2020年综合类职称英语精选练习之概括大意(2)
2020年职称英语综合类C级概括大意历年真题及解析
2020年职称英语综合类C级概括大意历年真题及解析2020年真题Interview with Allan Gray(1)I was working for a multinational company in the early 1980s, and my brother asked me if I was interested in going into partnership with him to set up a language school. I'd always wanted to work for myself, and I was a bit fed up with working for someone else, so I said yes.Primarily, I wanted the freedom to make my own decisions, I wanted room to be creative, and also I wanted to be able to get the credit and keep the profits if we were successful. I was also happy to carry the can and take the blame if things went wrong. These things are not possible if you work as an employee in a large organization.(2) I had to borrow money to help start the business, but we were lucky because we also had some outside capital to put into the business. These days it can be really hard to persuade banks to lend money to people who want to start a company, so we were fortunate. It was fairly easy to set upthe business, because we had a very clear idea of what we wanted to do. The problem was, all our preconceptions ( 预想 ) about what it would be like to run a business were wrong.We made lots of mistakes, and we almost went bankrupt (破产的 ) at the beginning. At one point, we only had twostudents in the school.(3) Far too long! We lost money for the first four years and, as I was saying, we nearly went out of business. It tookquite a long time to start making profit. The best thing we did, though, was that we hired some really good people to work for us. In fact, some of those people are still working for us,24 years later. Now we're doing well, but it was very risky at first.(4) One is financial constraint ( 约束) , It can be very tough. Think all small businesses have cash flow problems -- it often takes a long time to get paid by your customers. The second big problem is marketing. It takes a lot of funds to market your business, and you have to get your name known and build a reputation. But the biggest challenge is managing the people. All businesses are about people, and you have to learn how to deal with all kinds of people – and I thinkwe've been extremely good at getting the best of our staff.23. Paragraph 1 __________24. Paragraph 2 __________25. Paragraph 3 __________26. Paragraph 4 __________A. Strategies in expanding a small businessB. Right people to run a businessC. Time-consuming experience of being successfulD. Challenges of running a businessE. Difficulties in starting the businessF. Reasons for working for oneself27. If you made a bad decision as a boss, you had__________.28. The difficult thing to start a business is to persuade banks __________.29. If you hire the right people, you'll probably be able __________.30. Besides financial and marketing challenges, you must know how __________.A. to lose your houseB. to manage your employeesC. to keep independentD. to lend you moneyE. to take the responsibility for itF. to make profit2020年真题The Storyteller(1) Steven Spielberg has always had one goal： to tell as many great stories to as many people as will listen. Andthat's what he has always been about. The son of a computer scientist and a pianist,Spielberg spent his early childhoodin New Jersey and, later, Arizona. From the very beginning, his fertile imagination filled his young mind with imagesthat would later inspire his filmmaking.(2) Even decades later, Spielberg says he has clear memories of his earliest years, which are the origins of some of his biggest hits. He believes that E.T. is the result ofthe difficult years leading up to his parent's 1966 divorce, "It is really about a young boy who was in search of some stability in his life." "He was scared of just about everything," recalls his mother, Leah Adler. "When trees brushed against the house, he would head into my bed. Andthat's just the kind of scary stuff he would put in filmslike Poltergeist."(3) Spielberg was 11 when he first got his hands on his dad's movie camera and began shooting short flicks aboutflying saucers and World War II battles. Spielberg's talentfor scary storytelling enabled him to make friends. On Boy Scout camping trips, when night fell,Spielberg became the center of attention. "Steven would start telling his ghost stories," says Richard Y. Hoffman Jr., leader of Troop 294, "and everyone would suddenly get quiet so that they could all hear it."(4) Spielberg moved to California with his father andwent to high school there, but his grades were so bad that he barely graduated. Both UCLA and USC film schools rejected him, so he entered California State University at Long Beach because it was close to Hollywood.Spielberg was determined to make movies, and he managedto get an unpaid, non-credit internship ( 实习 ) in Hollywood. Soon he was given a contract, and he dropped out of college. He never looked back.