2015年四川师范大学358俄语翻译基础2015年考研专业课初试真题
四川外国语大学英语口译笔译211翻译硕士英语+357英语翻译基础+448汉语写作与百科知识2015考研真题
科目代码：211四川外国语大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目名称：翻译硕士英语答题要求：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，否则不给分。
全卷100分，3小时完成。
I.Word Derivation(10%)Directions:Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the appropriate words derived from the words given in parentheses at the end of the sentences.1.The______among the allies was no secret to the enemy.(harmony)2.The situation there was_____.Something must be done promptly.(tolerate)3.This is made of______material.(resist heat)4.She was a very_____social scientist.She proved that apart from self-love,there were other basic human instincts.(observe)5.You can live longest and best and most_____by attaining and preserving the happiness of learning.(reward)6.You think I’m joking?No!I’m in dead_____.(earn)7.Many times he demonstrated his_____to other cops.(fear)8.In modern society,workers are in danger of being_____.They become extension of the machine.(human)9._____,most of these students studying overseas will come back eventually instead of settling down there permanently.(presume)10.Nobody knows for sure how much these free official banquets have cost the people,but it must have reached on_____figure.(astronomy)II.Multiple Choice(20%)Directions:For each sentence below there are four choices A,B,C and D.Choose the answer that BEST completes the sentence.Then write the correct letter on the Answer Sheet.11.The emotional strain of attending his dying mother_____all his strength.(A)sapped(B)depleted(C)enervated(D)enfeebled12.The social worker claimed that it was impossible for the old man to live on his_____pension.(A)inadequate(B)insufficient(C)meager(D)skimpy13.The mystic found it hard,if not impossible,to_____his philosophic position.(A)state(B)verbalize(C)communicate(D)deliver14.Literary magazines give$200_____for critical articles from people who want to make a第1页共16页。
【真题】2015俄语语言及文化+2015综合考试+历年综合
【真题】2015 俄语语言及文化+2015 综合考试+历年综合
一、选择 2015： 汉字与哪种文字最相似（蒙语？英语？越南语？）；第一部语法书编者；“被肩执锐”的“被”是（通 假字？异体字？古今字？）；等等 2012： 词组构成方式等 5 题 样题： 1. 语言系统中和社会发展联系最紧密的是：______。 A. 语音 B. 词汇 C. 语法 2. 现代汉字主要是:______。 A. 表意字系统 B. 表音字系统 C. 形音字系统 3. “团结”和“勾结”是：______。 A. 一对同义词 B. 一对反义词 C. 既不是同义词也不是反义词 4. 我国第一部字典是是：______ A. 《古汉语常用字典》 B. 张玉书等编纂的《康熙字典》 C. 许慎的《说文解字》 5. 熟语在运用中的作用相当于：______。 A. 语素 B. 词 C. 词组 二、名词解释（5 选 3） 2015： 叠韵，虚词，北方话，异读字，柳体字 2013： 入声 普通话 隶书等 2012： 客家话；对仗；甲骨文；马氏文通；国际音标 样题： 1.赋、比、兴 2.语体 3.象征 4.复杂词组 5.夸张 三、改病句 四、古文加标点及翻译 2015： 战国策·赵策：齐闵王将之鲁，夷维子执策而从，谓鲁人曰：‘子将何以待吾君？’鲁人曰：‘吾将以十 太牢待子之君。’维子曰：‘子安取礼而来待吾君？彼吾君子，天子也。天子巡狩，诸侯辟舍，纳于筦 键，摄衽抱几，视膳于堂下，天子已食，退而听朝也。’鲁人投其籥，不果纳。不得入于鲁。将之薛， 假途于邹。当是时，邹君死，闵王欲入吊。夷维子谓邹之孤曰：‘天子吊，主人必将倍殡柩，设北面 于南方，然后天子南面吊也。’邹之群臣曰：‘必若此，吾将伏剑而死。’故不敢入于邹。 2013： 《孟子·告子上》
四川师范大学英语翻译基础考研真题试题2013年—2019年
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四川师 范大 学
⒛13年 攻读硕士学位研究生
入学考试试题
专业代码: o55101 ~
考试科 目代码: 357
专业名称: 英语笔译
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考试科 目名称: 英语翻译基础
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2015年四川外国语大学翻译学院357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2015年四川外国语大学翻译学院357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解I. Put the following terms into Chinese. (15分)1. N.T【答案】新约(New Testament)2. Netizen【答案】网民3. accumulated fund【答案】累积基金4. a bissextile year【答案】闰年5. deficit budget【答案】赤字预算6. health resort【答案】疗养胜地7. knowledge industry【答案】知识产业8. GNP【答案】国民生产总值9. foreign exchange control【答案】外汇管制10. FTA【答案】自由贸易协定11. singe one’s wings【答案】束手无策；损害自己名誉12. Daniel come to judgment【答案】明智地裁决别人所不能解决的问题的人13. Myanmar【答案】缅甸14. Tropical Cancer【答案】《北回归线》15. Mercedes-Benz【答案】梅赛德斯-奔驰II. Put the following passage into Chinese. (60分)The general use of speech is to transfer our mental discourse into verbal, or the train of our thoughts into a train of words, and that for two commodities; whereof one is the registering of the consequences of our thoughts, which being apt to slip out of our memory and put us to a new labor, may again be recalled by such words as they were marked by. So that the first use of names is to serve for marks or notes of remembrance. Another is when many use the same words to signify, by their connexion and order one to another, what they conceive or think of each matter; and also what they desire, fear, or have any other passion for. And for this use they are called signs. Special uses of speech are these: first, to register what by cogitation we find to be the cause of anything, present or past; and what we find things present or past may produce, or effect; which, in sum, is acquiring of arts. Secondly, to show to others that knowledge which we have attained; which is to counsel and teach one another. Thirdly, to make known to others our wills and purposes that we may have the mutual help of one another. Fourthly, to please and delight ourselves, and others, by playing with our words, for pleasure or ornament, innocently.【参考译文】语言的一般作用是把我们的精神话语转换成口头言语，或者是把我们一连串的思想转换成一连串的话语，其主要用处有两个。
