3 英汉比较
翻译理论与实践3
3.He has a strong dislike for the sentimental. 他非常讨厌多愁善感无病呻吟。 4.During his visit to China, the Korean foreign minister conferred with his Chinese counterpart a number of times. 在中国访问期间，韩国外交部长与中国外交部长举行了 数次会谈。 5. Potatoes are an important source of starchy food in temperate countries and bananas in tropics. 马铃薯是温带国家淀粉食物的重要来源，香蕉则是热带 地区淀粉食物的重要来源。
英语往往运用词形变化，连接词、介词、 定于从句和独立主格表示成分之间各种语法关 系，句子外形很严谨；汉语由于没有词形变化、 定语从句和独立主格，连接词和介词也比英语 少很多，所以往往用隐性连贯方法来表示各种 语法关系，句子外形比较松散、自由。
对策： 英译汉：多运用汉语的动词，少用连接词，有时可以 不译连接词；介词短语、定语从句和独立主格等在大 多数情况下都被译为短语或分句 [例3]Come and see me tomorrow. [译文]明天来看我。 [例4]He is the last person for such a job. [译文]他最不适于担任这项工作。
[例8]他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想 是每个中国人所珍爱的。在过去，许多中国人 曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命 [译文]They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.
21世纪大学商务英语综合教程第三册课文英汉对照翻译ByMJX
UNIT1 Free Trade Has Enriched the World with More than Diverse Goods自由贸易给世界带来的不仅是丰富多彩的商品By Daniel GriswoldTune in to cable TV, talk radio, or the blogosphere and you will soon be hit over the head with the message that free trade is destroying America. According to the economic populists on the left and right, the wages, jobs, and futures of Main Street Americans are being sacrificed daily to the gods of globalization.只要打开有线电视、收音机或博客网，你很快就会惊讶地获悉：自由贸易正在摧毁美国。
据左右两派经济民粹主义者所说，美国普通老百姓的工资、工作和未来天天都在被当作供品献祭给全球化的神明们。
On trade, as on so much else, the populists have it wrong again. Free trade and globalization are great blessings to American families. Trade is delivering lower prices and more variety to consumers, especially the poor, while creating better paying jobs for the middle class. Beyond the US shores, the spread of economic openness is building a more peaceful, democratic and humane world for our children.就像在其他许多事情上一样，这些民粹主义者们在贸易问题上又搞错了。
英汉翻译第2-3 总结
8. The sentry challenged us.
哨兵问我们口令。
Recent discoveries have challenged their old notion.
最近的发现使他们原来的观念成了问题。
10. They challenge for the Davis Cup.
我们希望最可敬的秘书长先生不要过于操劳，要多多保重,他的健康状况欠佳是众所周知的。
九霄云外
我在同他说话的时候，他的脑子好像早已跑到九霄云外去了。
His mind seemed to be far away when I talked to him.
他早把我的话抛到了九霄云外。
He has cleanly forgotten my advice.
The old(老人）——senior citizen
Cooking（烹饪）——home science
③学校委婉语
低能儿：
subnormal、special child、slow
撒谎:
shows difficulty in distinguishing between imaginary and factual material
侵略战争International armed conflict(国际武装冲突）
空袭
air support (空中增援）或overflight（越界飞行）
经济萧条（depression）
deflation(通货膨胀）
②职业委婉语
Gaoler (监狱看守）—prison officer
Barber(理发师）——hair consultant
送信deliver a letter送命lose one’s life
第三章--英汉语言对比
课内 练习
4. A just cause enjoys abundant support whereas an unjust cause finds little help. 得道多助，失道寡助。
形合 vs 意合
5. My sister was expecting me, so I had to go now. 妹妹在等我，我得走了。
Syntactic difference between E/C
sentence structure: complex vs. simplex use of connectives: compulsory vs. optional means of connection: lexical vs. logical
