………………………………………1总……………………………………………………………………………2 施工准备…………………………………………………………………………3 施工测量…………………………………………………………………………3.1一般规定………………………………………………………………………3.2洞内施工测量…………………………………………………………………3.3贯通误差的测定及调整………………………………………………………辅助坑道测量…………………………………………………………………4 洞口、明洞与浅埋段工程…………………………………………………………4.1洞口工程………………………………………………………………………4.2明洞工程………………………………………………………………………4.3浅埋段工程……………………………………………………………………5 开挖………………………………………………………………………………5.1一般规定………………………………………………………………………5.2开挖方法………………………………………………………………………5.3超欠挖控制……………………………………………………………………5.4钻爆设计………………………………………………………………………5.5钻爆作业………………………………………………………………………5.6掘进机开挖……………………………………………………………………6 出渣与运输………………………………………………………………………装渣与卸渣……………………………………………………………………运输……………………………………………………………………………7 施工支护…………………………………………………………………………7.1一般规定………………………………………………………………………7.3喷射混凝土……………………………………………………………………7.4锚喷支护的质量检查…………………………………………………………7.5构件支护………………………………………………………………………7.6构件支护的架设………………………………………………………………8 衬砌………………………………………………………………………………8.1一般规定………………………………………………………………………8.2拱（墙）架与模板………………………………………………………………8.3模筑衬砌………………………………………………………………………8.4二次衬砌………………………………………………………………………9 监控量测…………………………………………………………………………9.1一般规定………………………………………………………………………9.2量测内容与方法………………………………………………………………9.3量测数据处理与应用…………………………………………………………9.4量测管理………………………………………………………………………10 防水和排水………………………………………………………………………10.1一般规定……………………………………………………………………10.2施工防排水…………………………………………………………………10.3结构防排水施工……………………………………………………………11 风水电作业和通风防尘…………………………………………………………11.1供风和供水…………………………………………………………………11.2供电与照明…………………………………………………………………11.3通风、防尘、防有害气体……………………………………………………12 辅助坑道…………………………………………………………………………12.1一般规定……………………………………………………………………12.2斜井…………………………………………………………………………12.3竖井…………………………………………………………………………12.4横洞与平行导坑……………………………………………………………13 辅助施工方法……………………………………………………………………13.1适用范围及一般规定………………………………………………………13.2稳定开挖面的方法…………………………………………………………13.3涌水的处理方法……………………………………………………………14 特殊地质地段的施工……………………………………………………………14.1一般规定……………………………………………………………………14.2膨胀性围岩…………………………………………………………………14.3黄土…………………………………………………………………………14.4溶洞…………………………………………………………………………14.5塌方…………………………………………………………………………14.6流沙…………………………………………………………………………14.7瓦斯地层……………………………………………………………………15 路基、路面基层与路面……………………………………………………………15.1一般规定……………………………………………………………………15.2路基…………………………………………………………………………15.4路面…………………………………………………………………………16 附属设施工程……………………………………………………………………16.1设备洞、横通道及其他………………………………………………………16.2装饰工程……………………………………………………………………16.3营运管理设施………………………………………………………………1 总则为给公路山岭隧道工程的施工和施工管理提供技术依据和行为准则，特制订本规范。
公路隧道施工规范
公路隧道施工规范随着城市交通的不断发展，公路隧道越来越多地被用于解决交通瓶颈和提高交通效率。
然而，隧道施工的复杂性和风险性也给工程施工带来了很大的挑战。
为了确保隧道施工的顺利进行和提高施工质量，制定和遵守严格的施工规范是至关重要的。
一、前期准备在隧道施工前，必须进行充分的前期准备工作。
首先，要进行详细的勘察和设计，了解地质情况、地下水位及其他相关因素。
其次，要制定详细的施工方案，包括施工工艺、施工顺序和安全措施等。
此外，还要进行必要的材料采购和设备准备，确保施工顺利进行。
二、安全措施隧道施工涉及到很多安全风险，因此在施工过程中必须严格执行相关的安全规范和措施。
