管理学原理第2章
管理学原理（陈传明周小虎）第二章
思考题1、中国古代的顺道思想对现代企业的经营有何启示？答：【1】中国历史上的“道”有多种含义，属于主观范畴的“道”是指治国的理论；属于客观范畴的“道”指客观规律。
“顺道”是指管理要顺应客观规律。
【2】根据这种思想，管理者必须：第一，辨道，辨识客观规律；第二，顺道，根据客观规律的要求来组织管理活动。
为现代企业提供思路。
【3】中国古代的“顺道”与早期的其他管理学思想“重人”“求和”“法治”“守信”“预谋”等共同构成了中国古代的管理学思想，是重要的组成部分，不可分割。
对于现代企业有着重要的影响。
2、中国古代法治思想的基本原则有哪些？【1】明法。
法的公开性原则。
【2】一法。
统一性原则和平等性原则。
【3】常法也称固法。
即保持法的稳定性。
3、欧文在管理思想史上有什么贡献？【1】欧文在关于人的因素方面的思考和实践，被称为现代人事管理的创始人。
【2】率先指出人这个因素在工业生产中的重要作用。
【3】欧文对管理学中的贡献是，摈弃了过去那种把工人当作工具的做法，着力改善工人劳动条件，诸如提高童工参加劳动的最低年龄；缩短雇员的劳动时间；为雇员提供厂内膳食；设立按成本向雇员出售生活必需品的模式，从而改善当地整个社会状况。
4、试综合分析斯密和巴贝奇关于劳动分工的研究。
【1】斯密对管理理论发展的一个贡献是他的劳动分工观点。
他认为分工是增进劳动生产力的重要因素，原因是：(1)分工可以使劳动者专门从事一种单纯的操作，从而提高熟练程度、增进技能；(2)分工可以减少劳动者的工作转换，节约通常由一种工作转到另一种工作所损失的时间；(3)分工可以使劳动简化，使劳动者的注意力集中在一种特定的对象上，有利于发现比较方便的工作方法，促进工具的改良和机器的发明。
斯密的分工观点适应了当时社会对迅速扩大劳动分工以促进工业革命发展的要求，成为管理学的一条基本原则。
【2】巴贝奇继续了斯密关于劳动分工的研究并指出，劳动分工不仅可以提高工作效率，还可以减少工资支出。
管理学原理第2章组织管理原理
有助于维持正式组织的内聚力
心理满足（感情交流、认同、理解）有助于强化个人的协作意愿， 培养个人对组织的忠诚。
维护个人人格完整
正式组织强调个人的社会化侧面，强调共同目标对个人的非人格支 配，导致人格偏离。
（三）正式组织对非正式组织的作用
正式组织为非正式组织形成创造条件
正式组织为人们聚集在一起发生接触、相互交往创造了条件。
个人潜在能量的表面化
个人能 量转化 为组织 能量的 两个环 节
A诸如激励、领导等 与个人积极性直接相 关的因素作用于个人 →个人潜在能量在较 高程度上成为组织的 力量。
C由于受周围人的工 作精神感染，或者比 较、竞争的作用 →个人焕发出更大的 能量为组织工作
个人能量的有效化
B通过科学有效的分 工协调、计划控制过 程，以及有效的领导 →个人围绕组织的基 本目标和任务发挥作 用，个人力量成为组 织力量的有效部分。
行为与学习
学习的方式
1直接的实践（对掌握管理能力尤为重要）
例：某企业的裁员 2其他人经验的提示 3专门的理论知识学习和技能训练
行为与学习
个体层次的基本要素
目标 知识 思维方式 生理、 心理力量 决策
行为 学习
心理基础
1理论学习、训练 2间接经验 3直接实践： 经历、经验 技能 见识 人际关系 企业文化
对管理者的启示
第一，人和蚂蚁一样是一个极其简单的行为系统， 人的认知能力是有局限性的； 第二，因为人的认知能力有局限性，所以人的决策 就不得不以满意原则为标准，而不能以追求合理性 的经济学所使用的最优化（最大化）原则为标准。 第三，为了在满意的基础上保证尽可能大的合理性， 就应该通过组织结构的设计，使组织内信息处理单 纯化，以尽量克服个人认知能力的局限性。
管理学原理讲义 2 第二章
重人
重人是中国传统管理的一大要素，包括两大方面：一是重人心向背，二是重人才归离。
司马迁、诸葛亮
人和
指调整人际关系，讲团结，上下和，左右和。对治国来说，和能兴邦；对治生来说，和气生财。
孔子、管子
守信
治国要守信，要把诚信放在第一位，办一切事业都要守信。孔子Fra bibliotek管子利器
生产要有工具，打仗要有兵器，使用利器，可达到“其用日半，其功可使倍”。
（三）甘特图
甘特图（Gantt chart）又称为横道图、条状图(Bar chart)。其通过条状图来显示项目，进度，和其他时间相关的系统进展的内在关系随着时间进展的情况。以提出者亨利·L·甘特（Henrry L. Ganntt）先生的名字命名。
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
（二）小瓦特和博尔顿的科学管理制度
生产管理和销售方面：根据生产流程的要求，配置机器设备，编制生产计划，制订生产作业标准，实行零部件生产标准化，研究市场动态，进行预测
成本管理方面：建立起详细的记录和先进的监督制度。
人事管理方面：制订工人和管理人员的培训和发展规划。
进行工作研究，并按工作研究结果确定工资的支付办法。
实行由职工选举的委员会来管理医疗费制度等福利制度。
（三）马萨诸塞车祸与所有权和管理权的分离
独立的管理职能和专业的管理人员正式得到承认。
横向的管理分工开始出现。
具有管理才能的雇佣人员掌握了管理权，直接为科学管理理论的产生创造了条件。
（四）欧文的人事管理
开创了在企业中重视人的地位和作用的先河，有人因此称他为“人事管理之父”
三、管理理论概述
管理学原理教案(第二章)
1 管理学原理课程教案
要求学生了解西方早期管理思想的发展、我国管理思想发展的历程、
4）管理理论丛林孔茨与管理理论丛林管理理论丛林要点权变理论概要质量管理概要
第二节我国管理思想的发展由于课时有限，本节内容为自学内容。
第三节管理理论的发展趋势
1、新实际管理环境的变化
经济全球化政府职能的转变技术革命
“入世”的挑战
2、管理学发展新趋势
人本管理创新管理知识管理危机管理
（具体内容请见后面的讲稿）
重点：泰罗的科学管理理论、霍桑实验的过程及意义
难点：对泰罗科学管理理论的正确评价。
教学手段与方法：
本章内容以讲授为主，通过案例分析，加深对西方管理理论的理解。
以多媒体为辅助教学手段。
思考题、讨论题、作业：
思考：西方的管理思想如何应用于中国实践？
参考资料（含参考书、文献等）：。
管理学原理第二章 决策与决策方法
波斯顿矩阵是美国波斯顿咨询公司（BCG）在1960年提出的一种投资 组合分析方法。该矩阵是用两次衡量标准构成的矩阵，它把需 求数量 的增长率作为战略经营领域的预期衡量标准，把企业的相对市场占有 率作为竞争地位的衡量标准。在预测未来的增长率和相对的市场 占有 率被计算出的情况下，都能在这一矩阵中标出本企业产品相应的位置。
在计算机上产生的随机表
5 90 47 50 97 15 94 91 60 23 88 54 27 71 50 50 5 68 84 42 38 3 23 32 53 43 38 55 3 48 52 34 65 75 24 67 74 93 6 40 52 30 84 9 88 3 13 46 34 49 20 60 23 41 46 59 5 96 75 41 40 97 35 44 58 80 85 26 5 78 9 32 71 3 98 8 1 85 64 33 17 95 100 50 92 85 88 67 4 78 65 22 93 99 82 18 21 57 59 68 57 85 85 100 39 56 30 45 53 67 10 50 25 38 51 31 99 33 14 74 23 11 75 53 1 44 76 80 43 8 99 53 8 3 43 23 51 9 89 47 17 78 43 85 43 74 96 2 46 26 19 7 41 31 40 29 65 40 81 92 31 17 59 33 29 3 76 54 17 76 73 53 33 78 94 73 38 41 12 52 43 68 87 15 26 10 81 8 89 47 47 66 96 13 50 2 21 36 89 44 51 86 43 81 4 57 81 36 51 4 71 5 51 53 18 71 43 22 15 29 43 24 18 57 22
