语用学术语英汉对照
英语语法术语中英文对照表
英语语法术语中英文对照表语法 grammar句法 syntax词法 morphology结构 structure层次 rank句子 sentence从句 clause词组 phrase词类 part of speech单词 word实词 notional word虚词 structural word单纯词simple word派生词derivative复合词compound词性part of speech名词 noun专有名词 proper noun普通名词 common noun可数名词 countable noun不可数名词 uncountable noun 抽象名词 abstract noun具体名词 concret noun物质名词 material noun集体名词 collective noun个体名词 individual noun介词 preposition连词 conjunction动词 verb主动词 main verb及物动词 transitive verb不及物动词 intransitive verb 系动词 link verb助动词 auxiliary verb情态动词 modal verb规则动词 regular verb不规则动词 irregular verb短语动词 phrasal verb限定动词 finite verb非限定动词 infinite verb使役动词 causative verb感官动词 verb of senses动态动词 event verb静态动词 state verb感叹词 exclamation形容词 adjective方式副词 adverb of manner程度副词 adverb of degree时间副词 adverb of time地点副词 adverb of place修饰性副词 adjunct连接性副词 conjunct疑问副词 interogative adverb关系副词 relative adverb代词 pronoun人称代词 personal pronoun物主代词 possesive pronoun反身代词 reflexive pronoun相互代词 reciprocal pronoun指示代词 demonstrative pronoun疑问代词 interrogative pronoun关系代词 relative pronoun不定代词 indefinite pronoun物主代词 possecive pronoun名词性物主代词 nominal possesive prnoun形容词性物主代词 adjectival possesive pronoun 冠词 article定冠词 definite article不定冠词 indefinite article基数词 cardinal numeral序数词 ordinal numeral分数词 fractional numeral形式 form单数形式 singular form复数形式 plural form限定动词 finite verb form非限定动词 non-finite verb form原形 base form从句 clause从属句 subordinate clause并列句 coordinate clause名词从句 nominal clause定语从句 attributive clause状语从句 adverbial clause宾语从句 object clause主语从句 subject clause同位语从句 appositive clause时间状语从句 adverbial clause of time地点状语从句 adverbial clause of place方式状语从句 adverbial clause of manner让步状语从句 adverbial clause of concession 原因状语从句 adverbial clause of cause结果状语从句 adverbial clause of result目的状语从句 adverbial clause of purpose条件状语从句 adverbial clause of condition真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of real condition非真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of unreal condition 含蓄条件句 adverbial clause of implied condition错综条件句 adverbial clause of mixed condition句子 sentence简单句 simple sentence并列句 compound sentence复合句 complex sentence并列复合句 compound complex sentence陈述句 declarative sentence疑问句 interrogative sentence一般疑问句 general question特殊疑问句 special question选择疑问句 alternative question附加疑问句 tag question反义疑问句 disjunctive question修辞疑问句 rhetorical question感叹疑问句 exclamatory question存在句 existential sentence肯定句 positive sentence基本句型 basic sentence patern否定句 negative sentence祈使句 imperative sentence省略句 elliptical sentence感叹句 exclamatory sentence句子成分 members of sentences 主语 subject谓语 predicate宾语 object双宾语 dual object直接宾语 direct object间接宾语 indirect object复合宾语 complex object同源宾语 cognate object补语 complement主补 subject complement宾补 object complement表语 predicative定语 attribute同位语 appositive状语 adverbial句法关系 syntatic relationship 并列 coordinate从属 subordination修饰 modification前置修饰 pre-modification 后置修饰 post-modification 限制 restriction双重限制 double-restriction 非限制 non-restriction数 number单数形式 singular form复数形式 plural form规则形式 regular form不规则形式 irregular form 格 case普通格 common case所有格 possessive case主格 nominative case宾格 objective case性 gender阳性 masculine阴性 feminine通性 common中性 neuter人称 person第一人称 first person第二人称 second person第三人称 third person时态 tense过去将来时 past future tense过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense过去将来完成时 past future perfect tense一般现在时 present simple tense一般过去时 past simple tense一般将来时 future simple tense现在完成时 past perfect tense过去完成时 present perfect tense将来完成时 future perfect tense现在进行时 present continuous tense过去进行时 past continuous tense将来进行时 future continuous tense过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense现在完成进行时 present perfect continuous tense 过去完成进行时 past perfect continuous tense语态 voice主动语态 active voice被动语态 passive voice语气 mood陈述语气 indicative mood祈使语气 imperative mood否定 negation否定范围 scope of negation全部否定 full negation局部否定 partial negation转移否定 shift of negation语序 order自然语序 natural order倒装语序 inversion全部倒装 full inversion部分倒装 partial inversion直接引语 direct speech间接引语 indirect speech自由直接引语 free direct speech自由间接引语 free indirect speech一致 agreement主谓一致 subject-predicate agreement 语法一致 grammatical agreement概念一致 notional agreement就近原则 principle of proximity强调 emphasis重复 repetition语音 pronunciation语调 tone升调 rising tone降调 falling tone降升调 falling-rising tone文体 style正式文体 formal非正式文体 informal口语 spoken/oral English套语 formulistic expression 英国英语 British English美国英语 American English 用法 usage感情色彩 emotional coloring 褒义 commendatory贬义 derogatory幽默 humorous讽刺 sarcastic挖苦 ironic。
《英语语言学》术语(英汉对照)表
语言学术语(英—汉对照）表Glossary and IndexAabbreviation 缩写词，略语 3。
3.1Abercrombie 10.3。
2ablative 夺格，离格 4.1.1abstractness 抽象性 1。
3.2accent 重音（符）2.4。
4；2.4.5accuracy 正确性 11。
6.4accusative 宾格 4。
1。
1achievement test 成绩测试 11。
6.3acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 1。
7。
1；2.1 acquisition 习得 6.1.2acronym 缩略语 3。
3.1action process 动作过程 12。
2。
3actor 动作者 4.4.2；12。
2.3addition 添加 3.3。
2address form 称呼形式 7.2。
3addressee 受话人 1。
4；9。
4.1addresser 发话人 1。
4;9.4。
1adjective 形容词 3.1.2；4。
1。
1；5.5。
2adjunct 修饰成分；附加语 12.2.3adverb 副词 3.1。
2affix 词缀 3。
2.1affix hopping 词缀跳跃 4.3。
1affixation词缀附加法 7。
1.4affricate 塞擦音 2.4。
3；2。
4.5；2.9.1agreement 一致关系 4。
1.3airstream 气流 2alliteration 头韵 9.3。
2；9。
3。
6allomorph 词/语素变体 3.2。
4；4。
3。
1allophone 音位变体 2。
8allophonic variation 音位变体 2.8。
3allophony音位变体现象 2。
8。
3alveolar ridge 齿龈 2。
2alveolar 齿龈音 2。
4。
4；2.4。
5ambiguity 歧义 4.2。
2；4。
3.1；6.2.3；8.2。
2;8。
完整版英语语法术语中英文对照表
英语语法术语中英文对照表语法 grammar句法 syntax词法 morphology结构 structure层次 rank句子 sentence从句 clause词组 phrase词类 part of speech单词 word实词 notional word虚词 structural word单纯词simple word派生词derivative复合词compound词性part of speech名词 noun专有名词 proper noun普通名词 common noun可数名词 countable noun不可数名词 uncountable noun abstract noun抽象名词具体名词 concret noun物质名词 material noun集体名词 collective noun个体名词 individual noun介词 preposition连词 conjunction动词 verb主动词 main verb及物动词 transitive verb不及物动词 intransitive verb 系动词 link verb助动词 auxiliary verb情态动词 modal verb规则动词 regular verb不规则动词 irregular verb短语动词 phrasal verb限定动词 finite verb非限定动词 infinite verb使役动词 causative verb感官动词 verb of senses动态动词 event verb静态动词 state verb感叹词 exclamationadjective形容词副词 adverb方式副词 adverb of manner程度副词 adverb of degree时间副词 adverb of time地点副词 adverb of place修饰性副词 adjunct连接性副词 conjunct疑问副词 interogative adverb关系副词 relative adverb代词 pronoun人称代词 personal pronoun物主代词 possesive pronoun反身代词 reflexive pronoun相互代词 reciprocal pronoun指示代词 demonstrative pronoun疑问代词 interrogative pronoun关系代词 relative pronoun不定代词 indefinite pronoun物主代词 possecive pronoun名词性物主代词 nominal possesive prnoun形容词性物主代词 adjectival possesive pronoun 冠词 article定冠词 definite articleindefinite article不定冠词数词 numeral基数词 cardinal numeral序数词 ordinal numeral分数词 fractional numeral形式 form单数形式 singular form复数形式 plural form限定动词 finite verb form非限定动词 non-finite verb form原形 base form从句 clause从属句 subordinate clause并列句 coordinate clause名词从句 nominal clause定语从句 attributive clause状语从句 adverbial clause宾语从句 object clause主语从句 subject clause同位语从句 appositive clause时间状语从句 adverbial clause of time地点状语从句 adverbial clause of place方式状语从句 adverbial clause of manner让步状语从句 adverbial clause of concessionadverbial clause of cause原因状语从句．