首先，要制定并执行安全管理制度，明确责任分工和安全操作规程。
其次，要提供足够的安全防护设备，如安全帽、防护服和防护眼镜等，确保工人的人身安全。
此外，要进行严密的施工现场监督和巡视，及时排除施工中的安全隐患。
三、施工质量控制隧道施工质量的控制是保证隧道使用寿命和安全运营的关键。
在施工过程中，要执行严格的施工质量标准，并建立相应的监测和检验体系。
首先，要对原材料进行严格的检验和验收，确保其符合相关标准。
其次，要在施工过程中进行严格的质量检测和控制，包括隧道的尺寸、强度和施工工艺等方面。
最后，在隧道施工结束后，要进行必要的验收和评估，确保隧道的质量符合规范要求。
四、环境保护隧道施工对环境的影响是不可忽视的，因此必须采取一系列的环境保护措施。
首先，要进行环境影响评估，并根据评估结果采取相应的防治措施。
其次，要加强对施工中的污染物排放的监测和控制，确保不对周围环境造成污染。
此外，还要对施工废弃物进行妥善处理和处置，确保环境的可持续性发展。
五、施工期间交通管理隧道施工期间的交通管理也是施工规范的重要内容之一。
在施工前，要制定详细的交通管理方案，包括交通流量控制、交通引导和临时交通标志设置等。
在施工过程中，要加强对施工现场周围道路的监控和管理，确保交通秩序的正常进行。
公路隧道施工技术规范
公路隧道施工技术规范中华人民共和国行业标准JTJ042—94公路隧道施工技术规范Technical Specifications for Construction of Highway Tunnel（附条文说明）1994—11——30发布1995—07—01实施中华人民共和国交通部发布关于发布《公路隧道施工技术规范》的通知交公路发[1994]1134号（不另行文）部批准《公路隧道施工技术规范》（编号为JTJ042—94）作为行业标准，自1995年7月1日起施行。
该规范由交通部重庆公路科学研究所负责解释。
希各单位在执行中注意积累资料，并将发现的问题和修改意见函告部重庆公路科学研究所，以便修订时参考。
该规范由人民交通出版社出版、发行。
中华人民共和国交通部一九九四年十一月三十日目录1 总则 ·································································································2 施工准备······························3 施工测量······························一般规定·····························洞内施工测量···························贯通误差的测定及调整·······················竣工测量 ··························································································辅助坑道测量 ····················································································4洞口、明洞与浅埋段工程·······················洞口工程·····························明洞工程·····························浅埋段工程····························5 开挖································一般规定·····························开挖方法·····························超欠挖控制····························钻爆设计·····························钻爆作业·····························掘进机开挖····························6 出渣与运输·····························装渣与卸渣····························运输·······························7 施工支护······························一般规定·····························喷射混凝土····························锚喷支护的质量要求························构件支护·····························构件支护的架设··························8衬砌································一般规定·····························拱(墙)架与模板··························模筑衬砌·····························二次衬砌·····························9 监控量测一般规定·····························量测内容与方法··························量测数据处理与应用························量测管理·····························10防水和排水····························一般规定·····························施工防排水····························结构防排水施工··························11 风水电作业和通风防尘·······················供风和供水····························供电与照明····························通风、防尘、防有害气体······················12辅助坑道·····························一般规定·····························余井·······························坚井·······························横洞与平行导坑··························13辅助施工方法···························适用范围及一般规定························稳定开挖面的方法·························涌水的处理方法··························14 