《管理学基础》教学教案—02管理的基本原理
2.动力原则
动力原则是指管理必须有强大的动力，促使各种管理要素有效地发挥作用，产生强大的合力，使管理运动持续而有效地进行
现代管理的动力包括以下三种。
（1）物质动力。
（2）精神动力。
（3）信息动力。
现代管理运用动力原则要做到以下几点。
（1）三种动力要综合协调运用。
（2）要处理好集体动力与个体动力的关系。
（4）按其反馈属性，系统可以分为开环系统和闭环系统两大类。开环系统是指系统内不存在反馈通道和机制系统，而闭环系统是指系统内存在反馈通道和机制的系统。
（5）按其运动属性，系统可以分为动态系统与静态系统两大类。
（二）系统的特征
（1）整体性。
（2）结构性。
（3）层次性。
（4）相关性。
（5）目的性。
（6）开放性。
系统必ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้符合下列三个条件：①系统是由若干要素（部分）组成的；②系统有一定的结构；③系统有一定的功能，或者说系统有一定的目的性。
（一）系统的分类
（1）按其自然属性，系统可分为自然系统和人造系统两大类。
（2）按自然界进化程度，系统可以分为无机系统、生物机体系统及社会系统三大类。
（3）按系统与环境的联系，系统可以分为封闭系统与开放系统两大类。
三、实现管理效益应注意的问题
1．要树立全局效益观
2．要处理好长期效益与短期效益的关系
3．要处理好经济效益与社会效益的关系
第四节 管理的责任原理
一、责任原理的概念
责任原理是指管理工作必须在合理分工的基础上，明确规定各部门和每个人必须完成的工作任务和必须承担的相应责任。责任原理的核心是责任，必须在数量、质量、速度、效益上有明确规定，并通过一定的条例、规定等形式表现出来。
管理学原理第二章管理思想的发展
法约5、尔会现代管理思想的发展
要求企业作出准确的及时的决策 要求管理手段更先进 要求管理理论和经营方法 能充分调动人的积极性
返回
第二节 西方现代管理思想的发展
第二章 管理思想 的发展
本章的主要内容
1、*泰罗的科学管理的主要观点、管理制度、对泰 罗制的评价； 2、法约尔的组织管理理论主要内容； 3、*霍桑实验的主要内容及其结论； 4、*马斯洛需要层次理论的主要内容； 5、*双因素理论的主要内容； 6、X、Y的主要观点及其区别* ；超Y理论和Z理论； 7、*管理科学学派的特点； 8、*决策理论学派的主要观点； 9、*中国现代管理思想发展的新趋势
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第一节 西方传统管理思想
泰罗的科学管理理论
3、福特——创造了第一条流水生产线 制定了一系列标准化工作： （1）产品系列化 （2）零件规格化 （3）工厂专业化 （4）机器及工具专用化
管理学原理第2章练习题及答案
Chapter 2 – Management Yesterday and TodayTrue/FalseAccording to Adam Smith, division of labor was an important concept.In the Industrial Revolution, machine power began substituting for human power.“Principles of Scientific Management” was writ ten by Frederick Taylor.Frank Gilbreth’s best-known contribution to scientific management concerned selecting the best worker.Frederick Taylor is most associated with the principles of scientific management.One could say that Fayol was interested in studying macro management issues, whereas Taylor was interested in studying micro management issues.Bureaucracy, as described by Weber, emphasizes rationality and interpersonal relationships.Decisions on determining a company’s optimum inventory le vels have been significantly influenced by economic order quantity modeling.Barnard, Follet, Musterberg, and Owen are all theorists are associated with the early organizational behavior approach. Multiple ChoiceAdam Smith's, "The Wealth of Nations," put forth that the primary economic advantage by societies would be gained from which of the following concepts?a. management planning and controlb. on-the-job trainingc. union representationd. fair employment legislatione. division of laborWhich of the following is not one of the four management approaches that grew out of the first half of this century?a. scientific managementb. general administrativec. organizational behaviord. systems approache. quantitativeAccording to the text, probably the best-known example of Taylor’s scientific management was the ______________ experiment.a.horse shoeb.pig ironc.blue collard.fish tankWhich of the following is NOT one of Taylor’s four principles of management?a.Develop a science for each eleme nt of an individual’s work, which will replace the old rule-of-thumbmethod.b.Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.c.