结果状语从句 adverbial clause of result目的状语从句 adverbial clause of purpose条件状语从句 adverbial clause of condition真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of real condition非真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of unreal condition 含蓄条件句 adverbial clause of implied condition错综条件句 adverbial clause of mixed condition句子 sentence简单句 simple sentence并列句 compound sentence复合句 complex sentence并列复合句 compound complex sentence陈述句 declarative sentence疑问句 interrogative sentence一般疑问句 general question特殊疑问句 special question选择疑问句 alternative question附加疑问句 tag question反义疑问句 disjunctive question修辞疑问句 rhetorical question感叹疑问句 exclamatory question存在句 existential sentence肯定句 positive sentencebasic sentence patern基本句型否定句 negative sentence祈使句 imperative sentence省略句 elliptical sentence感叹句 exclamatory sentence句子成分 members of sentences主语 subject谓语 predicate宾语 object双宾语 dual object直接宾语 direct object间接宾语 indirect object复合宾语 complex object同源宾语 cognate object补语 complement主补 subject complement宾补 object complement表语 predicative定语 attribute同位语 appositive状语 adverbial句法关系 syntatic relationship 并列 coordinate从属 subordinationmodification修饰．前置修饰 pre-modification后置修饰 post-modification限制 restriction双重限制 double-restriction非限制 non-restriction数 number单数形式 singular form复数形式 plural form规则形式 regular form不规则形式 irregular form格 case普通格 common case所有格 possessive case主格 nominative case宾格 objective case性 gender阳性 masculine阴性 feminine通性 common中性 neuter人称 person第一人称 first person第二人称 second personthird person第三人称．时态 tense过去将来时 past future tense过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense过去将来完成时 past future perfect tense一般现在时 present simple tense一般过去时 past simple tense一般将来时 future simple tense现在完成时 past perfect tense过去完成时 present perfect tense将来完成时 future perfect tense现在进行时 present continuous tense过去进行时 past continuous tense将来进行时 future continuous tense过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense现在完成进行时 present perfect continuous tense 过去完成进行时 past perfect continuous tense语态 voice主动语态 active voice被动语态 passive voice语气 mood陈述语气 indicative mood祈使语气 imperative mood否定 negationscope of negation否定范围．全部否定 full negation局部否定 partial negation转移否定 shift of negation语序 order自然语序 natural order倒装语序 inversion全部倒装 full inversion部分倒装 partial inversion直接引语 direct speech间接引语 indirect speech自由直接引语 free direct speech自由间接引语 free indirect speech一致 agreement主谓一致 subject-predicate agreement语法一致 grammatical agreement概念一致 notional agreement就近原则 principle of proximity强调 emphasis重复 repetition语音 pronunciation语调 tone升调 rising tone降调 falling tonefalling-rising tone降升调．文体 style正式文体 formal非正式文体 informal口语 spoken/oral English套语 formulistic expression 英国英语 British English美国英语 American English 用法 usage感情色彩 emotional coloring 褒义 commendatory贬义 derogatory幽默 humorous讽刺 sarcastic挖苦 ironic。
(完整版)语言学专业词汇中英文对照版
语言学术语（英-汉对照）表Aabbreviation 缩写词，略语ablative 夺格，离格accent 重音（符）accusative 宾格achievement test 成绩测试acoustic phonetics 声学语音学acquisition 习得acronym 缩略语action process 动作过程actor 动作者address form 称呼形式addressee 受话人addresser 发话人adjective 形容词adjunct 修饰成分附加语adverb 副词affix 词缀affixation词缀附加法affricate 塞擦音agreement 一致关系airstream 气流alliteration 头韵allomorph 词/语素变体allophone 音位变体allophonic variation 音位变体allophony音位变体现象alveolar ridge 齿龈alveolar 齿龈音ambiguity 歧义analogical creation 类推造字anapest 抑抑扬格anaphor 前指替代anaphoric reference 前指照应animate 有生命的annotation 注解antecedent 先行词前在词anthropological linguistics 人类语言学anticipatory coarticulation 逆化协同发音antonomasia 换称代类名antonym 反义词antonymy 反义(关系)appellative 称谓性applied linguistics 应用语言学applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语言学appropriacy 适宜性appropriateness 适宜性得体性approximant 无摩擦延续音aptitude test 素质测试Arabic 阿拉伯语arbitrariness 任意性argument 中项中词主目article 冠词articulation 发音articulator 发音器官articulatory phonetics 发音语音学artificial speech 人工言语aspect 体aspirated 吐气送气assimilation 同化associative 联想associative meaning 联想意义assonance 准压韵半谐音attributive 属性修饰语定语auditory phonetics 听觉语音学authentic input 真实投入authorial style 权威风格authoring program 编程autonomy 自主性auxiliary 助词auxiliary verb 助动词Bbabbling stage 婴儿语阶段back-formation 逆构词法base component 基础部分behavioural process 行为过程behaviourism 行为主义bilabial 双唇音bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音bilateral opposition 双边对立bilingualism 双语现象binary division 二分法binary feature 二分特征binary taxonomy 二分分类学binding 制约binding theory 制约论blade 舌叶舌面前部blank verse 无韵诗blending 混成法borrowing 借用借词bound morpheme 粘着语素bounding theory 管辖论bracketing 括号法brevity maxim 简洁准则bridging 架接broad transcription 宽式音标broadening 词义扩大Brown corpus 布朗语料库Ccalculability 可计算性calque 仿造仿造词语cancellability 可删除cardinal numeral 基数cardinal vowel 基本元音case 格case grammar格语法case theory格理论category 范畴categorical component 范畴成分causative 使役的使投动词center 中心词central determiner 中心限定词chain relation 链状关系chain system 链状系统choice 选择choice system 选择系统circumstance 环境因子class 词类class shift 词性变换clause 小句从句click 吸气音咂音clipping 截断法closed class 封闭类closed syllable 闭音节cluster 音丛coarticulation 协同发音coda 结尾音节符尾code 语码信码cognitive psychology 认知心理学cognitive system 认知系统coherence 相关关联cohension 衔接co-hyponym 同下义词colligation 类连结collocative meaning 搭配意义color word 色彩词color word system 色彩词系统command 指令common core 共核common noun 普通名词communication 交际communicative competence 交际能力communicative dynamism, CD 交际性动力communicative language teaching, CLT交际语言教学法communicative Sentence Pattern, CSP 交际性句子模式communicative syllabus 交际教学大纲communicative test 交际性测试communicative-grammatical approach 交际-语法教学法compact disk 激光盘comparative degree 比较级competence 能力complement 补语complementary antonym 互补反义词complementary antonymy 互补反义关系complementary distribution 互补分布complex predicate 复合谓语component 成分componential analysis 成分分析composite proposition 复合命题compositionality 复合性compound 复合词复合句comprehension 理解computation 计算computational linguistics 计算语言学computational system 计算系统computer-assisted learning, CAL 计算机辅助学习computer corpus 计算机语料库computer hardware 计算机硬件computer literacy 计算机操作能力computer networks 计算机网络computer system 计算机系统computer-assisted instruction, CAI 计算机辅助教学computer-assisted learning,CALL 计算机辅助语言学习conative 意动的concept 概念conceptual meaning 概念意义concord 一致（关系）concordance 共现关系concrete noun 具体名词concurrent 同时发生的conjugation 词形变化conjunct 连接副词conjunction 连接词conjunction buttressing 连接词支撑connotation 内涵consequent 跟随成分consonance 辅音韵consonant辅音constant opposition 不变对立constative 表述的constituent command 成分指令constituent proposition 成分命题constituent structure analysis 成分结构分析constituent 成分construct 编制construct validity 编制效度construction 构建constructivism 构建主义content analysis 内容分析content validity 内容效度content word 实义词context dependent 语境依赖的context of situation 情景语境context 语境contextual analyses 语境分析contextual meaning 语境意义contrastive analysis 对比分析control theory 控制理论controlled language 有控制的语言convention 常规规约conventional meaning 常规意义规约意义conventionality 常规性规约性conversational implicature 会话含义conversational maxim 会话准则converse antonymy 相反反义现象conversion 变换cooperative principle, CP 合作原则coordinate construction 并列结构coordination 并列coreferential 互参的coronal 舌面前音corpus data 语料库语料corpus (pl corpora) 语料素材corpus linguistics 语料库语言学context 上下文countable 可数（名词）counterfactual proposition 反事实命题couplet 对句对联creativity 创造性原创性Creole 克里澳尔语混和语cross-cultural communication 跨文化交际cross-linguistic 跨语言的culturally-specific 文化特异的curriculum 教学大纲customizing 定制的Ddactyl 扬抑抑格Dani language 达尼语data retrieval, DR 资料检索database 数据库dative (case) 与格dative movement 与格移动declarative 陈述句decoding 解码deductive 演绎的deep structure 