2015年四川师范大学硕士研究生入学考试《艺术基础》真题及详解
2015年四川师范大学硕士研究生入学考试《艺术基础》真题(总分：150.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：6，分数：30.00)1.感兴论（分数：5.00）_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________【解析】感兴论是一种来自中国传统的审美感兴的看法。
感兴是一种来自日常生活中的感物过程的人生意义直觉。
感是感物，代表个体对事物的认知和体验；兴是平常状态的兴起，代表个体从物质生活情境中兴起兴奋，以达到身心愉悦状态的一个标志。
感兴不仅可以来自个人生活的体验，而且更应该来自通过个人而对超个人的社会生活境遇的体验。
[考研类试卷]2015年四川外国语大学翻译硕士英语真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2015年四川外国语大学翻译硕士英语真题试卷一、Word Derivation1 The______among the allies was no secret to the enemy.(harmony)2 The situation there was______. Something must be done promptly.(tolerate)3 This is made of______material.(resist heat)4 She was a very ______ social scientist. She proved that apart from self-love, there were other basic human instincts.(observe)5 You can live longest and best and most______by attaining and preserving the happiness of learning.(reward)6 You think I'm joking? No! I'm in dead______.(earn)7 Many times he demonstrated his______to other cops.(fear)8 In modern society, workers are in danger of being______. They become extension of the machine.(human)9 ______, most of these students studying overseas will come back eventually instead of settling down there permanently.(presume)10 Nobody knows for sure how much these free official banquets have cost the people, but it must have reached on______figure.(astronomy)二、Vocabulary11 The emotional strain of attending his dying mother______all his strength.（A）sapped（B）depleted（C）enervated（D）enfeebled12 The social worker claimed that it was impossible for the old man to live onhis______pension.（A）inadequate（B）insufficient（C）meager（D）skimpy13 The mystic found it hard, if not impossible, to______his philosophic position. （A）state（B）verbalize（C）communicate（D）deliver14 Literary magazines give $ 200______for critical articles from people who want to make a name for themselves in this field.（A）emolument（B）remuneration（C）stipend（D）honorariums15 He displayed______ignorance in handling what was an only routine personnel problem.（A）opprobrious（B）deplorable（C）culpable（D）regrettable16 Europeans______the indigenous Indian population they met with.（A）supplanted（B）displaced（C）rectified（D）renovated17 Disappointment followed his hopes of______after the costly operation.（A）rejuvenescence（B）renascence（C）rejuvenation（D）recrudescence18 He attempts to______the truth by appealing to dishonest, ignorant and irresponsible bigotry.（A）vitiate（B）adulterate（C）contaminate19 The typical ______professor was rapt in solving an equation while crossing against a red light.（A）inattentive（B）abstracted（C）absent-minded（D）oblivious20 A newly independent colony was plunged into ______ by warring factions and a lack of central leadership.（A）riot（B）anarchy（C）disorder（D）disturbance21 ______parents are relying even more heavily on tutors and cram schools to help their children succeed.（A）Nervous（B）Anxious（C）Fretful（D）Farsighted22 G. B Shaw wondered how parents could wait until their anger cooled in order to______ their children in cold blood.（B）spank（C）thrash（D）scourge23 A______smile that in the next minute turned into an embarrassed blush.（A）winsome（B）blithe（C）cherry（D）sunny24 The judge's ruling that political beliefs of the accused were______to the question of his guilt.（A）extrinsic（B）superfluous（C）inessential（D）immaterial25 A corrupt public official was______by colleagues afraid of inquires into their own affairs.（A）palliated（B）glossed over（C）whitewashed（D）extenuated26 "The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it," wrote Oscar Wilde, a composer of brilliant______.（A）mottos（B）aphorisms（C）apothegms（D）epigrams27 The manager______a clerk whose clumsiness was responsible for the complete breakdown of operations in his department.（A）rebuked（B）admonished（C）reprimanded（D）reproached28 They______the mounting evidence of discrepancies in the report as justifying a new investigation.