《晋书,文苑顾恺之传》阅读试题答案及翻译译文
《晋书，文苑|顾恺之传》阅读试题答案
及翻译（译文）
《晋书?文苑|顾恺之传》阅读试题答案及翻译（译文）（顾）恺之博学有才气，尝为《筝赋》，成，谓人曰：“吾赋之比嵇康琴①，不赏者必以后出相遗，深识者亦
当以高奇见贵。”为殷仲堪参军，深被眷接。仲堪在荆州，恺之尝因假还。还至荆州，人问以会稽山川之状。
恺之云：“千岩竞秀，万壑争流。草木蒙笼，若云兴霞蔚。”恺之每食甘蔗，恒自尾至本。人或怪之，云：
“渐入佳境。”
尤善丹青，图写特妙，谢安深重之，以为有苍生以
来未之有也。恺之每画人成，或数年不点目精。人问其故，答曰：“四体妍蚩，本无关于妙处。传神写照，正
在阿堵中。”尝悦一邻女，挑之弗从，乃图其形于壁，
以棘针钉其心，女遂患心痛。恺之因致其情，女从之，
遂密去针而愈。每写起人形，妙绝于时。尝图裴楷象，
颊上加三毛，观者觉神明殊胜。又为谢鲲象，在石岩里，云：“此子宜置丘壑中。”欲图殷仲堪，仲堪有目病，
固辞。恺之曰：“明府正为眼耳，若明点瞳子，飞白拂上，使如轻云之蔽月，岂不美乎！”仲堪乃从之。尝以
一厨画糊题其前寄桓玄皆其深所珍惜者玄乃发其厨后窃
取画缄闭如旧以还之绐云未开恺之见封题如初但失其画，
直云妙画通灵，变化而去，亦犹人之登仙，了无怪色。
恺之矜伐过实，少年因相称誉以为戏弄。又为吟咏，自谓得先贤风制。义熙初，为散骑常侍，与谢瞻连省，
夜于月下长咏，瞻每遥赞之，恺之弥自力忘倦。瞻将眠，令人代己，恺之不觉有异，遂申旦而止。尤信小术，以
为求之必得。桓玄尝以一柳叶绐之曰：“此蝉所翳叶也，取以自蔽，人不见己。”恺之喜，引叶自蔽，玄就溺焉，恺之信其不见己也，甚以珍之。俗传恺之有三绝：才绝，画绝，痴绝。
（选自《晋书??文苑》，有删改）
5．对下列句子中加点词的解释，正确的一项是（3分）
A．亦深被眷接器重
B．此子宜置丘壑中弃置
C．了无怪色明白
D．恺之矜伐过实庄重
6．下列各组句子中，加点词意义和用法相同的一组是（3分）
A．恺之尝因假还少年因相称誉以为戏弄
B．草木蒙笼，若云兴霞蔚若明点瞳子，飞白拂上
C．以为有苍生以来未之有也使如轻云之蔽月，岂不美乎
D．人问以会稽山川之状桓玄尝以一柳叶绐之曰
7．下列各组句子中，能分别表现顾恺之“画绝”和“痴绝”的一组是（3分）
A．①每写起人形，妙绝于时②恺之因致其情，女从之
B．①直云妙画通灵，变化而去②恺之信其不见己也，甚以珍之
C．①尝图裴楷象，颊上加三毛②恺之不觉有异，遂申旦而止
D．①人或怪之，云：“渐入佳境。”②尤信小术，以为求之必得。
8．下列对原文的分析与概括，正确的一项是（3分） A．顾恺之博学而有才气。他绘声绘色地向人描述会稽山水的状貌，以“渐入佳境”妙释自己总是从根部开
始吃甘蔗的原因。
B．顾恺之特别擅长人物画，谢安认为顾恺之的人物画前无古人。恺之画人物最重视点睛，认为眼睛最能生
动逼真地表现人物。
C．顾恺之画像善于点染衬托。他画邻女像，“图其形于壁”；画谢鲲像，“在石岩里”；画有目病的殷仲堪，“明点瞳子，飞白拂上”。
D．顾恺之吟咏具有先贤的风制。他曾在月色下长声
吟咏，受到邻居谢瞻的赞赏，恺之自力忘倦，一直吟咏到天亮才停下。
9．断句和翻译。（10分）
（1）用“/”给下面的文字断句。（4分）
尝以一厨画糊题其前寄桓玄皆其深所珍惜者玄乃发其厨后窃取画缄闭如旧以还之绐云未开恺之见封题如初但失其画
（2）翻译下面的句子。（6分）
①不赏者必以后出相遗，深识者亦当以高奇见贵。
②四体妍蚩，本无关于妙处。
参考答案：
5.【文言实词】（3分）
A(B置：放置，摆放。C了：完全。D矜：自夸。)
6.【文言虚词】（3分）
D(介词，拿，用。A介词，趁着/副词，于是。B动词，好像/连词，如果。C代词，他/结构助词，取独，无实义。)
7.【信息筛选】（3分）
C（①在脸颊上加上三根毛，观看的人觉得神情特别美，善点染；②被人捉弄而不知，呆傻。A①能表现其“画绝”，②表现其狡黠的一面。B两句均表现其“痴绝”。D①表现其“才绝”。）
