专业英语结课作业
英语结课作业专业英语
专业英语导师：XXXXX姓名：XXXX学号：XXXXFrench fashion17th century, the Barroque and ClassicimFrance is a leading country in the fashion design industry, along with Italy, Germany, the United Kingdom, Japan and the USA. Fashion is an important part of the country's cultural life and society, and the French are well known for good taste. Haute couture and the prêt-à-porter, among other fashion styles, remain part of French traditional life. France has many famous designers.French design became prominent during the 15th century through today. The fashion industry has been an important cultural export of France since the 17th century and the modern haute couture where originated in the 1860s.Paris acts as the center of the country's fashion industry. Along with New York City, London and Milan, it is considered a leading fashion capital. Paris is home to many premier fashion designers including Chanel, Pierre Cardin, Céline, Chloe, Dior, Givenchy, Jean Paul Gaultier, Hermès, Lanvin, Rochas, Vuitton, and Yves Saint Laurent.Many French cities, including Lyon, Marseille, Toulouse, Lille, Strasbourg, Bordeaux, Nantes or Rennes, host important luxury districts and avenues. In recent centuries, these cities have transformed into developed cities and heavy producers and costumers of luxury goods. Île-de-France, Manosque, La Gacilly (near Rennes), and Vichy lead the cosmetic industry, basing well-known international beauty houses as L'Oreal, Lancôme, Guerlain, Clarins, Yves Rocher, L'Occitane, Vichy, etc.The cities of Nice, Cannes, St. Tropez, among others of the French riviera, are well known as places of luxury, annually hosting many international media celebrities and personalities, potentates, and billionaires.17th century, the Barroque and ClassicimThe association of France with fashion and style (la mode) is widely credited as beginning during the reign of Louis XIV [3] when the luxury goods industries in France came increasingly under royal control and the French royal court became, arguably, the arbiter of taste and style in Europe. The rise in prominence of French fashion was linked to the creation of the fashion press in the early 1670s (due in large part to Jean Donneau de Visé), which transformed the fashion industry by marketing designs to a broad public outside the French court and by popularizing notions such as the fashion "season" and changing styles.Over his lifetime, Louis commissioned numerous works of art to portray himself, among them over 300 formal portraits. The earliest portrayals of Louis already followed the pictorial conventions of the day in depicting the child king as the majestically royal incarnation of France. This idealisation of the monarch continued in later works, which avoided depictions of the effect of the smallpox that Louis contracted in 1647. In the 1660s, Louis began to be shown as a Roman emperor, the god Apollo, or Alexander the Great, as can be seen in many works of Charles Le Brun, such as sculpture, paintings, and the decor of major monuments.The depiction of the King in this manner focused on allegorical or mythological attributes, instead of attempting to produce a true likeness. As Louis aged, so too did the manner in which he was depicted. Nonetheless, there was still a disparity between realistic representation and the demands of royal propaganda. There is no betterillustration of this than in HyacintheRigaud's frequently-reproduced Portrait of Louis XIV of 1701, in which a 63-year-old Louis appears to stand on a set of unnaturally young legs.Rigaud's portrait exemplified the height of royal portraiture in Louis's reign. Although Rigaud crafted a credible likeness of Louis, the portrait was neither meant as an exercise in realism nor to explore Louis's personal character. Certainly, Rigaud was concerned with detail and depicted the King's costume with great precision, down to his shoe buckle.[7] However, Rigaud's intention was to glorify the monarchy. Rigaud's original, now housed in the Louvre, was originally meant as a gift to Louis's grandson, Philip V of Spain. However, Louis was so pleased with the work that he kept the original and commissioned a copy to be sent to his grandson. That became the first of many copies, both in full and half-length formats, to be made by Rigaud, often with the help of his assistants. The portrait also became a model for French royal and imperial portraiture down to the time of Charles X over a century later. In his work, Rigaud proclaims Louis's exalted royal status through his elegant stance and haughty expression, the royal regalia and throne, rich ceremonial fleur-de-lys robes, as well as the upright column in the background, which, together with the draperies, serves to frame this image of majesty.Louis XIV notably introduced one of the most noticeable feature of the men's costume of the time: immense wigs of curled hair. A commonly held belief is that Louis XIV started to wear wigs due to balding, and to imitate this his courtiers put on false hair. The wearing of wigs lasted for over a century; they went through many changes, but they were never quite so exaggerated as during this period.18th century, the Rococó and rising new classicismThe extravagant styles of the French Royal court racked up enormous debts to keep up its pace, at the peasants' expense. Such fashion sprees notably ruined Marie Antoinette’s reputation, and were one of the many factors paving the way for the French Revolution.Long after her death, Marie Antoinette remains a major historical figure linked with conservative and the Catholic Church positions; and a major cultural icon associated with high glamour, wealth and a certain style of life based on luxury and celebrity appealing today to the social and cultural elites; frequently referenced in popular culture,[9] being the subject of several books, films and other forms of media. Most academics and scholars, have deemed her the quintessential representative of class conflict, western aristocracy and absolutism government in addition to being frivolous, superficial; and have attributed the start of the French Revolution.The phrase "Let them eat cake" is often attributed to Marie Antoinette, but there is no evidence she ever uttered it, and it is now generally regarded as a "journalistic cliché".