（A）beckoned（B）invoked（C）subpoenaed（D）conjured29 According to the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, only 25% of those who suffer hip ______ever fully recover; as many as 20% will die within 12 months. Even when patients do recover, nearly half will need a cane or a walker to get around. （A）frankincense（B）fragments（C）fractures（D）fraction30 A steady flow of the ______weapons spread its genial influence throughout the frontier, and the respect which the Pathan tribesmen entertained for Christian civilization was vastly enhanced.（A）covetous（B）coveted（C）coveting（D）covet三、Reading Comprehension30 Chris Hrapko isn't afraid of tough conversations. As the founder of a nonprofit social-service agency, she battles bureaucracies on behalf of the homeless and the working poor. But there is one conversation Hrapko avoided. When her 92-year-old mother fell and broke her hip earlier this year, Hrapko knew it would affect her independent mother's living arrangements and health. But Hrapko, 51, was clueless about her mom's wishes. "We talked about a lot of things," she says, "but we never talked about a future in which my mom faced a problem that could leave her disabled, bedridden or on life support. "A recent survey by AARP found that nearly 70 percent of adult children have not talked to their parents about issues related to aging. Some children avoid this most intimate of conversations because they believe their parents don't want to talk. Others think they know what their parents want. And some simply don't want to face the veryreal truth that if you are lucky enough to have parents who live well into their senior years, chances are good that disease, injury, frailty, even loneliness, will affect a parent's well-being.While it's clear that having a conversation with aging parents is important, there is no blueprint on how to do it well. What works for one family may not work for yours. The key is to be flexible, says Mary Anne Ehlert, founder of Chicago-based Protected Tomorrows, an advocacy firm for families with special needs. She has found that one of the best ways to get the conversational ball rolling is to talk about your parents' and what they would do if faced with a situation in which people they loved could no longer care for themselves. " Ask your parents for advice; seek their wisdom in helping you help them," Ehlert says.It's also important for adults to be honest about what they are prepared to do for their parents. As parents age and become frail, many will need help with personal hygiene. It's these kinds of issues that can make the most devoted child balk. "Before you agree to be a caregiver, make sure you understand what you may be in for," says Monika White, president-elect of the National Association of Professional Geriatric Care Managers. " Adult children need to acknowledge their own limitations and then be prepared to make some type of arrangement for the things they simply can't do. "Realize that there is no such thing as one conversation about aging. " No one resolves the future in one afternoon of talk," says psychologist Brian Carpenter of Washington University in St. Louis. "It's a process. " One strategy is to schedule time to talk about a specific subject, such as wills or living arrangements.31 According to the first paragraph, Chris Hrapko______.（A）avoided talking about the issue of aging with her mother（B）realized that her mother wanted to talk to her about the future life（C）believed that her mother didn't want to talk to her about the aging issue（D）knew that the injury would cause her mother lonelier than before32 Many adult children have not talked to their parents about aging not because______. （A）some children think that their parents don't want to talk（B）some children believe that they know their parents well（C）some children are not lucky enough to have parents who live well into their senior years（D）some children shun the reality that their parents need help33 We can learn from paragraph 3 that______.（A）Chris Hrapko needs to seek advices from the expert and follow them step by step （B）Talking about your parents' personal values may make the conversation disputable（C）It is unadvisable to talk about your parents' future life where you cannot take care of them（D）talking with your parents about their aging but find an appropriate way34 The underlined word "balk"(Para. 4)most probably means______.（A）lazy（B）stop（C）joy（D）disappoint35 Which of the following is true of the text?（A）Chris Hrapko's mother refused to talk about the future problem with her daughter.