Metric and Fragstats
测绘专业英语翻译27单元
unit 27 Developments of Photogrammetry摄影测量的发展Photogrammetry can be defined as the art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment by recording，measuring and interpreting photographic images (American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 1987).（摄影测量可以定义为通过记录、量测和解读相片来获取关于物理实体及环境的可靠信息的科学和技艺。
）Photogrammetry is the technique of measuring objects (2D or 3D) from photographs, but it may be also imagery stored electronically on tape or disk taken by video or CCD cameras or radiation sensors such as scanners.（摄影测量是在相片上量测物体（二维或三维），但也可能是通过电子手段【electronically】存储在磁带上或摄像机、CCD相机或像扫描仪一样的辐射传感器自带的盘上的图像。
）The most important feature of photogrammetry is that the objects are measured without being touched.（摄影测量最重要的特征是物体不经过接触就可量测。
）Although the term Photogrammetry can apply to measurements from ground photographs, modern photogrammetric techniques are most often applied to aerial and satellite images.（尽管摄影测量这个词能应用于对地面相片的量测，现代摄影测量技术更常常用于航空和卫星图像。
Fragstats解读
输出斑块ID 为每一类型的斑块 设置唯一的ID. 背景 被标记为用户指定 的值
斑块分 析类型
选择进行分析 的参数菜单
分析类型——移动窗口
焦点 栅格 输入栅格 输出栅格
移动 窗口
输入无边界栅格，在输出栅格的 外围给出一个窗口宽度的背景值。
背景
A
输入栅格 输出栅格
至少有一个窗口宽的边界指明了边 界内的栅格为要计算的焦点栅格。
• 设置我的电脑—右键—属性—高级—环境变量—系 统变量，新建名为path（已有的话就选择编辑）。 • 路径不唯一，关键在于获取ArcView目录下bin32中 的.dll文件，根据自己的安装目录自行确定即可。 如路径c：\esri\av30\bin32。
3）Windows 95/98：
• 首先搜索autoexec.bat文件，编辑打开，然后增 加一个路径说明或者编辑现存的一个，安装路径： \esri\av_gis30\arcview\bin32。 • 使用ArcGIS，则需要aigrio.dll文件，它的安装 路径：\esri\arc info\arcexe81\bin。
• Fragstats是一个计算密集性程序，它的性能随处理 器速度和计算机内存而定。
二、Fragstats数据格式
输入数据要求：
• 所有的输入栅格必须是被标记为整数的栅格，理论 上包括所有的非零类数值。 • 给一个类标记为零是允许的。
• 所有零值的单元被假定在景观内部。
• 必须避免零值的类在一起。 • 所有的输入栅格是由单位为m的单元组成。
1.ArcGrid在Arc/info中运行
• 使用ArcGrid时必须安装有ArcView的空间分析模 块或者是ArcGIS，而且必须能接收基于ArcGrid Bin32或者ArcGIS Bin特定的.dll文件。
做蛋挞英语怎么写作文
When it comes to writing an essay in English about making egg tarts,you would want to ensure that the essay is wellstructured,informative,and engaging.Heres a detailed guide on how you could approach writing such an essay:Title:The Art of Making Egg TartsIntroductionBegin with an introduction that piques the readers interest.You could start by describing the allure of egg tarts and their popularity in various cultures,particularly in regions where they are a staple dessert.Example Paragraph:Egg tarts,with their golden,flaky crust and creamy custard filling,are a dessert that transcends cultural boundaries.From the streets of Macau to the bakeries of Portugal, these delectable pastries have captured the hearts and taste buds of many.In this essay, we will delve into the history of egg tarts,explore the variations in recipes across different regions,and guide you through the process of making these heavenly treats at home.Body1.Historical BackgroundDiscuss the origins of egg tarts,mentioning their evolution and how they have spread to different parts of the world.Include a brief history of the pastrys development and any interesting anecdotes related to its popularity.2.Cultural SignificanceExplain the cultural importance of egg tarts in various regions,such as their role in festivals or daily life.Highlight any regional variations in ingredients or preparation methods that contribute to the diversity of egg tarts.3.Ingredients and PreparationList the essential ingredients needed to make egg tarts,including the pastry,custard filling,and any optional additions.Describe