特殊地质地段的施工························一般规定·····························膨胀性围岩····························黄土·······························溶洞·······························塌方·······························流沙·······························瓦斯地层·····························15路基、路面基层与路面·······················一般规定·····························路基·······························路面基层·····························16附属设施工程···························设备洞、横通道及其它·······················装饰工程·····························营运管理设施···························附录A 开挖方法及开挖、支护顺序图………………………………………………附录B 爆破成缝试验方法……………………………………………………………附录C 锚喷支护施工记录………………………………………………………附录D 锚喷支护的试验和测定方法……………………………………………附录E 量测记录表……………………………………………………………………附录F 施工通风方式…………………………………………………………………附录G 本规范用词说明………………………………………………………………附加说明………………………………………………………………………………附件：公路隧道施工技术规范JTJ042-99条文说明…………………………………编制说明………………………………………………………………………………1总……………………………………………………………………………2 施工准备…………………………………………………………………………3 施工测量…………………………………………………………………………3.1一般规定………………………………………………………………………3.2洞内施工测量…………………………………………………………………3.3贯通误差的测定及调整………………………………………………………辅助坑道测量…………………………………………………………………4 洞口、明洞与浅埋段工程…………………………………………………………4.1洞口工程………………………………………………………………………4.2明洞工程………………………………………………………………………4.3浅埋段工程……………………………………………………………………5 开挖………………………………………………………………………………5.1一般规定………………………………………………………………………5.2开挖方法………………………………………………………………………5.3超欠挖控制……………………………………………………………………5.4钻爆设计………………………………………………………………………5.5钻爆作业………………………………………………………………………5.6掘进机开挖……………………………………………………………………6 出渣与运输………………………………………………………………………装渣与卸渣……………………………………………………………………运输……………………………………………………………………………7 施工支护…………………………………………………………………………7.1一般规定………………………………………………………………………7.2锚杆施工………………………………………………………………………7.3喷射混凝土……………………………………………………………………7.4锚喷支护的质量检查…………………………………………………………7.5构件支护………………………………………………………………………7.6构件支护的架设………………………………………………………………8 衬砌………………………………………………………………………………8.1一般规定………………………………………………………………………8.2拱（墙）架与模板………………………………………………………………8.3模筑衬砌………………………………………………………………………8.4二次衬砌………………………………………………………………………9 监控量测…………………………………………………………………………9.1一般规定………………………………………………………………………9.2量测内容与方法………………………………………………………………9.3量测数据处理与应用…………………………………………………………9.4量测管理………………………………………………………………………10 防水和排水………………………………………………………………………10.1一般规定……………………………………………………………………10.2施工防排水…………………………………………………………………10.3结构防排水施工……………………………………………………………11 风水电作业和通风防尘…………………………………………………………11.1供风和供水…………………………………………………………………11.2供电与照明…………………………………………………………………11.3通风、防尘、防有害气体……………………………………………………12 