LH-Gothic 3 TheWorldMap_cn上海侯工
高考英语最新热点时文阅读：首艘国产大型邮轮出坞!(含练习题)
Nation's 1st home-built large cruise shipundocks首艘国产大型邮轮出坞！中文新闻：首艘国产大型邮轮出坞！周二（6月6日），中国首艘国产大型邮轮“爱达·魔都号”出坞，全面转入码头系泊调试阶段。
2019年，“爱达·魔都号”正式开工建造。
根据计划，将于7月和8月份进行二次试航，最终目标是在今年年底完工交付。
截至目前，总体进度达到93%以上，内装进度达到85%以上。
“爱达·魔都号”长323.6米，宽37.2米，总吨13.55万吨，可容纳6500多人。
并且，船上豪华酒店、影院剧场、水上乐园一应俱全。
在今年底交付后，“爱达·魔都”号开启以上海为母港、连接周边国家及地区的国际航线，还计划推出“海上丝绸之路”等中长航线，打造多样的旅行和度假选择。
英文新闻：Nation's 1st home-built large cruise ship undocksChina's first domestically-built large cruise ship, Adora Magic City, completed its undocking in Shanghai on Tuesday, marking its complete transition into the dock mooring debugging stage.The construction of the ship began in 2019. The plan is to initiate the trial voyage in July, followed by a second trial voyage in August, with the ultimate goal of completing and delivering the ship before the year’s end. To date, over 93 percent of its construction and over 85 percent of its interior work have been completed.The cruise ship, measuring 323.6 meters in length and 37.2 meters in width with a gross tonnage of 135,500 tons, can accommodate more than 6,500 passengers. It will have a luxury hotel, cinemas and a water park on board.Upon its anticipated delivery by the end of this year, the vessel will embark on an array of international routes connecting Shanghai as its home port to neighboring countries and regions. It will also introduce medium and long-haul routes such as the "Maritime Silk Road," offering a diverse range of travel and vacation options.重点词汇1. vessel英[ˈvesl]美[ˈvesl]n. 大船; 轮船2. voyage英[ˈvɔɪɪdʒ] 美[ˈvɔɪɪdʒ]n. 航行，旅行听双语新闻-填词Nation's 1st home-built large cruise ship undocks China's first domestically-built large cruise ship, Adora Magic City, completed its undocking in Shanghai on Tuesday, marking its complete transition into the dock mooring debugging stage.The construction of the ship began in 2019. The plan is to initiate the trial voyage in July, followed by a second trial voyage in August, with the 1 goal of completing and delivering the ship before the year’s end. To date, over 93 percent of its construction and over 85 percent of its 2 work have been completed.The cruise ship, measuring 323.6 meters in length and 37.2 meters in width with a gross tonnage of 135,500 tons, can accommodate more than 6,500 passengers. It will have a luxury hotel, cinemas and a water park on board.Upon its 3 delivery by the end of this year, the vessel will embark on an array of international routes connecting Shanghai as its home port to neighboring countries and regions. It will also introduce medium and long-haul routes such as the "Maritime Silk Road," offering a diverse range of travel and vacation options.听双语新闻-语法填空Nation's 1st home-built large cruise ship undocks China's first domestically-built large cruise ship, Adora Magic City, completed its undocking in Shanghai on Tuesday, marking its complete transition into the dock mooring debugging stage.The construction of the ship began in 2019. The plan is to initiate the trial voyage in July, 1 (follow) by a second trial voyage in August, with the ultimate goal of completing and delivering the ship before the year’s end. To date, over 93 percent of its construction and over 85 percent of its interior work have been completed.The cruise ship, 2 (measure) 323.6 meters in length and 37.2 meters in width with a gross tonnage of 135,500 tons, can accommodate more than 6,500 passengers. It will have a luxury hotel, cinemas and a water park on board.Upon its anticipated delivery by the end of this year, the vessel will embark on an array of 3 (internation) routes connecting Shanghai as its home port to neighboring countries and regions. It will also introduce medium and long-haul routes such as the "Maritime Silk Road," offering a diverse range of travel and vacation options.填词练习答案1. ultimate2. interior3. anticipated 语法填空答案1. followed2. measuring3. international。
WorldHaplogroupsMaps
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The data in this map is supposed to represent the situation before the recent European expansion beginning about 1500 AD. In some cases such as some Native American tribes and the Maori this can be done reliably because STR typing was done. In other cases, especially in America, it is guesswork. The “Other” sectors in America indicate this. Native American groups are labeled by language group as Amerind, Na-Dene (N-D), and Eskimo. F, K, L, and P are in some cases “catchall” groups because some researchers did not use enough markers for a full haplotype determination. Copyright © 2005 J. D. McDonald
Bortolini, Maria-Catira, et. al., Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73:524–539, 2003 Bosch, Elena, et. al., High level of male-biased Scandinavian admixture in Greenlandic Inuit shown by Y-chromosomal analysis, Hum. Genet. 