the process of making the pastry,from mixing the dough to rolling it out and preparing the tart shells.Detail the steps for preparing the custard filling,including the importance of temperature control and the role of each ingredient in achieving the desired texture.4.Cooking TechniquesDiscuss the different methods of cooking egg tarts,such as baking in an oven or using a steamer.Explain the advantages and disadvantages of each method and provide tips for achieving the best results.5.Presentation and ServingOffer suggestions on how to present egg tarts for maximum visual appeal. Discuss the best accompaniments for serving egg tarts,such as tea,coffee,or a light salad.ConclusionConclude the essay by summarizing the key points discussed and reflecting on the joy of making and sharing egg tarts.Example Paragraph:In conclusion,making egg tarts is not just about following a recipe its about understanding the history and culture behind this beloved dessert.Whether youre a seasoned baker or a novice in the kitchen,the process of crafting these delicate pastries can be a rewarding and delicious journey.So,the next time you find yourself with a craving for egg tarts,consider rolling up your sleeves and creating your own batch, savoring every step from the mixing of ingredients to the first bite of the finished tart. References if anyIf you have used any sources for your essay,be sure to list them in a references section, following the appropriate citation style.Remember to proofread your essay for grammar,spelling,and punctuation errors,and ensure that your writing flows smoothly and coherently.Happy writing!。
框架结构的现代性与纪念性——招商局办公楼和法西奥宫比较分析
中图分类号 TU-86 文献标识码 B 文章编号 1003-739X （2024）02-0010-05 收稿日期 2023-07-15摘 要 钢筋混凝土框架结构在现代建筑中广泛应用。
但是，现代城市中，框架结构的建筑往往带给人们单调重复的印象，缺乏纪念性。
20世纪上半叶，杨廷宝设计的招商局办公楼和特拉尼设计的法西奥宫均使用了钢筋混凝土框架结构。
两个建筑建于古典建筑与现代建筑过渡时期，特殊的历史背景使它们更能体现现代性和纪念性的结合。
该文试图通过对比这两个案例所处的场地环境、立面形象和空间组织，分析其中所体现的现代性和纪念性。
这对于框架结构建筑在现代性中体现纪念性的设计方法有借鉴价值和启发意义。
关键词 现代性 纪念性 框架结构 招商局办公楼 法西奥宫Abstract Reinforced concrete frame structure is widely used in modern architecture. However, in modern cities, the buildings with frame significance for the design method of reflecting the monumentality in frame structure architecture.Keywords Modernity, Monumentality, Reinforced concrete frame structure, The office of Zhaoshangju, Casa del FascioThe Monumentality and Modernity in Architecture with Frame Structure:Comparative Analysis on the Office of Zhaoshangju and Casa del Fascio1 重拾纪念性纪念性在古典建筑中普遍存在，而在现代建筑中却常常缺少。
芭乐石榴英语作文开头
When beginning an English composition about guava and pomegranate,one might consider using an engaging and descriptive opening that captures the readers interest. Here are a few examples of how you might start such an essay:1.Sensory Description:As the suns rays gently warm the morning dew,the vibrant hues of guava and pomegranate trees stand out in the orchard,their fruits a feast for the eyes and a symphony for the senses.2.Anecdotal Introduction:My grandmothers backyard was a treasure trove of natures bounty,where the sweet aroma of ripe guavas and the tantalizing crunch of pomegranate seeds were the soundtracks of my childhood summers.3.Historical Context:Since the times of ancient civilizations,guava and pomegranate have been revered for their culinary and medicinal properties,their seeds and juices a testament