（B）Mary Anne Ehlert advised people to communicate with their parents on their own way.（C）Monika White thought that if people cannot meet their parents' need, they cannot be a good caregiver.（D）Brian Carpenter suggested that people should spend more time in communicating with their parents.35 Less than five years ago. Scottish Opera was trapped in a financial quagmire from which few thought it could recover. Today, however, the national company seals its comeback by announcing its most wide-reaching program to date. In an interview with The Times, Alex Reedjik, general director of Scottish Opera, explained that a series of collaborations with other companies would enable it to maximize its output without<u>compromising its budget</u>. He admitted that the partnerships were borne of financial necessity, but argued they would allow the company to reach greater audiences than ever before. "Collaborations are the way forward," he said. "We have often done co-productions in the past but they are more important to us now to enable us to achieve all of our hopes. The problem is that sets are very expensive. If you can share those costs with another organization and not impact on artistic integrity, that is a positive, welcome and necessary thing.Highlights of the 2009-10 season will include a new co-production with New Zealand Opera of Rossini's The Italian Girl in Algiers, and a joint venture with Opera North The Adventures of Mr. Broucek, by Leos Janacek, featuring a 40-strong choir singing Hussite hymns, along with bagpipes and an organ. An unashamedly Italianate season this Autumn begins with a revival of Giles Havergal's popular 1994 production of The Elixir of Love. There will also be a revival of the Tony-award winning director Stewart Laing's production of Puccini's La Boheme.The turnaround in the company's fortunes is striking. In 2005, the year before Mr. Reedjik joined the organization, Scottish Opera was forced to make half of its staff, including the entire chorus , redundant and abandon its main-scale productions for a season after accumulating debts of a-round ￡4.5 million. The company's core grant, which at that time came from the Scottish Arts Council(it is now funded directly by the government)had not risen for several years. However, it had also haemorrhaged funds by staging the hugely expensive Ring Cycle, and according to some critics , had been overspending on props, with rumors of cast members wearing ￡ 300 designer shoes.A ￡ 7 million rescue package put together by the then Labor-led Scottish Executive saved the company from going dark on a permanent basis, but <u>the ease with which it almost went under forced a rethink of priorities</u>. While the company continues to stage several major productions each season, it has also introduced smaller touring works—the acclaimed Five: 15 series—which pairs leading writers with composers to create 15-minute chamber pieces that could be developed into longer productions. The aim, says Mr. Reedjik, is to put on as much opera in Scotland as possible without breaking the bank. So far the strategy seems to be working, with audiences averaging at around 95 ,000 people in the past three years, a rise of almost 50 per cent compared with2004 -05, the season before the company went dark. "What we are trying to do now is live within our means and raise as much as possible from philanthropic means," said Mr. Reedjik. " We seemed to have dropped out of the news for dumb stuff—now we're in the news for our interesting work. "36 This text is probably abridged from______.（A）a story（B）a speech（C）an argumentation（D）an interview37 The phrase "compromising its budget"(Line 5, Para. 1)probably means______. （A）agreeing on the principles（B）increasing the financial expanses（C）reaching the financial standards（D）promising a higher income38 It can be inferred from the last sentence in Paragraph 1 that______.（A）the quality of artistic performances may be worsened for lack of necessary funding （B）sharing the cost of sets can help the Scottish Opera out of financial difficulty（C）the series of collaborations with other companies have maximized the Scottish Opera's output（D）it's important for audience to hold a positive view on such co-productions39 The fact that "the ease ... forced a rethink of priorities"(Line 2-3, Para. 4)suggests that______.