深层结构defeasibility 消除可行性definite 有定的degenerate data 无用的语料deixis 指称delicacy 精密阶denotation 外延指称dental 齿音dentalization 齿音化derivation 衍生derivational affix 衍生词汇derivational morphology 派生形态学descriptive adequacy 描写充分性descriptive linguistics 描写语言学design feature 结构特征determiner 限定词developing grammar 发展语法deviant 变体deviation 偏离变异devoicing 清音化diachronic linguistics 历时语言学diachronic 历时的diacritic 附加符号变音符diagnostic test 诊断性测试dialect 方言dialectology 方言学digitized sound 数字化语音dimetre 二音步诗行diphthong 二合元音双元音direct object 直接宾语direct speech, DS 直接言语direct thought, DT 直接思想directionality 方向性discourse 语篇话语discourse analysis 语篇分析话语分析discourse interpretation 语篇理解discrete 分离的离散的discrete-point grammar 离散语法discrete point test 分立性测试disjunction 分离关系displacement 移位dissimilation 异化（作用）distinctive feature 区别性特征distinguisher 辩义成分do-insertion rule do 添加规则domain 范围领域dorsal 舌背音舌中音dorsum 舌背（音）double comparative 双重比较drill-and-practice software 操练软件D-structure D结构dual 双数dualistic view 二分观点duality 二重性Eearly Modern English 早期现代英语economy 经济性简洁性ejective 爆发音electronic mail 电子邮件Elizabethan English 伊利莎白时期英语ellipsis 省略（法）elliptical sentence structure 省略句子结构embedded element 嵌入成分emic 位学的emotive 感情的empirical 经验主义的empirical data 经验主义的语料empirical validity 经验效度empiricism 经验主义empty category, EC 空范畴enabling skills 使成技能化encoding 编码end rhyme 末端韵endocentric construction 内向结构entailment 蕴涵entry condition 入列条件epenthesis 插音增音equipollent opposition 均等对立equivalence 相等equivalence reliability 相等信度error analysis 错误分析EST 科技英语ethnicity identity 民族认同ethnography of communication 交际民族学etic 非位的素的event process 事件过程example-based machine translation基于例句的机器翻译exchange error 交换错误exchange sequence 交际序列exchange structure 交际结构exhaustive 穷尽的彻底的existent 存在物existential 存在句existential process 存在过程existential quantifier 存在数量词exocentric 外向的exocentric construction 外向结构experiential 经验的experiential function 经验功能experimental psycholinguistics 实验心理语言学explanatory adequacy 解释充分性explicit grammar instruction, EGI 明显的语法教学法expression minimization 表达最底程度expressive 表达的extended standard theory, EST 扩展标准理论extensive 引申的扩展的extent-condition format 程度条件格式external evaluation 外部评估external qualifier 外部修饰语extrinsic sources of error 外在的错误来源eye movement 眼部移动Fface validity 卷面效度facilitation 便利促进Fasoldfeasibility 可行性feature 特征feedback 反馈felicity condition 适宜性条件恰当条件feminine 阴性fiction 小说figurative language 比喻性语言象征性语言figures of speech 修辞手段修辞格finite element 有定成分finite 有定的有限的finite state grammar 有限状态语法first-person narrator 第一人称叙述者Firthian phonology 弗斯音系学flap 闪音flexibility 灵活性变通性floppy disk 软盘focus 焦点中心folk etymology 俗词源学民间词源foregrounded features 突出特征foregrounding 突出前景话foreign language teaching 外语教学form 形式formal difference 形式差异formalization 形式化formation 形成formative 构形成分构词成分free form 自由形式free indirect speech, FIS 自由间接言语free indirect thought, FIT 自由间接思想free morpheme 自由语素free root morpheme 自由词根语素free variant 自由变体free verse 自由韵文French 法语frequency effect 频率效应fricative （摩）擦音friction 摩擦front 舌面前舌前的fully automatic high quality translation,FAHQT 全自动高质量翻译function word 功能词function 功能functional grammar 功能语法functional linguistics 功能语言学functional sentence perspective, FSP功能句子观functions of language 语言功能fusion 溶合fuzzy 模糊的Ggender difference 性别差异general linguistics 普通语言学generalisation 概括generative grammar 生成语法generative semantics 生成语言学genitive 属格所有格genre 体裁语类German 德语given (information) 已给信息global task 整体任务glottal 喉音glottal stop 喉塞音goal 目标government theory 支配理论government 支配grammatical analysis 语法分析grammatical function ; ; grammatical structure 语法结构gradable antonymy 分等级的反义关系gradual opposition 渐次对立grammatical category 语法范畴grammatical concept 语法概念grammatical description 语法描写grammatical form 语法形式grammatical marker 语法标记grammatical meaning 语法意义grammatical organization 语法组成grammatical pattern 语法类型grammatical process 语法过程grammatical rule 语法规则grammatical sentence pattern, GSP 语法句形grammatical structure 语法结构grammatical subject 语法主语grammatical system 语法系统grammatical word 语法词graphitic form 文字形式Gricean maxim Grice准则group 词组guttural 腭音Hhalf-rhyme 半韵hard palate 硬腭head 中心词中心成分headed construction 中心结构heptameter 七音步诗行hierarchical structure 等级结构hierarchical system 等级系统hierarchy 等级体系high 高（元音）historical linguistics 历史语言学holophrastic stage 单词句阶段homonym 同音/形异议词Hopi Hopi语horizontal relation 链状关系Horn scale 霍恩阶human cognitive system 人类认知系统human language 人类语言human speech 人类言语human translation 人译hypercorrection 矫枉过正hyponym 下义词hyponymy 下义关系hypothesis 假设hypothesis-deduction 假设-演绎Iiamb 抑扬格iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步诗行IC analysis 直接成分分析法ICALL (intelligent CALL) 智能计算机辅助语言学习ideational (function) 概念功能identifying 认同的idiom 成语习语idiomatically-governed 习语支配的ill-formed sentences 不合适的句子illocutionary act 话中行为施为性行为illocutionary force 言外作用施为作用imaginative (function) 想象功能immediacy assumption 即时假定immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法imperative rule 祈使规则imperative 祈使语气命令的implicate 意含implication 蕴涵含义implication connective 蕴涵连接implicature 含义言外之意implied meaning 蕴涵意义implosive 内破裂音内爆音inanimate 无生命的inclusiveness relation 内包意义indefinite 不定的，无定的indicative 陈述式陈述语气indirect object 间接宾语indirct speech, IS 间接言语indirect thought, IT 间接思想Indo-European languages 印欧语言inference 推论推理inference drawing 推论inferential communication 推论交际infinitive不定式infix 中缀inflection 屈折（变化）inflectional affix 屈折词缀inflectional morphology 屈折形态学inflective endings 屈折结尾information retrieval 信息检索information structure 信息结构informative (function) 信息功能innateness 先天性innateness hypothesis （语法）天赋假设input 输入input hypothesis 语言输入说instrumental (function) 工具功能integrative test 综合性测试intensifier 强调成分intensive 强调的增强的interactional (function) 交互功能interdental 齿间音interface 界面interference 干扰interjection 感叹词interlanguage 中介语interlingua 国际语interlingual approach 语际法interlocutor 会话者internal evaluation 内部评估internal structure 内部结构international phonetic alphabet, IPA国际音标internet 互联网interpersonal 人际的interpersonal function 人际功能interpretation 解释interrogative sentence 疑问句intonation 语调intra-linguistic relation 语言内关系intransitive 不及物的intrinsic sources of error 错误的内源invariable word 不变词invention 新创词语inversion 倒置，倒装IPA chart 国际音标图IPS symbol 国际音标符号irony 讽刺反话isolated opposition 孤立对立Italian 意大利语JJapanese 日语jargon 黑话行语Jesperson, OttoJohnson & JohnsonJohnsonJones, DanielKkernel sentence 核心句keyword关键词knowledge 知识known information 已知信息KrashenKruszewski, MikolajKuno, SusumoLlabel 标示标记labial 唇音labiodental 唇齿音language 语言language acquisition device, LAD 语言习得机制language attitude 语言态度language choice 语言选择language comprehension 语言理解language data 语言素材language learning 语言学习language maintenance 语言维护language processing 语言处理language structure 语言结构language system 语言系统language teaching 语言教学language universal 语言普遍性language use 语言使用langue 语言（系统）larynx 喉头lateral 边音旁流音Latin 拉丁语Latin grammar 拉丁语法lax vowel 松元音length 长度音长letter 字母level 层，级，平面Levinson, Stephenlexeme 词位词素lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义lexical change 词汇变化lexical level 词汇层lexical meaning 词汇意义lexical morphology 词汇形态学lexical studies 词汇研究lexical word 词汇词lexicogrammar 词汇语法lexicon 词汇词典lexis 词liaison 连音连续limerick 打油诗line 诗行linear phonology 线性音系学linear structure 线形结构linguistic university 语言普遍性linguistic behaviour 语言行为linguistic behaviour potential 语言行为潜势linguistic competence 语言能力linguistic context 语言语境上下文linguistic data 语言素材linguistic description 语言描写linguistic determinism 语言决定论linguistic facts 