8.【内容归纳】（3分）
B(A“总是从根部开始吃甘蔗”有误，顾恺之每次吃甘蔗，总是从末端吃到根部。C“图其形于壁”，是顾恺之用道术整邻家女，不属点染。D顾恺之自认为其吟咏具有先贤的风制。谢瞻对他的赞赏只为捉弄他。)
9.【断句与翻译】（10分）
（1）尝以一厨画糊题其前/寄桓玄/皆其深所珍惜者/玄乃发其厨后/窃取画/缄闭如旧以还之/绐云未开/恺之见封题如初/但失其画（错满2处扣1分。）
（2）①不懂鉴赏的人一定会因为（《筝赋》）后写成而遗弃它，有鉴识能力的人将会认为它高超奇妙而推重。（“以”“遗”“贵”各1分。）
②四肢画得美与丑，本来就与画像的奇妙与否没有关联。
（“四体妍蚩”1分，“关”1分，介宾短语后置1分。）
附：文言文参考译文
顾恺之博学有才气，曾经创作《筝赋》，写成以后对人说：“我这篇赋和嵇康的《琴赋》相比，不懂鉴赏的人一定会因为(《筝赋》)后写成而遗弃它，有鉴识能力的人将会认为(或因为)它高超奇妙而推重。”他担任殷仲堪的参军，很受器重。殷仲堪在荆州时，顾恺之曾趁休假
回家。他回到荆州后，人们问他会稽山水的状貌。顾恺
之说道：“千山竞秀，万川争流。草木蒙笼，好像云兴
霞蔚。”顾恺之每次吃甘蔗，总是从尾部吃到根部。有
人感到奇怪，他说：“渐入佳境。”
顾恺之特别擅长绘画，画得特别神妙，谢安非常推
重他，认为自古以来还没有人能像他这样。顾恺之每当
画成人像后，有时几年也不点眼睛。人们问他其中的原因，他回答说：“四肢画得美与丑，本来就与画像的奇
妙与否没有关联。生动逼真的摹画人物，就在(眼睛)这里。”他曾经喜欢一个邻居的女子，挑逗她而女子不同意，顾恺之就把她的画像绘在墙上，用棘针钉画像的心
脏部位，那女子于是患了心痛病。顾恺之向她表达了关
爱之情，女子顺从了他，他就暗中拔掉棘针，女子的病
也好了。他每次画出人物肖像，总是妙绝一时。曾经绘
出裴楷肖像，在脸颊上加上三根毛，观看的人觉得神情
特别美。顾恺之画谢鲲像，画在石岩上，说：“这先生(喜欢山水)适合放在丘壑中。”他打算给殷仲堪画像，
殷仲堪眼睛有毛病，极力推辞。顾恺之说道：“您只因
为眼睛罢了，如果明白地点画瞳子，用飞白往上拂描，
使它像轻云遮蔽月亮，岂不是很好吗!”殷仲堪这才听从了他。顾恺之曾经把一柜子画在柜子前贴好封条题上字，寄放在桓玄那里，那些画都是他非常珍爱的。桓玄竟然
打开柜子后面，偷走了画，再像原来一样封闭好后归还
顾恺之，谎称没有打开过柜子。看到封条题字跟原来一样，只遗失了画，顾恺之只说妙画通灵，变化离去，就
好像凡人登仙，完全没有奇怪的神色。
顾恺之自夸自耀超过了实际情况，有些年轻人于是
就极力以称誉捉弄他。顾恺之吟咏诗赋，自认为具有先
贤的风致。义熙初年，他任散骑常侍，和谢瞻官署相连，晚上在月色下长声吟咏，谢瞻总是远远地赞赏他，顾恺
之更加努力，忘记了疲倦。谢瞻准备去睡觉，让别人来
替自己，顾恺之不觉有异样，一直吟咏到天亮才停下。
顾恺之特别相信小法术，认为去求就一定能得到。桓玄
曾经用一片柳叶欺骗他说：“这是蝉用来遮蔽自身的叶子，拿它来遮蔽自己，别人就看不见你。”顾恺之很高兴，拿过叶子来遮住自己，桓玄就走近他对他小便，顾
恺之相信桓玄没有看见自己，非常珍爱那片叶子。世上
传说顾恺之有三绝：才绝，画绝，痴绝。
中英文文献翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
ASP外文翻译原文
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毕业设计外文翻译附原文
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
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毕业设计外文翻译原文.
Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method
材料科学与工程专业英语第三版翻译以及答案
材料科学与工程专业英语第三版翻译以及答案 Document serial number【KK89K-LLS98YT-SS8CB-SSUT-SST108】
UNIT 1 一、材料根深蒂固于我们生活的程度可能远远的超过了我们的想象，交通、装修、制衣、通信、娱乐（recreation）和食品生产，事实上（virtually），我们生活中的方方面面或多或少受到了材料的影响。历史上，社会的发展和进步和生产材料的能力以及操纵材料来实现他们的需求密切（intimately）相关，事实上，早期的文明就是通过材料发展的能力来命名的（石器时代、青铜时代、铁器时代）。 二、早期的人类仅仅使用（access）了非常有限数量的材料，比如自然的石头、木头、粘土（clay）、兽皮等等。随着时间的发展，通过使用技术来生产获得的材料比自然的材料具有更加优秀的性能。这些性材料包括了陶瓷（pottery）以及各种各样的金属，而且他们还发现通过添加其他物质和改变加热温度可以改变材料的性能。此时，材料的应用（utilization）完全就是一个选择的过程，也就是说，在一系列有限的材料中，根据材料的优点来选择最合适的材料，直到最近的时间内，科学家才理解了材料的基本结构以及它们的性能的关系。在过去的100年间对这些知识的获得，使对材料性质的研究变得非常时髦起来。因此，为了满足我们现代而且复杂的社会，成千上万具有不同性质的材料被研发出来，包括了金属、塑料、玻璃和纤维。 三、由于很多新的技术的发展，使我们获得了合适的材料并且使得我们的存在变得更为舒适。对一种材料性质的理解的进步往往是技术的发展的先兆，例如：如果没有合适并且没有不昂贵的钢材，或者没有其他可以替代（substitute）的东西，汽车就不可能被生产，在现代、复杂的（sophisticated）电子设备依赖于半导体（semiconducting）材料四、有时，将材料科学与工程划分为材料科学和材料工程这两个副学科（subdiscipline）是非常有用的，严格的来说，材料科学是研究材料的性能以及结构的关系，与此相反，材料工程则是基于材料结构和性能的关系，来设计和生产具有预定性
英文翻译译文
2015年5月28日 通过分析用户的认知变化来推广BIM 在土木工程中的应用 英文题目 BIM Promotion Plan in Civil Engineering through the analysis of the User Recognition Changes 中文题目 通过分析用户的认知变化来推广BIM 在 土木工程中的应用 学院名称 城市建设学院 专业班级 工程造价1101班 学生姓名 张天宇 学生学号 103 指导教师 陈振富 英文翻译
BIM，最近出现在建筑行业的一个热点问题，被公认为行业的新突破。然而现在由于停滞不前的建筑业危机和订单量减少。已经，各种研究正在进行，介绍BIM在国内和国外的建筑，但在土木工程项目，与建设工程项目，工作体系是不重复的，水平的，非典型的，和项目任务的范围是如此之广，所产生的信息量是巨大的。因此，建筑公司和设计师受到BIM建设初始投资成本的压力并且怀疑其成本的有效性。因此，在国内土木工程项目中实施BIM，本研究确定了土木工程设计师的BIM技术水平并分析其意识BIM的变化从过去以确定障碍到在土木工程BIM激活并提出这样的解决方案。本研究的结果将作为制定方向引入BIM土木工程和对所提供的产品的复核和验证系统的发展的基础数据。 关键词：BIM；标准；土木工程；活化；意识的改变；信息模型 引言 BIM（建筑信息模型）是一种新兴的以提高建设项目生产率的工具。BIM可以被定义为“从项目的规划设计到维护和控制，面向项目，主要利用三维图形、建筑学有关的信息进行辅助设计”。对于积极实施BIM的建设项目，由于项目牵涉太广，所产生的信息量是巨大的，让施工人员和设计人员担心工程项目有无重复，水平，和非典型的工作系统，从而怀疑通过BIM建设初始投资成本及有关的其有效性（利恩硕，K.，首尔GI，K.，贤成，K，和hyoun硕，M.，2011）。这些都只是一部分原因，不足以解释土木工程中BIM运用推广的不够迅速，一旦得到推广，它将对国家的经济产生巨大的影响。目前还是很难确定要实现BIM的运用首先需要解决哪些问题。 因此本研究旨在分析那些在工作中使用BIM或有更高的理解它的土木工程设计师BIM意识的变化，来确定相关的问题，并提出解决方案。特别是，各种因素阻止引入BIM是从当前时间和社会的需要而不是基于肤浅的调查计划中提取的激活，或从过去对意识的变化，那里是一个缺乏BIM的社会意识，以及BIM的初步介绍现状，和基于前牵引的结果，本研究旨在提出一个BIM激活计划。
中国的对外贸易外文翻译及原文
外文翻译 原文 Foreign T rade o f China Material Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka 1.Introduction On December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: ?In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44% ?In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1 ?In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2 ?In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province ?In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere 2.Evolution of China’s Trade Regime Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a much
材料科学与工程专业英语第三版 翻译以及答案
UNIT 1 一、材料根深蒂固于我们生活的程度可能远远的超过了我们的想象，交通、装修、制衣、通信、娱乐（recreation）和食品生产，事实上（virtually），我们生活中的方方面面或多或少受到了材料的影响。历史上，社会的发展和进步和生产材料的能力以及操纵材料来实现他们的需求密切（intimately）相关，事实上，早期的文明就是通过材料发展的能力来命名的（石器时代、青铜时代、铁器时代）。 二、早期的人类仅仅使用（access）了非常有限数量的材料，比如自然的石头、木头、粘土（clay）、兽皮等等。随着时间的发展，通过使用技术来生产获得的材料比自然的材料具有更加优秀的性能。这些性材料包括了陶瓷（pottery）以及各种各样的金属，而且他们还发现通过添加其他物质和改变加热温度可以改变材料的性能。此时，材料的应用（utilization）完全就是一个选择的过程，也就是说，在一系列有限的材料中，根据材料的优点来选择最合适的材料，直到最近的时间内，科学家才理解了材料的基本结构以及它们的性能的关系。在过去的100年间对这些知识的获得，使对材料性质的研究变得非常时髦起来。因此，为了满足我们现代而且复杂的社会，成千上万具有不同性质的材料被研发出来，包括了金属、塑料、玻璃和纤维。 三、由于很多新的技术的发展，使我们获得了合适的材料并且使得我们的存在变得更为舒适。对一种材料性质的理解的进步往往是技术的发展的先兆，例如：如果没有合适并且没有不昂贵的钢材，或者没有其他可以替代（substitute）的东西，汽车就不可能被生产，在现代、复杂的（sophisticated）电子设备依赖于半导体（semiconducting）材料 四、有时，将材料科学与工程划分为材料科学和材料工程这两个副学科
G中英文翻译
翻译部分