（A）the company makes great efforts in advocating its major productions（B）the company hires only the prestigious writers and composers to create works （C）the company tries its hand in producing shorter touring works（D）the company seeks for more funding from the local political party40 The best title for this article is______.（A）Collaboration Helps Revive Scottish Opera（B）A Rethink of Priorities in Productions（C）Turnaround in the Company's Fortunes（D）Persistence of Artistic Integrity Reading Passage 340 Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why we should, Like, Cure, John Mcwhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, see the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. Mcwhorter's an academic specialty is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of "whom" , for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss the case-endings of Old English.But the cult of the authentic and the personal, "doing our own thing," has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960's even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, <u>talking</u> is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. Mcwhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take thequestion of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. Mcwhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical educational reforms—he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English "<u>on paper plates instead of china</u>". A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.41 According to Mcwhorter, the decline of formal English ______.（A）is inevitable in radical education reforms（B）is but all too natural in language development（C）has caused the controversy over the counter-culture（D）brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s42 The word "talking"(Line 6, Para. 3)denotes______.（A）modesty（B）personality（C）liveliness（D）informality43 To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?（A）Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.（B）Black English can be more expressive than standard English.（C）Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.（D）Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.44 The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the author's______. （A）interest in their language（B）appreciation of their efforts（C）admiration for their memory（D）contempt for their old-fashionedness45 According to the last paragraph, "paper plates" is to "china" as______.（A）temporary is to "permanent"（B）radical is to "conservative"（C）functional is to "artistic"（D）humble is to "noble"45 The phenomenon of stress has been widely discussed and referred to as one of the central problems of our age. Globalization and the improved technology it brings only seems to make this problem worse, creating more options while at the same time making our lives more complex. Closely bound up with stress is the problem of "time famine". In Britain, for example, the combination of the longest working hours in Europe and the highest proportion of working women in Europe means people have less and less time to themselves. Add to this the rise in the number of single-person households and the work ethic promoted by successive governments since the early eighties and it becomes easy to see why time is now at a premium for so many of us.One response to this has come from the USA, so often the forerunner in what is fashionable, in the form of lifestyle management. This involves hiring a company to repair the house, do the shopping and a host of other time consuming tasks. Some analysts insist that the management of people's time could be big business in the next 10years. In the USA lifestyle management companies have been around for a while but now it seems that the British are keen to use them too.What most potential customers want is quality time. This means taking away the day to day hassles connected with running our lives. Whereas in the past there always seemed to be time for arranging private lives and keeping up with everyday demands of house, health, children or holidays, nowadays the work obsessed population, tied to the office, do not appear to be able to cope with such inconveniences. In other words, people require a separate Personal Assistant for their lifestyle!The jury is out, however, as to whether this new service is beneficial or not. Being constantly pressed for time is undoubtedly stressful and what could be better than relieving such pressures by offloading some of our more mundane tasks on a willing helper? Perhaps this can also be a