Topic-prominent Language
话题突出型语言
主语突出型语言
1. A dialect is known by every linguist in this
room. 在这房间里的每位语言学家都懂一种方言。
比较：有一种方言，这间屋子里的每个语 言学家都懂得。
译例 列举
2. You don’t grow the grain you eat and you don’t make the clothes you wear. 你不种……你不吃......
翻译以 下几个 ②他通晓多种不常使用的语言，这使我 们大家感到惊讶。 句子， 看怎样 His familiarity with many rarely used 变原文 languages surprised us all. 的“动” 为译文 ③了解一点世界史对研究时事很有帮助。 的 An acquaintance with the world history “静”。 is helpful to the study of the current affairs.1. Admittance Free
英汉互译3-conversion
UNIT 3 CONVERSIONConversion, one of the commonly adopted translation techniques, means the change of parts of speech in translation.Owing to the syntactical differences between English and Chinese, it is usually impossible for a translator to keep to the original part of speech in the process of translation.For example:This watch neve r varies more than a second in a month.这块表一个月的误差从不超过一秒钟。
The English verb “vary” can hardly be rendered into Chinese by the same part of speech without spoiling the original meaning.In fact, a word belonging to a certain part of speech in one language sometimes has to be converted into a different part of speech, so as to bring forth a readable and coherent sentence.I. Conversion in English-Chinese Translation1. Converting into VerbsOne of the most remarkable differences between English and Chinese syntax is the use of the verb. It is taken for granted that an English sentence contains no more than one predicate verb, while in Chinese it is not unusual to have clusters of verbs in a simple sentence.Families upstairs have to carry pails to the hydrant downstairs for water.住在楼上的人家得提着水桶去楼下的水龙头打水。
英汉语言对比
3. 1. 1 英语重形合，汉语重意合
英语重形合(hypotaxis)是指英语语言符号之间有较强
的逻辑关系；汉语重意合(parataxis)是指汉语句子主要通
过字词的意义连结起来。汉字起源于象形文字，文字的图
形表示其意义，并引起意义上的联想，发展形象思维；英
语是拼音文字，字母是基本的文字表达符号，词的拼写与
英汉语言对比
6
翻译是两种语际间的转换、是两种文化信 息间的转换。语言不是静止不变的，是随着社 会实践的不断发展而发展的。词的意义、语言 表达也是如此。语言是活的，运用语言的人也 要灵活对待它。“实践，认识，再实践，再认识， 这种形式，循环往复以至无穷，而实践和认识 之每一循环的内容，都比较地进到了高一级的 程度。这就是辩证唯物论的全部认识论”。翻译 也是这样。
英汉语言对比
11
3. 1. 2 英语爱化零为整，汉语喜化整为零
“英国人写文章往往化零为整，而中国人则
化整为零”（王力）。这说明英汉两种语言写作在篇
3. 4 英汉句意表达对比
3.4.1 英汉都有增补与省略 3.4.2 英汉都有词类转换 3.4.3 英汉都有巧妙重复 3.4.4 英汉都受上下文制约选择词义
第三章综合英汉练语习言及对比参考答案
课堂互动1 课堂互动2
课堂互动3
课堂互动4
1.词句表达 2.语序调整 3.衔接表达
--end
退出
第三章
英汉语言对比
英汉语言对比
3
不同语言间的差异不仅表现在语言、词汇和 语法这些语言形式上，而且表现在语言文化特征 上。语言文化特征不仅涉及到一种语言所代表民 族的心理意识、风土人情、宗教信仰和历史传统 等因素，而且涉及到历史文化、地域文化、习俗 文化、宗教文化等方面，其范围是广泛庞杂的、 内涵是多采丰富的。
小学三年级英语单词记忆方法
小学三年级英语单词记忆方法小学三年级英语单词记忆方法一、整体记忆把几个字母看作一个整体来记如: “ow”再加上不同的字母，可组成how, cow, low, now, town, down, know ”等; “ight”，再在前面加上不同的字母，可组成eight, light, right, fight, night, sight等。