(5) Now, many years later, Spielberg is still telling stories with as much passion as the kid in the tent. Ask him where he gets his ideas, Spielberg shrugs. "The process for me is mostly intuitive (凭直觉的) ," he says. "There are films that I feel I need to make, for a variety of reasons, for personal reasons, for reasons that I want to have fun, that the subject matter is cool, that I think my kids will like it. And sometimes I just think that it will make a lot of money, like the sequel (续集) to Jurassic Park."23. Paragraph 1 __________24. Paragraph 2__________25. Paragraph 3 __________26. Paragraph 4 __________A. Inspirations for his moviesB. The trouble of making moviesC. A funny manD. Getting into the movie businessE. Telling stories to make friendsF. An aim of life27. Some of Spielberg's most successful movies came from __________.28. When Spielberg was a boy, he used to be scared of__________.29. Spielberg is very good at__________.30. Spielberg says he makes movies for __________.A. almost everythingB. telling scary storiesC. a number of reasonsD. making children laughE. his childhood memoriesF. a lot of money2020年真题Traffic Jams -- No End in Sight(1) Traffic congestion (拥堵) affects people throughout the world. Traffic jams cause smog in dozens of cities across both the developed and developing world. In the U. S., commuters (通勤人员) spend an average of a full working week each year sitting in traffic jams, according to the Texas Transportation Institute. While alternative ways of getting around are available, most people still choose their cars because they are looking for convenience, comfort and privacy.(2) The most promising technique for reducing citytraffic is called congestion pricing, whereby cities charge a toll to enter certain parts of town at certain times of day. In theory, if the toll is high enough, some drivers will cancel their trips or go by bus or train. And in practice it seems to work： Singapore, London and Stockholm have reduced traffic and pollution in city centres thanks to congestion pricing.(3)Another way to reduce rush-hour traffic is for employers to implement flextime, which lets employees travel to and from work at off-peak traffic times to avoid the rush hour. Those who have to travel during busy times can do their part by sharing cars. Employers can also allow more staff to telecommute (work from home) so as to keep more cars off the road altogether.(4)Some urban planners still believe that the best way to ease traffic congestion is to build more roads, especially roads that can take drivers around or over crowded city streets. But such techniques do not really keep cars off the road; they only accommodate more of them.(5)Other, more forward-thinking, planners know that more and more drivers and cars are taking to the roads every day, and they are unwilling to encourage more private automobiles when public transport is so much better both for people and the environment. For this reason, the American government has decided to spend some $7 billion on helping to increase capacity on public-transport systemsand upgrade them with moreefficient technologies.But environmentalists complainthat such funding is tiny compared with the $50 billion being spent on roads and bridges.23. Paragraph 1 __________24. Paragraph 2__________25. Paragraph 3 __________26. Paragraph 4 __________A. Paying to get inB. Changing work practiceC. Not doing enoughD. A solution which is no solutionE. Closing city centres to trafficF. A global problem27. Most American drivers think it convenient to__________.28. If charged high enough, some drivers may enter certain parts of town __________.29. Building more roads is not an effective way to__________.30. The U. S. government has planned to __________ updating public-transport systems.A. reduce traffic jamsB. drive aroundC. go by busD. spend more moneyE. travel regularlyF. encourage more private cars答案与解析2020年真题23．F。
2020年职称英语综合B级概括大意练习题(2)
2020年职称英语综合B级概括大意练习题(2)概括大意与完成句子题Global Warming1 Smoke is clouding our view of global warming,protecting the planet from perhaps three-quarters of the greenhouse （温室） effect. That might sound like good news, but experts say that as the cover diminishes in coming decades, we are facing a dramatic increase of warming that could be two or even three times as great as official best guesses.