语言事实linguistic relativity 语言相对性linguistic sexism 语言性别歧视linguistic structure 语言结构linguistic theory 语言理论linguistic unit 语言单位linguistic universal 语言普遍性linguistic variation 语言变异linguistics 语言学lip rounding 圆唇化literal language 本义语言literary stylistics 文学文体学loan translation 翻译借词loanblend 混合借词loanshift 转移借词loanword 借词local area networks, LAN 局域网locutionary act 发话行为，表述性言语行为logical component 逻辑成分logical connective 逻辑连词logical form component 逻辑式成分logical form representation 逻辑式表达logical formula 逻辑公式logical function 逻辑功能logical semantics 逻辑语义学logical structure 逻辑结构logical subject 逻辑主语logophoricity 词照应London School 伦敦学派long vowed 长元音loss of sound 语音脱落loudness 响度Mmachine translation 机器翻译macrolinguistics 宏观语言学macroproposition 宏观命题macrostructure 宏观结构main clause 主句Malinowski, Bronislawman-machine symbiosis 人机共生manner maxim 方式准则manner of articulation 发音方式marked 标记的masculine 阳性matalinguistic 元语言学的material (process) 物质过程mathematical principles 数学原理maxim 准则maximal onset principle 最大节首辅音原则meaning potential 意义潜势meaning shift 转移meaning 意义mental (processs) 思维过程心理过程mentalism 心灵主义message 信息metafunction 元功能metalinguistic 元语言的metaphor 隐喻metathesis 换位（作用）metonymy 换喻转喻metre 韵律metrical patterning 韵律格式microcomputer 微机microprocessor 微处理器mid 中（元音）mind 思维minimal attachment theory 最少接触理论minimal pair 最小对立体minimalist programminimum free form 最小自由形式mirror maxim 镜像准则mistake 错误modal subject 语气主语modal verb 情态动词modality 情态modern French 现代法语modification 修饰modifier 修饰语monomorphemic 单语素的monophonemic 单音位的monophthong 单元音monosyllabic 单音节的Motague grammar 蒙太古语法mood 语气morph 形素词素形式morpheme 语素词素形素morpheme-exchange error 词素交错误morphemic shape 词素形状morphemic structure 词素结构morphemic transcription 词素标音morphological change 形态变化morphological rule 形态规则morphology 形态学morpho-phonemic component 形态音位成分morphophonemics 形态音位学morphophonology 形态音系学morpho-syntactical change 形态句法变化mother tongue 母语本族语motivation 动因动机move （移动）MT 机器翻译MT quality 机译质量multilateral opposition 多边对立multi-level phonology 多层次音系学multilingualism 多语制多语现象Nnarratee 被叙述者narrator 叙述者narrator’s representation of speechacts, NRSA 言语行为的叙述者表达narrator’s representation of speech,NRS 言语的叙述者表达narrator’s representation of thoughtacts, NRTA 思维行为的叙述者表达narrator’s representation of thought,NRT 思维的叙述者表达narrow transcription 窄式音标narrowing 狭窄化nasal 鼻音nasal cavity 鼻腔nasal sound 鼻音nasal stop 鼻塞音nasal tract 鼻道nasality 鼻音性nasalization 鼻音化Nash, Walternative speaker 操本族语者natural language 自然语言naturalistic data 自然语料near-adult grammar 近成人语法negation 否定否定结构negative 否定的negative interference 负面干扰negative marker 否定标记negative transfer 负转移neogrammarian 新语法学家network 网络network computer 网络计算机neutralizable opposition 可中立对立new information 新信息new stylistics 新文体学node 节nominal group 名词词组nominalization 名词化nominative 主格non-authentic input 非真实语料的输入non-contrastive analysis 非对比性分析non-conventionality 非规约性non-detachability非可分离性non-linear phonology 非线性音系学non-linguistic entity 非语言实体non-pulmonic sound 非肺闭塞音non-reciprocal discourse 非交替性语篇non-reflexive pronoun 非反身代词nonsense word stage 无意义词语阶段nonverbal cues 非言语提示norm 规范notation system 标写系统notion 意念notional-functional syllabus 意念功能教学大纲noun phrase 名词短语noun 名词number system 数字系统number 数字Oobject 宾语object-deletion 宾语省略objective case 宾格objectivity 客观性obligatory 强制性observational adequacy 观察充分性abstruction 阻塞OCR scanner 光学字符阅读器扫描仪octametre 八音步诗行Old English 古英语one-place predicate 一位谓语on-line translation 在线翻译onomatopoeia 拟声词onset 节首辅音open class 开放类open syllable 开音节operational system 操作系统operative 可操作性operator 操作词oppositeness relation 对立关系opposition 对立optimal relevance 最适宜关联option 选择optional 可选择的oral cavity 口腔oral stop 口阻塞音ordinal numeral 序数词origin of language 语言起源orthography 正字法ostensive communication 直示交际output 产出overgeneralization 过分法则化Ppalatal 腭音舌面中音palatal-alveolar 腭齿龈音palatalization （硬）腭化paradigm 聚合体paradigmatic relation 聚合关系paraphrase 释义意译parole 言语part of speech 词类participant 参与者particle 小品词语助词particular grammar 特定语的语法partitive 部分的部分格passive transformation 被动转换passive (voice) 被动语态pattern drill technique 句型操练法pattern 模式patterning 制定模式pause 停顿peak （节）峰perceptual span 感知时距perfectionism 完善主义perfective 完成体performance test 语言运用测试performance 语言运用performative (verb) 行事性动词perlocutionary act 话后行为perseverative coarticulation 重复性协同发音person 人称personal (function) 自指性功能pharyngeal 咽头音喉音pharynx 喉头phatic (communion) 寒暄交谈交感性谈话phone 音素音子phonematic unit 音声单位phoneme 音位phonetic alphabet 音标phonetic form component 语音形式部分phonetic similarity 语音相似性phonetic symbol 语音符号phonetic transcription 标音（法）phonetics 语音学phonological analysis 音位分析phonological component 音位部分phonological level 音系层phonological process 音位过程phonological representation 音位表达phonological rule 音位规则phonological structure 音位结构phonological system 音位系统phonological variant 音位变体phonology 音系学phrasal verb 短语动词phrase 短语phrase structure 短语结构phrase structure grammar 短语结构语法phrase structure rule, PS rule 短语结构规则pidgin 皮软语洋泾滨语不纯正外语Pitch 音高声调高低place of articulation 发音部位play 剧本plosion 爆破plosive 爆破音爆发音plural 复数pluralism 多元主义plurality 复数形式poetic (function) 诗学功能poetry 诗歌polymorphemic (word) 多语素词polysyllabic 多音节（词）polysystemic analysis 多系统分析Portugese 葡萄牙语positive transfer 正移转possessive 所有的属有的possible grammar 可能语言的语法postalveolar 后齿龈音post-Bloomfieldian linguistics 后布龙菲尔德语言学postdeterminer 后限定词post-structuralist view 后结构主义观点pragmatic inference 语用推论pragmatic roles 语用角色pragmatics 语用学Prague School 布拉格学派predeterminer 前限定词predicate calculus 谓语演算predicate logic 谓语逻辑predicate 谓语predicator 谓语（动）词predictive validity 预测效度pre-editing 预先编辑译前加工prefix 前缀pre-modified input 预修正的输入premodifier 前修饰语preposition 介词prepositional calculus 介词演算prepositional logic 介词逻辑prepositional opposition 介词对立prepositional phrase 介词短语prescriptive 规定式presupposition 前提预设primary cardinal vowel 主要基本元音primary stress 主重音第一重音principle of informativeness 信息性原则principle of least effort 最省力原则principle of quantity 数量原则privative opposition 表非对立表缺对立process 过程production error 产生性错误productivity 多产性proficiency test 水平测试pro-form 代词形式替代形式programming language 编程语言progressive 进行体progressive assimilation 顺同化projection rule 投射规则pronominal 代词pronoun 代词pronunciation 发音pronunciation dictionary 发音词典pronunciation 发音proportional opposition 部分对立proposition 命题prose style 散文风格prosodic analysis 节律分析超音质分析psycholinguistics 心理语言学psycholinguistic-sociolinguistic approach 心理-社会语言学方法psychological reality 心理现实psychological subject 心理主语psychology of language 语言心理学psychometric-structuralist approach 心理测定-结构主义法pulmonic sound 肺闭塞音Putonghua 普通话QQ-based implicature 基于质量的含义Q-principle 质量原则quality 质量quality maxim 质量准则quantifier 数量词quantitative analysis 定量分析quantitative paradigm 数量变化表quantity maxim 数量准则quatrain 四行诗Rrange 范围rank 级rationalism 理性主义raw data 原始素材R-based implicature 基于关联的涵义reader 读者reading comprehension 阅读理解realisation 体现recall 回忆received pronunciation, RP 标准发音receiver 受话者信息接受者recency effect 近期效应recognition 识别recursion 可溯recursive 可溯的还原的recursiveness 递归性reference 所指参照referential meaning 所指意义referential theory 所指理论referential 所指的reflected meaning 反映意义reflexive (form) 反身形式regional dialect 地域方言register 语域regressive assimilation 逆同化regulatory (function) 控制性语言功能relation maxim 关系准则relational opposite 关系对立relational process 关系过程relative clause 关系分句关系从句relative pronoun 关系代词relative uninterruptibility 相对的非间断性relevance theory 关联理论reliability 信度repetition 重复representational system 表达系统representational 