112 : 353–363, 2003 Capelli, Cristian, et. al., A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68:432–443, 2001 Cinnioglu, Cengiz, et. al., Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia, Human Genetics, 114: 127-148, 2004 Cruciani, Fulvio, et. al., A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y Chromosome Haplotypes, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70:1197–1214, 2002 Faux, David, private communication Hammer, M. F., et. al., Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 97: 6769-6774, 2000 Jobling, Mark A.., and Tyler-Smith, Chris, The Human Y Chromosome: An Evolutionary Marker Comes of Age, Nature Rev. Genetics, 4: 598-612, 2003 Karafet, T. M., et. al., Ancestral Asian Source(s) of New World Y-Chromosome Founder Haplotypes, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 64:817–831, 1999 Karafet, Tatiana, et. al., Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69:615–628, 2001 Kayser, Manfred, et. al., Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72:281–302, 2003 King, Roy, and Underhill, Peter. A., Congruent distribution of Neolithic painted potter and ceramic figurines with Y-chromosome lineages, Antiquity 76: 707-714, 2002 Lell, Jeffrey T., et. al., The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American Y Chromosomes, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70:192–206, 2002 Nasidze, I., et. al., Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus, Ann. Hum. Genetics 68:205-221, 2004 Rosser, Zoë H., et. al., Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67:1526–1543, 2000 Tambets, Kristiina, et. al., The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saami—the Story of Genetic “Outliers” Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74:661–682, 2004 Underhill, Peter A., et. al., Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations, Nature Genetics, 26: 358-361, 2000 Underhill, Peter A. , et., al., Maori Origins, Y-Chromosome Haplotypes and Implications for Human History in the Pacific, Human Mutation 17: 271-280, 2001 Wells, R. Spencer, et. al., The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 98: 10244–10249, 2001 Zegura, Stephen L., et. al., High-Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Singlem Recent Entry of Native Americans Y Chrmosomes into teh Americas, Mol. Biol. Evol., 21: 164-175, 2004
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外研版英语高二上学期试卷及答案指导(2024年)
2024年外研版英语高二上学期模拟试卷及答案指导一、听力第一节（本大题有5小题，每小题1.5分，共7.5分）1、Question: What is the name of the author being discussed in the conversation?A) Jane AustenB) Charles DickensC) Mark TwainD) Emily BrontëAnswer: B) Charles DickensExplanation: The conversation mentions a famous novel by the author, which is “Great Expectations,” a novel by Charles Dickens. Therefore, the correct answer is B) Charles Dickens.2、Question: How does the woman describe her recent trip to the mountains?A) It was very hot.B) It was quite challenging.C) It was very relaxing.D) It was quite expensive.Answer: B) It was quite challenging.Explanation: The woman in the conversation mentions that the hike up the mountain was difficult and required a lot of effort, indicating that it was challenging. Thus, the correct answer is B) It was quite challenging.3、Question 3:Conversation:M: Hi, Sarah. Are you going to the library today?W: Yes, but I’ll be leaving a bit later because I have a class until 3 PM. Q: What does Sarah plan to do after her class?(A) Go home(B) Meet a friend(C) Go to the library(D) Attend a lectureAnswer: CExplanation: The woman indicates that she will go to the library, but only after her class ends at 3 PM.4、Question 4:Conversation:W: Excuse me, Professor White. Could you give me a brief overview of today’s lecture?M: Of course. We discussed the impact of technology on communication in the 21st century.Q: What topic did Professor White cover in his lecture?(A) The history of communication(B) The future of technology(C) The influence of technology on modern communication(D) The development of 21st-century educationAnswer: CExplanation: Professor White explicitly states that the lecture covered the impact of technology on communication in the current century, which aligns with option C.5、Listen to the conversation and answer the question.W: Hey, John, did you know that the average temperature in the city for the past week was 75 degrees Fahrenheit?M: Yeah, that’s quite hig h compared to last year. It was only 60 degrees Fahrenheit last week at this time.Q: What was the average temperature in the city last week at this time last year? A: 60 degrees Fahrenheit解析：This question tests your ability to understand numbers and compare information. The key phrase to listen for is “60 degrees Fahrenheit last year at this time,” which directly gives you the answer.二、听力第二节（本大题有15小题，每小题1.5分，共22.5分）1、Question: What is the name of the author who wrote the book “To Kill a Mockingbird”?Options:A. Jane AustenB. Mark TwainC. Harper LeeD. F. Scott FitzgeraldAnswer: C. Harper LeeExplanation: “To Kill a Mockingbird” is a novel written by Harper Lee. The other options listed are authors of different famous works, but they are not the author of this specific book.2、Question: What is the capital city of France?Options:A. RomeB. ParisC. LondonD. BerlinAnswer: B. ParisExplanation: Paris is the capital city of France. The other options listed are the capitals of Italy (Rome), the United Kingdom (London), and Germany (Berlin), respectively.3.You will hear a conversation between two students, Alice and Bob, discussing their weekend plans. Listen and answer the question.Question: What activity does Alice plan to do on Saturday afternoon?A. Visit a museumB. Go hikingC. Watch a movieD. Go shoppingAnswer: BExplanation: In the conversation, Alice says, “I’m planning to g o hiking with some friends on Saturday afternoon. It should be a lot of fun!” This indicates that her plan for Saturday afternoon is to go hiking.4.You will hear a news report about the upcoming climate change conferencein Paris. Listen and answer the