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principlesdeveloped.d.Provide managers will less work than other employees so the managers can plan accordingly.General administrative theory focuses ona.the entire organization.b. managers and administrators.c. the measurement of organizational design relationships.d. primarily the accounting function.e. administrative issues affecting non-managerial employees.The fourteen principles of management are associated with whom?a. Weberb. Druckerc. Taylord. Gilbrethe. FayolWhich of the following approaches to management has also been labeled operations research or management science?a.The qualitative approachb.The quantitative approachc.The experimental approachd.The theoretical approachWhich of the following would not be associated with the quantitative approach to management?a. information modelsb. critical-path schedulingc. systematic motivation of individualsd. linear programminge. statisticsWithout question, the most important contribution to the developing field of organizational behavior came out of the _______________.a.Taylor Studies.b.Porter Studies.c.Parker Studies.d.Hawthorne Studies.What scientist is most closely associated with the Hawthorne Studies?a. Adamsb. Mayoc. Lawlerd. Barnarde. FollettOne outcome of the Hawthorne studies could be described by which of the following statements?a.Social norms are the key determinants of individual work behavior.b.Money is more important than the group on individual productivity.c.Behavior and employee sentiments are inversely related.d.Security is relatively unimportant.e.While groups are an important determinant of worker productivity, the individual him/herself is mostimportant.Scenarios and QuestionsHISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MANAGEMENTA Look Back (Scenario)Cindy Schultz, tired from working with customers all day, decided to take a fifteen-minute nap to help clear her head before the 4:15 managers' meeting. Her company had recently begun a re-engineering process as well as other changes requiring copious management input. As she leaned back in her chair, she wondered if management science had always been this way and how it all began. As she napped, she dreamed that, along with "Mr. Peebodi" as her guide, she was traveling in the "Management Way Back Machine" that took her back through management history.106. One of the earliest sites Cindy visited was Adam Smith's home, author of The Wealth of Nations, which suggested that organizations and society would gain froma. time management.b. division of labor.c. group work.d. quality management.e. time and motion studies.107. Cindy visited a bookstore where there was a book signing occurring. She looked down and saw that the title of the book was Principles of Scientific Management and concluded that the author must bea. Adam Smith.b. Frank Gilbreth.c. Henry Gantt.d. Frederick Taylor.e. Henri Fayol.108. Cindy admired the works of Taylor and Gilbreth, two advocates ofa. scientific management.b. organizational behavior.c. human resource management.d. motivation.e. leadership.109. Cindy spent some time visiting with __________, a researcher she previously knew little about but who also contributed to management science by being among the first to use motion picture films to study hand-and-body motions and by devising a classification scheme known as a "therblig."a. Henry Ganttb. Max Weberc. Chester