表达实体residue 剩余成分restricted language 限制性语言retrieval process 检索过程retrieval system 检索系统retroflex sound 卷舌音reverse rhyme 反陨revised extended standard theory,REST 修正扩展标准理论rewriting rules 重写规则rheme 述位rhetorical skill 修辞技能rhyme 韵韵角压韵rhythm 韵律节奏Roman alphabet letter 罗马字母root 词根root morpheme 词根语素round vowel 圆元音R-principle 关联原则rule system 规则系统rule-based approaches 基于规则的方法rules of language 语言规则Ssameness relation 相同关系Sanskrit 梵文Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 萨丕尔-沃夫假设Saussure 索绪尔scale of delicacy 精密阶schema 图式scheme-oriented language 面向图式的语言second language acquisition 第二语言习得secondary cardinal vowel 次要基本元音secondary stress 次重音segment 音段selection restriction 选择限制selectional rules 选择规则self-reflexive 自反身semantic association network 语义关联网络semantic change 语义变化semantic component 语义部分semantic feature 特征semantic interpretation 语义解释semantic interpretative rules 语义解释规则semantic process 语义过程semantic representation 语义表达semantic sentence pattern, SSP 语义句型semantic triangle 语义三角semantics 语义学semi-consonant 半辅音semiotic system 符号系统semiotics 符号学semi-vowel 半元音sense relation 意义关系sense 意义sentence 句子sentence fragments 句子成分sentence meaning 句义sentence memory 句子记忆sentence stress 句重音sentence structure 句子结构sentential calculus 句子演算setting 场景sibilant 咝擦音sign 符号signified 所指受指signifier 能指施指simile 明喻simultaneity 同时性singular 单数situational context 情景语境situational level 情景层situational syllabus 情景教学大纲situational variation 情景变异slot 空缺social role 社会角色social semiotic 社会符号学socio-cultural role 社会文化角色sociolinguistic study of language 语言的社会语言学研究sociolinguistic study of society 社会的社会语言学研究sociolinguistics 社会语言学sociological approach 社会学方法soft palate 软腭solidarity 团结sonnet 十四行诗sonorant 响音sonority scale 响音阶sound 语音sound image 语音图像sound pattern 语音模式sound segment 音段sound system 语音系统sound wave 音波speaker’s meaning 说话者意义speech 言语speech act theory 言语行为理论speech community 言语社团speech comprehension 言语理解speech event 言语事件speech function 言语功能speech mode 言语方式speech organ 言语器官speech perception 言语感知speech presentation言语表达speech production ; 言语产生speech research言语研究speech role言语角色speech sound 语音speech synthesis 言语合成spelling 拼写,拼法split infinitives 分裂的不定式spoken corpus 口语语料库spoken language translation 口语翻译spondee 扬扬格spoonerism 首音互换斯本内现象spread 展元音S-structure 表层结构stability 稳定性stability reliability 稳定性效度Standard English 标准英语standard theory 标准理论standardization 标准化statistical analysis 统计分析status 地位stem 词干stimulus 刺激stimulus-response 刺激反应stop 闭塞音stored knowledge 储存知识strategic knowledge 学习策略知识stratification 层stream of consciousness 意识流stress pattern 重音模式stress 重音structural analysis 结构分析structural (structuralist) grammar 结构语法structural syllabus 结构教学大纲structural test 结构测试structuralism 结构主义structuralist linguistics 结构主义语言学structuralist view 结构主义观点style 文体风格stylistic analysis 文体分析stylistics 文体学subcategorize 次范畴subject 主语subject-deletion 主语省略subjective test 主观性测试subjectivity 主观性subjunctive mood 虚拟语气subordinate construction 从属结构subordination 从属substitutability 替代性substitution 替换suffix 后缀superlative degree 最高级superordinate 上坐标词suprasegmental feature超语段特征surface form 表层形式surface representation 表层表达surface structure 表层结构syllabic structure 音节结构syllabification 音节划节syllable 音节syllabus design 教学大纲设计syllabus 教学大纲syllogism 三段论法symbol 符号synchronic (linguistics) 共时（语言学）synonym 同义词synonymous 同义的synonymy 同义现象syntactic component 句法部分syntactic features 句法特征syntactic function 句法功能syntactic marker 句法标记syntactic process 句法过程syntactic restriction 句法限制syntactic structure 句法结构syntactical change 变化syntagmatic relation 组合关系syntax 句法system network 系统网络system of signs 符号系统system of systems 系统的系统systemic(grammar) 系统语法systemic-functional Grammar, SFG 系统功能语法Ttacit knowledge 默契的知识tagmeme 法位tagmemics 法位学tap 一次接触音target language 目标语言tautology 同义反复冗辞template 模块tense vowel 紧元音tense 时态test content 测试内容test form 测试形式testee 受试者testing 测试test-retest reliability 一测再测信度tetrameter 四音步诗行text 语篇text comprehension 语篇理解text encoding 语篇编码text interpretation 语篇解释text style 语篇风格textual organization 语篇组织textual 语篇功能theme 主位theoretical linguistics 理论语言学third-person narrator 第三人称叙述者thought presentation 思想表达three-place predicate 三位谓语tone 声调音调tongue height 舌高tongue position 舌位tongue tip 舌尖topic 主题trace theory 轨迹论traditional grammar 传统语法transcribed 标音transcription 音标标音transfer 移转transfer approach 移转法transformation 转换transformation of interrogation 疑问转换transformational component 转换部分、transformational grammar 转换语法transformational process 转换过程transformational rule 转换规则transformational-generative grammar, TG grammar 转换生成语法transitivity 及物性translation 翻译tree diagram 树形图trill 颤音trochee 抑扬格长短格trope 转喻隐喻truth condition 真值条件truth value 真值tu/vous distinction 你/您区别turn length 话语轮次长度turn quantity 话语轮次数量turn-taking 依次发言two-place predicate 二位谓语two-word utterance 二词话语typology 类型学UUnaspirated 不松气的underlying form 底层形式underlying representation 底层表达uninterruptibility 非中断性universal grammar, UG 普遍语法universal quantifier 普遍限量词universal 普遍现象universality 普遍性universals of language 语言的普遍现象unmarked 未标记的unrounded vowel 非圆元音urban dialectology 都市方言学user 用户user-friendly 方便用户的utterance meaning 语句意义utterance 语句uvula 小舌uvular 小舌音Vvalidity 效度variable 可变化的variable word 可变化词variation变异variety 变体语体velar 软腭音velarization 腭音化velum 软口盖verb 动词verb phrase 动词短语verbal communication 言语交际verbal process 言语过程verbiage 言辞vernacular language education 本地化教育vertical relation 选择关系vocabulary 词汇vocal cord 声带vocal organ 发音器官vocal tract 声道vocative 呼格voice 语态voiced consonant 浊辅音voiced obstruent 浊塞音voiced (sound) 浊音voiceless consonant 清辅音voiceless obstruent 清塞音voiceless (sound) 清音voicing 浊音化，有声化vowel glide 元音音渡vowel 元音Wweb page 网页Wh-interrogative 特殊疑问句women register 女性语域word 词word class 词类word formation 词语形成word group 词组word meaning 词义word order 词序word recognition 词语识别word formation 词语形成word-for-word 逐词翻译wording 措辞working memory system 工作记忆系统writing 文字writing system 文字系统written language 书面语written text 篇章XX-bar Theory X-bar理论Yyes/no interrogative 是非问句yes/no question 是非问句Zzero form 零形式。
语言学术语中英对照
语言学术语中英对照writing system书写系统 word order 词序 word segmentation分词 word set 词集word segmentation unit 分词单位/切词单位word segmentation standard for Chinese 中文分词规范voice recognition 声音辨识/语音识别 vowel 元音 vowel harmony 元音和谐verb 动词verb phrase 动词组/动词短语 verb recitative compound 动补复合词verbal association 词语联想 oracle bone inscriptions甲骨文verbal phrase 动词组verbal production 言语生成vernacular 本地话V-O construction (verb-object) 动宾结构accent 口音/{Phonetics}重音Universal Grammar 普遍性语法transformation 变形[转换]Transformational Grammar 变形语法/转换语法nested structure 崁套结构text understanding 文本理解abbreviation 缩写/省略语text analyzing 文本分析 text coherence 文本一致性synonym同义词syntactic category 句法类别syntactic constituent 句法成分syntactic rule 语法规律/句法规则 structural transfer 结构转换structuralism 结构主义 stem 词干 stop 爆破音social context 社会环境 simple word 单纯词situation 情境sememe 义素 phoneme 音素 punctuation 标点符号part of speech (POS) 词类 particle 语助词 phrase 词组/短语phonemic stratum 音素层 rhetorical structure 修辞结构 rhetoric 修辞学proper name 专有名词polysemy 多义性 postposition 方位词negative sentence 否定句 multilingual translation 多语翻译Morphology 构词学 Montague Grammar 蒙泰究语法/蒙塔格语法mood 语气morpheme 词素 morphological affix 构词词缀modal 情态词 modal auxiliary 情态助动词 modal logic 情态逻辑modifier 修饰语 metaphor 隐喻M-D (modifier-head) construction 偏正结构locution 惯用语 linguistic unit 语言单位 loan 外来语lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义 lexical