question.Question: According to the report, what is the main goal of the conference?A. To discuss the history of climate changeB. To find a solution to the global financial crisisC. To create a global agreement on reducing carbon emissionsD. To promote tourism in ParisAnswer: CExplanation: The news report states, “The main goal of the conference is to reach a global agreement on reducing carbon emissions to combat climate change.” This directly answers the question about the main goal of the conference.5.You will hear a conversation between two students, Tom and Sarah, discussing their weekend plans. Listen to the conversation and answer the question.Question: What does Sarah plan to do on Saturday afternoon?A. Visit a museum.B. Go to a movie with Tom.C. Attend a sports event.D. Have a quiet day at home.Answer: A. Visit a museum.Explanation: In the conversation, Sarah mentions, “I’m thinking of visiting the art museum this Saturday afternoon.” This indicates that her plan is to visit a museum.6.You will hear a news report about a new study on climate change. Listen to the report and answer the question.Question: What is the main finding of the study according to the report?A. Climate change is slowing down.B. The effects of climate change are becoming less severe.C. The rate of global warming is increasing.D. The impact of climate change is minimal.Answer: C. The rate of global warming is increasing.Explanation: The news report states, “The study indicates that the rate of global warming is accelerating at an unprecedented pace, which is causing concern among scientists.” This statement supports option C as the correct answer.7.You hear a conversation between two students discussing their weekend plans. The first student mentions going to the beach, and the second student responds with enthusiasm. What does the second student say?A)“That sounds amazing, I wish I could go with you.”B)“I’m not a big fan of the beach, but I’ll consider it.”C)“I’ve never been to the beach, but I’ll give it a try.”D)“That’s a terrible idea, I prefer staying indoors.”Answer: A)Explanation: The second student expresses enthusiasm for the first student’s plan to go to the beach. The correct response is “That sounds amazing, I wish I could go with you.”8.You hear a conversation between a teacher and a student. The student is asking for advice on choosing a major. The teacher suggests that the student consider their interests and strengths. What does the teacher say?A)“You should choose a major that you’re passionate about.”B)“I think it’s best to choose a major that will make you a lot of money.”C)“You should choose a major that will make your parents happy.”D)“You should choose a major based on what your friends are studying.”Answer: A)Explanation: The teacher advises the student to consider their interests and strengths when choosing a major. The correct response is “You should choose a major that you’re passionate about.”9.You will hear a conversation between two students discussing their favorite subjects. Listen to the conversation and answer the question.Question: What subject does the girl prefer?A. MathB. EnglishC. HistoryD. ScienceAnswer: BExplanation: In the conversation, the girl says, “I really like E nglish because it’s both challenging and fun.” This indicates that her favorite subject is English.10.You will hear a dialogue between a teacher and a student about the student’s homework. Listen to the dialogue and answer the question.Question: Why is the student worried about the homework?A. The homework is too difficult.B. The homework is due the next day.C. The student has already completed the homework.D. The student doesn’t understand the instructions.Answer: DExplanation: The teacher asks, “Why don’t you understand the instructions for the homework?” The student responds, “I’m not sure what to do with the data analysis part.” This shows that the student is worried because they don’t understand the instructions.11.You hear a conversation between two students discussing their weekend plans.A)They plan to go hiking.B)They plan to stay at home and study.C)They plan to go to a concert.Answer: B) They plan to stay at home and study.Explanation: In the conversation, one student mentions having a lot of homework and the other agrees that it’s important to focus on studying,indicating that they plan to stay at home.12.You hear a news report about a recent scientific discovery.A) A new type of technology has been developed.B) A famous scientist has passed away.C) A major medical breakthrough has been achieved.Answer: A) A new type of technology has been developed.Explanation: The news report focuses on the introduction of a new technology that has the potential to impact various fields, which is why option A is the correct answer. The other options are not mentioned in the report.13.You will hear a short conversation between two students. Listen and answer the question.Question: What are the students discussing?A. The weather forecast for the weekend.B. The deadline for an upcoming assignment.C. The latest movie they watched together.D. The location of a new café in town.Answer: B解析：In the conversation, the students are talking about the deadline for an upcoming assignment. They discuss the importance of finishing it on time and how they need to manage their time effectively.14.You will hear a short lecture about the impact of social media on young adults. Listen and answer the