[10] It may have been a rumor started by angry French peasants as a form of libel. This phrase originally appeared in Book VI of the first part (finished in 1767, published in 1782) of Rousseau's putative autobiographical work, Les Confessions: "Enfin je me rappelai lepis-allerd'unegrandeprincesse à qui l'ondisaitque les paysansn'avaient pas de pain, et qui répondit: Qu'ilsmangent de la brioche" ("Finally I recalled the stopgap solution of a great princess who was told that the peasants had no bread, and who responded: 'Let them eat brioche'"). Apart from the fact that Rousseau ascribes these words to an unknown princess, vaguely referred to as a "great princess", some think that he invented it altogether as Confessions was largely inaccurate.The Sans-culottes (lit. “without knee-breeches”) rejected the powdered wigs and the knee-breeches assimilated to the nobility, and instead favored informal styles (full-length trousers, and natural hair), which finally triumphed over the brocades, lace, periwig, and powder of the earlier eighteenth century.19th century, full Neoclassicism and Empire styleAfter the fall of the Jacobins and their Sans-culottes supporters, the supporters of the Thermidorian Reaction were known as the Incroyables and Merveilleuses. They scandalized Paris with their extravagant clothes. The Merveilleuses wore dresses and tunics modeled after the ancient Greeks and Romans, cut of light or even transparent linen and gauze. Sometimes so revealing they were termed "woven air", many gowns displayed cleavage and were too tight to allow pockets. To carry even a handkerchief, the ladies had to use small bags known as reticules. They were fond of wigs, often choosing blonde because the Paris Commune had banned blonde wigs, but they also wore them in black, blue, and green. Enormous hats, short curls like those on Roman busts, and Greek-style sandals were the rage. The sandals were tied above the ankle with crossed ribbons or strings of pearls. Exotic and expensive scents fabricated by perfume houses like ParfumsLubin were worn as both for style and as indicators of social station.ThérésaTallien, known as "Our Lady of Thermidor", wore expensive rings on the toes of her bare feet and gold circlets on her legs.The Incroyables wore eccentric outfits: large earrings, green jackets, wide trousers, huge neckties, thick glasses, and hats topped by "dog ears", their hair falling on their ears. Their musk-based fragrances earned them too the derogatory nickname muscadins among the lower classes, already applied to a wide group of anti-Jacobins. They wore bicorne hats and carried bludgeons, which they referred to as their "executive power." Hair was often shoulder-length, sometimes pulled up in the back with a comb to imitate the hairstyles of the condemned. Some sported large monocles, and they frequently affected a lisp and sometimes a stooped hunchbacked posture.In addition to Madame Tallien, famous Merveilleuses included Anne Françoise Elizabeth Lange, Jeanne Françoise Julie AdélaïdeRécamier, and two very popularCréoles: Fortunée Hamelin and Hortense de Beauharnais. Hortense, a daughter of the Empress Josephine, married Louis Bonaparte and became the mother of Napoleon III. Fortunée was not born rich, but she became famous for her salons and her string of prominent lovers. Parisian society compared Germaine de Staël and MmeRaguet to Minerva and Juno and named their garments for Roman deities: gowns were styled Flora or Diana, and tunics were styled à la Ceres or Minerva.The leading Incroyable, Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras, was one of five Directors who ran the Republic of France and gave the period its name. He hosted luxurious feasts attended by royalists, repentant Jacobins, ladies, and courtesans. Since divorce was now legal, sexuality was looser than in the past. However, de Barras' reputation for immorality may have been a factor in his later overthrow, a coup that brought the French Consulate to power and paved the way for Napoleon Bonaparte.Final 19th - early 20th century and the Belle ÉpoqueFrance renewed its dominance of the high fashion (French: couture or haute couture) industry in the years 1860-1960 through the establishing of the great couturier houses, the fashion press (Vogue was founded in 1892 in USA, and 1920 in France) and fashion shows. The first modern Parisian couturier house is generally considered the work of the Englishman Charles Frederick Worth, who dominated the industry from 1858-1895.[14] In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the industry expanded through such Parisian fashion houses as the house of Jacques Doucet (founded in 1871), Rouff (founded 1884), Jeanne Paquin (founded in 1891), the CallotSoeurs (founded 1895 and operated by four sisters), Paul Poiret (founded in 1903), Louise Chéruit (founded 1906), Madeleine Vionnet (founded in 1912), Elsa Schiaparelli (founded in 1927) or Balenciaga (founded by the Spaniard Cristóbal Balenciaga in 1937).Chanel founded by Coco Chanel, it first came to prominence in 1925, it's philosophy was to emphasize understated elegance through her clothing. Her popularity thrived in the 1920s, because of innovative designs. Chanel's own look itself was as different and new as her creations. Instead of the usual pale-skinned, long-haired and full-bodied women preferred at the time, Chanel had a boyish figure, short cropped hair, and tanned skin. She had a distinct type of beauty that the world came to embrace.The horse culture and penchant for hunting so passionately pursued by the elites, especially the British, fired Chanel's imagination. Her own enthusiastic indulgence in the sporting life led to clothing designs informed by those activities. From her excursions on water with the yachting world, she appropriated the clothing associated with nautical pursuits: the horizontal striped shirt, bell-bottom pants, crewneck sweaters, and espadrille shoes—all traditionally worn by sailors and fishermen.World War IIMany fashion houses closed during the occupation of Paris in World War II, including the MaisonVionnet and the Maison Chanel. In contrast to the stylish, liberated Parisienne, the Vichy regime promoted the model of the wife and mother, the robust, athletic young woman, a figure who was much more in line with the new political criteria. Germany, meanwhile, was taking possession of over half of what France produced, including high fashion, and was considering relocating French haute couture to the cities of Berlin and Vienna, neither of which had any significant tradition of fashion. The archives of the ChambreSyndicale de la Couture were seized, mostly for their client lists as Jews were excluded from the fashion industry at this time.During this era, the number of employed models was limited to seventy-five and designers often substituted materials in order to comply with wartime shortages. From 1940 onward, no more than thirteen feet (four meters) of cloth was permitted to be used for a coat and a little over three feet (one meter) for a blouse. No belt could be over one and a half inches (four centimeters) wide. As a result of the frugal wartime standards, the practical zazou suit became popular among young French men.In spite of the fact that so many fashion houses closed down or moved away during the war, several new houses remained open, including Jacques Fath, MaggyRouff, Marcel Rochas, Jeanne Lafaurie, Nina Ricci, and Madeleine Vramant. During the Occupation, the only true way for a woman to flaunt her extravagance and add color to a drab outfit was to wear a hat. In this period, hats were often made of scraps of material that would have otherwise been thrown