《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记【圣才出品】
《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》翻译实践及详解(The Dover Beach)【圣才出品】
18. The Dover BeachThe sea is calm tonight.The tide is full, the moon lies fairUpon the straits; on the French coast the lightGleams and is gone; the cliffs of England stand,Glimmering and vast, out in the tranquil bay.Come to the window, sweet is the night-air!Only, from the long line of sprayWhere the sea meets the moon-blanch’d land,Listen! You hear the grating roarOf pebbles which the waves draw back, and fling,At their return, up the high strand,Begin, and cease, and then again beginWith tremulous cadence slow, and bringThe eternal note of sadness in.By Matthew Arnold【参考译文】苍海静入夜。
正潮满，长峡托孤月；看法兰西岸，灯火明灭。
英伦峭壁森森，光熠熠，崖下风烟一时绝。
凭窗立，觉夜气清和透心冽！远望，月洗平沙千万里，排浪一线翻霜雪。
听！潮卷砾石声威烈，又回首，怒掷高滩侧。
才至也，又消歇，慢调如泣轻吟处，愁音万古声声切！(辜正坤译) 【翻译赏析】①这两节诗选自马修·阿诺德的《多佛海岸》，写诗人在英吉利海峡一端，凭窗而立，遥望法兰西岸灯火明灭，英伦峭壁森森，更有月洗的平沙，潮卷的砾石，怒掷高滩的海浪。
最后，这壮观的景象引发了是人的遣怀与寄托，达到了情与景的结合，人与物的交融。
《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记(套语的翻译)【圣才出品】
第7章套语的翻译一、套语是文化的结晶套语(language formula)是一个文化特征性强的整体，其内部成分具有不可替换性。
它文化内涵丰富，是一个语言文化体系的结晶，多为约定俗成的成语、俗语表达等。
例：Where there is a will, there is a way.[分析]这是一个整体表达，其中文化内涵丰富，从中可以知道英语环境中用will和way 来表达决心和出路的关系。
“If you are determined to do something, you can find a way to do it.”虽然从语义上讲，和原句没有什么差别，但原句拒绝进行这样的改动。
二、科技套语和文化套语的差异科技等领域的不少表达法也和文化套语一样，拒绝别人对它们加以改动。
可是，这两类套语却有十分不同的特征。
(1) 科技等领域中的套语本身和文化套语有差异。
①文化套语可小到一个词，大到数个句子，甚至更大。
如，打电话时的一套礼貌对话就是一个套语，可能会由数个句子组成。
②科技等领域中的固定说法则往往是以词或词组为单位，一般是专有名词，或是由几个词组成的固定短语，如minimally invasive surgery(微创手术)。
一般不会上升到句子或句子以上。
(2) 两种套语的“效忠”对象不一样。
①科技等领域的套语由于是为一个实用的目的而存在，在跨文化交流中这类套语的转换原则是“求同”，即尽量在译入语中用与原文相同或相近的表达法。
②文化套语并非为任何短期的实用目的而存在，它要“效忠”某一个体文化，在跨文化交流中文化套语的转换原则就不一定总是“求同”。
在有些情况下“存异”反倒更好。
三、文化套语的翻译1. 译者要能敏锐地找出隐含的文化套语，采用适当的翻译单位译出其浓厚的文化内涵。
例：①Your guess is as good as mine.[译文]我和你一样不知道。
[分析]如果没有看出原文为套语，可能就会译为“你的猜想和我的猜想一样好”，这样的翻译表面上可谓十分忠实原文，但却完全没有将原文的真正意思译出来。
《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记（从语言文化对比角度看翻译）【圣才出品】
《⾼级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记（从语⾔⽂化对⽐⾓度看翻译）【圣才出品】第2章从语⾔⽂化对⽐⾓度看翻译⼀、语⾔⽂化对⽐的层次对⽐就是在两种语⾔的各个层⾯上去发现相似性和差异性，以便为⽇后的翻译活动打下⼀个扎实的基础。
语⾔对⽐的层次为：(1) 语⾳和书写系统的对⽐(2) 语义的对⽐(3) 句法的对⽐(4) 话语和篇章结构的对⽐(5) 社会、⽂化等语⾔外因素的对⽐⼆、语⾳和书写系统的对⽐1. ⾳节、声调不同(1) 汉语⼀个字⼀个⾳节，⽽英语⼀个词则可能有多个⾳节，汉语有四个声调，英语没有。
(2) 对翻译的影响①失去语⾳承载的特殊意义。
例：“四⼗四只⽯狮⼦”这句话的语义可译为(forty-four stone lions)，但⽆法体现汉语特殊的语⾔特征。
②⾳译时，汉语的声调⽆法体现，英汉的⾳节数可能会⽆法对应,发⾳⽆法完全相同。
例：a. “王洪宝”和“王洪豹”这两个⼈名译成英语时都是Wang Hong-bao，没有差别。
b. Dallas译成“达拉斯”，但原⽂两个⾳节，S不构成⼀个⾳节，中⽂则是三个⾳节。
c. Reagan译成“⾥根”，但是R和“⾥”中的L完全不同。
2. ⾳韵和节奏的对⽐(1) 任何语⾔都有⾳韵和节奏，因为⼈们在交流过程中也希望取得⼀些“额外”的效果。
(2) 英汉⾳韵和节奏差异的根源①英语形合和汉语意合的区别。
形合的句⼦，为了结构的严谨，表意的精确有时会牺牲⾳韵和节奏。
例：A new kind of aircraft—small, cheap, pilotless—is attracting increasing attention.[译⽂]这是⼀种体积⼩、造价低的⽆⼈驾驶型飞机。
[分析]原⽂并未考虑到⾳韵、节奏⽅⾯，但在翻译为意合的汉语时，做出了调整，使其结构整齐，考虑到了⾳韵与节奏。
If North America and Europe renew their moral life, build on their culture commonality, and develop closer forms of economic and political integration…a third Euroamerican phase of western affluence and political influence.[译⽂]如果北美和欧洲能在道德⽣活⽅⾯得以重振，在共同的⽂化基础上进⾏发展，在政治经济领域进⼀步整合，以此作为在北约安全合作外的补充，那么将可衍⽣出经济富甲天下，政治⼀⾔九⿍的欧美第三阶段。
笔记-叶子南-高级英汉翻译理论与实践
211、985学长学姐组建为大家答疑解惑笔记备份：叶子南：高级英汉翻译理论与实践比较遵照原文语言结构的译法就是直译，并不专指“逐字”的程度在经济、科学、新闻、政论等语篇中，语言形式不是关键因素，在英汉翻译中发挥中文的优势是译者始终要努力的方向。
功能对等>形式对等既然已传达信息为主，那么介绍原语文化不应以牺牲译入语为代价，否则靠近原语的译法会生成很多不符合译入语习惯的句子。
以读者为中心而非作者，在英译汉中尤为突出翻译本身就是一件让人左右为难的事。