question.Question: According to the lecture, what is one potential negative effectof social media on young adults?A. Improved communication skills.B. Increased self-confidence.C. Decreased face-to-face social interactions.D. Enhanced educational opportunities.Answer: C解析：In the lecture, the speaker mentions that one potential negative effect of social media on young adults is the decreased face-to-face social interactions. The speaker discusses how excessive time spent on social media can lead to less personal communication and a reliance on digital interactions.15.You will hear a conversation between two students, John and Emily, discussing their favorite subjects. Listen to the conversation and choose the best answer to the following question.Question: What is the main reason Emily chose her major?A. She is interested in mathematics.B. She wants to study computer science.C. She is passionate about literature.D. She is good at economics.Answer: C. She is passionate about literature.Explanation: In the conversation, Emily mentions that she has always loved reading books and writing stories, which is why she chose to major in literature. Therefore, the correct answer is C. She is passionate about literature.三、阅读第一节（第1题7.5分，其余每题10分，总37.5分）第一题Read the following passage carefully and then answer the questions below.In recent years, the importance of environmental protection has been increasingly recognized worldwide. As the global population continues to grow and urbanization expands, the negative impact of human activities on the environment has become more evident. One of the most pressing issues is climate change, which is caused by the excessive emission of greenhouse gases. The rising temperatures are leading to more frequent and severe natural disasters, such as hurricanes, floods, and droughts. In addition to climate change, pollution from factories and vehicles has also caused significant damage to ecosystems and human health.Many countries have started to take action to mitigate the environmental problems. Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, are being developed to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Public transportation systems are being improved to encourage people to use eco-friendly modes of transport. Moreover, governments are implementing stricter regulations on industries to reduce their emissions and promote sustainable practices.Despite these efforts, it is still crucial for individuals to take responsibility for their own actions. Simple lifestyle changes, such as reducing waste, conserving water, and using energy-efficient appliances, can make a significant difference. Education and awareness are also vital in promoting aculture of environmental responsibility.Questions:1、What is the main topic of the passage?A. The benefits of renewable energy sourcesB. The negative impact of climate changeC. The role of individuals in environmental protectionD. The importance of public transportation systems2、According to the passage, what are the main causes of environmental problems?A. Climate change and pollutionB. Urbanization and overpopulationC. Deforestation and overfishingD. Fossil fuel consumption and deforestation3、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a measure to mitigate environmental problems?A. Developing renewable energy sourcesB. Improving public transportation systemsC. Encouraging people to use eco-friendly modes of transportD. Implementing stricter regulations on industries and promoting sustainable practices4、What is the author’s main point about the role of individuals in environmental protection?A. Individuals should not take responsibility for their actions.B. Simple lifestyle changes can make a significant difference.C. Education and awareness are not important in promoting a culture of environmental responsibility.D. Individuals should only rely on governments and industries to solve environmental problems.Answers:1、C2、A3、C4、B第二题Reading PassageIn the small town of Windermere, nestled between the majestic mountains of the Lake District, there’s a hidden gem known as the Windermere Lake Steamboat Museum. This museum, which opened its doors in 1969, is dedicated to the rich history of steam-powered boats and their impact on the development of the region.The museum’s centerpiece is the world’s last remaining paddle steamer, the MV Balmoral, which was built in 1894. The Balmoral was an engineering marvel of its time, capable of carrying passengers and goods across the waters of Lake Windermere. The museum’s exhibits also include photographs, artifacts, and interactive displays that tell the story of the steamboat era.One of the most fascinating aspects of the museum is the opportunity for visitors to take a short steamboat ride on the lake, just as the early travelers would have done. The experience is not only educational but also offers a unique perspective of the landscape that has changed little over the years.The museum’s founder, Mr.Harold Pegg, was a local historian who had a deep passion for preserving the town’s heritage. He believed that the story of the steamboats was integral to understanding the development of the region and the lives of its people.Questions:1、What is the main focus of the Windermere Lake Steamboat Museum?A. The history of the town of WindermereB. The impact of steamboats on the Lake DistrictC. The life of Mr. Harold PeggD. The history of steam-powered boats and their role in the region2、What year was the MV Balmoral built?A. 1869B. 1894C. 1969D. 19403、What is a unique opportunity offered to visitors at the museum?A. A guided tour of the townB. A talk by a local historianC. The chance to take a steamboat ride on Lake WindermereD. A tasting of local cuisine4、Why did Mr. Harold Pegg establish the museum?A. To attract tourists to the townB. To showcase his own steamboat collectionC. To preserve the history of steamboats in the regionD. To promote the sale of steamboat memorabiliaAnswers:1、D2、B3、C4、C第三题Reading PassageThe following is a passage about the history and impact of the internet on modern life. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.In the late 20th century, the internet began to transform the way people communicate, work, and live. This digital revolution has had a profound impact on various aspects of society, including education, business, and entertainment. The internet has become an indispensable part of our daily lives, connecting people from all corners of the globe.The birth of the internet can be traced back to the 1960s, when the UnitedStates government initiated a project called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). The primary goal of ARPANET was to create a decentralized communication network that could withstand nuclear attacks. Over time, ARPANET evolved into the modern internet we know today.1、What was the original purpose of ARPANET?A. To provide entertainment to the public.B. To create a decentralized communication network that could withstand nuclear attacks.C. To develop advanced research projects.D. To improve the quality of education.2、According to the passage, how has the internet changed our lives?A. It has made people more isolated.B. It has reduced communication between people.C. It has had a profound impact on various aspects of society.D. It has increased unemployment.3、The passage mentions that the internet has become an indispensable part of our daily lives. What does this mean?A. The internet is no longer important.B. The internet is a necessary part of our lives.C. The internet is not necessary for our lives.D. The internet is only important for some people.4、What is the main idea of the passage?A. The history of the internet.B. The impact of the internet on education.C. The impact of the internet on business.D. The impact of the internet on modern life.Answers:1、B2、C3、B4、D第四题Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.The rise of the Internet has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information. With just a few clicks, we can now connect with people from all over the world, access a vast array of information, and even purchase products online. This technological advancement has brought both benefits and challenges to our society.In the past, communication was limited to letters, phone calls, and face-to-face meetings. Now, with email, social media, and instant messaging, we can communicate instantly with anyone, regardless of their location. This has greatly increased efficiency and convenience in our daily lives. However, it has also led to a decline in face-to-face interactions and a decrease in written communication skills.Information accessibility has also been greatly enhanced by the Internet. Libraries, once the go-to source for research, are now just one of many options. With a simple online search, we can find articles, books, and other resources in seconds. This has made education and self-learning more accessible to a wider audience. On the other hand, it has raised concerns about the reliability and accuracy of online information.Online shopping has become increasingly popular, offering convenience and a wide variety of choices. Customers can compare prices, read reviews, and even have products delivered to their doorstep. This has changed the retail landscape and forced traditional brick-and-mortar stores to adapt. However, there are concerns about the environmental impact of online shopping and the potential for fraud.1、What is the main topic of the passage?A. The advantages of the InternetB. The disadvantages of the InternetC. The impact of the Internet on communicationD. The impact of the Internet on education2、According to the passage, what is one of the challenges brought by the Internet?A. Increased efficiencyB. Decreased face-to-face interactionsC. Enhanced information accessibilityD. Improved communication skills3、How has the Internet affected libraries?A. Libraries have become obsolete.B. Libraries are no longer used for research.C. Libraries are still a valuable resource for research.D. Libraries have been replaced by online searches.4、What is a concern regarding online shopping mentioned in the passage?A. The convenience of online shopping.B. The environmental impact of online shopping.C. The wide variety of choices available.D. The potential for fraud in online transactions.Answers:1、C2、B3、C4、B四、阅读第二节（12.5分）Reading Section IIPassage:In the small coastal town of Porthaven, the community has long cherished its annual summer festival. This year, however, the festival is facing a newchallenge. The local council has proposed a plan to expand the town’s marina, which many residents believe will overshadow the festival and damage the natural beauty of the town.The festival, which has been running for over 50 years, features traditional music, local crafts, and a grand parade. It’s a highlight of the summer for both