Barnardd. Frank Gilbrethe. Mary Parker FolletEssay QuestionsSCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENTIn a short essay, discuss Frederick Taylor’s work in scientific management. Next, list Taylor’s four principles of management.AnswerFrederick Taylor did most of his work at the Midvale and Bethlehem Steel Companies in Pennsylvania. As a mechanical engineer with a Quaker and Puritan background, he was conti nually appalled by workers’ inefficiencies. Employees used vastly different techniques to do the same job. They were inclined to “take it easy” on the job, and Taylor believed that worker output was only about one-third of what was possible.Virtually no work standards existed. Workers were placed in jobs with little or no concern for matching their abilities and aptitudes with the tasks they were required to do. Managers and workers were in continual conflict.Taylor set out to correct the situation by applying the scientific method to shop floor jobs. He spent more than two decades passionately pursuing the “one best way” for each job to be done.Taylor’s Four Principles of Managementa.Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work, whi ch will replace the old rule-of-thumbmethod.b.Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.c.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that al work is done in accordance with the principles ofthe science that has been developed.d.Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management takes overall work for which it is better fitted than the workers.(difficult)122. In a short essay, discuss the work in scientific management by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.AnswerFrank Gilbreth is probably best known for his experiments in bricklaying. By carefully analyzing the bricklayer’s job, he reduced the number of motions in laying exterior brick from 18 to about 5, and on laying interior brick the motions were reduced from 18 to 2. Using the Gilbreth’s techniques, the bricklayer could be more productive and less fatigued at the end of the day. The Gilbreths were among the first researchers to use motion pictures to study hand-and-body motions and the amount of time spent doing each motion. Wasted motions missed by the naked eye could be identified and eliminated. The Gilbreths also devised a classificationscheme to label 17 basic hand motions, which they called therbligs. This scheme allowed the Gilbreths a more precise way of analyzing a worker’s exact hand movements.(moderate)GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE THEORISTS123. In a short essay, discuss the work of Henri Fayol as it relates to the general administrative approach to management. Next li st and discuss seven of Fayol’s fourteen principles of management.AnswerFayol described the practice of management as something distinct from accounting, finance, production, distribution, and other typical business functions. He argued that management was an activity common to all human endeavors in business, government, and even in the home. He then proceeded to state 14 principles of management—fundamental rules of management that could be taught in schools and applied in all organizational situations.Fayol’s Fourteen Principles of Managementa.Division of work. – specialization increases output by making employees more