二、形象记忆如：“tree”把tr看成树干和树枝，把ee看成树叶。
“eye”把两个e看成两个眼，中间的y是鼻子。
“banana ”把a看成一个个的香蕉。
“bird”把b和d看成两个翅膀等等。
三、加法记忆如：sun+glasses =sunglasses ,rain+coat=raincoat, fire+man=fireman四、比较记忆1)英汉比较如：coke-cola, t-shirt, hamburger, beer, bar, fee 2)单复数的比较如：good-goods, glass-glasses, wood-woods 3)同音词的比较如：, eye-i, see-sea, son-sun, right-write五、拼音式记忆法如：数字“十”ten，可以让学生联想成ten的拼音发音。
男人们“men”汉语拼音便是men……六、谐音记忆法可能家长们都已经发现，刚接触英语的小学生会在你教的单词下面写上相应的汉语“谐音”(和汉语相仿的读音)大部分老师会阻止孩子们这样的行为，但我不认为这是错误的，我会根据他们的思路继续引导，在谐音的基础上画图、联想，三者结合，这样对单词的记忆就非常深刻如：apple单词的汉语谐音是“阿婆”画图“一个阿婆手里拿着一个苹果”联想，看到图画联想到apple的读音，汉意。
如讲述颜色单词红色red时，我会让学生记住一句话，阿姨地里的苹果红了……这一句话，不仅让学生加深了三个字母r，e，d的粗读，还记住了这个单词的顺序，同时又记住了这个单词的汉意“红色”，这样一句话，可谓一石三鸟，在实际的教学中收到了良好的效果……七、形近串连记忆法如tea茶叶，eat吃，teacher教师，meat肉，这些单词形近，于是我会让学生说，老师吃茶吃肉，这样一句话，让学生一下子便记住了四个单词。
英汉语言比较之三：物称与人称
英汉语⾔⽐较之三：物称与⼈称英汉语⾔⽐较系列之三综合语(synthetic)的特征是运⽤形态变化来表达语法关系，拉丁语、德语及古英语等都属于综合语。
分析语(analytic)的特征是不⽤形态变化⽽⽤词序及虚词来表达语法关系，汉语是典型的分析语。
现代英语是从古代英语发展出来的，仍然保留着综合语的某些特征，但是也具有分析语的特点：有形态变化，但不象典型的综合语那么复杂；词序笔汉语灵活，但相对固定；虚词很多，⽤得也相当频繁。
因此，现代英语属于综合－分析语(synthetic- analytic language)。
从语源（Etymology）观来说，英语属印欧语系（Indo-European Language），汉语则属汉藏语系（Sino-Tibetan language）。
三：物称与⼈称：英语重物称（impersonal），汉语重⼈称（personal）英语的物称最显见于其对主语的择定，常选择不能施⾏动作或⽆⽣命事物的词语做主语。
相对⽽然，汉语⼀般则更习惯于⼈称化的表达，尤其是主语，能施⾏动作或有⽣命的物体为主语之⾸选。
究其因，乃是汉语较注重主体思维，这种思维模式以“万物皆备于我”作主导，往往从⾃我出发来叙述客观事物，或倾向于描述⼈及⾏为或状态，因⽽常⽤⼈称。
15）A strange peace came over her when she was alone.她独处时便感到⼀种特殊的安宁。
16）My good fortune has sent you to me, and we will never part.（H. Andersen: The little Mermaid ）我很幸运，能够得到你，让我们永不分离吧。
17）⼀看到那棵⼤树，我便想起了童年的情景。
The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood.18）恕我孤陋寡闻，对此关系⼀⽆所知。
英汉词汇现象对比
税
Tax Duty Tariff bond State taxes Customs duties Tariff rates Bonded warehouse area
国税 关税 税率 保税仓库区
3）semantic zero
3、英语中有些词所表示的意义，目前在汉语里还找不到最
后确定的对应词来表达（semantic zero） 。Examples: 文房四宝，乌纱帽，糖葫芦，
萨斯SARS（Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome）；
直升飞机；太平洋; 亚洲（亚细亚); 核武器,环境保护
第一讲 英汉词汇现象的对比
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2) Partly semantic correspondence
2. 英语中有些词与汉语中有些词在词义上只有部分对应。 (partly semantic correspondence) Wife: 妻子、爱人、老伴、内人、贱内、夫人、老婆； president: 总统、主席、校长、议长、会长、社长； Morning: 早晨、上午 Sister, brother, aunt, uncle……
一词多义
I saw him lying on the couch asleep. 我看见他躺在沙发上睡着了。 The issue lies with you. You must decide. 这事要看你的了，你必须拿主意。 Don’t lie any more. I don’t trust you. 别在撒谎，我不相信你。
英、汉语句子中主要成分主语、谓语动词、
宾语或表语的词序基本上是一致的。但是各 种定语的位臵和各种状语的次序在英、汉语 中则有同有异，变化较多，所以英汉词序的 比较主要指定语、状语位臵异同的比较。
英译汉(Unit1、2、3、5课文翻译)
英译汉（Unit1、2、3、5课文翻译）Unit 1 A Kind of Sermon 一番说教1、第一段：①It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.也许老师比学生更容易理解，为什么学生在掌握了英语基本结构和句型后英语学习反而变得越来越困难了。