way to ensure that you get quality service:. It is often said that a large part of Britain's service sector aims purely and simply at short term profit in return for bad quality goods and poor service. If you put experts in charge of finding a good plumber at a reasonable rate you can at least be assured that your leaking pipes will be fixed properly.This raises an important question, however. Is it really good for us to create more time to spend at work when we are already exhausted from working long hours? It may be far more important to take control of our private lives ourselves and in so doing relieve stress by giving ourselves a proper escape from the cares of the work-place. After all, if you do not have time to look after your own home and to organize your own life, then, just maybe, you have got your priorities wrong. There may be one reason why, in the end, the lifestyle management business will not take off in the UK and that is the inherendy conservative nature of the British. To really embrace this new concept we might all need to rethink our lives!46 The writer suggests that stress______.（A）is the most important problem of modern life（B）is caused by technology and globalization（C）can be made worse because of too many choices（D）can be less if we had more time to spend at work47 "time is at a premium"(line 8, paragraph 1)probably means that______.（A）the longer we work, the less important time is（B）time has become harder and harder to find（C）people have more free time in America than in Britain（D）saving time is a fashionable lifestyle trend48 According to the text, most potential customers______.（A）do not have a personal assistant in their offices（B）are too lazy to organize their private lives（C）have problems coping with the demands of daily living（D）enjoy the way of spending more time at work49 What is true of lifestyle management companies according to the author? （A）They will definitely become important even it takes time to accept them. （B）They are not interested in long-term relationships with customers.（C）They benefit the customers by giving a cheap way of saving time.（D）They have expertise in getting the right people to do jobs for their clients.50 The author probably believes that the British______.（A）will accept the need for lifestyle management companies（B）have to give careful thought to their way of life（C）should turn to experts when dealing with specific problems（D）should be well trained with a good work ethic Reading Passage 550 Shopping used to be nothing more than a way of obtaining food, clothing and other necessities of life. Today, however, shopping symbolizes the materialistic culture of western society and its popularity as a leisure activity reflects the rise of consumerism.【R1】______Having more money has meant spending patterns have changed. While traditional models of economic behavior assume that consumers are rational and weigh up the costs and benefits before making a purchase, anyone who has ever walked into a shop and left five minutes later with a new jacket and 180 less in their wallet knows that this theory does not always hold true.【R2】______Her research on consumer behavior identified impulsive buying as an attempt by shoppers to bolster their self-image, particularly for those who suffered from so-called compulsive buying or shopping addiction, a condition that affects 2 to 5 per cent of adults in the West.The three-year study compared excessive buyers to a similar group of ordinary consumers. Excessive shoppers were more materialistic and believed that buying goods was a pathway to success, happiness and identity. " Excessive buying is a coping strategy to fill the gaps between how shoppers feel about themselves and the person they want to be," Dr Dittmar said.【R3】______Her research also reveals that certain types of goods are more likely to be bought on impulse than others. Those most frequently reported—clothes, jewellery, ornaments—are closely related to self-image and appearance. This finding is contrary to usual theories about impulse shopping, which explain it as a short-term gratification winning out over longer-term concerns such as debt.