to natures rich tapestry of flavors.4.Personal Reflection:The first taste of a guava,its flesh soft and sweet,followed by the burst of tartness from a pomegranate,taught me the joy of contrasting flavors,a lesson that has stayed with me through the years.5.Cultural Significance:In many cultures,the guava and pomegranate are more than just fruits they symbolize prosperity,fertility,and health,their presence in celebrations and rituals a nod to their deeprooted significance.6.Scientific Insight:Recent studies have unveiled the hidden treasures of guava and pomegranate,their rich antioxidant content and potential health benefits making them not just delicious but essential components of a balanced diet.parative Approach:While the guavas creamy texture and the pomegranates jewellike seeds may seem worlds apart,they share a common thread of offering a burst of flavor and nutrition in every bite.8.Evocative Imagery:Picture a tropical paradise where the air is filled with the scent of ripe guavas and the sight of pomegranates hanging heavy on the branches,a scene that encapsulates the essence of summers bounty.9.Question to Engage:Have you ever wondered what makes guava and pomegranate such a popular choice in smoothies and salads alike?Their unique combination of taste, texture,and health benefits offers a clue.10.Direct Address:Dear reader,let me take you on a journey through the luscious world of guava and pomegranate,where each fruit is a story waiting to be told,each seed a chapter in the book of natures wonders.These openings set the stage for an essay that could explore various aspects of guava and pomegranate,from their cultivation and uses in cuisine to their cultural and nutritional significance.。
中英文地理信息系统(GIS)英语词汇表
accreditation 委派accuracy 准确度acquisition 获取activity patterns 活动模式added value 附加值adjacency邻接Aeolian 伊奥利亚人的, 风的, 风蚀的Age of Discovery 发现的年代aggregation聚合algorithm, definition算法,定义ambiguity 不明确analytical cartography 分析制图application programming interfaces(APIs) 应用编程接口ARCGis 美国ESRI公司开发的世界先进的地理信息系统软件ArcIMS 它是个强大的，基于标准的工具，让你快速设计和管理Internet地图服务ArcInfo 在ArcGIS软件家族中，ArcInfo是GIS软件中功能最全面的。
它包含ArcView和ArcEditor 所有功能，并加上高级空间处理和数据转换ArcNews 美国ESRI向用户终生免费赠送的ArcNews报刊ArcSDE ArcSDE在ESRI GIS软件和DBMS之间提供通道，是一个空间数据引擎ArcUser Magazine 为ESRI用户创建的报刊ArcView 桌面GIS和制图软件，提供数据可视化，查询，分析和集成功能，以及创建和编辑地理数据的能力ARPANET ARPA 计算机网（美国国防部高级研究计划局建立的计算机网）aspatial data 非空间数据？Association of Geographic Information (AGI) 地理信息协会attribute data 属性数据attributes, types 属性，类型attributive geographic data 属性地理数据autocorrelation 自相关Autodesk MapGuide 美国Autodesk公司生产的Web GIS软件Automated mapping/facility management(AM/FM) systems 自动绘图/设备管理系统facilities 设备avatars 化身A VIRIS 机载可见光/红外成像光谱仪azimuthal projections 方位投影batch vectorization 批量矢量化beer consumption 啤酒消费benchmarking 基准Berry, Brianbest fit line 最优线binary counting system 二进制计算系统binomial distribution 二项式分布bivariate Gaussian distribution 二元高斯分布block encoding 块编码Bosnia, repartitioning 波斯尼亚，再分离成两个国家buffering 缓冲区分析Borrough, PeterBusiness and service planning(retailing) application in petroleum and convenience shopping 石油和便利购物的业务和服务规划（零售）应用business drivers 业务驱动business, GIS as 业务，地理信息系统作为Buttenfield, Barbaracadasters 土地清册Callingham, Martincannibalizing 调拨Cartesian coordinate system笛卡尔坐标系Cartograms 统计地图cartographic generalization 制图综合cartographic modeling 地图建模cartometric transformations 量图变换catalog view of