英汉语义对比：举例如democracy中西感觉是不一样的；It is not funny译成这不好笑，根本没有将说话人愤怒的情感表达出来。
汉语是人治的语言，印欧语系是法治的语言句法对比：一、英语重形合，汉语则重意合：鸡声茅店月，人迹板桥霜。
何等简洁，不须加动词即可表情达意。
汉语结构较为松散，重意念。
将一个重形合的语言转化成重意合的语言，最常犯的错误就是将形合的特点transfer到意合的语言中，现在很多译文充斥着洋腔洋调，却美其名曰“忠实原文”。
二、状语对比------------------------状语从句的译法，参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧定语对比--------------------------定语从句的译法，参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧被动句对比-----------------------译法参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧篇章结构的不同实际上是思维结构不同在语言上的反映。
汉语中所谓的“布局谋篇”就是我们翻译当中牵涉到的语段篇章的安排问题。
英汉翻译是否保留原句的布局特征，还是应该采用译入语的布局特征是一个值得注意的问题。
其实大多数情况下采用贪懒的办法也是译者不得已而为之，因为译者根本就没有真正看懂原文。
第二个问题是译者的翻译思想有问题，认为这类贴近原文的译法才是忠实的译法。
正确的翻译思想应该是译文必须像中文，不带翻译腔，因为原文有原文读者读时并没有翻译腔。
《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》翻译实践及详解(Mayhew)【圣才出品】
17. MayhewCapri is a gaunt rock of austere outline, bathed in a deep blue sea; but its vineyards, green and smiling, give it a soft and easy grace①. It is friendly, remote, and debonair②. I find it strange that Mayhew should have settled on this lovely island, for I never knew a man more insensible to beauty. I do not know what he sought there, happiness, freedom, or merely leisure; I know what he found. In this place which appeals so extravagantly③to the senses he lived a life entirely of the spirit. For the island is rich with historic associations and over it broods always the enigmatic memory of Tiberius the Emperor. From his windows which overlooked the Bay of Naples, with the noble shape of Vesuvius changing color with the changing light, Mayhew saw a hundred places that recalled the Romans and Greeks. The past began to haunt④him. All that he saw for the first time, for he had never been abroad before, excited his fancy; and in his soul stirred the creative imagination⑤. He was a man of energy. Presently he made up his mind to write a history. For some time he looked about for a subject, and at last decided on the second century of the Roman Empire. It was little known and it seemed to him to offer problems analogous with those of our own day.He began to collect books and soon he had an immense library. His legal training had taught him to read quickly. He settled down to work. At first he had been accustomed to foregather in the evening with the painters, writers, and suchlike who met in the little tavern near the Piazza, but presently he withdrew himself, for his absorption in his studies became more pressing. He had been accustomed to bathe in that bland sea and to take long walks among the pleasant vineyards, but little by little, grudging the time, he ceased to do so⑥. He worked harder than he had ever worked in Detroit. He would start at noon and work all through the night till the whistle of the steamer that goes every morning from Capri to Naples told him that it was five o’clock and time to go to bed. His subject opened out before him, vaster and more significant⑦, and he imagined a work that would put him forever beside the great historians of the past. As the years went by he was to be found seldom in the ways of men. He could be tempted to come out of his house only by a game of chess or the chance of an argument. He loved to set his brain against another’s⑧. He was widely read now, not only on history, but in philosophy and science; and he was a skillful controversialist, quick, logical, and incisive⑨. But he had good-humor⑩and kindliness; though he took a very human pleasure in victory⑪, he did not exult in it to your mortification.By William S. Maugham 【参考译文】卡普里岛在深蓝色的大海中，远远望去仿佛是一块朴实无华的荒凉的岩石。