tourists and residents al ike. However, the council’s proposal has sparked a heated debate among the townspeople.Proponents of the marina expansion argue that it will bring in more tourists, boost the local economy, and provide more docking space for boats. They believe that the additional revenue generated from the expanded marina will be used to improve the town’s infrastructure and public amenities.Opponents, on the other hand, are worried that the expansion will destroy the natural landscape and disrupt the tranquility of the town. They also fear that the increased tourist traffic and commercialization will detract from the festival’s charm and the community’s sense of identity.Questions:1.What is the main issue that the community of Porthaven is currently debating?A. The closing of the local schoolB. The expansion of the town’s marinaC. The relocation of the town’s libraryD. The cancellation of the annual summer festival2.What is the primary concern of the opponents of the marina expansion plan?A. The potential increase in tourismB. The possibility of improved infrastructureC. The potential damage to the natural landscapeD. The potential for increased revenue3.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a feature of the Porthaven summer festival?A. Traditional musicB. Local craftsC. A grand paradeD. An art gallery exhibit4.How do the proponents of the marina expansion plan expect the additional revenue to be used?A. To fund the festival activitiesB. To improve the town’s infrastructureC. To increase the festival’s budgetD. To reduce the town’s taxes5.According to the passage, what is the outcome of the debate over the marina expansion plan?A. The council has decided to cancel the expansion project.B. The town has voted to proceed with the expansion.C. The residents have decided to ignore the council’s proposal.D. The debate is still ongoing, with no clear resolution yet.Answers:1.B2.C3.D4.B5.D五、语言运用第一节 _ 完形填空（15分）完形填空Passage:“Every morning, Tom would wake up early and go f or a run. It was his way of getting ready for the day (1)_____. One morning, he noticed an elderly man sitting on a bench in the park, feeding birds. The old man looked so peaceful and content that Tom decided to (2)_____ him. ‘Good morning, sir,’ Tom gree ted with a smile. ‘Good morning, young man,’ the elderly gentleman replied. ‘I see you’re a runner. It’s a good habit to keep fit.’ Tom nodded, appreciating the (3)_____. They started talking about running, life, and the beauty of (4)_____. The old man shared stories of his youth, (5)_____ Tom with wisdom and laughter. Before leaving, the old man said, ‘Remember, son, it’s not just the destination but the journey that (6)_____.’ Tom waved goodbye, feeling inspired by their conversation. He realized that sometimes, the most unexpected (7)_____ can lead to the most profound moments. From then on, Tom made it a point to(8)_____ and appreciate every step of his journey, knowing that there is always something new to learn and someone new to meet. His runs became more than just exercise; they were opportunities for (9)_____. As days passed, Tom visited the park (10)_____, hoping to meet the old man again. Though the old man didn’t reappear, Tom never forgot his words. He continued to greet each day with (11)_____, to meet people with kindness, and to live his life to the fullest. In his heart, Tom knew that this encounter had changed him for the better.”1.A) ahead B) behind C) forward D) backward2.A) interrupt B) approach C) avoid D) ignore3.A) compliment B) advice C) suggestion D) guidance4.A) nature B) city C) town D) countryside5.A) filling B) providing C) giving D) offering6.A) matters B) exists C) happens D) appears7.A) meetings B) destinations C) journeys D) encounters8.A) slow down B) speed up C) give up D) drop out9.A) discovery B) relaxation C) adventure D) exploration10.A) regularly B) rarely C) occasionally D) seldom11.A) excitement B) disappointment C) sadness D) frustration答案1.C) forward2.B) approach3.A) compliment4.A) nature5.A) filling6.A) matters7.D) encounters8.A) slow down9.A) discovery10.A) regularly11.A) excitement以上就是这次的完形填空练习题及答案。
人工智能之知识图谱
图表目录图1知识工程发展历程 (3)图2 Knowledge Graph知识图谱 (9)图3知识图谱细分领域学者选取流程图 (10)图4基于离散符号的知识表示与基于连续向量的知识表示 (11)图5知识表示与建模领域全球知名学者分布图 (13)图6知识表示与建模领域全球知名学者国家分布统计 (13)图7知识表示与建模领域中国知名学者分布图 (14)图8知识表示与建模领域各国知名学者迁徙图 (14)图9知识表示与建模领域全球知名学者h-index分布图 (15)图10知识获取领域全球知名学者分布图 (23)图11知识获取领域全球知名学者分布统计 (23)图12知识获取领域中国知名学者分布图 (23)图13知识获取领域各国知名学者迁徙图 (24)图14知识获取领域全球知名学者h-index分布图 (24)图15 语义集成的常见流程 (29)图16知识融合领域全球知名学者分布图 (31)图17知识融合领域全球知名学者分布统计 (31)图18知识融合领域中国知名学者分布图 (31)图19知识融合领域各国知名学者迁徙图 (32)图20知识融合领域全球知名学者h-index分布图 (32)图21知识查询与推理领域全球知名学者分布图 (39)图22知识查询与推理领域全球知名学者分布统计 (39)图23知识查询与推理领域中国知名学者分布图 (39)图24知识表示与推理领域各国知名学者迁徙图 (40)图25知识查询与推理领域全球知名学者h-index分布图 (40)图26知识应用领域全球知名学者分布图 (46)图27知识应用领域全球知名学者分布统计 (46)图28知识应用领域中国知名学者分布图 (47)图29知识应用领域各国知名学者迁徙图 (47)图30知识应用领域全球知名学者h-index分布图 (48)图31行业知识图谱应用 (68)图32电商图谱Schema (69)图33大英博物院语义搜索 (70)图34异常关联挖掘 (70)图35最终控制人分析 (71)图36企业社交图谱 (71)图37智能问答 (72)图38生物医疗 (72)图39知识图谱领域近期热度 (75)图40知识图谱领域全局热度 (75)表1知识图谱领域顶级学术会议列表 (10)表2 知识图谱引用量前十论文 (56)表3常识知识库型指示图 (67)摘要知识图谱（Knowledge Graph）是人工智能重要分支知识工程在大数据环境中的成功应用，知识图谱与大数据和深度学习一起，成为推动互联网和人工智能发展的核心驱动力之一。
玛高温在华的生物考察及其影响