database 数据库目录视图census data人口普查数据Census of Population 人口普查central Place Theory 中心区位论central point rule 中点规则central tendency 中心倾向centroid 质心choropleth mapping分区制图choosing a GIS 选择一个地理信息系统class 类别classification generalization 分类综合client 客户端client-server C/S结构客户端-服务器cluster analysis 聚类分析clutter 混乱coastline weave 海岸线codified knowledge 编码知识COGO data 坐标几何数据COGO editing tools 坐标几何编辑工具Collaboration 协作Local level 地方级National level 国家级Collection-level metadata 获取级元数据Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) systems 成熟的商业化系统chemas-microsoft-comfficeffice" />>> Commom object request broker architecture (CORBA) 公共对象请求代理体系结构Community, GIS 社区，地理信息系统Competition 竞争Component GIS 组件地理信息系统Component object model (COM) 组件对象模型Computer assisted mass appraisal (CAMA) 辅助大量估价，>>Computer-aided design (CAD)-based GIS 基于计算机辅助制图的地理信息系统Models 数据模型Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tool 计算机辅助软件工程工具Concatenation 串联Confidence limits 置信界限Conflation 异文合并Conformal property 等角特性Confusion matrix 混淆矩阵Conic projections 圆锥投影Connectivity 连接性Consolidation 巩固Constant term 常数项Contagious diffusion 传染扩散Continuing professional development (CPD) 持续专业发展Coordinates 坐标Copyright 版权Corridor 走廊Cost-benefit analysis 成本效益分析Cost-effectiveness evaluation 成本效率评估Counting method 计算方法Cresswell, PaulCustomer support 客户支持Cylindrical Equidistant Projection 圆柱等距投影Cylindrical projections 圆柱投影> >Dangermond, Jack 美国ESRI总裁>> dasymetric mapping 分区密度制图>>data 数据>>automation 自动化>>capture costs 获取代价>>capture project 获取工程>>collection workflow 采集工作流>> compression 压缩>>conversion 转换>>definition 定义>>geographic, nature of 地理数据，数据的性质>> GIS 地理信息系统>>industry 产业>>integration 集成>>mining 挖掘>>transfer 迁移>>translation 转化>>data model 数据模型>> definition 定义>>levels of abstraction 提取等级>> in practice 实际上>>types 类型>>database 数据库>>definition 定义>>design 设计>>generalization 综合>>global 全球的>>index 索引>>multi-user editing 多用户编辑>> structuring 结构>>database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理系统>>capabilities 能力>>data storage 数据存储>>geographic extensions 地理扩展>>types 类型>>Dayton Accord 达顿协定，1995年12月达顿协定(DAYTON ACCORD)签订,巴尔干和平已经实现,波斯尼亚(包括黑塞哥维那)再被分解成两个国家>>decision support 决策支持>>deductive reasoning 演绎推理>>definitions of GIS 地理信息系统的各种定义>>degrees of freedom 自由度>>density estimation 密度估算>>dependence in space 空间依赖>>desktop GIS 桌面地理信息系统>>desktop paradigms 桌面范例>>Digital Chart of the World (DCW) 世界数字化图>>digital divide 数字鸿沟>>Digital Earth 数字地球>>Digital elevation models (DEMs) 数字高程模型>>Digital line graph (DLG) 数字线划图>>Digital raster graphic (DRG) 数字影像图>>Digital representation 数字表现>>Digital terrain models 数字地形模型>>Digitizing 数字化>>DIME (Dual Independent Map Encoding) program 美国人口调查局建立的双重独立地图编码系统>> Dine CARE >>Discrete objects 离散对象>>Douglas-Poiker algorithm 道格拉斯-普克算法，一种矢量数据抽稀算法>>Dublin Core metadata standard 都柏林核心元数据标准>>Dynamic segmentation 动态分割>>Dynamic simulation models 动态仿真模型>>> >Easting 朝东方>>Ecological fallacy 生态谬误>>e-commerce 电子商业>>editing 编辑>>education 教育>>electromagnetic spectrum 电磁光谱>>ellipsoids 偏振光椭圆率测量仪>>of rotation 旋转的>>emergency evacuation 应急撤退>>encapsulation 封装>>environmental applications 环境应用>>environmental impact 环境影响>>epidemiology 流行病学>>equal area property 等面积特性>>Equator 赤道>>ERDAS ERDAS公司是世界上最大的专业遥感图像处理软件公司，用户遍布100多个国家，软件套数超过17000套。
EN1563
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800 480 2
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and the purchaser.