②Students are naturally surprised and disappointed to discover that a process which ought to become simpler does not appear to do so.学生们自然感到惊奇并失望地发现本来应该变得越来越容易的学习过程却完全不是那么回事。
2、第二段：①It may not seem much consolation to point out that the teacher, too, becomes frustrated when his efforts appear to produce less obvious results.在知道老师在其努力所产生的效果似乎不及一开始明显也会灰心丧气时，学生们并不感到多少安慰。
②He finds that students who were easy to teach, because they succeeded inputting everything they had been taught into practice, hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside the scope of basic textbooks.他发现那些学生很容易去教，因为他们能把所学的知识很快地用于实践。
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第二部分英汉比较G练习一英译汉1. Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.发现了错误，一定要改正。
2. An idea suddenly struck me.我突然想到了一个主意。
nguage is shaped by, and shapes, human thought.人的思想形成了语言，而语言又影响了人的思想。
4. Last night I was covered up with two quilts.昨晚我盖了两条被子。
5. Insulin is used in the treatment of diabetes.胰岛素用于治疗糖尿病。
6. He is a good eater and a good sleeper.他能吃能睡。
7. He thought his way out of the dilemma.他想办法摆脱了困境。
(连动式)8. We asked her to sing.我们请她唱歌。
(兼语式)9. His familiarity with many rarely used languages surprised us all.他通晓多种不常使用的外国语，这使我们大家感到很惊讶。
10. I couldn’t agree with you more.我太赞成你的看法了。
11. Translation from English into Chinese is not so easy as that from English into French. 英译汉不如英译法容易。
练习1. He would be a rash man if he should venture to forecast the results of this event.如果有人敢预言此事的结果，那他一定是个鲁莽之徒。
2. The assertion that it was difficult, if not impossible, for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural developmentwas now is scarcely contested.如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位,不能自由地保证其经济、社会和文化的发展,要享受基本权利,即使不是不可能,也是不容易的。
这一论断,几乎是无可置辩的了。
3. Never get on or off the bus before it comes to a standstill.车未停稳，请勿上下4. I wouldn’t come to you if I hadn’t something to ask of you.无事不登三宝殿5. When wine is in, wit is out.（当）酒醉智（就）昏6. Once a certain limit is reached, a change in the opposite direction is inevitable.（一旦）物极（势）必反7. Befriend those far away while attacking those nearby.远交（而）近攻8. When he had to speak, his confidence suddenly deserted him.当不得不说话时，他突然失去了信心。
9. His name escaped me for the moment.我一时记不起他的名字。
10. Every minute or two has brought new arrivals.每隔一两分钟都有人来。
11. The execution of the prisoner preceded the president's arrival.总统尚未到达, 囚犯已被处死12. His acceptance of bribes led to his arrest.他因受贿而被捕。
13. The remembrance of these will add zest to his life.他想起这些,便会增加生活的热情。