《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》翻译实践及详解( Congestive Heart Disease)【圣才
10. Congestive Heart DiseaseThis chapter emphasizes the special features characterizing the diagnosis and treatment of congestive heart failure①, whose high incidence in old age makes it an important problem of older people.Heart failure in the aged may result from any condition②which interferes with the coronary blood flow, increases the work of the myocardium, or impairs myocardial function. Age- specific rates demonstrate a remarkable increase in congestive heart failure with age. Atherosclerotic heart disease and hypertensive heart disease separately or combined③account for nearly 50 per cent of the reported cases of congestive heart failure.Advances in treatments available to younger patients are equally valuable to older patients although treatment of congestive heart failure in old patients poses problems of greater magnitude than in younger persons and requires Special consideration owing to the multiple pathological ailments and changes in pharmacological responses with age④. For example, the elderly patient’s extensive ⑤coronary artery disease and myocardial fibrosis impair heart action and decreased⑥cerebral blood flow and hypoxia produce irrational behavior which makes the older person more difficult to manage and less capable of following directions. Chronic renal and liver impairments make older people more susceptible to digitalis toxicity, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoproteinemia. Although thesechanges tend to thwart therapeutic efforts and render management more difficult, attention⑦to the diagnostic and therapeutic suggestions in this chapter should rectify and prevent recurrent congestive heart failure and provide more successful care in the hospital and at home.The pathology of heart failure in the aged includes all form of heart diseases in younger people and, in addition, the special entities found mainly in the elderly. The multiplicity of pathologic conditions increases with age and complicates the assessment of the pathologic basis for the heart failure⑧. Heart failure in aged patients often has more than one cause and may be associated with numerous other disorders⑨.From The Management of Geriatric CardiovascularDiseases by Raymond Harris 【参考译文】本章着重讨论在充血性心力衰竭的诊断与治疗中存在的特殊问题。
《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》翻译实践及详解(Has Democracy a Future)【圣才出品】
2. Has Democracy a Future?Back to the question: Has democracy a future? Yes, Virginia①, it does, but not the glorious future predicted in the triumphalist moment. Democracy has survived the twentieth century by the skin of its teeth②. It will not enjoy a free ride③through the century to come.In America, democracy must run a gauntlet of challenges. The most crucial is still Du Bois’ color line. Much depends on the availability of jobs, especially in the inner city④. If employment remains high, political action will mitigate racial tensions, particularly when minorities understand that in the longer run ethnic gerrymandering⑤will reduce, not increase, their influence. Tension will be mitigated even more by intermarriage. Sex—and love—between people of different creeds and colors can probably be