EN-GJS-900-2U
EN-JS1122
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}To be agreed between the manufacturer
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EN-JS1132
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基于认知框架理论的谚语英译研究
第30卷第2期2021年4月淮阴工学院学报Jonmat of Huaiyin Institute of Tech/obpyVoU33No.2Apo2021基于认知框架理论的谚语英译研究颜蓉(苏州大学外国语学院，江苏苏州215006)摘要：框架理论为人们认识世界提供了一种思路。
近年来，不少学者以框架理论为基础对文本进行解读和分析。
不同文化中的认知框架存在差异，这在翻译中有所体现。
从认知语言学的框架理论来看，翻译的过程可以理解为译者将原文中的框架转化为相应的译入语文化框架的过程，这一过程并非简单的框架对应,而需要进行一定的框架操作以使目标读者更准确地理解原文传递的信息。
以认知框架理论为基础，试图探讨谚语英译中的框架操作问题，以期丰富对翻译的认识,并为谚语英译提供借鉴和思考。
关键词：框架理论;谚语;英译中图分类号：H05文献标志码：A文章编号:1009-7761(2021)02-0044-07A Research on English Translation of Proverbs Basedon Cognitive Frame TheoryYANRogy(School of Foreign Languayos,Soochow Unmps/y,Suzhou Jiangsu215796,China)ASstroch:Frame Theo,,on which provi/os a perspective fhr people to perceive the woOU.In recent years,a nnmber of scholars have analyzef and intemotef texts basef on the0,,.Diberent calturos have different cognitive frameworfs,which are mflecUO in translation2From the perspective of Frame Theos m cognitive lin-yuistics,the process of translation can bo understooh as the process in which the translator transforms the frame of the source text into the covesponding caltural frame of the target lpgupo.The process is not a simple transformation of the frame,but repuiros ceOain opemtions on the iamo to enaPle the target reapers to understand the information conveyef by the source text more accnmtUy.Basef on Cognitive Frame Theos ,this paper attempts to explcue the ogerations on the frame in English translation of proverbs in order to enrich the understanding of translation and provi/o reference and thinking for the English translation of pmOs.Key worbt:Frame Theos；proverfs:English translation1774年,Minsky［在《表征知识的框架》一文中将框架定义为“一种特定情境的数据结构，例如身处某种类型的客厅,或者参加孩子的生日派对”。
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• 数据
– 北京土地覆盖数据
Fragstats
Patch(单个斑块)-Class（斑块类型）-Landscape（整体景观）
/landeco/research/fragstats/fragstats.html McGarigal, K., SA Cushman, MC Neel, and E Ene.
那么，我需要什么样的指数？
•
这取决于你认为景观的什么特征影响你所关注的物种. 大多数景观尺度野生动物研究关心的栖息地数量和空间特 征。
•
对面积敏感的内部种（ Interior Species）
•
•
• • • • •
Patch area (Area) Patch area standard deviation (Area_CSD) Class habitat percentage (Pland) Class mean patch area (Area_MN) Class patch area variation (Area_SD) Class total core area (TCA) Class core area percent of landscape (CPLAND)
Patch Neighbor Rule
4-cell rule
8-cell rule
Class Properties File Class ID, Class Name, Status, Is Background
11,Cropland irrigated,true,false 12,Cropland non-irrigated,true,false 21,Forest canopy >30%,true,false 22,Shrubland,true,false 23,Forest canopy 10-30%,true,false 31,Grassland cover>50%,true,false 32,Grassland cover 20-50%,true,false 33,Grassland cover 5-20%,true,false 42,Lake,true,false 43,Resevoir,true,false 46,Flooded,true,false 51,Urban,true,false 52,Rural settlement,true,false 53,Industry/transportation,true,false 61,Desert,true,false 62,Gobi,true,false 65,Bare,true,false 66,Bare rock,true,false
• 计算格局指数 (patch, class, and landscape)
• 应用“移动窗口分析”方法计算景观指数
• 景观指数的空间表达
景观指数自动计算-以北京为例
• 软件
– Fragstats 3.3 – ArcGIS9.2(ArcMap、ArcToolbox) – Excel （Excel table+ArcgGIS)
• 应用“移动窗口分析”方法计算景观指数
• 景观指数的空间表达
a
b
c
a. Moving window (not Standard), that is Round. b. Radius (meters) = 800 c. Uncheck Class Metrics.