away, sometimes incorporating butter muslin, bits of paper, and wood shavings. Among the most innovative milliners of the time were Pauline Adam, Simone Naudet, Rose Valois, and Le Monnier.Post-war fashion returned to prominence through Christian Dior's famous "New Look" in 1947: the collection contained dresses with tiny waists, majestic busts, and full skirts swelling out beneath small bodices, in a manner very similar to the style of the BelleÉpoque. The extravagant use of fabric and the feminine elegance of the designs appealed greatly to a post-war clientele. Other important houses of the period included Pierre Balmain and Hubert de Givenchy (opened in 1952). The fashion magazine Elle was founded in 1945. In 1952, Coco Chanel herself returned to Paris.Fashion In France - TodayPost-war fashion returned to prominence through Christian Dior's famous "New Look" in 1947: the collection contained dresses with tiny waists, majestic busts, and full skirts swelling out beneath small bodices, in a manner very similar to the style of the BelleÉpoque. The extravagant use of fabric and the feminine elegance of the designs appealed greatly to a post-war clientele. Other important houses of the period included Pierre Balmain and Hubert de Givenchy (opened in 1952). The fashion magazine Elle was founded in 1945. In 1952, Coco Chanel herself returned to Paris.In the 1960s, "high fashion" came under criticism from France's youth culture (including the yé-yés) who were turning increasingly to London and to casual styles.[18] In 1966, the designer Yves Saint Laurent broke with established high fashion norms by launching a prêt-à-porter ("ready to wear") line and expanding French fashion into mass manufacturing and marketing (member houses of the ChambreSyndicale were forbidden to use even sewing machines). In 1985, Caroline Rennolds Milbank wrote, "The most consistently celebrated and influential designer of the past twenty-five years, Yves Saint Laurent can be credited with both spurring the couture's rise from its sixties ashes and with finally rendering ready-to-wear reputable."[20] He is also credited with having introduced the tuxedo suit for women and was known for his use of non-European cultural references, and non-white models.Further innovations were carried out by PacoRabanne and Pierre Cardin. Inpost-1968 France, youth culture would continue to gravitate away from the "sociopolitically suspect" luxury clothing industry, preferring instead a more "hippy" look (termed baba cool in French). With a greater focus on marketing and manufacturing, new trends were established by Sonia Rykiel, Thierry Mugler, Claude Montana, Jean-Paul Gaultier and Christian Lacroix in the 1970s and 80s. The 1990s saw a conglomeration of many French couture houses under luxury giants and multinationals such as LVMH.Since the 1960s, France's fashion industry has come under increasing competition from London, New York, Milan and Tokyo. Nevertheless, many foreign designers still seek to make their careers in France: Karl Lagerfeld (German) at Chanel, John Galliano (British) at Dior, Paulo MelimAndersson (Swedish) at Chloe, Stefano Pilati (Italian) at Yves Saint Laurent, Marc Jacobs (American) at Louis Vuitton, and Kenzo Takada (Japanese) and Alexander McQueen (English) at Givenchy (until 2001).France is known as a country of luxury, fashion and beauty, with Paris as one of the world's fashion capitals. It also has many cities and towns with an important history and industry of the entry, with various sized events and shows as fashion weeks and fests.ParisParis is regarded as the world fashion capital, and spread throughout the city are many fashion boutiques. Most of the major French fashion brands, such as Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Dior, and Lacroix, are currently headquartered here. Numerous international fashion labels also operate shops in Paris, such as Valentino, Gucci, Loewe, Escada, BottegaVeneta, and Burberry, as well as an Abercrombie & Fitch flagship store which has become a main consumer attraction. Paris hosts a fashion week twice a year, similar to other international centers such as Milan, London, Tokyo, New York, Los Angeles and Rome.The Avenue des Champs-Élysées is the avenue of luxury and beauty of France and is the location of many headquarters of upscale fashion, jewelry and beauty houses. It is often compared with the 5th Avenue of NYC and the Avenue Montaigne, an adjacent avenue that is also known for its prestigious fashion headquarters since the 1980s. The fashion houses have been traditionally situated since the 17th century in the quarter around the Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré. Other areas, such as Le Marais, a traditional Jewish quarter, have also included the clothing industry. The city's numerous fashion districts consolidate it as a fashion capital.LyonLyon, the second largest city of France, is a growing fashion industry center. It has been the world's silk capital since the 17th century, with an important textile industry and a strong fashion culture. It is the second biggest luxury goods consumer of the country, with major streets and districts holding houses of high fashion.The Presqu'île is the upscale district of the city, containing luxurious malls, streets and avenue. The famous Rue de la République is compared with Avenue desChamps-Elysées of Paris.The Rue Édouard-Herriot, the Avenue des Cordeliers Jacobines, the Place Bellecour among others, with elegant boutiques of Armani, Dior, Prada, Dolce &Gabbana, Calvin Klein, MaxMara, Armand Ventilo, Sonia Rykiel, and Cartier.La Croix-Rousse is a fashion district heavily marked by the silk industry, and known for receiving government support for the newcomer fashion designers. The city is the home of the headquarters of international fashion houses such as Korloff, Millesia and the jeweler Augis. Other famous Lyonnaise fashion houses in France include Nicholas Fafiotte, Nathalie Chaize and GarbisDevar.MarseilleMarseille, the third largest city of France, and the principal port of the country and of the Mediterranean, and second of all Europe.The city is affectionately called "The Old Lady of the Mediterranean" or "The City of Contrasts".