来源：考试大2 This was the dramatic conclusion reached last week at a workshop in Dahlem, Berlin, where top atmospheric scientists got together, including Nobel prize winner Paul Crutzen and Swedish scientist Bert Bolin, former chairman of the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change （IPCC）.3 IPCC scientists have suspected for a decade that aerosols （浮质） of smoke and other particles from burning rainforest, crop waste and fossil fuels are blocking sunlight and counteracting the warming effect of carbon dioxide （二氧化物） emissions. Until now, they reckoned that aerosols reduced greenhouse warming by perhaps a quarter, cutting increases by 0.2℃. So the 0.6℃ of warming o ver the past century would have been 0.8℃ without aerosols.4 But the Berlin workshop concluded that the real figure is even higher－aerosols may have reduced global warming by as much as three-quarters, cutting increases by 1.8~C. If so, the good news is that aerosols have prevented the worldgetting almost two degrees warmer than it is now. But the bad news is that the climate system is much more sensitive to greenhouse gases than previously guessed.5 As those gases are expected to continue accumulating in the atmosphere while aerosols stabilize or fall, that means "dramatic consequences for estimates of future climate change", the scientists agreed in a draft report from the workshop.1 Paragraph 2__________.2 Paragraph 3__________.3 Paragraph 4__________.4 Paragraph 5__________.A Atmospheric ScientistsB The Calculations Made at the Berlin WorkshopC The Previous Calculations of the Effect of AerosolsD The Scientists' AgreementE The Authoritative Conclusion考试大论坛F Greenhouse Gases5 When the cover diminishes in the coming decades, temperature__________ .6 The conclusion reached at the Berlin workshop__________.7 The Berlin workshop concluded that the realfigure__________.8 The increase of greenhouse gases__________.A will influence future climate changeB was somewhat surprisingC will rise rapidlyD was known to us allE was much higher than had been expectedF will drop dramatically【参考答案】1. E 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. B 7. E 8. A。
2020职称英语综合类概括大意练习题与答案(2)
2020职称英语综合类概括大意练习题与答案(2)Car CrimeA million motorists leave their cars filled up withpetrol and with the keys in the ignition every day. The cars are sitting in petrol stations while drivers pay for their fuel. The Automobile Association(A.A) has discovered that cars are left unattended for an average three minutes and sometimes longer as drivers buy drinks , sweets, cigarettes and other consumer items .With payment of credit cards becoming more and more common, it is not unusual for a driver to be out of his car for as long as six minutes, providing the car theft with a golden opportunity.For more than ten years there has been a big rise in car crime than in most other types of crime. An average of more than two cars a minute are broken into or stolen in the UK. Car crime accounts for almost a third of all reported offenses with no siagns that the trend is slowing down.Although there are highly professional criminal involved in car theft, almost 90 percent of car theft is committed by the opportunists. Amateur thieves are aided by our own carelessness. The A.A. recommends locking up whenever you leave the car and for however short a period. A partially open sunroof or window is a further come-on to thieves.There are many other traps to avoid .The A.A. has fond little awareness among drivers about safe parking. Most motorists questioned made no efforts to avoid parking in quiet spots -just the places thieves love. The A.A. advisesdrives to park in places with people around -thieves don tlike audiences.练习1． Paragraph 2 _________________.2． Paragraph 3 _________________.3． Paragraph 4 _________________.A) Safe parking来源：考试大B) Increase in car theftC) Opportunities for non-professionalsD) Anti-theft organizations4． Most car thefts should be blamed on_______________.5． In the past decade there has been a big _____________.6． Most of the car thefts are found to be committedby_______________.7． A piece of advice for drivers is that they should_______________.A) the carelessness of the driversB) increase in the number of cars stolenC) non-professional thievesD) lack of parking spaceE) lark their cars in safe placeKeys ： B C A A B C E。
2020年职称英语综合类概括大意考试模拟题(2)
2020年职称英语综合类概括大意考试模拟题(2)1 Stanford University is sometimes called "the Harvard of the West." The closeness of Stanford to San Francisco, a city thirty-two miles to the north, gives the university a decidedly cosmopolitan (世界性的) flavor.2 The students are enrolled mainly from the western United States. But most of the fifty states send students to Stanford, and many foreign students study here, as well. And standards for admission remain high. Young men and women are selected to enter the university from the upper fifteen percent of their high school classes.3 Not only because of the high caliber (素质) of its students but also because of the desirable location and climate, Stanford has attracted to its faculty some of the world's most respected scholars. The university staff has included many Nobel Prize winners in various fields.Stanford's undergraduate school of engineering and its graduate schools of business, law, and medicine areespecially well-regarded.4 What is student life like on "The Farm"? Culturally, the campus is a magnet for both students and citizens of nearby communities. Plays, concerts, and operas are performed in the university's several