counted on to arrest the disuniting of America.The national capacity to absorb and assimilate newcomers will remain powerful. The call of the mainstream will appeal far more than linguistic or ethnic ghettos, above all to the young⑥. English will continue as the dominant language. Indeed, in essentials the national character will be recognizably much as it has been for a couple of centuries. People seeking clues to the American mystery will still read, and quote, Toequeville.Technology will rush on according to Adams’ law of acceleration. But for all⑦the temptations of interactivity⑧and all the unpopularity of elected officials, I doubt that Americans will sanction the degradation⑨of representative democracy into a system of plebiscites. Capitalism too will careen on, through downs as well as ups, but laissez-faire ideology will probably wane as capitalists discover the range of troubles the unfettered market cannot solve, or makes worse. Unbridled capitalism, with low wages, long hours, and exploited workers, excites social resentment, revives class warfare, and infuses Marxism with new life. To move along constructive lines, capitalism must subordinate short-term plans and profits to such long-term social necessities⑩as investment in education, research and development, environmental protection, the extension of health care, the rehabilitation of infrastructure, the redemption of the city. Capitalists are not likely to do this by themselves. Long- term perspectives demand public leadership⑪ and affirmative government.From Foreign Affairs, September/October 1997 【参考译文】回到我们原来的问题：民主有前途吗？有！①民主是有前途，但并不像人们在必胜信念、乐观心态盛行时期所预测的那种光辉灿烂的前途。
叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)-复习笔记(下)【圣才出品】
第11章尤金·奈达和他的翻译理论一、奈达翻译理论概述尤金·奈达(Eugene A. Nida)终生从事圣经翻译和翻译理论的研究，著作等身，是公认的当代翻译理论的主要奠基人。
1. “功能对等”(functional equivalence)(1) 定义：前身是“灵活对等”(dynamic equivalence)。
简单讲，功能对等就是要让译文和原文在语言的功能上对等，而不是在语言的形式上对应。
奈达把功能分成九类，译文应在这些功能上与原作对等。
但他把判断对等与否的大权交给了读者的心理反应。
①表现功能(expressive)②认识功能(cognitive)③人际功能(interpersonal)④信息功能(informative)⑤祈使功能(imperative)⑥行为功能(performative)⑦情感功能(emotive)⑧审美功能(aesthetic)⑨自我解释功能(metalingual)(2) 理论来源①语言学领域对语言外的因素产生了兴趣，各种语言学分支渐次诞生，如心理语言学、社会语言学、语用学、符号学等。
奈达理论中读者心理反应这一基石基本上得益于上述语言学方面的发展。
②乔姆斯基(Noam Chomsky)的转换生成语法。
乔姆斯基的早期理论中有关语言表层结构和深层结构转换的模式在很大程度上为奈达描写功能对等提供了工具。
2. 奈达的研究重心的变化(1) 早期的奈达从语言内营造他功能对等的理论，用了诸如转换生成语法、语义成分分析等具体方法来描写他的理论。
发表于1964年的Toward a Science of Translating，主要在语言学的框架下讨论翻译(也涉及了语言外的因素)。
他在该书中将语义细分成语法意义(linguistic meaning)、所指意义(referential meaning)和情感意义(emotive meaning)。
(2) 越往后，奈达就越重视社会文化因素。
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复习笔记
第1章翻译的基本概念和问题
一、翻译基本问题的提出
1. 翻译的定义
(1) 语际翻译与语内翻译
广义地说翻译包括的范围很广，甚至可包括语言和非语言符号之间的转换。
本书讨论的翻译就是指如何将某一语言活动的言语产物转换到另一语言中去，也就是语际(interlingual)翻译。
严格地说，翻译还应包括某一语言内不同变体间的转换，也就是语内(intralingual)翻译。
这两类翻译在本质上颇有雷同之处，而且其核心问题都是如何把原文的意思在译文中说出来。
(2) 探索翻译的新概念
随着现代语言学的发展，各类应用语言学分支学科应运而生，探索翻译的工具越来越得心应手，出现了许多关于翻译的新的概念，如“忠实”、功能对等、等值、信达雅等等。
但翻译的本质仍然是在某一特定的社会环境内进行交流的过程。
概括来说，翻译的定义就是把原文中的意思在译文中表达出来。
2. 原文意思在译文中的表达
在翻译过程中，有些句子如照字面直接译过来意思就会不够清楚。
(1) 句子中的有些意思会紧紧地结合在语言本身的形式上使得译者将语言的形式照搬。
例：
It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.
[译文]凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。
[分析]尽管单从翻译技巧上看，可将It is a truth universally acknowledged放到后面，但译者还是有必要依照原文的句法结构，因为原文文字前后的排列可以产生出一种讥讽的口气。
(2) 意思和语言结构完全绑在一起，而英汉两种语言结构上的不同造成了不可译性(untranslatability)。
例：
The air war heats up as the air war heats up.