辅助坑道…………………………………………………………………………12.1一般规定……………………………………………………………………12.2斜井…………………………………………………………………………12.3竖井…………………………………………………………………………12.4横洞与平行导坑……………………………………………………………13 辅助施工方法……………………………………………………………………13.1适用范围及一般规定………………………………………………………13.2稳定开挖面的方法…………………………………………………………13.3涌水的处理方法……………………………………………………………14 特殊地质地段的施工……………………………………………………………14.1一般规定……………………………………………………………………14.2膨胀性围岩…………………………………………………………………14.3黄土…………………………………………………………………………14.4溶洞…………………………………………………………………………14.5塌方…………………………………………………………………………14.6流沙…………………………………………………………………………14.7瓦斯地层……………………………………………………………………15 路基、路面基层与路面……………………………………………………………15.1一般规定……………………………………………………………………15.2路基…………………………………………………………………………15.3路面基层……………………………………………………………………15.4路面…………………………………………………………………………16 附属设施工程……………………………………………………………………16.1设备洞、横通道及其他………………………………………………………16.2装饰工程……………………………………………………………………16.3营运管理设施………………………………………………………………1 总则1.0.1为给公路山岭隧道工程的施工和施工管理提供技术依据和行为准则，特制订本规范。
公路隧道工程施工规范
公路隧道工程施工规范一、总则1.1 为了规范公路隧道工程的施工行为，保证工程质量、安全、进度和投资控制，提高隧道工程的施工水平，根据《中华人民共和国公路法》、《建设工程质量管理条例》等法律法规，制定本规范。
1.2 本规范适用于新建、改建、扩建的公路隧道工程。
1.3 隧道工程施工应遵循科学、合理、安全、环保的原则，充分考虑地形、地质、交通、环境等因素，确保工程质量和施工安全。
二、施工准备2.1 施工前应编制详细的施工组织设计，明确施工工艺、质量标准、安全措施等内容。
2.2 施工前应进行地质勘察，了解地质条件，制定相应的施工方案。
2.3 施工前应办理相关手续，包括施工许可、安全生产许可等。
2.4 施工前应对施工人员进行安全教育和技术培训，提高施工人员的安全意识和技能。
三、施工工艺3.1 开挖3.1.1 开挖应根据地质条件、隧道断面尺寸、施工设备等因素，选择合适的开挖方式，如钻爆法、机械开挖等。
3.1.2 开挖过程中应严格控制开挖尺寸，避免超挖和欠挖。
3.1.3 开挖过程中应加强地质观察，发现地质变化应及时调整施工方案。
3.2 支护3.2.1 支护应根据地质条件、隧道断面尺寸、施工进度等因素，选择合适的支护方式，如锚杆、钢架、喷射混凝土等。
3.2.2 支护应紧跟开挖面，确保隧道稳定。
3.2.3 支护材料应符合国家相关标准，施工过程中应严格控制支护质量。
3.3 衬砌3.3.1 衬砌应根据隧道断面尺寸、地质条件等因素，选择合适的衬砌材料，如混凝土、钢筋混凝土等。
3.3.2 衬砌应严格按照设计要求施工，确保隧道结构的稳定性和耐久性。
3.3.3 衬砌施工过程中应加强质量控制，确保衬砌质量符合设计要求。
四、施工安全4.1 施工过程中应建立健全安全生产责任制，明确各级领导和施工人员的安全职责。
4.2 施工过程中应加强安全培训和教育，提高施工人员的安全意识。
4.3 施工过程中应定期进行安全检查和隐患排查，发现问题及时整改。
公路隧道施工技术规范解读
公路隧道施工技术规范洞口、明洞与浅埋段工程一、洞口工程1、洞口开挖土石方应遵守下列规定：1.1、进洞前应尽早完成洞口排水系统。
1．2、安设计要求进行边、仰坡放线，自上而下逐段开挖，不得掏底开挖或上下重叠开挖。
1．3、清除洞口上方有可能滑塌的表土，灌木及山坡危石，不留后患1．4、石质地层拉槽爆破后，应及时清除松动石块；土质地层开挖后应及时夯实整平边（仰）坡。
1．5、洞门端墙处的土石方，应视地层稳定程度、洞口施工季节和隧道施工方法等选择施工时机和施工方法。
1．6、不得采用深眼大爆破开挖边（仰）坡。
1．7、开挖中应随时检查边坡和仰坡，如有滑动、开裂等现象，应适当放缓坡度，保证边（仰）坡稳定和施工安全。
1．8、开挖的土石方不得弃在危害边坡及其他建筑物稳定的地点，并不得影响运输安全。
1、9、洞口支挡工程应结合土石方开挖一并完成。
1、10、开挖进洞时，宜用钢支撑紧贴洞口开挖面进行支护，围岩差时可用管棚支护围岩，支撑作业应紧跟开挖作业，稳妥前进。
1、11、洞门衬砌施工应按《钢筋混凝土工程施工及验收规范》（GBJ202）的有关规定办理，并符合下列要求：（1）土质地基应平整夯实，土质松软时，应加碎石，人工夯实，将基础置于稳固的地基上。
（2）基础处的渣体杂物、风化软层和积水应清除干净。
（3）洞门衬砌拱墙应与洞内相联的拱墙同时施工，连成整体。
如系接唱明洞，则应按设计要求采取加强连接措施，确保与已成的拱墙连接良好。
（4）端墙施工放样时，应保证位置准确和墙面坡度平顺。
（5）灌注砼时应保证模板不移动。
（6）洞门端墙的砌筑与墙背回填两侧同时进行，防止对衬砌边墙产生偏压。
（7）、洞门衬砌完成后，及时处治洞门上方仰坡脚受破坏处，当边（仰）坡地层松软、破碎时，应采取坡面防护措施。
（8）当端墙顶水沟砌筑在填土上时，填土必须夯实。
（9）洞门的排水、截水设施应与洞门工程配合施工，并应与路垫排水系统连通。
二、明洞工程1、明洞衬砌施工可选用下列几种方法：（1）当边坡能稳定时，可采用先墙后拱法；（2）当边坡稳定性差，但拱顶承载力较好，能保证拱圈稳定时，可采用先拱后墙法；（3）半路堑式明洞施工时，可采用墙拱交替法，且宜先做外侧边墙，继做拱圈，再做内侧边墙；。
《隧道工程施工技术规范》JTG TF50-2011
《隧道工程施工技术规范》JTG TF50-
2011