auditoriums and in its outdoor theater, where graduations are also held. Several film series are presented during the school year. Guest lecturers from public and academic life frequently appear on campus. For the sports-minded, the Stanford campus offers highly developed athletic facilities. Team sports, swimming, and track andfield activity are all very much part of the Stanford picture. So are bicycling and jogging.5 In addition to financial support from alumni (校友), Stanford receives grants from the government and from private charities. In recent years, government grants have made possible advanced studies in the fields of history, psychology, education, and atomic energy. At present Stanford is carrying out an ambitious building program, financed inpart by the Ford Foundation's 25 million grant. Recentlyadded to the campus are a new physics building, new school of business, new graduate school of law, new student union and undergraduate library.1 Paragraph 2_________.2 Paragraph 3_________.3 Paragraph 4_________.4 Paragraph 5_________.A Colorful Life on CampusB Intelligent Student BodyC School AdministrationD Distinguished FacultyE Substantial Financial SupportF The Harvard of the West5 Those high school graduates who can enter Stanford University_________.6 Many professors like to teach in this university partly because here_________ .7 On the faculty of the university there are_________.8 Financial support from both private organizations and the government has made possible_________ .A they can find the best studentsB the university's academic advancement and physical extensionC some of the most distinguished scholars of the worldD where a sports meet is held every yearE must have been the top students in their classesF must be hardworking【参考答案】1. B 2. D 3. A 4. E 5. E 6. A 7. C 8. B。
2020年职称英语《综合类》概括大意与完成句子训练2
2020年职称英语《综合类》概括大意与完成句子训练22020职称英语《综合类》概括大意与完成句子训练2阅读下面的短文，每篇短文后的练习分两部分，第一部分要求从所给的选项里选出所标段落的段落标题；第二部分要求根据文章的内容用所给的选项来完成句子。
Transport and TradeTransport is one of the aids to trade.By moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places where they are scarce,transport adds to their value.The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer,the better for trade.When there were no railways,no good roads,no canals,and only small sailing ships,trade was on a small scale.The great advances made in transport during the last two hundred years were accompanied by a big increase intrade.Bigger and faster ships enabled a trade in meat to develop between Britain and New Zealand,for instance.Quicker transport makes possible mass-production and bigbusiness,drawing supplies from,and selling goods to,all parts of the globe.Big factories could not exist without transport to carry the large number of workers they need to and from their homes.Big city stores could not have developed unless customers could travel easily from the suburbs and goods delivered to their homes.Big cities could not survive unless food could be brought from a distance.Transport also prevents waste.Much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns.Transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on what is produced locally.Foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year can now be obtained all through the year.Transport has raised the standard of living.By moving fuel,raw materials,and even power,as,for example,through electric cables,transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before.Districts and countries can concentrate on making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another.The cheaper and quicker transport becomes,the longer the distance over which goods can profitably becarried.Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living.Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information.Means of communication,like telephones,cables and radio,send information about prices,supplies,and changing conditions in different parts of the world.In this way,advanced communication systems also help to develop trade.练习：1、Paragraph 2 ____2、Paragraph 3 ____3、Paragraph 4 ____4、Paragraph 5 ____A.Higher living standardB.Importance of transport in tradeC.Various means of transportD.Birth of transport-related industries and tradeE.Role of information in tradeF.Public transportation5、The development of modern means of transport ____.6.Only when goods can be carried to all parts of the world quickly ____.7、Transport has made it possible for people to eat whatever food they want ____.8、In the trade of modern society the transmission of information plays as important a role as ____.A.to send goods to various parts of the worldB.at any time during the yearC.has greatly promoted tradeD.is it possible to produce on a large scaleE.the transport of goodsF.it is possible to produce on a large scale答案：BADECDBE词汇：aid /eid/ n.协助，援助 plentiful /'plentiful/ adj.充裕的，丰富的 scarce /skeos/ adj.匮乏的，缺少的 canal /fe'nael/ n.运河 suburbs /'sAbsbz/ 作？郊区 deliver /di'liva/ v.送（货）port /po：t/ n.港口 cable /丨keibl/队电缆 commerce /'komss/ n.商业注释：add to：增添，增加on a small scale：小规模地。
