经济学的思维方式英文版
经济学的思维方式英文课件 (2)
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The Pressures of Competition
P
$1.50
Price
D
Temptation!
.50
Marginal cost
Q
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The Pressures of Competition
P Demand curve as seller perceives it
D Q
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The Pressures of Competition
n
A （perfectly）competitive market（完全竞争 市场） is said to exist when…
q
q
q
q q
There are a large number of buyers and sellers, and nobody possesses market power Market participants possess full and complete information of alternatives Sellers produce a homogeneous（同质的） product There is costless mobility of resources The economic actors are price takers
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Introduction
n
学习完本章之后，你对这些问题应该有更好的 认识
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Competition as a Process
n
在日常语言中，“竞争”更多地指的是人们参 与的活动。 而在主流经济学中，“竞争”的概念却意指事 物的状态（state of affairs）。
n
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经济学的思维方式英文课件 (15)
Profit: Income that can be Positive or Negative
n Profit = 4th form of income in a market economy (after wage, rent and interest)
n Profit = total revenue – total cost n Profit is also termed Net Revenue n Negative Profit = Loss
Profit and Loss （利润和损失）
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Chapter Outline
n Wage, Rent and Interest: Incomes Established in Advance by Contract
n Profit: Income That can be Positive or Negative
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Comparing Economic Profit and Accounting Profit
n Example. Consider Ann, who earns $30,000 as a secretary. Suppose she also owns a building that she rents for $6,000 per year, and she has $23,000 in a certificate of deposit that earns 10% ($2,300) per year. These payments represent contracts that Ann has entered. They represent flows of income which reduce uncertainty in her life.
经济学的思维方式英文课件 (16)
q Are seats going to waste? q Why doesn’t Ed lower the price on the empty
seats?
n 类似情况很普遍
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The Price Discriminator’s Dilemma（价 格歧视者的困境）
n Question
q When should Ed leave seats empty?
n Answer
q If the cost of discriminating among potential ticket buyers is greater than the additional revenue gained through discrimination.
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Price Takers and Price Searchers
P Demand curves faced by price searchers
Q
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The Popular Theory of Price Setting
n A Popular Belief
q Selling price is cost plus markup（成本加成）.
market price
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Price Takers and Price Searchers
n Normal Seller
q Sells more at a lower price q Sells less at a higher price
n These firms are price searchers
n Questions
q Why choose 25 versus a 50 percent markup? q Why will a firm vary its percentage markup
经济学的思维方式英文课件 (11)
q GNP需要统计所有永久居民的收入，随着经济一体 化趋势的加强，人员流动频繁，统计起来很不方便， 按照地域统计起来会更方便些。
q 两者差别一般不是很大。
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GDP as Total Income Created in the Domestic Economy
n GDP
q Purchases of final goods.
intermediate goods. q All expenditures would be double counting.
n An example
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GDP Is Not a Measure of All Purchases in the Economy
n purchased by ultimate user（最终使用者）, whether or not that user is in a household, business, or government bureau.
n Purchased without the goal of reselling it or further processed and manufactured.
服务上总共支出了30.067万亿元（考虑到中国出口与 进口的净差额）。
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GDP as Total Income Created in the Domestic Economy
n A purchase always involves a sale.
q 例如，在最终产品和服务上支出的30.067万亿元，为国内经 济中与生产这些产品和服务相关的人员（即资源提供者）创 造了价值30.067万亿元的收入(income)。
q 收入的形式：工资，租金，利息，和利润（或亏损）
经济学的思维方式英文课件 (7)
的确有成本，并且准备用一个例子来证明你的 观点，你就差不多肯定是在偷换概念，用一个 不被注意的行为替换某个事物，硬给它加上一 个成本。
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Costs are Tied to Actions, Not Things
n 例如，一个棒球的成本是什么？你说："10美 元。"但是，你的意思是说，在当地一家体育 用品商店里购买一个大联盟官方指定的棒球的 成本是10美元。因为购买是一个行为，所以这 个行为需要以其他机会为代价，从而发生了成 本。请注意这里引入了行为。棒球的成本因行 为的不同而改变。制造一个棒球的成本就不一 样。销售一个棒球的成本又不一样。
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Costs are Tied to Actions, Not Things
n 成本总是对某人而言的成本。 n The true cost of things stems from a failure to
recognize that only actions have cost, and that actions can entail different costs for different people.（关于事物的"真实成本"有大 量无效的辩论，这都是因为辩论者没能认识到 只有行为才有成本，而行为对不同的人有不同 的成本。）
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Introduction
n 经济学的供给理论和需求理论从本质上来说没 有什么区别。
n The theory of supply, like demand theory, assumes that decision makers face alternatives and choices.
经济学的思维方式1
The Economic Way of Thinking, 11/e
Heyne/Boettke/Prychitko
16 of 35
An Apparatus of the Mind
• Specialization (Division of Labor)
– Results from people’s economizing actions. – Is necessary to increase production.