category 词类LAD (language acquisition device) 语言习得装置 language acquisition 语言习得intonation 语调interlingua 中介语言interlingual 中介语(的）innateness position 语法天生假说 inflection/inflexion 屈折变化inflectional affix 屈折词缀 indirect object 间接宾语immediate constituent 直接成份 imperative 祈使句 homograph 同形异义词homonym 同音异义词homophone 同音词 homophony 同音异义free morpheme 自由语素 duration 音长{语音学}/时段{语法学/语义学} disambiguation 消除歧义/歧义消除discourse 篇章 complement 补语checked 受阻的antonym 反义词apposition 同位语 ambiguity 歧义ambiguity resolution 歧义消解 affirmative 肯定（的；式）对外汉语术语中英对照音节syllable 字母alphabet 语言中的歧异现象ambiguity 发音pronunciation 广东话Cantonese 辅音consonant 声调tone 韵律rhyme声调语言tone language 押韵（v）rhyme 节奏rhythm 语调intonation语音speech of sound 词汇lexicon 语法grammar 语素morpheme构词法word-building/-formation 形态变化morphological change 音位phoneme声带vocal cords 发音器官organs of speech 呼吸器官respiratory organs音标phonetic alphabet 汉语拼音Chinese Phonetic Alphabet 属性attribute 发音articulation 甲骨文oracle bone inscriptions 笔画stroke 名词noun部首character component 表意文字ideograph 象形文字pictograph实词notional word 动词verb 形容词adjective 副词adverb代词pronoun 虚词function word 连词conjunction 语气词mood word 介词preposition 叹词interjection 助词auxiliary word 情态动词modal verb 主语subject 宾语object 定语attribute 补语complement谓语predicate 表语predicative 状语adverbial 修饰语modifier同义词synonym 反义词antonym 词组word group 时态tense专有名词proper noun 专业术语register 语境context 词尾ending后缀suffix 前缀infix 本义original meaning 基本义basic meaning引申义extended meaning 成语set phrase / idiom 方言dialect句法学Synt。
语言学专有名词中英对照
模块中文英文语言学概述语言Langue[lɑːŋɡ]言语Parole[pəˈrəʊl]规定性Prescriptive[prɪˈskrɪptɪv]描述性Descriptive[dɪˈskrɪptɪv]共时性Synchronic[sɪŋˈkrɑːnɪk]历时性Diachronic[ˌdaɪəˈkrɑːnɪk]语言能力Competence[ˈkɑːmpɪtəns]语言表现Performance任意性Arbitrariness[ˈɑːrbɪtrerinəs]能产性Productivity[ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvəti]二重性Duality[djuːˈæləti]移位性Displacement[dɪsˈpleɪsmənt]文化传播性Cultural transmission[trænzˈmɪʃn]互换性Interchangeability[ˌɪntərˌtʃeɪndʒəˈbɪləti]信息功能Informative function[ɪnˈfɔːrmətɪv]人际功能Interpersonal function[ˌɪntərˈpɜːrsənl]施为功能Performative function[pərˈfɔːrmətɪv]情感功能Emotive function[ɪˈmoʊtɪv]寒暄功能Phatic function[ˈfætɪk]娱乐功能Recreational function[ˌrekriˈeɪʃənl]元语言功能Metalinguistic function[ˌmetəlɪŋˈɡwɪstɪk]语音学(Phonetics) [fəˈnetɪks]元音Vowel[ˈvaʊəl]辅音Consonant[ˈkɒnsənənt]发音方式Manner of Articulation爆破音Stops/Plosives摩擦音Fricative[ˈfrɪkətɪv]塞擦音Affricate[ˈæfrɪkət]鼻音Nasal[ˈneɪzl]流音Liquids['lɪkwɪdz]滑音Glides[ɡlaɪdz]发音部位Place of Articulation双唇音Bilabial[ˌbaɪˈleɪbiəl]唇齿音Labiodental[ˌleɪbiəʊˈdentl]齿音Dental[ˈdentl]齿龈音Alveolar[ælˈviːələ]硬颚音Palatal[ˈpælətl]软腭音Velar[ˈviːlə(r)]声门音Glottal[ˈɡlɒtl]声带Vocal[ˈvəʊkl]cord[kɔːd]带声性Voicing清辅音Voiceless浊辅音Voiced[vɔɪst]音系学(Phonology) [fəˈnɒlədʒi]音素Phone音位Phoneme[ˈfəʊniːm]音位变体Allophone[ˈæləfəʊn]互补分布Complementary[ˌkɒmplɪˈmentri]distribution 最小对立体Minimal pairs音位对立Phonemic[fəʊˈniːmɪk]contrast形态学(Morphology) [mɔːˈfɒlədʒi]词素Morphemes[ˈmɔːfiːmz]自由词素Free Morphemes粘着词素Bound Morphemes词根Root词缀Affix[əˈfɪks,ˈæfɪks]前缀Prefix[ˈpriːfɪks]后缀Suffix[ˈsʌfɪks]词干Stem屈折词缀Inflectional[ɪnˈflɛkʃən(ə)l]Affix派生词缀Derivational[ˌdɛrɪˈveɪʃən(ə)l]Affix 复合法Compound派生法Derivation发明法Invention混成法Blending['blendɪŋ]首字母连写法Initialism[ɪnˈɪʃəlɪzəm]首字母缩略法Acronym[ˈækrənɪm]借词法Borrowing逆构词法Back-formation[fɔːˈmeɪʃn]语义学（Semantics）[sɪˈmæntɪks]同义关系Synonymy[sɪˈnɒnɪmi]方言同义词Dialectal[ˌdaɪ.əˈlek.təl]synonyms[ˈsɪnənɪmz]文体同义词Stylistic[staɪˈlɪstɪk]synonyms情感同义词Emotive synonyms搭配同义词Collocational[ˌkɒləʊˈkeɪʃən(ə)l]synonyms 语义同义词Semantic synonyms反义关系Antonymy[æn‘tɒnɪmɪ]等级反义关系Gradable[ˈɡreɪdəbl]antonymy互补反义关系Complementary antonymy反向反义关系Converse antonymy上下义关系Hyponymy[haɪ'pɒnɪmɪ]上义词Superordinate[ˌsuːpər'ɔːdɪnət]下义词Hyponyms['haɪpəʊnɪm]一词多义Polysemy[pəˈlɪsɪmi]同音/同形异义关系Homonymy[ho'mɑnəmi]同音异义词Homophone[ˈhɒməʊfəʊn]同形异义词Homographs完全同音异义词Complete Homonyms[ˈhɒm.ə.nɪm]蕴含entailment[ɪnˈteɪl.mənt]预设Presuppose[ˌpriːsəˈpəʊz]语用学(Pragmatics) [præɡˈmætɪks]言内行为Locutionary[ləu'kju:ʃənəri]act言外行为Illocutionary[ˌɪləˈkjuːʃəneri]act言后行为Perlocutionary[ˌpɜːrləˈkjuːʃəneri]act直接言语行为Direct speech act间接言语行为Indirect speech act合作原则Cooperative principle数量准则Quantity maxim[ˈmæksɪm]质量准则Quality maxim关系准则Relation maxim方式准则Manner maxim会话含义Conversational implicature[ˈɪmplɪkətʃər]修辞学（Rhetoric）[ˈretərɪk]头韵Alliteration[əˌlɪtəˈreɪʃn]押尾韵End rhyme反韵Reverse rhyme准押韵（类韵）Assonance[ˈæsənəns]拟声Onomatopoeia[ˌɑːnəˌmætəˈpiːə]斯普纳现象Spoonerism[ˈspuːnərɪzəm]明喻Simile暗喻Metaphor转喻（借代）Metonymy[məˈtɑːnəmi]提喻Synecdoche[sɪˈnekdəki]隐喻（典故）Allusion[əˈluːʒn]拟人Personification[pərˌsɑːnɪfɪˈkeɪʃn]夸张Hyperbole[haɪˈpɜːrbəli]矛盾Oxymoron[ˌɑːksɪˈmɔːrɑːn]委婉语Euphemism[ˈjuːfəmɪzəm]反语Irony[ˈaɪrəni]双关Pun移就Transferred epithet[ˈepɪθet]。
语言学 术语翻译及术语解释
术语翻译及术语解释汇总术语翻译1.Design features of language（语言的甄别特征）Arbitrariness（任意性），Duality（二层性/二重性），Creativity（创造性/原创性），Displacement（移位性），Cultural transmission（文化传播），Interchangeability（可互换性）2. Functions of languagereferential 指称功能 poetic 诗学功能 emotive情感功能conative 劝慰功能 phatic寒暄功能 metalingual function 元语言功能ideational function概念功能 interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇/文本功能 Informative（信息/告知功能），Performative Function（施为功能）， Emotive Function（情感功能），Phatic communion（寒暄交谈）， Recreational Function（娱乐功能），3. Phonetics(语音学)， Phonology（音系/音位学）; Morphology（形态学）， Syntax（句法学）;Semantics（语义学）， Pragmatics（语用学）Articulatory phonetics发音语音学 Acoustic phonetics声学语音学Auditory phonetics听觉语音学 Psycholinguistics心理语言学Sociolinguistics社会语言学 Anthropological linguistics人类语言学Computational linguistics计算语言学 Applied linguistics应用语言学Neurolinguistics神经语言学4. Descriptive vs. prescriptive描写式和规定式Synchronic vs. diachronic共时和历时 Langue vs. parole语言和言语Competence vs. performance语言能力和语言行为5. Vocal tract 声道(resonating cavities共鸣腔)， pharynx咽腔, oral cavity口腔 and nasal cavity鼻腔.其它的一些发音器官：lungs肺, windpipe（trachea）气管, vocal folds声带,larynx喉, epiglottis会厌，次声门, pharynx咽, uvula小舌, hard palate硬腭, soft palate软腭, alveolar ridge齿龈6.Consonants and vowels（辅音和元音）A. Manners of articulation发音方式B. Places of articulation发音位置7. Stop (or plosive)爆破音 Fricative摩擦音 Approximant近似音Lateral (approximant)边音 Affricates塞擦音, trill颤音 and tap 闪音Bilabial双唇音 Labiodental唇齿音 Dental齿音 Alveolar齿龈音Postal veolar后齿龈音 Retroflex卷舌音 Palatal硬腭音Velar软腭音 Uvular小舌音, pharyngeal咽音 glottal声门音monophthong vowel: 单元音 diphthongs双元音 triphthongs三元音Lax vowels短元音 Tensed vowels长元音8.Coarticulation and phonetic transcription协同发音和标音anticipatory coarticulation先期协同发音 perseverative coarticulation后滞协同发音.broad transcription宽式标音 narrow transcription严式标音9. minimal pairs最小对立体 Phoneme音位phonemic transcriptions音位转写 phonetic transcriptions语音转写phones音子 allophones音位变体 complementary distribution互补分布phonetic similarity发音近似性 Free variation自由变体assimilation同化 regressive assimilation逆同化progressive assimilation顺同化phonological rule 音系规则 Epenthesis增音 binary 二分的Distinctive features区别特征Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions向心结构和离心结构subordinate and coordinate从属和并列Conceptual meaning概念意义Associative meaning:联想意义Connotative meaning内涵意义 Social meaning社会意义Affective meaning情感意义 Reflected meaning反射意义Collocative meaning搭配意义 Thematic meaning主位意义denotation: 外延意义 connotation: 内涵The referential theory:指称理论Semantic triangle语义三角Sense and reference：涵义和指称Synonymy同义关系 Antonymy反义关系 Hyponymy上下义关系Polysemy一词多义关系 Homonymy 同音/形异意关系Dialectal synonyms 地域同义词 Stylistic synonyms风格同义词Collocational synonyms搭配同义词gradable antonymy 等级反义关系 cover term覆盖项Marked vs. unmarked terms标记项和非标记项complementary antonymy 互补反义关系 converse antonymy 