efficient.b.Authority – managers must be able to give orders. Authority gives them this right. Along with authority,however, goes responsibility.c.Discipline – employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organization.d.Unity of command – every employee should receive orders from only one superior.e.Unity of direction – the organization should have a single plan of action to guide managers and workers.f.Subordination of individual interests to the general interest – the interests of any one employee or group ofemployees should not take precedence over the interests of the organization as a whole.g.Remuneration – workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.h.Centralization – this term refers to the degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making.i.Scalar chain – the line of authority from top management to the lowest ranks in the scalar chain.j.Order – people and materials should be in the right place at the right time.k.Equity – managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates.l.Stability of tenure of personnel –management should provide orderly personal planning and ensure that replacements are available to fill vacancies.m.Initiative – employees who are allowed to originate and carry out plans will exert high levels of effort.n.Esprit de corps – promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity within the organization.(difficult)124. In a short essay, discuss Max Weber’s contribution to the general administrative approach to management.AnswerMax Weber was a German sociologist who studied organizational activity. Writing in the early 1900s, he developed a theory of authority structures and relations. Weber describes an ideal type of organization he calleda bureaucracy—a form or organization characterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailedrules and regulations, and impersonal relationships. Weber recognized that this “ideal bureaucracy” didn’t exist in reality. Instead he intended it as a basis for theorizing about work and how work could be done in large groups. His theory became the model structural design for many or today’s large organizations.(easy)TOWARD UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR125. In a short essay, describe the Hawthorne Studies. Next, discuss the role of Elton Mayo in these studies and some of the findings of his research.AnswerWithout question, the most important contribution to the developing OB field came out of the Hawthorne Studies,a series of studies conducted at the Western Electric Company Works in Cicero, Illinois. These studies wereinitially designed by Western Electric industrial engineers as a scientific management experiment. They wanted to examine the effect of various illumination levels on worker productivity. Based on their research, it wasconcluded that illumination intensity was not directly related to group productivity. In 1927, the Western Electric engineers asked Harvard professor Elton Mayo and his associates to join the study as consultants.Through additional research, Elton Mayo concluded that behavior affected individual behavior, that group standards establish individual worker output, and that money is less a factor in determining output than are group standards, group sentiments, and security. These conclusions led to a new emphasis on the human behavior factor in the functioning of organizations and the attainment of their goals.