【R4】______In other words, shoppers were more willing to wait for "low impulse" goods such as kitchenware, than they were for clothes or other "high impulse" items. However, it was found that some of the 60 consumers asked to maintain a shopping diary for the study often regretted their impulsive purchases. Dr Dittmar said, "When people had explicitly bought for self-image reasons, regret was more likely to occur. "But this finding was ambiguous because shopping addicts were more motivated by self-image than ordinary shoppers and were more likely to regret their actions. "It's not quite clear which way round this relationship goes, but there is a link between being very concerned with self-image goods and regretting impulse buying. " The conclusions drawn by Dr Dittmar about the treatment of compulsive shoppers are that prescribing anti-depressant drugs might solve the problem but only as long as sufferers continue to take them. Instead, they needed therapeutic help to address the underlying causes such as poor self-image.【R5】______"In no sense do these people directly force anyone to buy anything. But they are very sophisticated, making advertisements and shopping environments very seductive and playing on the idea that if you buy product X you will be much more attractive. "A. Dr. Dittmar said that the idea that consumers' impulsiveness differed, depending on the type of goods, was also supported by the finding that shoppers were less willing to delay gratification for items bought on impulse.B. But there are pitfalls, such as debt and addiction to buying. Addicts shop for shopping's sake rather than to buy what they need.C. Helga Dittmar, senior lecturer in psychology at Sussex University, has found that consumer goods are the material symbols of who a person is and who they would like to be.D. Her research also raises questions over the methods used to attract shoppers and encourage them to buy. Although advertisers and retailers increasingly appeal to consumers' self-image, Dr Dittmar said it was very difficult to argue that these factors were responsible for compulsive shopping.E. Although there were other ways of dealing with poor self-image, such as over-exercising or alcoholism , she said that shopping had become one of the most important strategies. This was especially true for women, who were three times more likely to be compulsive shoppers than men, as shopping was a socially approved activity, and allowed those who do not go out to work to get out of the house, Dr. Dittmar said.F. Women make the majority of buying decisions—estimates anywhere from 60 - 80% and growing. Despite these facts, some industries have created frustrating walls and barriers failing to cater to the buying characteristics women are looking for.G. This has been made possible by the 75 per cent increase in disposable income in the past 20 years. The number of credit cards in use has more than quadrupled, and the amount of outstanding consumer debt has almost tripled in the same period.51 【R1】52 【R2】53 【R3】54 【R4】55 【R5】55 In the grip of a bubble mentality, we—as investors, consumers and businesses—blithely assumed risk and convinced ourselves it was perfectly safe to do so. We bought houses with no money down, took on huge amounts of debt and let the booming stock and housing markets perform the heavy lifting of saving. After all, new technologies, securitization and derivatives permitted financial wizards to slice, dice, sell—and,ultimately, banish—any type of risk. But the intellectual scaffolding surrounding that culture of debt and risk has fallen along with the stocks of Citigroup and AIG. And now the Zeitgeist has spun 180 degrees. Squeeze your nickels, slash debt, stop gambling.【R6】______Those are the $4 trillion questions. Earlier this decade, we transitioned effortlessly from the dotcom bubble to a housing and credit bubble, which suggests a powerful resiliency. But financial trauma can leave deep scar tissue, as it did after the Great Depression.It's tempting in this period of contraction to mimic Thoreau, to live simply and deliberately. But if we lose our penchant for gain and risk, we'll lose some of the essence of what makes us American. Economists warn that if we don't manage to jolt the economy back to life soon, we runthe risk of repeating Japan's "lost decade" of the 1990s. Would that be so bad?【R7】______ But America is different. Thanks to our continually rising population, we need significant growth just to maintain our standards of living—and the health of our democracy.Saving cash and building up reserves is a necessary first step to recovery. But eventually the mountain of cash has to be put to work. Last week's sharp market rally was certainly a sign—however fleeting it may turn out to be—that investors are putting money to work again.