英文原文 Mining subsidence caused by mining environmental disasters Keywords: land reclamation of mining subsidence ；subsidence control Large-scale exploitation of coal mine and its surrounding environment has resulted in serious damage to an increasingly prominent mining subsidence mining environmental disasters caused by land subsidence or mainly water, agricultural production or no production, road collapse, deformation and damage, such as housing, which are is a mining-induced rock movement, is caused by mining subsidence and regional disasters, the source of deformation, the effective control and reduce the degree of ground subsidence is the root of the problem to resolve this way. With the improved form of coal, have increased the Group's control environment and governance, the cause of the coal is reactive in that will benefit future generations. 1. Subsidence means of control techniques Subsidence damage control measures will be considered in two ways; (1) the control of mining subsidence, that is, through the rational choice of mining methods and technology, rational arrangement of mining face, take underground filling law, separation of overlying strata with measures such as space filling to reduce surface subsidence, control the speed and extent of surface subsidence, to protect surface and ground built structures with the purpose of arable land. (2) mining subsidence damage restoration and remediation, the use of land reclamation technology and building anti-mining deformation technology, mining subsidence damage remediation and use of land. 1.1.1 All backfill mining In the coal after mining has yet to take off before the roof with a solid material to be dense goaf filling, so that only yields a small amount of roof rock sinking in order to reduce surface subsidence and deformation of the ground to protect the building, structure or purpose of farmland . Which is the filling of water and sediment filling in the mining method to reduce the effect of surface preparation methods subsidence, followed by the wind and filling away from the filling of waste. However, filling mining method of filling the need for specialized equipment and facilities, but also the need for adequate filling material. Initial investment of mine, and tons of coal a corresponding increase in cost. 1.1.2 strip mining Based on coal and overlying strata combination of conditions, according to a certain ratio of mining to remain in the coal seam was mined in a recovery to retain one. As a result
英文翻译与英文原文.陈--
翻译文献：INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL （对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告） 文献作者：Peter Dransfield, 出处：Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数：p139—144 英文译文： 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究，从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统，分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论，如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下： s1-流源，即调速阀出口流量； S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数： I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容； C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度； R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻， R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力； I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容： R5, R7-管路的等效液阻； V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积； P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载， V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型，滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。
外文翻译原文
204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999
JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.360docs.net/doc/3918800888.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-