2020职称英语综合类B级真题(概括大意)
2020职称英语综合类B级真题（概括大意）第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23-30题，每题1分，共8分)下面的短文后有两项测试任务：(1)第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中未第2~5段每段选择1个标题;(2)第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个选项。
Teaching Is “One of the Least Popular Jobs in the UK”1) The UK government has just published a report on the future of secondary-school teaching (pupils aged 11~16), and the conclusion of the report is that many secondary schools now face great difficulties in finding people who want to be teachers. Since the 1980s, the number of graduates who say they would “seriously consider” teaching as a career has fallen sharply, from 64% in 1982 to just 17% today. Thereport suggests that urgent action needs to be taken in order to encourage more intelligent young graduates into teaching.2) The main drawback of secondary teaching, according to the report, is the low salary. Earnings in teaching are much lower than in many other jobs, and this means that fewer and fewer young people decide to be teachers. Joanne Manners, 24 is a good example. “ I graduated in maths last year, and I was thinking of doing a teacher training course to become a maths teacher—but when I looked into the details, it became clear that teaching isn’t a very lucrative(赚钱的)job these days. I saw I could earn twice as much if I worked in marketing or advertising, and so I decided not to become a teacher.”3) It’s not just about the money, however. The survey concluded that another reason why people don’t want to be teachers is that some teenagers behave very badly in school.A lot of schools have problems with discipline, and it seems clear that children do not have the same respect for teachersas in the past. Here’s the view of Dave Hallam, anaccountant from London：” I think parents are to bla me. They should have stricter rules with their children at home andalso teach their children to have more respect for teachers.”4) “ It makes me feel so proud.” Says Brian Jones, who works in a secondary school in London. So what does he thinkthe government should do to encourage more people to become teachers?” “My view is that the government should reducethe burden of work on teachers. I find that I always have too much work to do.”5) The report is clear that the problem of teachershortage is a very serious one. It says that the government should raise teachers’ pay significantly, to catch up with workers in other professions. It also suggests that the government could launch a nationwide publicity campaign, with some advertisements on TV and in the newspapers, to show the positive sides of teaching to young people. Another solution could be set a maximum number of hours per week that teachers can work, in order to reduce stress on teachers. “Hopefully,” the report concludes, “these solutions can improve the poor image of secondary teaching, and increase the number of young people who want to become teachers in the future.【题干】23. Paragraph 1__________24. Paragraph 2__________25. Paragraph 3__________26. Paragraph 4__________【选项】A. Students’ bad behavior and lack of disciplineB. Improvement of children behaviorC. Heavy workload on teachersD. The problem of low salaryE. A report on teacher shortageF. A nationwide publicity campaign【题干】27. More and more young people are held back from teaching____________.28. Parents are encouraged to back the teacher up when there are_________29. The government should reduce the workload on teachers to ease_________.30. The government should promote teaching as a career by advertising_________.【选项】A. Its benefitsB. Their childhood memories。
2020年职称英语理工类概括大意模拟考试题(2)
2020年职称英语理工类概括大意模拟考试题(2)Transport and Trade1 Transport is one of the aids to trade. By moving goods from places wherethey are plentiful to places where they are scarce, transport adds to their value. The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer, the better for trade. When there were no railways, no good roads ,no canals, and only small sailing ships, trade was on a small scale.2 The great advances made in transport during the lasttwo hundred years were accompanied by a big increase in trade. Bigger and faster ships enabled a trade in meat to develop between Britain and New Zealand, for instance. Quicker transport makes possible mass production and big business, drawing supplies from, and selling goods to, all parts of the globe. Big factories could not exist without transport tocarry the large number of workers they need to and from their homes.Big city stores could not have developed unless customers could travel easily from the suburbs and goods delivered to their homes. Big cities could not survive unless food could be brought from a distance.3 Transport also prevents waste. Much of