1.英语: 重形合(hypotaxis)，汉语: 重意合(parataxis)(1) It’s late, I must leave.(2) 跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。
The monks may run away, but the temple cannot run away with them.2.英语：前重心；汉语: 后重心(1) 生活中既有悲剧，文学作品就可以写悲剧。
Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.(2) 揭穿这种老八股、老教条的丑态给人民看，号召人民起来反对老八股、老教条，这就是五四运动时期的一个极大的功绩。
A tremendous achievement of the May 4th Movement was its public exposure of the ugliness of old stereotype and the old dogma and its call to the people to rise against them.3.英语：静态(static)语言；汉语：动态(dynamic)语言(1) 我疯狂地爱上了她，她也疯狂地爱上了我。
I fell madly in love with her, and she with me.(2) 他游泳游得不错。
He is a good swimmer.(3) He is a good listener.He is a good reader.He is a good learner.He is not much of a pianist/singer.Our professor is something of an ec`centric.我们教授的性情多少有点儿古怪。
(4) That would be the confirmation that it was in general use.这将证实其使用是非常普遍的。
(5) 一看见他，我就感到紧张。
The very sight of him makes me nervous.(6) 对此我深信不疑。
I’m sure of it.4.英语：重物称(impersonal)；汉语：重人称(personal)(1) A wave of cigar smoke accompanied Ogilvie in.奥格尔维进门时带进一缕雪茄烟雾。
(2) Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.这个让全世界的人发出笑声的人自己却饱尝辛酸。
(3) “Hi！Hi!” said the cab driver, whose door popped open at the very sight of a traveler.“嗨！嗨！”出租车司机嚷道，他一瞅见旅客就“砰”地打开车门。
5.英语：多被动(passive)；汉语：多主动(active)(1) The importance of oceanography as a key to the understanding of our planet is seldom as well appreciated.海洋学是人们认识星球的关键，而其重要性却不是人人都知晓的。
(2) It has been known for a long time that there is a first relationship between the heart and the liver.人们早已知晓，心与肝的关系至为密切。
(3) An illustration is furnished by an editorial in the Washington Post.《华盛顿邮报》的一篇社论提供了一个例证。
6.英语：多复合长句；汉语：多简单短句As we lived near the road, we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had great reputation, and I confess, with the veracity of an historian, that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.我们就住在路边。
过路人或外乡人常到我们家，尝尝我们家酿的酸果酒。
这种酒很有名气。
我敢说，尝过的人，从没有挑剔过。
我这话像历史学家的话一样靠得住。
7.英语：重后饰(back modifier)；汉语：重前饰(preceding modifier)(1) The diagnosis seems in every case to correspond exactly with all the sensations that I have ever felt.每次看病的诊断似乎都和我的感觉不谋而合。
(2) It’s a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different bias.借助于想象与持不同偏见的人进行辩论，是一个很好的办法。
(3) It may be…a low-lying arid stretch with miles of white sandy beach, and no sign of people, very bleaches and barren.那可能是……地势低洼、连绵数英里、人迹罕至、荒茫贫瘠的白色干沙漠。
8.英语：重短语；汉语：轻短语(1) I have never met a person so difficult to understand as my husband.我还从未遇到过像我丈夫这么难以理解的人。
(2) The author’s new book on phonetics recently published is more than worth reading.作者最近出版的语音著述太值得一读了。