[25] The city has enjoyed its position on the continent being a fluvial port with ships full of fashion products. The avenue Canebière is called the "Champs Elysées of Marseille". Rue Paradis and the Rue Grignan are known for being the avenues of luxury in the city, holding high fashion boutiques such as Louis Vuitton, Hermès, YSL, Chopard, Kenzo, Tara Jarmon, Gérard Darel and many others. The Rue de la Tour is called La Rue de la Mode ("The Fashion Street"), where the newest Marsellaises fashion designers and artisans are supported by the city government, for creating and growing the fashion industry in the city. Some of the famous fashion houses here are Diable Noir and Casa Blanca.In the Centre and Vieux Port (downtown and old port) are other of the city shopping districts, in these areas are a lot of fashion houses for both nationals and internationals.Other citiesAlthough biggest cities, there are a lot "fashionable" cities and towns in France, there are fashion districts, avenues, streets, shopping malls and many places specialized for all the needs of customer.Cannes, Nice, St. Tropez and Monte Carlo, year by year host thousands of socialites, artists, potentates and personalities who come up for events including the Cannes Film Festival and the NRJ Music Awards. For that reason, the fashion houses have taken advantage of establishing boutiques in ostentatious districts of the French riviera, Bordeaux is classified "City of Art and History". The city is home to 362 monuments historiques (only Paris has more in France) with some buildings dating back to Roman times. Bordeaux has been inscribed on UNESCO World Heritage List as "an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble" and is the world's top prime wine tourism place, focus it's luxury district around the Cours de l'intendance. Toulouse with pink and stylish architecture, Rennes with antique and medieval beauty (around the "rue de la Monnaie"), Nantes with its passage Pommeraye, Strasbourg offering French-German architecture and Lille's downtown in north France holds several luxury houses.Fashion showsMain article: Paris Fashion WeekThe Paris Fashion Week takes place twice a year after the Milan Fashion Week. It is the last and usually the most anticipated city of the fashion month. Dates are determined by the French Fashion Federation. Currently, the Fashion Week is held in the Carrousel du Louvre.∙Africa Fashion Week Paris∙Bordeaux Fashion Week∙Elite Model Look∙Cannes-Nice Fashion Week∙Le Bal des Débutantes∙Lille Fashion Week∙Lyon Fashion Week (FashionCity Show)∙Marseille Fashion Week∙Nantes Fashion Week∙Rennes Fashion Week∙Toulouse Fashion Week∙Strasbourg Fashion Week (EM Fashion Week)∙St. Tropez Fashion Week∙Spring 2004 Dior couture collectionMonacoMontecarlo Fashion Week (Fashion Fair Week)翻译法国时尚历史17世纪，巴洛克和古典主义法国是在时装设计行业领先的国家，随着意大利，德国，英国，日本和美国。
专业英语作业4.doc
MetalsMan fist began using metals at least 5000 years ago. He found that they could be hammered into tools and weapons that remained sharp. From small beginnings the use of metals has brown to such an extent that civilization as we know it today could not exist with them.Metals make up a large part of the earth's outer layer, or crust. But only a few of them appear in the metal form we are familiar with. Most metals, such as iron and tin, are found combined with other chemical elements. Most of these compounds do not look anything like metals. They are often lumps of rocks. But many of them can be treated to produce metals. These are called ores.Not many metals are used widely in their pure state. Other metals are usually added to them to form mixtures called alloys. Sometimes chemical elements other than metals are included in alloys. The most important is carbon. In engineering, metals and alloys are usually called metals. Metals are divided into tow groups, the ferrous, which contain a large percentage of iron, and the nonferrous, which contain no iron.Steel, our most useful metals is alloy of iron and carbon. Because of its strength, steel is used in large buildings and bridges. It is also used to make motor cars, railways and ships. Most of the machinery that makes practically everything we use is made of iron or steel.Many other metals are important to us, too. The spoons, knives and forks we eat with are made of stainless steel. We cook in aluminum boilers. Copper cables carry electricity to factories and families. The coins we carry in our pockets contain copper, nickel, and zinc. The list of the uses of metals is endless.Pure iron is quite a weak metal, and it is not very hard, either. But add a little carbon as well as traces of certain other metals, and it becomes both strong and hard. According to what is added, the iron can be given other desirable properties as well. Adding other substances to a metal to change its properties is called alloying, and the product an alloy.Most of the alloys of iron are better known to us as steels. Many other metals form useful alloys, too. Brass and bronze are common alloys of copper. Solder is a well-known lead alloy. Aluminum and zinc alloys are also in widespread use. However, it is the iron alloys that are by far the most important.The pig iron that is made in the blast furnace can be considered one kind of iron alloy, but it is a very crude one. It contains far too many impurities and other materials as well as being uneven in composition. By only slight refining , it can be made into cast iron. Cast iron is an ideal material formaking engine blocks and machine frames. It is strong, hard, rigid, and absorbs shock well. Its main disadvantage is that it is brittle.Wrought iron is a more refined form of pig iron which is quite pure iron (0.1 〜0.2 per cent carbon) with threads of slag running through it. Wrought iron is made by heating the pig iron with iron oxide in a “puddling" furnace. The oxygen in the oxide combines with the impurities, which either boil away as gas or form a slag. But the temperature of the furnace is not high enough to make the metal melt. That is why it contains threads of slag. Wrought iron is seldom used directly in industry.Refining pig iron in the various steelmaking furnaces reduces the carbon content and removes other unwanted substance. The steel-maker stops the refining process when the metal has reached the carbon content he wants. Then he adds controlled amounts of other elements to bring the steel to the desired composition.There are two principal kinds of steels, carbon steels and alloy steels. The properties of carbon steels depend mainly on the amount of carbon present. Mild steel (up to 0.25 per cent carbon) is the ordinary kind of steel that is used for girders, automobile bodies, bicycle frames, and so on. Medium-carbon steel (0.25〜0.45 per cent) is stronger than mild steel and is used for bridge members, nuts and bolts, and tools of many kinds. High-carbon steel (0.45〜1.5 per cent) is hard and tough, and is used for cutting tools, drill bits, saws, and so on.The properties of alloy steels depend not on the carbon they contain, but on other alloying elements. One of the most familiar alloys is stainless steel. As we all know, ordinary steel corrodes, or rusts if it is left out in the rain, is stained by fruit juices, and so on. But adding chromium and nickel to steel makes it resist corrosion and stains. Both chromium and nickel resist corrosion well, and they tend to impart that property to their alloys. One of the most common kinds of stainless steels contains about 18 percent chromium and 8 percent nickel.Exercises1.Mark the following sentences with T(true) of F(false) according to the article.(1)The civilization could exist without metals.(2)Many metals appear in the metal form we are familiar with.