the fish landedat the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns. Transport has given us a much greatervariety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on what is produced locally. Foods which at one time could be obtained only during apart of the year can now be obtainedall through the year. Transport has raised the standard of living.4 By moving fuel, raw materials, and even power, as ,for example, through electric cables, transport has led to the establishment of industries and rade in areas where they would have been impossible before. Districts and countries can concentrate on making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another. The cheaper and quicker transport becomes, the longer the distance over which goods can profitably be carried. Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living.5 Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information. Means of communication, like telephones, cables and radio, send information about prices, supplies, and changing conditions in different parts of the world. In this way, advanced communication systems also help to develop trade.23 Paragraph 2 ________24 Paragraph 3 ________25 Paragraph 4 ________26 Paragraph 5 ________A Higher living standardB Importance of transport in tradeC Various means of transportD Birth of transport related industries and tradeE Role of information in tradeF Public transportation27 The development of modern means of transport ________28 Only when goods can be carried to all parts of the world quickly . ________29 Transport has made it possible for people to eat whatever food they want . ________30 In the trade of modern society the transmission of information plays as important a role as ________.A to send goods to various parts of the worldB at any time during the yearC has greatly promoted tradeD is it possible to produce on a large scaleE the transport of goodsF it is possible to produce on a large scale答案：BADE CDBE。
2020职称英语考试综合类模拟试题2：概括大意
2020职称英语考试综合类模拟试题2：概括大意ParisParis, the capital and the largest city of the country, is in north central France. The Paris metropolitan area contains nearly 20% of the nation's population and is the economic, cultural, and political center of France. The French governments have historically favored the city as the site for all decision making, thus powerfully attracting nearly all of the nation's activities.Paris has grown steadily since it was chosen as the national capital in the late 10th century. With the introduction of the Industrial Revolution, a great number of people moved to the city from the country during the 19th century. The migration was especially stimulated by the construction of railroads, which provided easy access to the capital. After World War II more and more immigrants arrived.The city is the centralized control point of most national radio and television broadcasting. It is a place of publication of the most prestigious newspapers and magazines and an international book publishing center. With more than 100 museums, Paris has truly been one of the greatest concentrations of art treasures in the world. The Louver, opened as a museum in 1793, is one of the largest museums in the world.In the late 1980s about 4.1million pupils annually attended about 47,000 elementary schools. In addition, about 5.4 million students attended some 11,200 secondary schools. Approximately 1.2 million students were enrolled annually atuniversities and colleges in France in the late 1980s. French centers of learning have served as academic models throughout the world.Paris is the leading industrial center of France, with about one quarter of the nation's manufacturing concentrated in the metropolitan area. Industries of consumer goods have always bee drawn to Paris by the enormous market of the big population, and modern, high-technology industries also have become numerous since World War II. Chief manufactures are machinery, automobiles, chemicals and electrical equipment.练习1. Paragraph2_________.2. Paragraph3_________.3. Paragraph4_________.4. Paragraph5_________.A History of the cityB Industries of the cityC Population grownD EducationE Cultural centerF Immigration5. Paris has in history been the center of___________.6. Since the 10th century, the population ofParis__________.7. Many valuable works of art_________.8. Paris is not only the center of education of France , but also the center_____________.A can be found in ParisB the major events of the nationC of the country's industriesD a lot of cinemas and theatersE has been growing steadilyF has been decreasing rapidly参考答案：CEDBBEAC。
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2020年综合类职称英语精选练习之概括大意（2）
Lightning has caused awe and wonder since old
times.Although Benjamin Franklin demonstrated lightning as enormous electrical discharge more than 200 years ago,many puzzles still surround this powerful phenomenon.