(difficult)CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES126. In a short essay, define entrepreneurship and discuss the three import themes that stick out in this definition of entrepreneurship.AnswerEntrepreneurship is the process whereby an individual or a group of individuals uses organized efforts and means to pursue opportunities to create value and grow by fulfilling wants and needs through innovation and uniqueness, no matter what resources are currently controlled. It involves the discovery of opportunities and the resources to exploit them. Three important themes stick out in this definition of entrepreneurship. First, is the pursuit of opportunities. Entrepreneurship is about pursuing environmental trends and changes that no one else has seen or paid attention to. The second important theme in entrepreneurship is innovation. Entrepreneurship involves changing, revolutionizing, transforming, and introducing new approaches—that is, new products or services of new ways of doing business. The final important theme in entrepreneurship is growth. Entrepreneurs pursue growth. They are not content to stay small or to stay the same in size. Entrepreneurs want their businesses to grow and work very hard to pursue growth as they continually look for trends and continue to innovate new products and new approaches.(moderate)127. In a short essay, define e-business and e-commerce. Next discuss the three categories of e-business involvement.AnswerE-business (electronic business) is a comprehensive term describing the way an organization does its work by using electronic Internet-based) linkages with its key constituencies (employees, managers, customers, suppliers, and partners) in order to efficiently and effectively achieve its goals. It’s more than e-commerce, although e-business can include e-commerce. E-commerce (electronic commerce) is any form of business exchange or transaction in which the parties interact electronically. The first category of e-business involvement an e-business enhanced organization, a traditional organization that sets up e-business capabilities, usually e-commerce, while maintaining its traditional structure. Many Fortune 500 type organizations are evolving into e-businesses using this approach. They use the Internet to enhance (not to replace) their traditional ways of doing business. Another category of e-business involvement is an e-business enabled organization. In this type of e-business, an organization uses the Internet to perform its traditional business functions better, but not to sell anything. In other words, the Internet enables organizational members to do their work more efficiently and effectively. There are numerous organizations using electronic linkages to communicate with employees, customers, or suppliers and to support them with information. The last category of e-business involvement is when an organization becomes a total e-business. Their whole existence is made possible by and revolves around the Internet.