逆向反义关系homophones: 同音异义词 homographs : 同形异义词complete homonyms semantic components语义部分术语解释1. Design feature的定义：the defining（最典型的，起决定作用的）properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.2. Synchronic共时：It refers to the description of a language at somepoint of time in history.3. Diachronic历时：It studies the development or history of language.In other words, it refers to the description of a language as it changes through time .4. prescriptive规定式：A kind of linguistic study aims to lay downrules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language.5. descriptive描写式: A kind of linguistic study aims to describe andanalyze the language people actually use.6. Arbitrariness（任意性）:By saying that “language is arbitrary”, wemean that there is no logical connection between meaning and sound.7. Duality（二层性/二重性）:it means that language is a system,which consists of two levels of structures, at the lower level there is the structure of sounds; at the higher level there is the structure of meaning.8. Displacement（移位性）: it means that language can be used tocommunicate about things that are not present in our immediate communicational context.9. competence语言能力:it refers to an ideal speaker’s knowledge ofthe underlying system of rules in a language.10. Performance语言行为: it refers to the actual use of the language bya speaker in a real communicational context.11. Langue语言: it refers to the speaker’s understanding and knowledgeof the language that he speaks.12. Parole言语: it is the actual speaking of language by an individualspeaker.13. Cultural transmission（文化传播）:It refers to the fact that thedetails of the linguistic system must be learned anew（重新，再）by each speaker. Language is not transmitted biologically from generation to generation.14. Phatic communion（寒暄交谈）:it refers to ritual exchanges,exchanges that have little meaning but help to maintain our relationships with other people.15. Phonetics(语音学): it is the study of the characteristics of speechsounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.16. Vowels元音：the sounds in the production of which no articulatorscome very close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.17. Consonants辅音：The sounds in the production of which there is anobstruction of the air-stream at some point of the vocal tract.18. Phonology: it is the study of the sound systems of languages and it isconcerned with the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages. And it studies the way in which speakers of a language systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meaning.19. Phoneme音位: the smallest unit of sound in a language which candistinguish two words.20. Allophone音位变体: it refers to the different forms of a phoneme.21. Assimilation: it is a process by which one sound takes on some or allthe characteristics of a neighboring sound.22. Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous oroverlapping articulations are involved.23. complementary distribution互补分布:when two sounds neveroccur in the same environment, they are in complementary distribution.24. Free variation自由变体: if two sounds occurring in the sameenvironment do not contrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation.25. Distinctive features区别特征： A phonetic feature whichdistinguishes one phonological unit, especially one phoneme, from another.26. minimal pairs最小对立体----- which can be defined as pairs ofwords which differ from each other by only one sound.27. vowel glides滑音: The vowels involving movement from one soundto another are called vowel glides.28. Epenthesis增音：it means a process of inserting a sound afteranother sound.29. Substitution relation: it refers to the relation specifically between anindividual unit and others that can replace it in a given sequence. 30. Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionallyequivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole.31. Exocentric construction: a group of syntactically related wordswhere none of them is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable center or head inside the group 32. Reference: it is the relationship between words and the objects,actions or properties that the words stand for. It deals with the extra-linguistic relationships between words and expressions and the world they describe.(具体的物质性的东西)33. Synonymy ：It refers to the sameness sense relations betweenwords.34. Componential analysis ：Componential analysis defines themeaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components语义部分.35. Sense: it refers to the complex system of relationships that holdbetween linguistic elements themselves, it is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations.（概念性的东西）36. Semantics：semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units,words and sentences in particular.37. Homonymy: the phenomenon that words having different meaningshave the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.38. Antonymy：It refers to the oppositeness sense relations betweenwords.39. Hyponymy上下义关系：Hyponymy indicates sense inclusiveness.The upper term in this sense relation is called superordinate上义词, and the lower terms,hyponyms下义词, members of the same class are called co-hyponyms.。
语言学术语英汉对照
语言学术语（英-汉对照）表Glossary and IndexAabbreviation 缩写词，略语Abercrombieablative 夺格，离格abstractness 抽象性accent 重音（符）accuracy 正确性accusative 宾格achievement test 成绩测试acoustic phonetics 声学语音学；2.1acquisition 习得acronym 缩略语action process 动作过程actor 动作者addition 添加address form 称呼形式addressee 受话人1.4；addresser 发话人1.4；adjective 形容词adjunct 修饰成分；附加语adverb 副词affix 词缀affix hopping 词缀跳跃affixation词缀附加法affricate 塞擦音agreement 一致关系airstream 气流2alliteration 头韵allomorph 词/语素变体allophone 音位变体2.8allophonic variation 音位变体allophony音位变体现象alveolar ridge 齿龈2.2alveolar 齿龈音ambiguity 歧义ambiguous歧义的；6.3American descriptive linguistics 美国描写语言学12.3 American English 美式英语American Indian languages 美国印第安族诸语言12.3 American structuralism 美国结构主义；12.3 analogical creation 类推造字anapest 抑抑扬格anaphor 前指替代anaphoric reference 前指照应AndersonAnimal communication system 动物交际系统1.2；1.3 animate 有生命的annotation 注解antecedent 先行词；前在词anthropological 人类学的anthropological linguistics 人类语言学anticipatory coarticulation 逆化协同发音antonomasia 换称；代类名antonym 反义词5.4antonymy 反义(关系)appellative 称谓性applied linguistics 应用语言学11applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语言学appropriacy 适宜性appropriateness 适宜性；得体性approximant 无摩擦延续音Apte 7；aptitude test 素质测试Arabic 阿拉伯语arbitrariness 任意性；12argument 中项；中词；主目article 冠词articulation 发音2.6articulator 发音器官articulatory phonetics 发音语音学；2.1artificial speech 人工言语10aspect 体aspirated 吐气；送气assimilation 同化associative 联想associative meaning 联想意义5.3assonance 准压韵；半谐音Atkinson, A.M. 2.1attributive 属性；修饰语；定语；12.2.3auditory phonetics 听觉语音学；2.1Austin, John Langshaw 8.1；authentic input 真实投入authorial style 权威风格authoring program 编程autonomy 自主性1.8auxiliary 助词auxiliary verb 助动词Bbabbling stage 婴儿语阶段back-formation 逆构词法Bally, Charles 9.1Bar-HillelBarnhart & Barnhartbase component 基础部分；12.4。