Lightning is generated when electrical charges separate
in rain clouds,though processes are still not fully understood.Typically,positive charges build at the cloud top,while the bottom becomes negatively charged.In most instances of cloud-to-ground lightning,the negatively charged lower portion of the cloud repels negatively charged
particles on the ground‘s surfaces,making it become positively charged.The positive charge on the ground gathers at elevated points.
A flow of electrons begins between the cloud and
earth.When the voltage charge becomes large enough,it breaks through the insulating barrier of air,and electrons zigzag earthward.We see the discharge as lightning.
Lightning can occur within a cloud,between clouds,or between clouds and the ground.The first variety,intra-cloud lightning,is the most frequent but is often hidden from our view.Cloud-to-ground lightning,making up about 20 percent of lightning discharges,is what we usually see.Lightning comes
in several forms,including sheet,ribbon,and ball.Intra-cloud lightning can illuminate a cloud so it looks like a white sheet,hence its name.When cloud-to-ground lightning occurs during strong winds,they can shift the lightning channel sideways,so it looks like a ribbon.The average lightning
strike is more than 3 miles long and can travel at a tenth of the speed of light.Ball lightning,the rarest and most mysterious form,derives its name from the small luminous ball that appears near the impact point,moves horizontally,and
lasts for several seconds.
Thunder is generated by the tremendous heat released in a lightning discharge.Temperatures near the discharge can reach as high as 50，000°F within thousandths of a second.This sudden heating acts as an explosion,generating shock waves we hear as thunder.
About 2，000 thunderstorms are occurring in the world at any time,generating about 100 lighting strikes every
second,or 8 million daily.Within the United States,lightning strikes are estimated at 20 million a year,or about 22，000
per day.You have a 1-in-600，000 chance of bring struck by lightning during your lifetime.Lightning can strike twice or more in the same spot.The Empire State Building in New York
is struck by lightning about two dozen times annually.
You can measure how far you are from a lightning strike
by counting the seconds between viewing the flash and hearing the bang,and then dividing by five.This approximates the mileage.
练习：1-4题的要求是，从第一个方框的六个选项A、B、C、D、E、F中选出四个选项为注明的段落各配一个合适的小标题。
5-8题的要求是，从第二个方框的六个选项A、B、C、D、E、F中选出四个选项完成
每个句子。
1.Paragraphs 2 and 3
2.Paragraph 4
3.Paragraph 5
4.Paragraph 6
A Cloud-to-ground lightning occurring in the U.S.
B Types of lightning
C Cause of lightning
D Differences between thunder and thunderstorm
E Frequencies of thunderstorms occurring in the world and the U.S.
F Shock waves as thunder
5.In most cases of cloud-to-ground lightning,the
ground‘s surface …
6.One form of lightning that … is ball lightning …
7.Cloud lightning looks like a ribbon when its lighting channel …
8.Although not fully understanding processes of lightning,man …
A occurs most infrequently.
B is shifted sideways by strong winds.
C is often hidden from our view.
D is equipped with a good knowledge of various forms of lightning .
E is estimated at 20 millions a year.
F is positively charged.。