(3)Only a few of metal are used in their pure state.(4)Metal mixtures are called alloys.(5)Carbon is the most important element to form alloy.(6)Solder is a well-known iron alloy.(7)The pig iron is a kind of iron alloy.(8)Iron alloys are the most important alloys in engineering.(9)Most engine blocks and machine frames are made of cast iron.(10)Wrought iron can be used directly in industry.(11)The properties of alloy steels depend mainly on the amount of carbon present.(12)Carbon steels and alloy steels are two main kinds of steels.(13)Cutting tools and drill bits are made of medium-carbon steel.2.Answer the following questions according to the article・(1)When did man first begin using metals?(2)How many groups of metals? What are they?(3)What kind of metal is most useful in engineering?(4)Is steel an alloy? What is it made from?(5)Please list the usages of iron and steel in daily life.3.Translate the following sentences into Chines・(1)In the old days, man found that metals could be hammered into tools and weapons that remainedsharp.(2)Most metals, such as iron and tin, are found combined with other chemical elements.(3)Other metals are usually added to pure metals to form mixtures called alloys.(4)Metals are divided into two groups, the ferrous, which contain a large percentage of iron, and thenonferrous, which contain no iron.(5)Most of the machinery that makes practically everything we use is made of iron or steel.4.Fill in the blanks with the words or expressions given below and change the forms wherenecessary.Corrosion, contain, element, stain, property, corrode, depend, leave, alloy, add The properties of alloy steels (1) not on the carbon they contain, but on other alloying (2) . One of the most familiar (3) is stainless steel. As we all know, ordinary steel(4) , or rusts if it (5) out in the rain, (6) by fruit juices, and so on but (7)chromium and nickel to steel makes it resist (8) and stains. Both chromium and nickel resist corrosion well, and they tend to impart (9) to their alloys. One of the most common kinds of stainlesssteels (10) about 18 percent chromium and 8 per cent nickel.。
英语结课作业
英语结课作业总结
英语结课作业总结引言本文旨在总结我在英语课程结课作业中的学习心得和体会。
通过对完成作业的过程和结果的分析，我将探讨我在英语学习方面的不足和需要改进的地方，并提出相应的解决办法。
作业一：口头报告第一次作业是进行一次口头报告，要求以自己最感兴趣的话题为题材。
作为一个非英语专业的学生，我选择了自己热爱的音乐作为报告的内容。
在准备口头报告的过程中，我遇到了一些困难。
首先，我在口语表达方面存在很大的不足，自信心不足，对于如何组织语言和表达观点感到迷茫。
其次，我在文化背景知识方面了解有限，对于音乐的英语术语和相关的文化背景了解不够全面。
为了克服这些困难，我采取了以下措施。
首先，我通过自学英语的口语表达技巧，并通过大量练习来提高自己的口语表达能力。
其次，我进行了大量的音乐术语和相关文化背景的研究，以便更好地在口头报告中展示我的知识。
尽管在准备报告的过程中遇到了一些困难，但最终我成功地完成了口头报告。
通过这次报告，我不仅加深了对音乐的理解，而且提高了自己的口语表达能力。
作业二：阅读理解第二次作业是一篇阅读理解练习。
我们需要阅读一篇英文新闻报道，并回答相关问题。
这次作业的难点在于理解文章的内容以及准确回答问题。
在完成这次作业的过程中，我认识到自己阅读理解的能力还有待提高。
我发现自己在阅读英文文章时容易迷失在细节上，导致对文章整体内容的把握不够准确。
此外，我在回答问题时有时会理解偏差，导致答案不准确。
为了提高阅读理解能力，我开始注重提高自己的阅读速度和理解能力。
我通过阅读更多的英文文章，并尝试使用一些阅读理解技巧来帮助自己更好地理解文章。
此外，我还开始认真阅读问题，并思考问题的答案，而不是急于回答。
通过这次作业，我意识到阅读理解是英语学习中非常重要的一部分，我将继续努力提高自己的阅读理解能力。
作业三：写作练习第三次作业是一篇写作练习，我们需要根据提示写一篇短文。
这次作业的难点在于写作能力和语法运用。
在写作这篇短文的过程中，我发现自己的写作能力有很大的提升空间。
英语结课英语作文
As the English course comes to an end,reflecting on the journey through the language has been both enlightening and enriching.The English language,with its vast vocabulary and complex grammar,has been a challenging yet rewarding subject to delve into.Here are some key aspects of the course that have made a significant impact on my learning experience:1.Grammar Mastery:The course started with a solid foundation in grammar. Understanding the intricacies of tenses,sentence structure,and parts of speech has been crucial.It has allowed me to construct wellformed sentences and express complex ideas clearly.2.Vocabulary Expansion:The English language is rich with words that can convey the same idea in various ways.The course helped me expand my vocabulary,enabling me to choose the most appropriate word for the context,which has been essential for both written and spoken communication.3.Reading Comprehension:Through the course,I have been exposed to a wide range of texts,from literary classics to contemporary articles.This has not only improved my reading comprehension but also broadened my understanding of different cultures and perspectives.4.Writing Skills:Writing essays and reports has been a significant part of the course.It has taught me how to organize my thoughts,develop a coherent argument,and present it in a structured manner.The feedback from the instructor has been invaluable in refining my writing style.5.Listening and Speaking:Engaging in conversations and listening to native speakers has improved my listening skills and helped me to pick up on nuances in pronunciation and intonation.Participating in group discussions and presentations has boosted my confidence in speaking English.6.Cultural Insights:Learning a language is not just about the words and grammar its also about understanding the culture behind it.The course included cultural studies that provided insights into the history,literature,and traditions of Englishspeaking countries.7.Critical Thinking:Analyzing texts and discussing different viewpoints has honed my critical thinking skills.It has taught me to question assumptions,consider multiple perspectives,and form wellreasoned opinions.8.Technological Integration:The use of technology in the course,such as languagelearning apps and online resources,has made the learning process more interactive and accessible.It has also prepared me for the digital age where English is a key component of global communication.9.Peer Collaboration:Working on group projects and engaging with classmates from diverse backgrounds has been a highlight of the course.It has taught me the importance of teamwork,effective communication,and mutual respect.10.SelfMotivation and Discipline:Lastly,the course has instilled in me the importance of selfmotivation and discipline.Consistent practice and selfstudy have been essential in achieving progress and mastering the language.In conclusion,the English course has been a comprehensive and transformative experience.It has equipped me with the necessary skills to communicate effectively in English and appreciate the beauty and complexity of the language.As I move forward,I am eager to apply these skills in my academic and professional pursuits,and continue to grow as an English speaker.。
专业英语结课作业