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语用学术语英汉对照adaptability顺应性（1.2.2）affective mutuality情感共享（4.5.3）agreement maxim一致准则（2.2.1）anaphora前照应（6.1.1）anaphoric use前照应用法（6.1.1）approbation maxim赞誉准则（3.2.4）appropriate conditions合适条件（3.2.4）assertives断言类（以言行事）（3.2.3）behabitives表态类以言行事（3.2.1）calculability（含意的）可推导性（4.4.2）calendric time units历法时间单位（6.1.3）cancellability（含意的）可取消性（4.4.2）change-of-state verbs状态变化动词（6.2.4）code model代码（交际）模式（2.1.1）cognitive environment认知环境（5.2）cognitive mutuality认知共享（4.5.3）cognitive pragmatics认知语用学（1.5）collaborative performatives协作性施为句（3.2.1) commissives承诺类（以言行事）（3.2.1)common knowledge共知（5.2）communicative competence交际能力（7.1）communicative intention交际意图（1.3.2）communicative language ability语言交际能力（7.1）constatives表述句（3.2.1)context语境（1.1)context of situation情景语境（5）contextual assumptions语境假设（1.5.4）contextual correlates语境相关因素（5.1.1) contextual effects语境效果（1.5.4）contextual features语境特征（5.1.1）contextual implication语境暗含（1.5.4）contextual meaning语境意义（1.2.3) contrastive markers对比性标记语（6.4.1) contrastive pragmatics对比语用研究（1.5.2）conventional implicature常规含意（4.4.1）conventionalization规约化（1.3.2）conversation analysis/CA会话分析（1.2.2）conversational implicature会话含意（4.4.1）conversation structure会话结构（1.2.2）cooperative principle/CP合作原则（2.1.2）co-text上下文（5.1.1）cross-cultural communication跨文化交际（8.1）cross-cultural pragmatics跨文化语用学（1.2.2）culture-loaded words富含文化内涵词语（8.2.1）declarations宣告类（以言行事）（3.2.3）decoding解码（2.1.1）defeasibility（含意的）可废除性（6.2.5）deictic center指示中心（6.1.1）deictic expression指示语（1.1）deictic use指示用法（6.1.1）deictics指示语（1.1）deixis指示语（1.1）developmental pragmatics发展语用学（1.6）directives指令类（以言行事）（3.2.3）disambiguation消除歧义（5.4）discourse deixis话语指示（6.1.1）discourse markers话语标记语（1.2.4)discourse meaning语篇意义（1.2.4）discourse operator话语操作语（6.4）discourse particles话语小品词（6.4）dynamic pragmatics动态语用学（4.6）elaborative markers阐发性标记语（6.4.1)emphathetic deixis移情指示（6.1.4）encoding编码（2.1.1）encyclopaedic information百科信息（1.5.4）entailment蕴涵（6.2.1）equivalent effect等值效果/等效（9.4）essential condition（实施言语行为的）基本条件（3.2.3）ethnography（of communication）（交际中的）人类文化学（1.2.2）exercitives行使类（以言行事）（3.2.1）explicature明说（1.5.4）explicit performatives显性施为句（3.2.1)expositives阐述类（以言行事）（3.2.1）expressives表情类（以言行事）（3.2.3）extended speech act theory扩充的言语行为理论（3.2.4）face面子（2.2）face theory面子理论（2.2）face threatening acts/FTA威胁面子的行为（2.2.2）factive verbs叙实性动词（6.2.4）felicity conditions合适条件（3.2.1）filler填充语（3.3）gambits话语策略语（6.4）general pragmatics（1.2.2）generalized implicature一般会话含意（4.4.1）generosity maxim慷慨准则（2.2.1）gestural use手势用法（6.1.1）grammatical competence语法能力（7.1）group performatives群体性施为句（3.2.1) guiding culture主文化（8.1）hearing meaning听话人意义（1.2.4）hedge模糊限制语（6.3）illocutionary competence施为能力（7.1）illocutionary force施为用意（3.2.1)implicated conclusion暗含结论（4.5.2）implicated premise暗含前提（4.5.2）implicative verbs含蓄性动词（6.2.4）implicature暗含/含意（4.5.2）implicit performatives隐性施为句（3.2.1) indeterminacy（含意的）不确定性（4.4.2）indirect speech act间接言语行为（3.2.3）inference推理（1.3.2）inferential markers推导性标记语（6.4.1) inferential model推理模式（1.3.2）informative intention信息意图（1.2.4）ingredients of context语境成分（5.1.1)initial context初始语境（5.3）intention意向（2.1.1）interlanguage语际语言/中介语（1.5.2/8.2.2）interlanguage pragmatics语际语用学（1.5.2/8.3）intra-lingual communication语内交际（9.2）linguistic channel语言信道（5.1.1）linguistic context语言语境（5.1.1）linguistic meaning语言意义（4.2）literal meaning字面意义（2.2.1）locution以言指事（3.2.2）locutionary acts表述性言语行为（3.2.2）logical connector逻辑联系语（6.4）logical infromation逻辑信息（1.5.4）logical form逻辑（形）式（2.1.1）loose talk随意言谈（6.3.3）macropragmatics宏观语用学（1.2.2）manifestness显明（2.1.3）maxim准则（2.1.2）maxim of manner方式准则（2.1.2）maxim of quality质的准则（2.1.2）maxim of quantity量的准则（2.1.2）maxim of relation关系准则（2.1.2）meaning in context（语言在）语境中的意义（4）meaning in interaction言谈应对中的意义（4.6）meaning in use（语言在）使用中的意义（4）mental world心理世界（5.1.1）message model信息模式（2.1.1）metalinguistic performatives元语言施为句（3.2.1) micropragmatics微观语用学（1.2.2）mitigator缓和手段（6.3）modesty maxim谦逊准则（2.2.1）modal particles情态小品词（6.4.1)mutual cognitive environment相互认知环境（2.1.1 mutual knowledge互知/互知性（2.1.1）mutual knowledge hypothesis互知假设（2.1.1）mutual manifestness互明（1.5.4）natural meaning自然意义（2.1.2）negative face负面面子（2.2.2）negative politeness strategies负面礼貌策略（2.2.2）negotiability商讨性（1.2.2）negotiability of meaning意义磋商（4.6）non-anaphoric use非照应用法（6.1.1）non-calendric time units非历法时间单位（6.1.3）non-conventionality（含意的）非规约性（4.2.2）non-deictic use非指示用法（6.1.1）non-demonstrative inferene非实证性推理（2.1.3）non-detachability（含意的）不可分离性（4.2.2）non-natural meaning非自然意义（2.1.2）non-verbal communication非语言交际（8.1）optimal relevance最佳关联（2.1.3）ordinary language philosophy（3.3）orgazational competence（语言的）组织能力（7.1）ostension明示（2.1.3）ostensive-inferential model明示-推理模式（2.1.3）over-informativeness过剩信息（9.1）particularized implicature特殊会话含意（4.4.1）performative hypothesis施为假设（3.2.1）performative(s)施为句（3.2.1）performation verb施为动词（3.2.1）perlocution以言成事（3.2.2）perlocutionary acts成事性言语行为（3.2.2）person deixis人称指示（6.1.1）physical context物质语境（5.1.1）physical world物质世界（5.1.1）place deixis地点指示（6.1.1）poetic effects诗学效果（4.5.3）politeness principle礼貌原则（1.2.5）politeness strategies礼貌策略（1.2.4）positive face正面面子（2.2.2）positive politeness strategies正面礼貌策略（2.2.2）power relations权势关系（3.1）pragmalinguistic competence语用语言能力（7.1）pragmalinguisics语用语言学（1.5）pragmatic acquisition语用习得（7）pragmatic ambivalence语用含糊（5.4）pragmatic competence语用能力（7.1）pragmatic connectivs语用联系语（6.4）pragmatic development语用发展（7.3）pragmatic failure语用失误（1.5.2）pragmatic function words语用功能词语（6.4）pragmatic inferenceh语用推理（1.4）pragmatic markers语用标记语（6.4）pragmatic operators语用操作语（6.4）pragmatic strategies语用策略（1.2.4）pragmatic transfer语用迁移（1.5.2）pragmatic vaguenss语用含糊（5.4）pragmatics语用学（1.1）pre-emptive usage（指示语）先用现象preparatory condition（实施言语行为的）预备条件（3.2.3）presupposition前提（1.2.2）presupposition-triggers前提触发语（6.2.1）primary illocution act首要的以言行事行为（3.2.3）principle of relevance关联原则（2.1.3）procedural meaning程序意义（6.4.2）*projection投射/影射（6.2.5）propositional content命题内容（2.1.1）propositional content condition（实施言语行为的）命题内容条件（3.2.3）propositional form命题形式（5.4）prospective discourse markers后指性话语标记语（6.4.1)psychophysiological mechanisms心理-生理机制（7.1）*reference assignment确定指称对象（5.4）relative appropriateness相对合适性（3.2.4）relevance theory关联理论（1.2.4）representatives表述类（以言行事）（3.2.3）retrospective discourse markers前指性话语标记语（6.4.1)ritual performatives仪式性施为句（3.2.1)scalar particles等级小品词（6.4.1）*secondary illocutionary act次要的以言行事行为（3.2.3）semantic enrichment语义充实（5.4）semantic meaning语义意义（4.2）semantic representation语义表征（2.1.1.2）sentence meaning句子意义（2.1.1.2）sincerity condition（实施言语行为的）真诚条件（3.2.3）size of imposition强加程度（2.2.1）social action社会行为（3.2.4）social context社交语境（5.1.1）social deixis社交指示（6.1.1）social distance社会距离（2.2.2）social power社会权力（2.2.2）social world社交世界（5.1.1）societal pragmatics社会语用学（1.2.2）socio-cultural pragmatics社会文化语用学/研究（1.5.2）sociolinguistic competenceshe社交语言能力（7.1）sociopragmatics社交语用学（1.5.3）solidarity平等关系（5.1.1）space deixis空间指示（6.1.4）speaker meaning说话人意义（1.2.2）speech act言语行为（1.2.2）speech act pragmatics言语行为语用学/研究（1.5.2）speech event言语事件（5.1.1）strategic competence策略能力（7.1）subordinate culture亚文化（8.1）symbolic use象征用法（6.1.1）syntactic-pragmatic句法语用（6.4.1)*sympathy maxim同情准则（2.2.1）tact maxim得体准则（2.2.1）talk-in-interaction言谈应对（3.3）textual competence篇章能力（7.1）time deixis时间指示（6.1.1）topic change markers话题变化标记语（6.4.1)truth value真值（3.2.1）utterance话语（1.2.4）variability变异性（1.2.2）verbal context语言语境（5.1.1）verbs of judging评价动词（1.2.4）verdictives裁决类（以言行事）（3.2.1）weak implicature弱暗含（4.5.3）we-exclusiv-of-addressee不包括听话人（的所指）（6.1.2）we-inclusiv-of-addressee包括听话人（的所指）（6.1.2）1. 谦虚准则Thanks for your compliment, but I know I still got a long way to go. 谢谢你的夸奖，不过我清楚我还有很长的路（还要继续努力）。