(moderate)128. In a short essay, discuss the need for innovati on and flexibility as it relates to the survival of today’s organizations.AnswerInnovation has been called the most precious capability that any organization in today’s economy must have and nurture. Without a constant flow of new ideas, an organization is doomed to obsolescence of even worse, failure.In a survey about what makes an organization valuable, innovation showed up at the top of the list. There is absolutely no doubt that innovation is crucial. Another demand facing today’s organizations and managers is the need for flexibility. In a context where customers’ needs may change overnight, where new competitors come and go at breathtaking speed, and where employees and their skills are shifted as needed from project to project, one can see how flexibility might be valuable.(easy)129. In a short essay, discuss the concept of total quality management and the six characteristics that describe this important concept.AnswerA quality revolution swept through both the business and public sectors during the 1980s and 1990s. Thegeneric term used to describe this revolution was total quality management, or TQM for short. It was inspired bya small group of quality experts, the most famous being W. Edwards Deming and Joseph M. Juran. TQM is aphilosophy of management driven by continual improvement and responding to customer needs and expectations.The objective is to create an organization committed to continuous improvement in work processes. TQM is a departure from earlier management theories that were based on the belief that low costs were the only road to increased productivity.The Six Characteristics of Total Quality Managementa.Intense Focus on the customer –the customer includes not only outsiders who buy the organization’sproducts or services but also internal customers (such as shipping or accounts payable personnel) whointeract with and serve others in the organization.b.Concern for continual improvement –TQM is a commitment to never being satisfied. “Very good” is notgood enough. Quality can always be improved.c.Process-focused –TQM focuses on work processes as the quality of goods and services is continuallyimproved.d.Improvement in the quality of everything the organization does –TQM uses a very broad definition ofquality. It relates not only to the final product but also to how the organization handles deliveries, howrapidly it responds to complaints, and how politely the phones are answered.e.Accurate measurement –TQM uses statistical techniques to measure every critical variable in theorganization’s operations. These are compared against standards or benchmarks to identify problems, tracethem to their roots, and eliminate their causes.f.Empowerment of employees – TQM involves the people on the line in the improvement process. Teams arewidely used in TQM programs as empowerment vehicles for finding and solving problems.(difficult)130. In a short essay, describe the learning organization and discuss the concept of knowledge management.AnswerToday’s managers confront an environment where change takes place at an unprecedented rate. Constant innovations in information and computer technologies combined with the globalization of markets have created a chaotic world. As a result, many of the past management guidelines and principles no longer apply. Successful organizations of the twenty-first century must be able to learn and respond quickly, and will be led by managers who can effectively challenge conventional wisdom, manage the organization’s