Professional English final work Customer satisfaction analysisof 7-day Chain HotelClass Business Administration 2016-1 Class Student IDNameComplete time June 23, 20191.The background of surveyThe development of budget hotels has developed under the stimulation of mass consumption. In China, the budget hotel industry has faced wonderful development opportunities, while it also faced fierce reality and fierce competition. It is conducive to improving the overall quality of employees that improving service quality and consumer satisfaction, also helpful to enhance hotel service capabilities and competitiveness, gain customers’ recognition, thus winning longer-term development in the industry. This survey is targeted at consumers of 7- day hotel chain, to analysis the satisfaction of service.2.The introduction of 7-day hotel7 Days Hotel is one of the brands of the Platinum Hotel Group. It is the first Chinese hotel group listed on the New York Stock Exchange. In addition, it is the owner of the largest membership system in China's hotel industry and the leader in the technology and innovation model of China's hotel industry. It was founded in 2005 and listed on the New York Stock Exchange on November 20, 2009(Stock Code: SVN).On June 27, 2013, 7-day hotel chain delisted from the United States. On July 17, in the same year, it was acquired by the Platinum Hotel Group.Adhering to the vision of “sleeping well every day”, 7- Days Hotel is committed to providing clean, environmentally friendly, comfortable and safe accommodation services for value-oriented business travelers to satisfy their core requirements in accommodation.3.The method of investigationi.QuestionnaireThe questionnaire survey method is a widely used method in social surveys at home and abroad. Our group’s survey work lasted for one week. We adopt the method of issuing questionnaires , survey some consumers of 7- day hotel in Guilin Qixing District. A total of 35 questionnaires were collected in this survey.1)The purpose of the survey : the purpose of this survey is to grasp the real situationof the 7- day hotel chain customer experience to find out some problems.2)Scope of investigation : around 7 Days hotel, in Guilin Qixing District.3)The object of survey : consumers of 7-day hotel chain.4)Prophase : design survey questions and create survey questionnaires.5)Medium term : issue questionnaires6)Later stage : collect questionnaires and analyze data to conduct servicesatisfaction by using IPA analysis.ii.IPA analysisIPA analysis is the “importance-performance analysis”, which is widely used in the analysis of customer satisfaction, and is a comprehensive method for people to compare the importance and expressiveness of image attributes. People can map the importance and performance mean in the two-dimensional matrix corresponding to the dominant area, the maintenance area, the opportunity area and the improvement area respectively, and conclude that the evaluation object needs to continue to maintain the advantage, reduce the attention, appropriate improvement and key improvement indicators.The IPA analysis method has been widely used in domestic and foreign research, and its application in the tourism field has also been applied. For example, foreign scholars Uysal, chen, wiliiams ( 2000 ) used IPA analysis to conduct an IPA analysis of Virginia's tourism image in the United States, thereby helping it find the target market and improve customer satisfaction.4.Survey’s results and analysis1)The analysis of basic informationAccording to the statistical distribution table of the sample of Table 1, the total sample size is 35, and the age of the interviewed population is concentrated at 18 to35 years old. The youth is the main subject of investigation, and the education level is mainly undergraduates.2)The IPA analysis of Customer Experience of 7 Days Hotel Chain Hotel inGuilin.Calculating the mean and performance mean of the four measurement dimensions ( environment and facility experience, service skills and skills experience, safety and management experience, public space experience) for the 7-day hotel chain in Guilin. Table 1 shows that the average of total importance is 4.419 and the total performance average is 3.918.Taking (4.419, 3.918) as the coordinate origin, taking the importance mean variable as the x-axis, and the performance mean as the y-axis, plot the IPA analysis (as shown in Figure 1), and simultaneously set the position coordinates of each measurement item. One-to-one correspondence, and then data analysis.14The storage of consumers’ information 4.574average value 4.419285714 3.917857143Figure 1 IPA analysis chart➢Continue to maintain the advantage of the projectThe importance and performance of the first quadrant are high and are the main source of competitiveness of the company, so its service quality should continue to be maintained. There are a 14 project variables in this survey, 4 of which are distributed in the area, A2 has qualified professional licenses, A5 can be booked in advance, A6 can use WeChat or Alipay payment, and A14 hotel's custody of personal information falls here. region. Due to the popularity of online payment methods and the improvement of people's awareness of rights protection, more and more hotels pay more attention to this aspect, and the above four aspects should continue to be maintained.➢Reduce concerns about maintenance areasThe importance of the second quadrant is not high, but the satisfaction is very PerformanceImportancehigh, so the quality of service has excessive supply. Two of them are located in the area. The business hours of A1 meet the demand, the traffic of A3 is convenient, and the location is easy. For the above two aspects, the 7-day hotel chain should save resources without excessive emphasis and investment.➢Appropriate improvement of the opportunity zone projectThe importance and performance of the third quadrant are not high, so the quality of service is less important and the priority is lower. Two of them are located in the area, the A4 parking space is sufficient, and the A8 bedding is comfortable and tidy. In the above two aspects, the 7-day hotel chain can be appropriately improved.➢Focus on improvement zone projectsThe fourth quadrant has a high degree of importance, but the degree of satisfaction is not high. It is the main disadvantage of the enterprise. Therefore, its service quality has the decisive key factor for the future development of the enterprise, so it is a key improvement project. Five of them are located in the area, A9 hotel disposable supplies hygiene, A10 room smell is comfortable, A11 room sound insulation effect, A12 store interior design, A13 hotel overall service status, through the investigation can be concluded that 7- day hotel chain These aspects have not met the customer requirements, so in the development process, we should focus on improving hotel hygiene, improving the quality of hotel services, and paying attention to the interior decoration. （As shown in table 2）.Table 2 IPA Analysis5.Proposali.Designed decorationIn the decoration, the 7-day hotel is cheap, but the room decoration is similar, you can buy small accessories for different needs, such as small bulbs, balloons, puppets, tatami, etc., to satisfy the needs of customers at a lower cost, enhance thehotel Attractive.In the division of the room, it can be divided into several categories according to the needs. For the tourists, the tourist area can be divided, and the pictures of the scenic spots and the welcome words to the tourists are hung in the corridor of the tourist area, for example, "Guilin welcomes you, 7 Welcome to you, "live for 7 days, enjoy 7 days of beautiful holidays" and so