[译文]随着空战的升温，媒体报道也沸腾不已。
[分析] air war既可指空袭，也可指传媒竞相报道，作者使用这一词，将音和意紧紧地结合在一起，但在中文里却无法将空袭和传媒战用一个语言单位表达，构成不可译性。
3. 翻译界的论战问题
(1) 直译还是意译(Literal Translation VS. Free Translation)
(2) 功能对等还是形式对应(Functional Equivalence VS. Formal Correspondence)
(3) 重原文的形式还是重原文的内容(Form VS. Content)
(4) 靠近源语还是靠近译入语(Source—oriented VS. Target—oriented)
(5) 以原作者为中心还是以译文读者为中心(Author—centered VS. Reader-centered)
(6) 原作者写作的目的还是译者翻译的目的(The Purpose of the Author VS. the Purpose of the Translator)
二、直译还是意译
1. 有些情况下，直译和意译不构成翻译问题。
2. 句子可以直译也可以意译。
The Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.
[译文1]黑人依然生活在物质富裕的汪洋大海中贫乏的孤岛上。
[译文2]黑人仍生活在贫困的孤岛上，尽管放眼四周，是一片繁华景象。
[分析]译文一采用了比较接近原文的直译法，用了和原文相同的形象，保留了原作者的比喻，但可读性较差，行文比较别扭。
译文二这个译法增加了可读性，但是没有反映出原文的比喻。
3. 直译与意译的优点和缺点
(1) 直译
①缺点：使译文读起来吃力
②优点：适用于一些特殊的语篇
(2) 意译
①缺点：意译超出了限度就会扭曲原文的意思, 而且会抹掉由语言形式附带的意义。
②优点：保证可读性。
4. 直译、意译的选择
一个句子到底应直译还是意译，往往要考虑到上下文、语域、体裁、读者等等因素。
A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps, for there is a companionship of books as well as of men.
[译文1]人往往可以从一个人所交往的朋友以及所阅读的书去看他的为人。
这是因为人与人之间有友谊，同样的，人与书之间也有书谊。
[译文2]所谓欲知其人，先观其友，看一个人读什么书也能了解一个人，因人不仅能与人为友，还能与书为友。
[分析]译文一为直译，简单易懂，贴合原文，译文二意译成分较多，文字凝练，可读性强。
在经济、科学、新闻、政论等语篇中，语言形式不是关键的因素，泽文就应尽量保持译入语的特色。
在大多数情况下，略偏重意译仍然是应该提倡的。
三、功能对等还是形式对应
1. 功能对等的定义
功能对等就是指译文要在语言的功能上和原文对等，而不是在语言的形式上和原文对应。
2. 形式对应的缺点
形式的对应是机械的，表面上看和原文一样，但由于语言系统不同，相同的语言形式并不一定能起到相同的效果。
Tomorrow is a minimum day, could you pick me up at noon?
[译文]明天只上半天课，提前放学。
能在中午就来接我吗？
[分析]minimum day从字面意思来看是“最小日”的意思，若追求形式对应，保留了原文语言的形式，就令人费解，本句翻译是选择了功能的对等，而放弃形式对应。
3. 功能对等的优点
采用功能对等法有利于信息的交流，译出的句子符合译入语行文的习惯，没有翻译腔，
通俗易懂。
四、重原文形式还是重原文内容
1. 过于强调形式的译法往往使译文缺乏可读性，翻译过程中总的策略应该偏重内容。
2. 个别情况下如作家的文体特征是由语言形式来反映，就有必要在译文中反映原文中有特殊意义的形式。
五、靠近源语还是靠近译入语
大多数情况下译者翻译的任务还是以传达信息为主。
翻译的基本方法应该主要是向译入语靠拢，尽量地发挥译入语的优势。
六、以原作者为中心还是以读者为中心
1. 原则上讲，不应以原作者为中心，但这也要看原作者是否重要。
如果文如其人，译者除了翻译原文的内容外，也有必要使译文也能文如其人。
2. 翻译的总原则是以读者为中心，特别是在英汉翻译中。
七、原作者写作的目的和译者翻译的目的
1. 在实用语篇中，大部分翻译工作的目的和原文写作的目的相同，翻译的目的十分实用。
2. 当译者的目的和服务对象会和原文的目的和对象不同时，同一个原文会有几个不同的译文。
用不同的文体来译同一个原文也应该得到允许。
3. 翻译文化内涵强的作品从来都有侧重，因为译者服务的对象不同，翻译的目的不同。
翻译时要考虑到：Who is translating what, for whom, when, where, why and in what circumstances?。