【R8】______Between 1996 and 2007, according to the Kauffman Foundation, about 0. 3 percent of the adult population started a new business each month, or about 495 ,000 per month.【R9】______In recent years, many new businesses have been financed through retirement savings, second mortgages and credit-card debt. None of those three sources of funding is particularly deep now. Even so, layoffs can prove a powerful spur to entrepreneurship.The new ethos of thrift, which is as much about efficiency and sustainability as it is about penny-pinching, may have significant commercial applications—beyond green roofs. Startups in wind power and smart-grid technology are still finding sources of funding. Small enterprises that install solar panels and conduct energy audits are expanding.【R10】______The markets, and the economy as a whole, are continually buffeted by the twin forces of fear and greed. For the past year, fear has clearly had the upper hand. But over time, as fear subsides, our inborn instincts to improve our lot—Adam Smith would call it self-interest—will make a comeback.A. They, and other businesses, will benefit from measures in the recently passed stimulus package to weatherize homes, and make government buildings more energy-efficient.B. After all, while Japan endured a prolonged period of slow growth, nobody starved, there was no social unrest in the aging country, and its biggest companies continued to innovate.。
2013年四川师范大学外国语学院358俄语翻译基础考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2013年四川师范大学外国语学院358俄语翻译基础考研真题及详解I. Переведитеследующиетермины, аббревиатурыиименасобственные(30 баллов).1. Срусскогоязыканакитайский(15 баллов).1) ЮНЕСКО【答案】联合国教科文组织2) ВВЦ【答案】全俄展览中心3) Биржатруда【答案】劳务市场4) СПИД【答案】艾滋病5) глобализация【答案】全球化6) ЕдинаяРоссия【答案】统一俄罗斯党7) ФедеральноеСобрание【答案】联邦会议8) ФСБ【答案】联邦安全局9) СоветФедерации【答案】联邦委员会10) МВД【答案】内务部11) Интерфакс【答案】国际文传通讯社12) ИТАР-ТАСС【答案】俄罗斯新闻通讯社13) ОРТ【答案】俄罗斯公共电视台14) ЕС【答案】欧盟15) Каспийскоеморе【答案】里海2. Скитайскогоязыканарусский(15 баллов).16) 欧洲经济共同体【答案】Европейскоеэкономическоесообщество17) 上海合作组织【答案】Шанхайскаяорганизациясотрудничества18) 欧元【答案】евро19) 世贸组织【答案】Всемирнаяторговаяорганизация20) 国际红十字会【答案】Международныйкрасныйкрест21) 国家发展和改革委员会【答案】Государственныйкомитетпоразвитиюиреформам22) 对外贸易部【答案】министерствовнешнейторговли23) 西湖【答案】озероСиху24) 特别行政区【答案】особыйадминистративныйрайон25) 国内生产总值【答案】валовойвнутреннийпродукт26) 股份公司【答案】акционернаякорпорация27) 注册资本【答案】зарегистрированныйкапитал28) 白皮书【答案】«Белаякнига»29) 川剧【答案】сычуаньскаяопера30) 南海【答案】Южно-КитайскоемореII. Переведитеследующиетексты(120 баллов).1. Срусскогоязыканакитайский(60 баллов).Мыговорилиотом, чемзанятьсвободныечасы, ноотдыхнеобходимиврабочеевремя. Известно, чтоучеловекапослевыполненияработывтечениеопределенноговременинаступаетутомление. Егонеобходимоснятьилихотябыослабить, чтобыононеперешловболезненноесостояние- переутомление. Величинаэтого‘‘определенноговремени’’, послекоторогонаступаетутомление, зависитотмножествафакторов- опыта, возраста, условийтруда, характераработы, заинтересованностивнейит.д. Новсежеестьнекиесредниеданные, так, первоклассникимогутнапряженноработатьвтечение25-30 минут, студентвузаможетслушатьлекцию1.5 часа, старшеклассникможетнапряженноработатьнадкнигой45-50 минут, всеэтиданныеоченьприблизительны, ноионипозволяютнамопределитьобщую"схемуотдыха".Ослабитьутомление, накопившеесязанебольшойпромежутоквремени, помогаеткраткийотдыхвтечениеработы. Утомлениезаденьснимаютсвободныйвечериночь, зарабочуюнеделю- выходныедни. Ивсежеполностьюутомлениенебудетснято. Организмутребуетсяиболеезначительныйотдых, емунужно“отдохнуть”отработы—дляэтогопредназначенотпускиликаникулы.Отдыхвтечениерабочегодняопределяетсяхарактеромтруда, тем, какиеорганыилисистемывпервуюочередьвовлечены(参与) врабочийпроцесс. Так, придлительнойнапряженнойзрительнойработе, полезна“гимнастикадляглаз”. Наконвейерныхлиниях(流水线) примонотонной(单调的) работерекомендуетсянекотороевремяпосмотретьнаспокойноплавающихваквариуме(鱼缸) рыбок, зеленыерастенияит.д. - ивотнапряжениеуженемногоослабло.Людям，профессиякоторыхсвязанасвовлечениемвработумелкихмышц(肌肉) кистидояркам(挤奶工), машинисткамилипервоклассникамнужнаспециальнаягимнастикаимассаждлярукипосле2 часовнапряженнойработы. Напеременеиливперерывмеждулекциямижелательновыйтиизпомещения, подвигатьсянасвежемвоздухе, аеготемвременемпроветрить.Авообще-тоточныйрецептнавсеслучаижизнидатьоченьтрудно: скольколюдей, столькопривычек, вкусов, жизненныхобстоятельств, даи。