on, highlighting the regional culture. In the naming of the room, it can be more interesting, rather than a simple number, to create features from the details.ii.Focus on the interactive atmosphereFirst of all, the scholars want to create an interactive atmosphere with the customers. As the saying goes, “The family atmosphere is also an interactive atmosphere. The operators need to have a family cultural concept, sincerely think for the customers, and use actions to make customers feel. We are a family, we can provide public rest on each floor. In terms of the tourist area, we can enhance the communication of each tenant, and even find like-minded friends, so that customers have the same sense of freedom and comfort at home. Secondly, the standard Standardized services and timely answers to questions can give customers a better and more enjoyable experience. Therefore, operators must provide service personnel with training in service skills, standardization, standard service procedures, and strengthen language training so that they can respond to customers’ consultation in a timely manner.iii.Keep the facilities inside and outside the hotel clean and tidyModern people not only consider the hotel price, but also the requirements for hotel hygiene. Keeping the environment clean and conducive to the customer's first impression of the hotel, the environment is clean and tidy, including the hotel's internal and external facilities, for the hotel's periphery, to ensure that the parking lot is adequate, regular cleaning and parking The field, for the interior of the hotel, focuses on the room hygiene, to ensure that the quilt towel has no stains, the air has no odor, and can specifically train the cleaning personnel to improve their own seriousness.6.ConclusionThis paper considers the problems that exist in the 7-day hotel in the environment and design experience, service skills, security and management experience, and public space experience through IPA analysis, and puts forward relevant suggestions for indicators with lower actual experience. It is recommended that operators pay attention to the interactive atmosphere experience, enhance the distinctiveness of the room design and improve the network status. The aim is to promote the sustainable development of the 7-day hotel in Guilin and improve the market share of the hotel, so that it has an advantage in the hotel competition.。
专业英语作业
龙岩学院化学与材料学院专业英语翻译专业及班级：材料2班姓名及学号：石文艺2013061631Part I. Translate the following English sentences into Chinese.1. One reactant is delivered to the other in a series of known amounts. The equivalence point (specified as a volume of reactant added —— sometimes called the equivalence volume) of the titration is that point when the reaction mixture has the reactants present in stoichiometric equivalence.将一种反应物加入到其他的一系列已知物当中。
滴定的等量点(定义为加入反应物的体积——有时又被称为当量体积)是指当反应混合物中具有以化学计量的反应物的点。
2. A functional group is a chemically reactive atom or group of atoms that imparts characteristic properties to the family of organic compounds containing it. The site of reaction in an organic molecule is often a functional group, a multiple covalent bond, or a polar single bond. An electron-poor atom or group that will bond with an atom that has an available electron pair is called an electrophile. An electron-rich atom or group that will bond with an electron-deficient atom is called a nucleophile.一个官能团是一个化学反应的原子或原子团，它能使包含这些原子团的一类有机化合物显示特殊的性质。
专业英语结课作业
专业英语结课作业通信与信息工程学院专业英语结课作业班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：作业时间：成绩：评语：通信与信息工程学院二〇一五年Passage B Binary System and Logic Systems1.Binary SystemA digital system functions in a binary manner.It employs devices which exist only in two possible states.A transistor is allowed to operate at cutoff or in saturation, but not in its active region.A node may be at high voltage of, say, 4±1V or at a low voltage of, say, 0.2±0.2V, but no values are allowed.Various designations are used for these two quantized states, and the most common are listed in Table 3.1.In logic,a statement is characterized as true or false, and this is the first binary classification listed in the table. A switch may be closed or open, which is the notation under 9, etc.Binary arithmetic and mathematical manipulation of switching or logic functions are best carried out with classification 3, which involves two symbols, 0(zero) and 1 (one).The binary system of representing numbers will now be explained by making reference to the familiar decimal system.Inthe latter the base is 10(ten), and ten numerals,0,1,2,3···,9, are required to express an arbitrary number.To write numbers larger than 9, we assign a meaning to the position of numerals in an array of numerals.For example, the number 1264 (one thousand two hundred sixty four) has the meaning1264=1×103＋2×102＋6×101＋4×100Thus the individual digits in the number represent the coefficients in an expansion of the number in powers of 10.The digit which is farthest to the right is the coefficient of the zeroth power; the next is the coefficient of the firth power.and so on.In the binary system of representation the base is 2, and only two numerals 0 and 1are required to represent a number.The numerals 0 and 1 have the same meaning as in the decimal system ,but a different interpretation is placed on the position occupied by a digit.In the binary system the two rather than ten as in the decimal system.For example, the decimal number 19 is written in the binary representation as 10011 since10011=1×24＋0×23＋0×22＋1×21＋1×20 =16＋0＋0＋2＋1=19A short list of equivalent numbers in decimal and binary notations is given in Table3.2.A general method for converting from a decimal to a binary number is indicated in Table 3.3.The procedure is the following.Place the decimal number (in this illustration,19) on the extreme right.Next divide by 2 and place the quotient (9) to the left and indicate the remember (1) directly below it.Repeat this process (for the next column 9÷2=4 and a remainder of 1) until a quotient of 0 is obtained.The array of 1’s and 0’s in the second row is the binary representation of the origin decimalnumber.In this example, decimal 19=10011 binary.A binary digit (a 1 or a 0) is called a bit.A group of bits that has the same significance is called a byte, word, or code.For example, to represent the 10 numerals (0,1,2,3···,9) and the 26 letters of the English alphabet would require 36 different combinations of 1’s and 0’s.Since 25<36<26, then a minimum of 6 bits per bit arerequired in order to accommodate all the alphanumeric characters.In this sense a bit is sometimes referred to as a character and a group of one or more characters as a word.2. Logic SystemsIn a DC, or level-logic, system a bit is implemented as one of two voltage levels.If, as in Figure 3.6(a), the more positive voltage is the 1 level and the other is the 0 level, the system is said to employ DC positive logic.On the other hand, a DC negative-logic system,as in Figure 3.6(b),i s one which designates the