© 2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing
The Economic Way of Thinking, 11/e
Heyne/Boettke/Prychitko8 of 35源自 How Does It Happen
• Adam Smith (1723-1790)
– Most people believed political rulers’ attention was necessary to sustain society. Smith disagreed. – In 1776 published An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. – Founder of Economics
An Apparatus of the Mind
The core problem for economic interactions a multiplicity of diverse and even incommensurable individual projects.
is
© 2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing
经济学的思维方式英文课件 (1)
An Apparatus of the Mind
n Question
q 没有协作的专业化可行吗? q 没有协作的专业化是通向混乱之路，而不是通向财
富之路。 q 人们只是按照自己的资源和能力，根据自己特定的
计划追逐一己之利，与此同时，对旁人的利益、资 源和能力几乎一无所知，而每个人自己的计划的成 功又有赖于与旁人的合作，这样做能成功吗？
q 没有人控制这个过程，然而这个过程却能协调全部个人决策。 尽管这个过程并不完美，大多数人还是能成功抵达目的地。
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An Apparatus of the Mind
n 无意的结果（Unintended consequences）
q 每个人都想到达各自的目的地，一路上都要不断作决定， 都在路上与他人进行协作。但是，没有人计划过交通的 总体流量。这一点不是哪一个人能控制的。就算有一个 虚拟的中央交通调度员，也不可能通过详细指示每个人 该怎么做来保证有序的交通。人们“不过是在开车”， 他们无意的结果呈现为复杂的路况。
Economic theory assumes that :
People make choices
under scarcity based on
Expected Benefits
and Expected
Cost
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An Apparatus of the Mind
n 个人经济交互作用的核心问题就是存在大量互不相同 甚至互不兼容的个人计划。
n 人们驶向各自的目标，一门心思只顾他们自己 的利益，这并不一定是因为人们都是自私的， 而只不过是因为没有人知道别人想去哪儿。
n 关于其他人，每个人所能确知的仅限于周围为 数不多的几辆车的位置、方向和速度。
Thinking Like an Economist 像经济学家一样思考
u They may hold different values and, thus, different normative views. 他们可能有不同的价值观，因此就有不同的规范性 观点。
大多数经济学家倾向同意的10个主张
10个主张以及经济学家赞成的百分比
1. 租金上限减少了可得到的住房数量和质量。
Produced
3,000
D
2,200 2,000
1,000
C
A
Production 生产
possibilities frontier
可能性边界
B
汽车产量
0
300
600 700
1,000
Quantity of
Cars Produced
生产可能性边界阐明的概念
u效 率 u 权衡取舍 u 机会成本 u 经济增长
The circular-flow model is a simple way to visually show the economic transactions that occur between households and firms in the economy. 循环流向图——一个直观地说明一个 经济体内家庭和企业之间的经济交易 行为的简单方式。
生产要素市场 u 家庭出售 u 企业购买
生产可能性边界
生产可能性边界—— 表示一个经济在 可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时 所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形。
The Production Possibilities Frontier
生产可能性边界
Quantity of Computers 电脑产量
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经济学的思维方式英文版
Introduction
Economics is the study of how individuals, businesses, and governments allocate resources to satisfy their wants and needs. It involves analyzing how people make decisions in the face of scarcity, and how they interact with one another in markets. The study of economics provides a framework for understanding the behavior of individuals and firms, as well as the workings of entire economies.
Thinking Like an Economist
To think like an economist means to approach problems in a systematic way, using economic principles to analyze data and make decisions. This involves understanding the concept of opportunity cost, which is the value of the next best alternative forgone when a decision is made. Economists also use models to simplify complex economic phenomena, making it easier to analyze them.
The Role of Markets
Markets are central to economic thinking, as they are where buyers and sellers come together to exchange goods and services. The price mechanism plays a critical role in allocating resources efficiently in a market economy. Prices signal information about supply and demand conditions, helping individuals make informed decisions about what goods and services to produce or consume.
The Importance of Incentives
Incentives are central to economic thinking, as they motivate individuals to act in certain ways. Positive incentives encourage behavior that benefits society, while negative incentives discourage behavior that harms society. Understanding incentives helps economists design policies that promote desirable outcomes.
Microeconomics vs Macroeconomics
Microeconomics is concerned with individual decision-making units such as households and firms. It examines how these units
allocate resources among competing uses and how they interact with one another in markets. Macroeconomics is concerned with the overall performance of an economy, including issues such as inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.
Economic Systems
There are three main types of economic systems: market economies, command economies, and mixed economies. In a market economy, prices determine what goods and services are produced and who consumes them. In a command economy, government planners make these decisions. Mixed economies combine elements of both market and command economies.
International Trade
International trade is an important area of study in economics, as it involves the exchange of goods and services between countries. International trade can benefit all parties involved by allowing for specialization and increased efficiency. However, it can also lead to job losses in certain industries and create winners and losers.
Conclusion
In conclusion, thinking like an economist involves approaching problems in a systematic way using economic principles. Understanding the role of markets, incentives, microeconomics, macroeconomics, economic systems, and international trade is essential to developing a comprehensive understanding of economics. By applying economic thinking to real-world problems, economists can help policymakers design policies that promote economic growth and improve overall wellbeing.。