移动窗口分析
Moving Window Analysis
• •
2.用Fragstats计算pathc、Class 和Landscae三类指数 3.对两期景观指数作图进行初步分析
Class Properties File
Code Class_Name • • • • •
1,Forest,t,f 2,Farmland,t,f 3,Grassland,t,f 4,Urban,t,f 5,Water,t,f
Pattern-Process
景观格局指数
Landscape Ecology uses “pattern metrics” to quantify structure • 大小Size – Area, perimeter, width, core area
• 形状 Shape – Elongated, circular, amount of edge
目标
• 熟悉常用的景观构成指数和空间配置指数
• 学习使用Fragstatst(和ArcGIS)进行空间格 局分析
景观指数自动计算-以北京为例
• 计算格局指数 (patch, class, and landscape)
• 应用“移动窗口分析”方法计算景观指数
• 景观指数的空间表达
景观指数自动计算-以北京为例
• 应用“移动窗口分析”方法计算景观指数
• 景观指数的空间表达
Excel 数据导入
Copy
b:Select all the columnns a:type “1” and copy
c:paste
Open ID Image
546 pactches
Database join
Database join
种群生存力 (Extinction and Recolinization)
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Class habitat percentage (PLAND) Class number of patches (NP) Class largest patch index (LPI) Class mean euclidean nearest neighbor distance (ENN_MN) Class variation in euclidean nearest neighbor distance (ENN_SD) Class Connectance Index (CONNECT)
景观格局指数和Fragstats
Landscape Pattern Metric and Fragstats
王
•聚集 Clumpy •分散 Dispersed •随机 Random •多样 Diverse •破碎 Fragmented
格局-过程
• 空间配置指数 Configuration
– Contagion（聚集度） and Dispersion: distinguish between landscapes with clumped or evenly distributed patches – Isolation（隔离度）: based on the distances between similarly classified patches•
• 空间配置 Spatial configuration – Measuring patterns in the mosaic (patch metrics) • Clustered, dispersed • Dominance, linkages, isolation, proximity… • Fragmentation, isolation, connectivity
Display Patch metrics
景观指数存在的问题
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指数之间高度冗余（redundant） 指数的尺度敏感性 景观格局分析概念上的缺陷
– 格局与过程之间莫须有的关系 – 只量化格局而不考虑过程 – 存在与生态学无关的景观指数
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近期很多文章讨论这些问题:
– Wu, J. 2004. Effects of changing scale on landscape pattern analysis: scaling relations. Landscape Ecology 19: 125-138. – Li, H., and J. Wu. 2004. Use and misuse of landscape metrics. Landscape Ecology 19: 389399.
• A circular or square moving window moves across the input grid and selected metrics are calculated for the center cell of the window
景观指数自动计算-以北京为例
• 计算格局指数 (patch, class, and landscape)
变量之间“，”号分隔
Landscape Metrics:
ONE metric per site (“landscape”)
Whole landscape
Class Metrics:
ONE metric per class in the map
Each color represents separate class
• 景观构成指数 Composition
– Fractional Cover（类型比例）: what proportion of the landscape is occupied by a given class – Richness(丰富度): the number of classes – Evenness（均匀度）: the relative abundance of classes
谢谢
考试
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1.模拟两个景观（Early-settlement 和Post-settlement）
– 250*250 栅格（ArcGis） – 建立属性数据库类型：Forest，Farmland，Grassland，Urban， Water – 矢量转栅格（ArcGRID), cell size=10
Code ,Class_Name
以相对路径形式保存文件