隧道工程施工技术规范（JTG TF50-2011）
引言
本文档是根据《中华人民共和国公路法》及相关法律法规的要
求编制的，为规范隧道工程施工提供技术指导和要求。
施工准备
1. 施工单位应在动工前进行相关准备工作，包括施工人员培训、设备检修和材料准备等。
2. 施工单位应编制详细的施工方案和施工组织设计，确保施工
过程合理有序。
施工工艺
1. 隧道施工应采用适当的工艺方法，包括顶进法、掘进法和盾
构法等。
2. 施工过程中应注重施工质量控制，合理安排施工作业流程，
确保工程质量。
施工安全
1. 施工单位应制定和执行安全生产管理制度，确保施工安全。
2. 施工中应加强现场安全监控，做好防火、防爆等安全工作。
环境保护
1. 施工单位应采取有效的措施，减少施工对环境的影响。
2. 施工过程中应合理使用资源，降低能耗和污染物排放。
施工质量验收
1. 施工完成后，应进行质量验收和评定，并出具相应的验收报告。
2. 施工单位应自觉接受监督检查，保证工程质量合格。
后期维护
1. 隧道工程竣工后，施工单位应建立健全的后期维护管理体系。
2. 定期进行隧道设施的检查和维修，确保隧道的正常运营。
本文档为隧道工程施工提供了详细的技术规范和要求，供相关单位参考和执行。
通过执行本文档的要求，可有效保障隧道工程施工的质量和安全。
公路隧道施工技术规范JTJ
中华人民共和国行业标准 JTJ042—94公路隧道施工技术规范Technical Specifications for Construction of Highway Tunnel（附条文说明）1994—11——30发布 1995—07—01实施中华人民共和国交通部发布关于发布《公路隧道施工技术规范》的通知交公路发[1994]1134号（不另行文）部批准《公路隧道施工技术规范》（编号为JTJ042—94）作为行业标准，自1995年7月1日起施行。
该规范由交通部重庆公路科学研究所负责解释。
希各单位在执行中注意积累资料，并将发现的问题和修改意见函告部重庆公路科学研究所，以便修订时参考。
该规范由人民交通出版社出版、发行。
中华人民共和国交通部一九九四年十一月三十日目录1 总则································2 施工准备······························3 施工测量······························3.1一般规定····························3.2洞内施工测量··························3.3 贯通误差的测定及调整······················3.4竣工测量····························3.5辅助坑道测量··························4洞口、明洞与浅埋段工程·······················4.1洞口工程····························4.2明洞工程····························4.3浅埋段工程···························5 开挖································5.1 一般规定····························5.2 开挖方法····························5.3超欠挖控制···························5.4 钻爆设计····························5.5钻爆作业····························5.6掘进机开挖···························6 出渣与运输·····························6.1 装渣与卸渣···························6.2 运输······························7 施工支护······························7.1一般规定····························7.2锚杆施工····························7.3 喷射混凝土···························7.4 锚喷支护的质量要求·······················7.5 构件支护····························7.6构件支护的架设·························8衬砌································8.1 一般规定····························8.2拱(墙)架与模板·························8.3模筑衬砌····························8.4二次衬砌····························9 监控量测9.1 一般规定····························9.2 量测内容与方法·························9.3 量测数据处理与应用·······················9.4 量测管理····························10防水和排水····························10.1 一般规定···························10.2施工防排水··························10.3结构防排水施工························11 风水电作业和通风防尘·······················11.1供风和供水··························11.2供电与照明··························11.3 通风、防尘、防有害气体····················12辅助坑道·····························12.1一般规定···························12.2余井·····························12.3 坚井·····························12.4 