‘中国科技史杂志“第44卷(2023年)第3期:382 394The Chinese Journal for the History of Science and Technology ㊀Vol.44(2023)No.3玛高温在华的生物考察及其影响黄㊀田(汉堡大学汉学系,汉堡20146)摘㊀要㊀出于学术兴趣㊁观察中国㊁宗教实践以及回馈祖国等动机,玛高温在中国进行了深入的生物考察㊂考察活动依托于一个由学者㊁外交官㊁殖民地官员和中央政府组成的庞大的人脉网络进行㊂他在考察过程中的问题意识和研究方法与 专业 博物学家有所差异,相较于生物本身,他更注重生物与人的关系㊁可利用性和药用㊁经济价值㊂尽管他所寄予厚望的东亚农业考察团未能成行,考察活动仍对他本人㊁学术界和产业界都产生了深远影响,他的部分考察成果也得以反馈中国㊂玛高温的考察活动既属于西方搜罗㊁利用中国生物资源的重要一环,也参与了构建具有普遍意义的世界知识体系,成为中国知识走向世界的媒介㊂关键词㊀玛高温㊀生物考察㊀博物学㊀医疗传教士中图分类号㊀N092文献标识码㊀A㊀㊀㊀㊀文章编号㊀1673-1441(2023)03-0382-13㊀㊀㊀收稿日期:2022-09-04;修回日期:2022-10-19㊀㊀㊀作者简介:黄田,1991年生,汉堡大学汉学系博士研究生,研究方向为中外科技交流史㊁近代外交史㊂玛高温(Daniel Jerome Macgowan,1814 1893,图1[1])是早期来华的美国医疗传教士,隶属于美北浸礼会(American Baptist Churches USA)㊂他于1843年来华,1893年在沪逝世,旅居中国长达半个世纪㊂‘纽约时报“在讣告中称他为 上海最老的居民之一 [2]㊂除了作为本职的传教士和医生身份外,玛高温还深度参与了 西学东渐 的大潮流,包括开办中国首家以 新报 为名的中文报纸,编译电气㊁矿务㊁气象等学科的中文著作,编写第一部汉字电报密码本,这些情况已为史家熟知㊂文化交流并非单向,他还以极大的好奇心考察了中国的多方面情况,生物考察正是他用力最勤的工作之一,也与他对中国医药㊁农业㊁历史㊁经济㊁社会等方面的观察颇有关联㊂对此,除了一些涉及其生平的文章偶有提及外([3],页43 87;[4]),学界还未有专门研究㊂玛高温在华生物考察的动机㊁过程㊁方法和影响等,皆待深入挖掘和阐述㊂目前学界对于西人在华的生物考察日益关注,研究理路大致有两种:一是对考察活动以及相关人物㊁生物的实证研究,着眼于生物资源的利用,罗桂环的‘近代西方识华生物史“提纲挈领㊁搜罗广博,是这一理路的经典之作[5];玛高温的生物考察即属于近代西方人积极搜罗和利用中国生物资源的典型案例㊂二是从西方博物学发展的角度审视西人的㊀3期黄田:玛高温在华的生物考察及其影响生物考察,着眼于知识的生产㊁流转和审定,范发迪的‘知识帝国“以独特的视角启迪人们反思为近代科学史预设的 帝国中心论 [6]㊂高晞对中医西传的研究则表明,19世纪 博物家与药物学家分道扬镳 ,前者 继续考察中国的植物与昆虫分布与品种 ,后者则 聚焦中药和方剂,采取分析化学和实验科学手段研究中国本草学 [7]㊂玛高温的生物考察正是在这一时段中扮演了远离 帝国中心 却为构建科学知识体系而进行 验证知识㊁判断价值㊁解释意义 的角色㊂以上述两种研究理路来审视玛高温的生物考察,可以更全面地评估这一案例的历史意义㊂图1㊀玛高温像1 教育背景和考察动机玛高温是美国爱尔兰裔移民二代,1840年在纽约州立大学医学院(College of Physicians and Surgeons of the University of the State of New-York)获得医学博士学位,1841年又赴巴黎留学([3],页43 46)㊂家庭背景和留学经历让他与英法学术界有了最初的渊源,为他日后获得国际学术界的认可提供了便利㊂大学期间,玛高温深度参与了该校禁酒协会,担任过协会主席([8],p2),还以协会代表的身份在巴黎进行调研㊂他不但亲身调查过巴黎和法国北部几个大城市的酗酒情况,还通过意大利㊁瑞典等地的通讯员了解当地的酗酒情况,并按照酗酒者的阶级㊁地域㊁性别㊁年龄等要素对这些信息进行分析[9]㊂这锻炼了他包括专业基础㊁信息收集㊁社交能力㊁分析研究等素养在内的综合考察能力㊂1842年,玛高温自巴黎返美不久后获得美北浸礼会任命,成为赴华医疗传教士㊂他把这项工作当成终身事业,在‘医业传教事业宣言“中,玛高温将医疗传教这项 我们时代的伟大工作 的意义概括为 慈善 爱国主义 和 促进科学的渴望 ㊂考察和开发新药383中㊀国㊀科㊀技㊀史㊀杂㊀志44卷是医生的天职, 单纯的旅行者无法胜任,只有长期居于该国的人才能完成这项细微且悠闲的调查 ㊂即便是抛开传教士的身份,考察中国这个 植物王国 本身也有重大意义㊂他以浸信会前辈克理(William Carey,1761 1834)为榜样, 科学界非常感谢他有关于印度植物种群的知识,他只凭借植物学工作就应被视为我们族群的造福者 ([8],pp8 9)㊂从科学的角度审视中国的疾病和药物,是他进行生物考察的第一个动机㊂医药相关的生物及制品成为他的重点关注对象,如鸦片㊁麝香㊁羊羔酒等㊂第二个动机出自于他对美国农业界的回馈㊂玛高温与美国的农业团体保持了密切联系,研究中国的经济作物并移植到美国是他的夙愿㊂他不但详细考察了白蜡虫㊁苎麻㊁珍珠㊁鲤鱼㊁乌桕㊁食用海藻等有经济潜力的中国生物,还向美国专利局上交了几批植物和种子㊂1853年 黑船来航 之后,玛高温写信给佩里准将(Matthew Perry,1794 1858)和奉命赴日搜集植物的莫罗(James Morrow)交流考察植物的心得㊂据玛高温透露,为了 丰富我国园艺和农业 ,他已经向美国政府提出申请,要求获得专门雇佣一位 直接受他指导,能持续参与植物收集之旅的中国园丁 的授权,以便找到更多植物,借助 沃德箱(Wardian Case) 运往华盛顿㊂玛高温还表示,将在莫罗退伍前向他赠送一两箱植物①㊂玛高温对美国农业的关心还体现在他建议美国政府效法荷㊁英在爪哇㊁印度种植金鸡纳树的先例,在海地也大力发展这一产业之上[10]㊂1866年他以 加州农业协会(California Agricultural Society)赴华代表 的身份报告了中国农业概况,详述中国各类经济物种并探讨引种的可能性([11],p89)㊂19世纪晚期,当他得知佛罗里达的柑橘遭到蚧壳虫虫害后,他又介绍了中国利用蚂蚁进行生物灭虫的技术[12]㊂第三个动机来源于宗教关怀㊂1840年代,进化论初露端倪,此时达尔文(Charles Robert Darwin,1809 1882)已经结束了环球考察,正在撰写有关物种演变的笔记,虽然进化论的完整论述尚未发表,但已对基督教神学产生了巨大冲击㊂当时的玛高温拒绝接受进化论,他谴责达尔文将 不信神 的思想灌入科学研究是 荒谬的,而且令自己颇为可笑 , 在他不信神的宇宙观里,人类的出身不会比安静腼腆的牡蛎更加尊贵 ㊂在批评进化论的同时,玛高温加深了对博物学的理解,也关注到了其他博物学家的工作成就([8], pp21 22)㊂第四个动机则是受人之托㊂玛高温属于五口通商以来首批长期驻华的传教士,既有兴趣进行生物考察,又具备专业素养㊂因此很多西人有关中国生物的问询都汇集到他身上㊂他对有毒生物的考察便是一例㊂1857年,香港发生所谓的 投毒事件 ②㊂据报道,当地华人面包师在售卖给西人的面包中掺杂了砒霜,据德国化学家李比希(Justus von Liebig,1803 1873)检测,一磅面包中足有40克砷[14]㊂ 来自各方面的,希望获取华人用毒情况的问询 被委托给了玛高温㊂不久他便提交了考察报告㊂其中描述了林则徐抗英时清军考虑使用动物毒物和麻风病作483①②D.J.Macgowan to J.Morrow and M.C.Perry,1854-4-20.私人收藏,影印件见/ litho/perry_correspond/18540420_ltr-p1.jpg㊁/litho/perry_correspond/18540420_ ltr-p2.jpg㊂本条文献由赵为释读,特此致谢㊂19世纪四五十年代,这类投毒事件反复发生㊂参见参考文献[13]㊂㊀3期黄田:玛高温在华的生物考察及其影响583为武器的情况,以及宁波守军针对英军和璞鼎查(Henry Pottinger,1789 1856)的 毒气 攻击㊂他注意到,自从‘南京条约“签订以来,中国人有 滥用 草乌(tsau-wu)等毒物制作武器的倾向, 不用多说,在刺客手中,这种容易获得的毒药将被证明是一种有效的破坏手段㊂似乎只要用装有毒药的器具轻轻一刺,以人体吸收该毒素的速度来看,肯定已成致命一击 ([15],pp573 574)㊂这成为玛高温日后特别关注中国有毒生物(如眼镜蛇㊁河豚等)的主要动机,他在1883年撰写的‘温州健康报告“中,几乎把全部的篇幅都给了他对中国生物及其制品的描述,包括各类有毒生物及毒药制品的情报[16]㊂梳理玛高温的考察动机有助于了解他的研究重心㊂他所关注的对象或与医药相关,或具有经济价值,或者是受人之托㊁对社会和学界较为重要㊂他的主要目标并不是各类可以扩充生物谱系的新物种,而是具有实用意义的 生物资源 ㊂他更关注人与生物的关系,而非生物本身㊂2 人脉网络与流转过程1843年3月,玛高温抵达香港,11月途经舟山到达宁波,在此开办诊所,学习中文和宁波方言,并在七年之后精通中文,开始陆续出版中文书刊([17],页141 142)㊂他在刚到中国时忙于安定住所㊁赶赴印度完婚㊁筹办医院等事项,并未正式开始生物考察,不过也未远离这项活动㊂他在香港期间结识了第四任港督包令(John Bowring,1792 1872)及其子小包令(John Charles Bowring,1821 1893)①,包令在日后大力支持他的著译事业,并在英国学术圈热情地推介他的生物考察㊂1857年英国皇家艺术学会(Royal Society of Arts)设立了一个有关食用海藻的研究奖项,他积极应征,通过包令为该协会输送了8种样本[18],此外,包令还褒扬了他对中国珍珠养殖的考察[19]㊂而小包令在中国行商多年,亦是一位热衷于昆虫和植物的博物学家,二人的交谊很大程度上是以生物考察作为媒介进行的[20]㊂目前所见玛高温在华生物考察的最早著述是他发表于1848年的对苎麻的考察报告,这次考察直接受到西方产业界的推动㊂苎麻原生于中国西南地区,中国人在对其长期利用的过程中摸索出了成熟的加工工艺,由它制成的各类织品是中国社会的重要民生产品㊂此前苎麻几乎只被西方人视为观赏植物,第一次鸦片战争后受到西方产业界的瞩目,被称作 China Grass (中国草)㊂1847年6月26日,一篇有关中国麻布的文章被刊载在英文报纸上,其中提及它的原材料很可能是某种亦产于印度的 麻类植物 ㊂该消息引起了大吉岭总督坎贝尔(Archibald Campbell,1805 1874)和工业家亨雷(T.F.Henley)的关注,亨雷使用该文所指产于印度的麻类植物进行了麻布加工实验,却生产不出像中国麻布那样质地优良的布匹㊂由此,他们怀疑中国拥有独特的麻布制作工艺[21]㊂英国商人在利兹等城市已经开展了 中国草 和羊毛的混合实验,想了解印度产的麻类植物能否在出口领域和 中国草 竞争([22],p210)㊂于是他们迫切希望派人去中国打探具体情报㊂他们最先寄希望于 植①游博清考证了玛高温与包令父子的交往情形㊂参看参考文献[17]第135 136页㊂683中㊀国㊀科㊀技㊀史㊀杂㊀志44卷物猎人 福琼(Robert Fortune,1812 1880),不过他此时已经离开中国㊂最后,他们联系到了身在宁波的玛高温:(在坎贝尔和亨雷的通信中)有一些关于它可能便是著名且珍贵的 中国草布(grass-cloth) 的原料植物的信息㊂本学会(译者按:指孟加拉农业学会)收到建议,将此事提交给目前驻扎在宁波的玛高温博士㊂我们感谢他的善意协助,以下的有趣细节,部分是他通过与中华帝国其他地区的科学家朋友的通信获得的,部分是通过查阅植物学相关典籍㊁询问当地人,以及他的个人观察得来的㊂([22],p209)玛高温给予了热情回应,在1848年6月1日发回详细的考察报告,并表示支持其 开发庞大的中华帝国的工业资源 的宗旨,愿意提供持续帮助㊂考察报告分别从苎麻的 概述和历史 医用特性 种子种植 根部种植 麻的采割 麻的剥皮 漂白分离 麻的种类 等八个方面对苎麻的历史㊁种植㊁采集㊁加工㊁利用㊁分类等各个方面进行了详细的描述和分析([22],pp209 218)㊂这是西方第一次拥有如此全面的苎麻知识㊂鉴于此文的重要性,玛高温又通过时任英国驻广州领事的包令将这一考察报告和一包苎麻种子转交给英国贸易委员会(The Board of Trade)㊂该委员会指示,种子应该分交给贝尔法斯特植物园(Belfast Botanic Gardens)和爱尔兰亚麻改良协会(Irish Flax Improvement Society)的几个独立成员, 以便确定这种可以为新的纺织品生产提供原材料的植物能否适应环境 [23]㊂同时,玛高温也没有忘记自己的祖国㊂这一时期美国政府正在大力推动对中国的植物考察,枢纽人物是身在广州的卫三畏(Samuel Wells Williams,1812 1884),他曾指示玛高温搜集中国经济作物的种子㊂玛高温将苎麻等宁波地区重要物产的种子送至广州,并委托时任美国驻宁波领事麦嘉缔(Divie McCartee,1820 