more negative voltage state of the bit as the 1 level and the more positive as the 0 level.It should be emphasized that the absolute values of the two voltages are of no significance in these definitions.In particular, the 0 state need not represent a zero voltage level (although in some systems it might).The parameters of a physical device (for example,VCE·sat of a transistor) are not identical from sample to sample,and they also vary with temperature.Furthermore, ripple or voltage spikes may exist in the power supply or ground leads, and other sources of unwanted signals, called noise,may be present in the circuit.For these reasons the digital levels are not specified precisely, but as indicated by the shaded region in Figure 3.6,each state is defined by a voltage range about a designated level, such as 4±1V and 0.2±0.2V.In a dynamic,or pulse-logic,system a bit is recognized by the present or absence of a pulse.At 1 signifies the existence of a positive pulse in a dynamic positive-logic system; a negative pulse denotes a 1 in a dynamic negative-logic system a 0 at a particular input (or output) at a given instant of time designates that no pulse is present at that particular moment.B篇二进制系统和逻辑系统1.二进制系统一个数字系统作用以二进制方式。
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通信与信息工程学院专业英语结课作业班级：电子信息工程1303班姓名：学号：指导教师：苏扬作业时间：2015年12月23日成绩：评通信与信息工程学院二〇一五年翻译原文：Passage B DBMS and Data Independence, Integrity, ecurityYou know that a database is a collection of logically related data elements that may be structured in various ways to meet the multiple processing and retrieval needs of organizations and individuals. There’s nothing new about databases—early ones were chiseled in stone, penned on scrolls, and written on index cards. But now databases are commonly recorded on magnetize-able media, and computer programs are required to perform the necessary storage and retrieval operations.You’ll see in the following pages that complex data relationships and linkages may be found in all but the simplest databases. The system software package that handles the difficult tasks associated with creating, accessing, and maintaining database records is called a database management system (DBMS). The programs in a DBMS package establish an interface between the database itself and users of the database.(These users may be applications programmers, managers and others with information needs, and various OS program.)A DBMS can organize, process, and present selected data elements from the database. This capability enables decision makers to search, probe, and query database contents in order to extract answers to nonrecurring and unplanned questions that aren’t available in regular reports.These questions might initially be vague and/or poorly defined, but people can “browse”through the database until they have the needed information. In short, the DBMS will “manage”the stored data items and assemble the needed items from the common database in response to the queries of those who aren’t programmers. In a file-oriented system, users needing special information may communicate their needs to a programmer, who, when time permits, will write one or more programs to extract the data and prepare the information. The availability of a DBMS, however, offers users a much faster alternative communications path.Data IndependenceAn important point about database systems is that the database should exist independently of any of the specific applications. Traditional data processing applications are data dependent. COBOL programs contain file descriptions and record descriptions that carefully describe the format and characteristics of the data. Users should be able to change the structure of the database without affecting the applications that use it. For example, suppose that the requirements of your applications change. A simple example would be expanding ZIP codes from five digits to nine digits. In a traditional approach using COBOL programs, each individual COBOL application program that used that particular field would have to be changed, recompiled, and retested. The programs would be unable to recognize or access a file that had been changed and contained a new data description; this, in turn, might cause disruption in processing unless the change were carefully planned.Most database programs provide the ability to change the database structure by simply changing the ZIP code field and the data-entry form. In this case, dataindependence allows for minimal disruption of current and existing applications. Users can continue to work and can even ignore the nine-digit code if they choose. Eventually, the file will be converted to the new nine-digit ZIP code, but the ease with which the changeover takes place emphasizes the importance of data independence. Data IntegrityData integrity refers to the accuracy, correctness, or validity of the data in the database. In a database system, data integrity means safeguarding the data against invalid alteration or destruction. In large on-line database system, data integrity becomes a more severe problem and two additional complications arise. The first has to do with many users accessing the database concurrently. For example, if thousands of travel agents book the same seat on the same flight, the first agent’s booking will be lost. In such cases the technique of locking the record or field provides the means for preventing one user from accessing a record while another user is updating the same record.The second complication relates to hardware, software, or human error during the course of processing and involves database transactions to keep the database in a consistent state of integrity. A database transaction is a group of database modifications treated as a single unit. For example, an agent booking an airline reservation involves several database updates (i.e., adding the passenger’s name and address and updating the seats-available field), which comprise a single transaction. The database transaction is not considered to be completed until all updates have been completed; otherwise, none of the updates will be allowed to take place.Data SecurityData security refers to the protection of a database against unauthorized or illegal access or modification. This usually involves one or more levels of password protection that are specified in the data dictionary. For example, a high-level password might allow a user to read from, write to. and modify the database structure, whereas a low-level password might only allow a user to read from the database.Often an audit trail—the recorded history of the modifications to a database—can be used to identify where and when a database was tampered with and it can also be used to restore the file to its original condition.Words and Expressionsdatabase management system (DBMS) 数据库管理信息系统data independence 数据独立data integrity 数据完整性，数据一致性database transaction 数据库事务data security 数据安全性ZIP codes 美国邮区划分的五位编码译文：DBMS和数据独立性，完整性，安全性众所周知，数据库是逻辑上相关的数据元的集合。