横洞与平行导坑························13辅助施工方法···························13.1适用范围及一般规定······················13.2稳定开挖面的方法·······················13.3 涌水的处理方法························14 特殊地质地段的施工························14.1 一般规定···························14.2 膨胀性围岩··························14.3黄土·····························14.4 溶洞·····························14.5 塌方·····························14.6 流沙·····························14.7 瓦斯地层···························15路基、路面基层与路面·······················15.1一般规定···························15.2路基·····························15.3路面基层···························15.4路面·····························16附属设施工程···························16.1 设备洞、横通道及其它·····················16.2 装饰工程···························16.3营运管理设施·························附录A 开挖方法及开挖、支护顺序图………………………………………………附录B 爆破成缝试验方法……………………………………………………………附录C 锚喷支护施工记录………………………………………………………附录D 锚喷支护的试验和测定方法……………………………………………附录E 量测记录表……………………………………………………………………附录F 施工通风方式…………………………………………………………………附录G 本规范用词说明………………………………………………………………附加说明………………………………………………………………………………附件：公路隧道施工技术规范JTJ042-99条文说明…………………………………编制说明………………………………………………………………………………1总……………………………………………………………………………2 施工准备…………………………………………………………………………3 施工测量…………………………………………………………………………3.1一般规定………………………………………………………………………3.2洞内施工测量…………………………………………………………………3.3贯通误差的测定及调整………………………………………………………3.5辅助坑道测量…………………………………………………………………4 洞口、明洞与浅埋段工程…………………………………………………………4.1洞口工程………………………………………………………………………4.2明洞工程………………………………………………………………………4.3浅埋段工程……………………………………………………………………5 开挖………………………………………………………………………………5.1一般规定………………………………………………………………………5.2开挖方法………………………………………………………………………5.3超欠挖控制……………………………………………………………………5.4钻爆设计………………………………………………………………………5.5钻爆作业………………………………………………………………………5.6掘进机开挖……………………………………………………………………6 出渣与运输………………………………………………………………………6.1 装渣与卸渣……………………………………………………………………6.2 运输……………………………………………………………………………7 施工支护…………………………………………………………………………7.1一般规定………………………………………………………………………7.2锚杆施工………………………………………………………………………7.3喷射混凝土……………………………………………………………………7.4锚喷支护的质量检查…………………………………………………………7.5构件支护………………………………………………………………………7.6构件支护的架设………………………………………………………………8 衬砌………………………………………………………………………………8.1一般规定………………………………………………………………………8.2拱（墙）架与模板………………………………………………………………8.3模筑衬砌………………………………………………………………………8.4二次衬砌………………………………………………………………………9 监控量测…………………………………………………………………………9.1一般规定………………………………………………………………………9.2量测内容与方法………………………………………………………………9.3量测数据处理与应用…………………………………………………………9.4量测管理………………………………………………………………………10 防水和排水………………………………………………………………………10.1一般规定……………………………………………………………………10.2施工防排水…………………………………………………………………10.3结构防排水施工……………………………………………………………11 风水电作业和通风防尘…………………………………………………………11.1供风和供水…………………………………………………………………11.2供电与照明…………………………………………………………………11.3通风、防尘、防有害气体……………………………………………………12 