1900)继续这项事业㊂1849年6月1日,卫三畏将玛高温从宁波送来的种子用锡盒㊁木盒双重封装,寄往身在澳门的美国外交官德威士(John Wesley Davis,1799 1859),请他转发华盛顿,上交至美国专利局(The United States Patent Office)㊂6月6日,德威士致信美国专利局局长尤班克(Thomas Ewbank,1792 1870),报告已将这盒种子发回国内㊂此后玛高温又多次转运种子①㊂这些活动卓有成效,美国专利局为此特意颁发嘉奖令,玛高温㊁德威士㊁卫三畏㊁麦嘉缔皆位列其中[24]㊂通过对玛高温第一次生物考察过程的追踪,一个由传教士㊁外交官㊁学术界㊁产业界和政府所组成的生物考察的人脉网络显现出来,在地理上贯通了宁波㊁广州㊁印度㊁英国和美国,目标生物和相关知识依托于这个网络流转汇通㊂3 问题意识和研究方法从研究对象来看,玛高温的考察应归于博物学范畴㊂若要系统地阐明身处 博物家与药物学家分道扬镳 的时代的玛高温的问题意识和研究方法,则需将其置于博物学学科发展的大背景之中㊂①参见D.J.Macgowan to J.Morrow and M.C.Perry,1854-4-20㊂㊀3期黄田:玛高温在华的生物考察及其影响783博物学与科学的关系,是探讨博物学学科史的核心问题㊂现有研究表明,伴随大航海时代而来的近代博物学,无论是在研究方法还是问题意识上都经历了 极大的变革 ㊂福柯(Michel Foucault,1926 1984)指出,早期的博物学与 生物学 截然不同,并不存在 生命 的概念,而只有个别的 生物 ,它的核心是 分类和命名 ,是一门 关于秩序的科学 [25]㊂18㊁19世纪,随着林奈(Carl Linnaeus,1707 1778)创建了新分类体系和二名法,向整个西方世界的博物学家们提供了有效的共同对话基础,并催生出 帝国知识体系 , 从一开始就将殖民地的自然界纳入其中,在分类中完成了对世界的秩序重组 [26]㊂就其学科目标而言,核心仍是构筑一个更广阔而有序的博物学分类体系㊂在玛高温同时代或稍晚一些,存在着一批遵循上述博物学理路的 专业 博物学家,代表人物有小包令㊁史温侯(Robert Swinhoe,1836 1877)㊁苏柯仁(Arthur de Carle Sowerby,1885 1954)等㊂玛高温的研究方法和问题意识与他们有所不同,他虽不如福琼那样目标明确,但也具有相当程度的实用主义,他关注的中心问题是生物与人类的关系及其实用价值,所以并未花太大的精力去研究生物的分类和命名,而是发挥中文优势,深入中国典籍和中国经验中找寻目标生物的利用方法和经济价值,乃至相关民俗与传说等人文意涵㊂除此之外,他还特别关注各类 有用生物 的产业情报㊂例如他对中国鲤鱼的考察,完全着眼于人类培育和利用鲤鱼的历史和现状,而非考察 鲤科(Cyprinidae)鱼类的各个变种 ,据他自己解释, 它们值得旨在通过培育和驯化来改变物种的博物学家的关注和研究 ,但这并非他自己的关注重心㊂在玛高温的生物考察中, 将中国迈入文明过程中所创造出来的各种设备和工业介绍给美国 的思想贯穿始终([27],p235㊁237)㊂邱园园长西塞尔顿㊃戴尔(William Turner Thiselton-Dyer,1843 1928)形容他 因对与中国植物产品相关的一切事物有着浓厚的兴趣而为植物学家所熟知 [28]㊂他的考察活动很讲究效率,只关注有价值且不难引进的物种,因此他果断放弃考察茶树而将精力放在别处,并表示自己 哪怕只将一种有实用或美学价值的新植物成功引入加州,都会感到所有辛劳都是值得的 ([11],p91)㊂为此,他使用了田野调查㊁实验㊁查阅汉语文献等三个主要方法进行生物考察㊂玛高温的考察区域由宁波和上海向外辐射,正是得益于周边丰富的生物资源和勤奋的田野调查,他才能在某些困扰西方学界已久的问题上取得突破,以他对方竹(Chimonobambusa quadrangularis)的调查和采集为例㊂顾名思义,方竹的茎秆为四方形,是中国和日本园林中的优良观赏植物㊂西人最初是通过两种日本园艺著作,即1829年出版的‘草木锦叶集“[29]和1878年出版的‘大日本树木志略“[30]认识这种植物的㊂1880年,英国邱园收到了来自日本的方竹茎秆标本,也有传闻说有些法国市场已经开始发售这种竹子,但西方植物学家对方竹的了解仍然有限,长期在中国采集植物的福布斯(Francis Blackwell Forbes,1839 1908)断言四方形茎秆是人工塑造的㊂另一些学者猜测,日本的方竹应是从中国引进的,因此对方竹在原产地中国的生长情况特别好奇㊂英国外交官班得瑞(Frederick S.A.Bourne,1854 1940)曾专门去武夷山考察此竹㊂玛高温则在温州进行了更详细的描述,他不但考察了方竹的自然属性,还追溯了方竹在中国皇家园林中的栽培史,并且将方竹活体标本成功送至旧金山植物园㊂邱园园长注意到了他发表在‘北华捷报“上的文章,在‘自然“杂志上介绍了他的考察成果㊂后来又得到他的协助,通过汉883中㊀国㊀科㊀技㊀史㊀杂㊀志44卷学家庄延龄(Edward Harper Parker,1849 1926)获得了一个装满活体方竹的沃德箱,最终得以在英国成功引种㊂在与玛高温的通信中,邱园园长获得了更多由玛高温亲自观测得来的有关方竹自然属性和生长状况的信息㊂此外,他还从玛高温处获赠由方竹制成的手杖和烟管样本[28]㊂在田野调查的过程中,玛高温善于发挥他的沟通技巧和中文优势,他与其他在华西方学者建立了良好的联系,例如他在考察羊羔酒的时候,便得到了长期在蒙古宣教的季雅各(James Gilmour,1843 1891)提供的重要信息([31],pp238 240)㊂他在与中国人的交往中也获得了很多有用情报㊂例如他在考察草乌的毒性以及毒药使用情况时特意请教了一位观察过奉化猎虎人制作毒箭过程的中国医生,了解到动物被这种毒箭射中后的反应([15],p573)㊂玛高温对实验的重视来源于他就读医学院时所受到的科学训练㊂虽然他并不着力于生物学本身的研究,例如他对苎麻的分类和命名就曾被其他学者轻易推翻[32],但他对目标生物的利用情况却以科学研究的严谨态度去进行实验㊂作为一名有道德感的医学传教士,他长期在宁波借助诊疗患者的机会进行鸦片戒断实验([33],pp49 51)㊂在考察河豚的时候,玛高温还在自己身上做起了实验㊂他详细研究了当地居民的烹饪方法,在明知这类物种有毒的情况下,亲自烹饪,并试吃两次㊂第一次他自己食用,中毒后试用了中国医书中所载的橄榄解毒的方法,详细记录了中毒症状和复发状况㊂第二天他又邀请他的家人一起食用([34],pp39 40)㊂玛高温来华之前已经开始了解中国文化,他曾在演讲中引用华佗的事迹,却又误将华佗的年代指为12世纪([8],p8),这显示了他初入中国文化门径时的状态㊂随着他对中文的逐渐精通,他对中国典籍有了更为深入了解㊂在正式开始生物考察时,他已经能够熟练查阅各类中文医典㊁农书和博物学典籍,并在生物考察中大量引用,若干注明出处的引用情况可参看表1,此外还有更多未标明出处的引用,涵盖生物的自然属性㊁培育史㊁利用史和相关民俗传说等㊂表1 玛高温生物考察中引用中文典籍的情况发表时间考察目标引用典籍内容提要1851白蜡虫‘本草纲目“‘群芳谱“白蜡虫的自然属性㊁养殖和利用[35]1854珍珠‘尚书“‘格致镜原“珍珠入贡㊁合浦采珠情形[36]1859罂粟‘尔雅“‘农政全书“‘群芳谱“44)‘本草纲目“罂粟栽培利用史㊁药用功效([33],pp43 1873鲱鱼‘本草纲目“鲱鱼预防甲状腺肿大等疾病的药用功效[37]1873羊羔酒‘本草纲目“羊羔酒的利用史和药用功效([31],pp237 238)1882蚂蚁‘农政全书“‘本草纲目“利用蚂蚁防虫害的相关信息[12]1885鲤鱼‘齐民要术“鲤鱼饲养技术([27],p235)1885方竹‘宁波府志“方竹与葛洪的关系,在中国方术中的作用[28]1886河豚‘一斑录“‘本草纲目“河豚食用习俗㊁解毒方法([34],p139)㊀3期黄田:玛高温在华的生物考察及其影响983玛高温对中国典籍的熟练运用,还体现在他撰写‘中国书目“并为皇家亚洲文会北中国分会(North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society)图书馆提供购书建议之上[38]㊂他对中文典籍的深入了解,使他的生物考察不局限于博物学和科学考察,还成为对中国社会进行人文观察的一个窗口㊂4 未成行的考察团计划1862年,玛高温回到美国,以军医的身份加入北军,参加南北战争,其间还以联邦政府代表的名义赴巴黎向英国采购武器㊂1863年年初,他向美国国会提出一项提案, 组织一次以农业和商业为目的的赴印度支那㊁柬埔寨㊁东亚其他部分以及马达加斯加的考察活动 ([39],p1)㊂鉴于他作为 著名的东方学家 和 美利坚爱国者 的声誉,玛高温获得了多个学术界㊁产业界团体的支持[40 41]㊂其中最重要的支持者是耶鲁大学的化学家老西利曼(Benjamin Silliman,1779 1864),此人是美国最早的科学教授之一,在学术界拥有崇高威望,玛高温经常在他主编的科学杂志上发表文章㊂老西利曼专门领导了一个委员会来为该计划游说国会[42],可惜没有等到该计划被国会批准,老西利曼便去世了①㊂此外,玛高温还试图获得纽约商会的支持[44]㊂他曾在一份通讯稿件中宣称: 众多科学㊁农业和立法机构都上书国会,支持该计划㊂ 刊载这一稿件的期刊社论则表示,玛高温是最适合领导该计划的美国人,唯一的遗憾就是刊载这则消息的时间 有点迟 , 错过了国会在1863年的开会时间 [45]㊂这一时期的美国学者和政治家并未明晰 中国 东亚 和 东方 概念的差异㊂玛高温本人将考察目的地表述为 东亚未知地区,特别是那些大岛 ,经过与支持者和利益相关方的协调,该计划的考察目的地具化为印度支那㊁柬埔寨等地,但仍将其概括为 东亚 ,他的另一些支持者则将考察目的地称为 中国东部 ㊂作为 中国专家 的玛高温,实际上在美国社会拥有 东方学家 的声誉㊂他以往在中国的考察成果非常具有说服力,有植物学专业杂志评论, 他经年累月地投入这项在亚洲的事业,拥有将良好的科学品格和将这些知识实用化的能力,这令人感到欣慰,因此在科学界享有盛誉 ([46],p174)㊂在交给美国参议院的请愿书中,他的考察团被期待达成 外交的㊁商业的㊁科学的和农业的目的 [47]㊂有媒体甚至期待玛高温的考察团能与上述几个国家签订商业条约,从而开拓 美国在东亚的利益 ([39],pp1 6)㊂1865年3月3日,美国议员威利(Kellian Whaley,1821 1876)将该提案提交众议院讨论,并盛赞玛高温, 鉴于该计划的策划者凭借他的汉语知识,拥有完全的资质问询那些农业地区的农民,并从他们的农书中译出我们农民需要的信息,为了使我们的农场增加更多的产品,请愿者们一致建议授权他主导这项事业 ([39],p2)㊂①老西利曼去世之后,玛高温继续维持了和他的后辈们的互动㊂1871年,玛高温和华蘅芳合作翻译出版了美国矿物学家代那(James Dwight Dana,1813 1895)撰写的Manual of Mineralogy一书,是为中国第一部介绍西。
中国港澳台陆图书资料库
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历史的地理枢纽
目次
引言··········································E.W.吉尔伯特（ 1）
地理学的范围和方法······························································ （18）
以追溯到 1870 年 9 月的某一天，当时，作为一个刚刚在盖恩斯巴
勒中学上学的小小走读男生，他给家里带来了拿破仑三世和他的
全军在色当投降普鲁士的消息，这个消息是他从贴在邮局门上的
电报中得知的。他还记得挂在他家书房里一张著名的海军交战
————————————
① 哈尔福德·麦金德爵士的讣告刊登在 1947 年 3 月 8 日《泰晤士报》 （Times）
这本小册子是哈尔福德·麦金德爵士两篇论文的重印本。这
两篇论文都是向皇家地理学会宣读的，第一篇在 1887 年，第二篇
在 1904 年，两篇论文都产生了巨大影响，第一篇是关于英国的
地理教学；第二篇涉及许多国家的地理学思想，甚至涉及国际关
系的问题。现在予以重印，是因为除了在整套《学会年报》
学初级奖学金，同年 10 月他进入牛津大学。在这所大学里他走过
一段光辉的历程，攻读过两个荣誉的学科——自然科学和近代史，
曾担任该校学生俱乐部的主席，并在内殿（Inner Temple） ①获得
律师资格。
从 1885 年起，他和一位同属于基督教教会的朋友迈克尔·萨
德勒（Michael Sadler）一起参加牛津大学的扩展运动。他于 1885
麦金德退休之后，才建立地理学讲座。
② 关于探险的报告，详见 H．J．麦金德著《到英属东非肯尼亚山山顶的旅行》