knowledge bas e, and make needed changes. In other words, these organizations will need to be learning organizations. A learning organization is one that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change. Part of a manager’s responsibility in fostering an environment conducing to learning is to create learning capabilities throughout the organization—from lowest level to highest level and in all areas. Knowledge management involves cultivating a learning culture where organizational members systematically gather knowledge and share it with others in the organization so as to achieve better performance.(moderate)Answer:TTTFT TFTT EDBDA EBCDB ABDAD。
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管理理论的演进（时间维度）
古代管理 工业革命 科学管理 人际关系-行为科学 二战后的管理丛林 战略、系统和权变理论 企业文化理论 变革与创新
MG2-3
管理理论演进的主线
管理理论 古典理论 科学管理 一般管理 行政管理 行为理论 霍桑实验 人际关系 行为科学 定量理论 管理科学 管理决策 系统管理 现代理论 社会系统 权变理论 经验主义 管理过程
第二章
管理理论的演进
学习目标
管理理论演进的主线 管理运动的三次高潮 古典管理理论 行为科学理论 定量管理理论 现代管理理论
第二章结构框图
管理理论
管理理论概述
古典理论
行为理论
定量理论
现代理论
科 学 管 理
一 般 管 理
行 政 管 理
人 际 关 系
需 求 层 次
人 性 假 设
管 理 科 学
MG2-6
古典管理理论
泰勒：科学管理理论 法约尔：一般管理理论 韦伯：行政组织理论
MG2-7
科学管理之父——泰勒
弗雷德里克· 温斯洛· 泰勒(Frederick Winslow Taylor, 1856-1915)，美国人 曾任学徒、组长、工长、车间管理员、技师、 设计室主任、总工程师 持续研究操作方法和动作时间而形成科学管理 理论体系 泰勒的做法和主张引起社会舆论的注意 美国国会在1912年曾就泰勒的科学管理举行了 听证会
MG2-4
美国“管理运动”
1841年10月5日马萨诸塞州铁路火车对撞事件 引发“管理运动” 马萨诸塞州议会做出决议：老板只拿红利， 不管公司业务，聘请具有管理才能的人士担 任企业领导 第一次出现所有权与经营权分离 社会出现对职业管理者的需求 学校开办管理专业教育满足社会需求
MG2-5
管理运动的三次高潮
第一次高潮 1911年麻州议会铁路公司提高票价听证会 1912年美国国会科学管理理论听证会 第二次高潮 1920年通用汽车公司濒临倒闭进行改组 斯隆实行“集中决策控制下的分权制” 1923年通用汽车公司建立了著名的“事业部制” 第三次高潮 1924-1932年梅约在西屋电气公司霍桑工厂进行的试验 霍桑试验结果引起轰动，第一次提出注意人的因素
科学管理理论的主要内容
科学管理的中心是提高效率 为了提高效率必须挑选“第一流的工人” 方法、工具、设备、材料、环境标准化 差别计件工资制 劳资双方的“精神革命” 管理与劳动相分离 职能工长制 管理控制的例外原则
MG2-9
简
评
泰勒是世界上第一个提出系统性管理 理论的人 科学管理理论使管理从经验走向科学 劳资双方的精神革命是有效管理的充 分必要条件 工作定额原理、标准化原理、差别工 资制度、管理职能的分离、例外管理 原则等主张一直沿用到今日
MG2-17
权力与组织
任何组织都必须以某种 形式的权力作为基础，没有 某种形式的权力，任何组织 都不可能达到自己的目标。
MG2-18
人类社会存在的三种权力
传统权力：由传统惯例或世袭得来 超凡权力：来源于别人的崇拜与追随 法定权力：(理性的)法律规定的权力
法定权力是行政组织的基础
只有法定权力才能作为行政组织体系的基 础，其最根本的特征在于法定权力提供了 慎重的公正。 原因在于： 管理的连续性使管理活动必须有秩序的 进行 以“能”为本的择人方式提供了理性基 础 领导者的权力并非无限，应受到约束
MG2-11
一般管理理论的主要内容
区别了经营和管理两个不同的概念 明确了管理职能：计划、组织、指 挥、协调、控制五大职能 归纳了管理的一般原则：14项管理 原则 倡导管理教育：管理能力可以通过 教育来获得
MG2-12
法约尔的14项管理原则(1)
劳动分工 权力与责任 纪律 统一指挥：一个人只能有一个上司 统一领导：一个领导，一个计划 个人利益服从整体利益 人员报酬：数量和支付方式要公平
理想行政组织模式的特征
组织成员应有固定的和正式的职责 组织结构是层层控制体系(命令与服从) 成员之间只有对事的关系而无对人的关系 职位根据资格(资历或学历)，经公开考试， 按自由契约原则予以使用 专业分工和技术训练 按职位发薪并建立奖惩与升迁制度
MG2-21
简
评
韦伯对组织理论的贡献：明确系统地指 出有效维系组织连续和目标达成的基础 是合法权力 创新之处：挖掘出官僚体制的连续性、 纪律性、验证性和可靠性 强调制度、能力、知识的行政组织理论 为社会发展提供了一种高效、理性的管 理体制
MG2-10
经营管理理论之父——法约尔
法约尔(Henry Fayol, 1841-1925)，法国人 1860年从圣艾蒂安国立矿业学院毕业进入康塔 里· 福尔香堡采矿冶金公司工作 从采矿工程师一直做到公司总经理 1916年发表《工业管理与一般管理》 其管理理论不但可用于工商企业，还可用于政 府、教会、慈善团体和军队 第一个概括和阐述一般管理理论的管理学家
管 理 决 策
系 统 管 理
社 会 系 统
权 变 理 论
经 验 理 论
管 理 过 程
管理理论回顾与前瞻
本章的目的 1）了解经典的管理理论、 管理思想和管理原则 2）把握管理理论发展历程 3）有助于跟踪理论新发展 本章的重点 从不同角度分析管理理论的 发展脉络
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
管理理论概述
管理理论演进的主线 美国的管理运动 管理运动的三次高潮
MG2-15
简
评
从经营活动中独立出管理活动 提出管理活动所必需的五大职能 提出14项管理原则 法约尔为管理教育提供了理论依据 一般管理理论后来成为管理过程学 派的理论基础
MG2-16
组织理论之父——韦伯
马克斯· 韦伯(Max Weber,1864-1920)，德国人 曾担任过教授、政府顾问、编辑 他提出的理想行政组织理论对后世产生了深远 的影响 其理论产生的历史背景正是德国企业从小规模 世袭管理向大规模专业管理转变的关键时期 韦伯与泰勒、法约尔同为西方古典管理理论的 三位先驱
MG2-13
法约尔的14项管理原则(2)
集中：传递信息不得加入自己的意思 等级链(Chain of Command)：上下级 之间建立明确的职权等级系列 秩序：成员明确其岗位 公正：对下属仁慈、公平 保持人员稳定 首创精神 团队精神
MG2-14
法约尔桥(Fayol’s Bridge)
A B D F bridge C E G