辅助坑道…………………………………………………………………………12.1一般规定……………………………………………………………………12.2斜井…………………………………………………………………………12.3竖井…………………………………………………………………………12.4横洞与平行导坑……………………………………………………………13 辅助施工方法……………………………………………………………………13.1适用范围及一般规定………………………………………………………13.2稳定开挖面的方法…………………………………………………………13.3涌水的处理方法……………………………………………………………14 特殊地质地段的施工……………………………………………………………14.1一般规定……………………………………………………………………14.2膨胀性围岩…………………………………………………………………14.3黄土…………………………………………………………………………14.4溶洞…………………………………………………………………………14.5塌方…………………………………………………………………………14.6流沙…………………………………………………………………………14.7瓦斯地层……………………………………………………………………15 路基、路面基层与路面……………………………………………………………15.1一般规定……………………………………………………………………15.2路基…………………………………………………………………………15.3路面基层……………………………………………………………………15.4路面…………………………………………………………………………16 附属设施工程……………………………………………………………………16.1设备洞、横通道及其他………………………………………………………16.2装饰工程……………………………………………………………………16.3营运管理设施………………………………………………………………1 总则1.0.1为给公路山岭隧道工程的施工和施工管理提供技术依据和行为准则，特制订本规范。
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公路隧道施工技术规范洞口、明洞与浅埋段工程一、洞口工程1、洞口开挖土石方应遵守下列规定:1、1、进洞前应尽早完成洞口排水系统。
1.2、安设计要求进行边、仰坡放线,自上而下逐段开挖,不得掏底开挖或上下重叠开挖。
1.3、清除洞口上方有可能滑塌的表土,灌木及山坡危石,不留后患。
1.4、石质地层拉槽爆破后,应及时清除松动石块;土质地层开挖后应及时夯实整平边(仰)坡。
1.5、洞门端墙处的土石方,应视地层稳定程度、洞口施工季节与隧道施工方法等选择施工时机与施工方法。
1.6、不得采用深眼大爆破开挖边(仰)坡。
1.7、开挖中应随时检查边坡与仰坡,如有滑动、开裂等现象,应适当放缓坡度,保证边(仰)坡稳定与施工安全。
1.8、开挖的土石方不得弃在危害边坡及其她建筑物稳定的地点,并不得影响运输安全。
1、9、洞口支挡工程应结合土石方开挖一并完成。
1、10、开挖进洞时,宜用钢支撑紧贴洞口开挖面进行支护,围岩差时可用管棚支护围岩,支撑作业应紧跟开挖作业,稳妥前进。
1、11、洞门衬砌施工应按《钢筋混凝土工程施工及验收规范》(GBJ202)的有关规定办理,并符合下列要求:(1)土质地基应平整夯实,土质松软时,应加碎石,人工夯实,将基础置于稳固的地基上。
(2)基础处的渣体杂物、风化软层与积水应清除干净。
(3)洞门衬砌拱墙应与洞内相联的拱墙同时施工,连成整体。
如系接唱明洞,则应按设计要求采取加强连接措施,确保与已成的拱墙连接良好。
(4)端墙施工放样时,应保证位置准确与墙面坡度平顺。
(5)灌注砼时应保证模板不移动。
(6)洞门端墙的砌筑与墙背回填两侧同时进行,防止对衬砌边墙产生偏压。
(7)、洞门衬砌完成后,及时处治洞门上方仰坡脚受破坏处,当边(仰)坡地层松软、破碎时,应采取坡面防护措施。
(8)当端墙顶水沟砌筑在填土上时,填土必须夯实。
(9)洞门的排水、截水设施应与洞门工程配合施工,并应与路垫排水系统连通。
二、明洞工程1、明洞衬砌施工可选用下列几种方法:(1)当边坡能稳定时,可采用先墙后拱法;(2)当边坡稳定性差,但拱顶承载力较好,能保证拱圈稳定时,可采用先拱后墙法;(3)半路堑式明洞施工时,可采用墙拱交替法,且宜先做外侧边墙,继做拱圈,再做内侧边墙;(4)当路堑式明洞拱脚地层松软,不能采用先拱后墙法施工时,可待起拱线以上挖成后,采用跳槽挖井法先灌注两侧部分边墙,再做拱圈,最后做其余边墙。
(5)具备相应的机具条件时,可采用拱墙整体灌筑。
2、明洞衬砌边墙基础与遮光棚支柱基础等应设置在稳固地基上。
如边墙基础挖到设计标高后,地质情况及允许承载力与设计要求不符时,应及时进行处理。
基础混凝土灌注前必须排除基坑内积水,并对基底进行固化处理。
边墙基础应采用与边墙同级混凝土一次浇筑而成。
3、明洞衬砌施工应注意下列事项:(1)灌注混凝土前应复测中线与高程,衬砌不得侵入设计轮廓线。
(2)拱圈应按断面要求制型定型挡头板、外模与骨架,并应才用取防止走魔的措施;(3)采取跳槽边墙浇筑拱圈时,应加强对拱脚的基底处理,保持拱脚稳定;当拱脚基底过深时,应先浇筑基础托梁,必要时加设锚杆使拱脚混凝土与岩壁连接牢固,防止拱脚基底松动沉落;(4)浇注拱圈混凝土达到设计抢渡70%以上时,方可拆除内外支模拱架;(5)各类棚洞的钢筋混凝土盖板梁宜采用预制构件,用吊装法架设,墙顶支座槽应用水泥沙浆填塞紧密。
4、明洞衬砌完成后进行回填时,应符合下列要求:(1)在拱圈外模拆除后立即做好防水层及拱脚处的纵向盲沟,保证排水顺畅。
5、回填应两侧同时进行。
墙底部应铺填0。
5-1。
0m后碎石并夯实,然后向上回填。
石质地层中墙背与岩壁空隙不大时,可采用与墙身同级混凝土回填;空隙较大时,可采用片石混凝土或浆砌片石回填密实。
土质地层,应将墙背坡面开凿成台阶状,用于干砌片石分层码砌,缝隙用碎石填塞紧密,不得任意抛填土石。
6、明洞拱背回填应对称分层夯实,每层厚度不得大于0.3m,其两侧回填土面高差不得大于0.5m、回填至拱顶齐平后,应立即分层满铺填筑至要求高度。
7、使用机械回填应待拱圈混凝土强度达到设计强度且由人工夯实填至拱顶以上1。
0m后方可进行。
8、拱背回填需作粘土隔水层时,隔水层应与边、仰坡搭接良好,封闭紧密,防止地表水下渗影响回填体的稳定。
9、明洞与暗洞衔接施工宜采用先拱后墙法。
在仰坡暂时能稳定时,宜由内外进行施工;在仰坡易坍塌的情况下。
宜先将明洞拱圈灌注到仰坡脚,再由内向外做洞内拱圈,并确保仰坡稳定。
明洞与暗洞拱圈应连接良好。
三、浅埋段工程1、浅埋段与洞口加强段的开挖施工,应根据地质条件、地表沉陷对地面建筑物的影响以及保障施工安全等因素选择开挖方法与支护方式,并应符合下列规定:(1)根据围岩及周围环境条件,可优先采用单侧壁导坑法、双侧壁导坑法或留核心土开挖法;围岩的完整性较好时,可采用多台级法开挖。
严禁采用全断面法开挖。
(2)、开挖后应尽快施做锚杆、喷射混凝土、敷设钢筋网或钢支撑,当采用复合衬砌锚喷支护。
II类以下围岩,应尽快施做衬砌,防止围岩出现松动。
锚喷支护及构件支撑的施工应符合要求。
(3)锚喷支护或构件支撑,应尽量靠近开挖面,其距离应小于倍洞跨。
2、浅埋段的地质很差时,宜采用地表锚杆、管棚、超前小导管、注浆加固围岩等辅助方法施工。
3、控制地表沉降,应采取如下技术措施:(1)宜采用单臂掘进机或风镐开挖,减少对围岩的扰动;当采用爆破开挖时,应短进尺、弱爆破;(2)打设拱脚锚杆,提高拱脚处围岩的承载力;(3)及时施作仰拱或临时仰拱;(4)地质条件差或有涌水时,宜采用地表预注浆结合洞内环形固结注浆;(5)加强对地表下沉、拱顶下沉的量测及反馈,以指导施工。
量测频繁宜为深埋段时的2倍。
开挖一、一般规定1、开挖作业应遵守下列规定:(1)合理确定开挖步骤与循环进尺,保持各开挖工序相互衔接,均衡施工;(2)开挖断面尺寸应符合实际要求;(3)爆破后,对开挖面合围陈其地段应进行检查,对可能出现的险情,应采取措施及时处理;(4)开挖作业中,不得损坏支护、衬砌与设备,并应保护量测用的测点;(5)做好地质构造的核对与素描,地质变化处与重要地段,应有照片记载。
2、岩石隧道的爆破应采用光面爆破或预裂爆破技术,施工中应提高转眼效率与爆破效果,降低工料消耗。
3、开挖爆破应选用适当的炸药品种与型号,在漏税与用水地段应采用非电导爆管起爆。
4、爆破作业及火药物品的管理,必须遵守现行的国家标准《爆破安全规程》的有关规定。
对有瓦斯溢出的隧道,应根据工点的地质情况、瓦斯溢出程度与设备条件,制定适宜的施工方案。
5、隧道双向开挖接近接近贯通时,两端施工应加强联系,统一指挥,并采取前沿浅眼低药量,控制爆破。
当两开挖面间的距离剩下15m时,应改为单向开挖,直到贯通为止。
6、双洞开挖时,应根据两洞的轴线间距、洞口里程距离、地质条件及其它自然条件,选择适宜的开挖方法,确定好两洞开挖的时间差,并采取措施防止后行洞开挖对先行洞先后比轴壁产生不良的影响。
二、开挖方法1、开挖方法应考虑围岩条件,并与支护衬砌相协调。
2、开挖方法的适用范围与施工要求如下:(1)全断面发适用于Ⅵ∽IⅤ类围岩。
该法可采用深孔爆破,其深度可取3∽3、5没。
(2)台阶法适用于IV∽II类较软或节理发育的围岩,其施工要求如下:I、上下台阶之间的距离,能满足机具正常作业,并减少翻渣工作量。
II、当顶部围岩破碎,施工支护需紧跟时,可适当延长台阶长度,减少工作施工干扰。
III、台阶不宜多分层,装渣机械应紧跟开挖面,以减少扒渣距离。
3、台阶分步开挖法适用于III∽II类围岩或一般土质围岩地段。
一般环形开挖进尺不应过长,以0、5∽1.0m为宜。
4、导坑法适用于III∽II类围岩。
下导坑适用于探查开挖面前放地下水情况;中央导坑适用于处理膨胀压力地层;上导坑适用于洞口段辅助开挖。
各工序安排应紧凑,支护及时,保证施安全。
5、单侧壁导坑法适用于围岩较差、跨度大、埋深浅、地表沉降需要控制的场合。
中壁墙的拆除,必须待围岩完全稳定后方可进行。
6、双侧壁导坑法适用于浅埋大跨度隧道及地表下沉量要求严格而围岩条件很差的情况。
施工中应注意各工序的合理安排,加强洞内施工管理与围岩监测工作,并掌握好两侧壁墙的拆除时间。
7、I类围岩必须按辅助施工方法的要求进行处理后方可开挖。
8、当衬砌采用先拱后墙法施工时,下部断面开挖应符合下列要求:a、拱圈混凝土达到设计强度70%之后方可进行下部开挖断面的开挖;b、可采用扩大拱脚、搭设拱脚锚杆、加强纵向联接等措施,加强拱脚;c、下部边墙开挖后,应按设计规定及时做好支护;d、应及时量测拱顶、拱脚与边墙中部的位移,当变形速率有增大趋势时,应立即采取仰拱封闭或其它有效措施,保证围岩与衬砌尽快处于稳定状态。
9、边墙马口开挖,一般应错开施工,围岩状态较好时可采取对开施工,并符合下列要求:a、宜采取长短马口结合,减少跳槽次数。
首轮马口长度,Ⅵ∽III类围岩不宜大于4m,II~I类围岩不宜大于2m。
b、首轮马口中心宜选在拱圈接缝处,并应这主意岩层倾斜与稳定情况,防止顺层坍塌。
c、回头马口开挖必须待相邻边墙封口24h后进行;有测压力时应在封口3天后进行。
d、洞口加强段开挖马口,拱圈悬臂长度不得超过首轮马口长度。
e、导坑开挖或中槽开挖应采取多循环,并符合以下要求:①导坑断面应根据地质条件、支护形式、机具设备与运输、通风、排水的要求以及作业安全要求等来确定;②各类临时支撑不得妨碍坑内运输作业;③在地质条件较好时,下导坑可保持较长的超前距离;④当为硬质地层时,下导坑底部保应一次挖至隧道底设计标高;上导坑应一次挖至隧道顶开挖轮廓线。
10、分步开挖扩大时,应符合下列要求;a、开挖应顺帮打眼,周壁采用光面爆破;b、围岩压力较大时,分步开挖应与支撑配合进行;c、当洞口地质较差或覆盖层较薄时,应在洞内稳定地层处向洞口方向逐步扩挖与浇注拱圈,保证洞口段施工安全;d、当分层扩大时,应加强断面测量工作,防止超欠挖;并配合出渣进行断面检查,清除欠挖,处理危石。
11、仰拱部位开挖时可采取整幅开挖或半幅开挖,避免引起应力集中,并符合下列要求:a、挖至设计要求深度,底面平顺,清除杂物;b、排净积水,做好排水设施;c、隧道底两隅与侧墙连接处应平顺开挖,避免引起应力集中;d、当遇变形很大的膨胀性围岩时,底面及器两隅应预先打入锚杆或采取其她加固措施后,再进行开挖。
e、仰拱部开挖时,应采取措施保证洞内临时交通畅通。
三、超欠挖控制1、应严格控制欠挖。
当岩层完整、岩石抗压强度大于30MPa并确认不影响衬砌结构稳定与强度时,允许岩石个别突出部分(每1m2内不大于0.1 m2)欠挖,但其隆起量不得大于5cm。
拱脚以上1m内断面严禁欠挖。
2、应尽量减少超挖,不同围岩地质条件下的允许超挖值规定见下表。