国际商务英语——商务理论、语言与实务(修订版) 中南大学出版社 课后作文答案
国际商务课后习题参考答案定稿版
国际商务课后习题参考答案HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】C h a p t e r1:G l o b a l i z a t i o n1. Describe the shifts in the world economy over the last 30 years. What are the implications of these shifts for international businesses based in Great Britain? North America? Hong Kong?Answer: The world economy has shifted dramatically over the past 30 years. As late as the 1960s, four stylized facts described the demographics of the global economy. The first was U.S. dominance in the world economy and world trade. The second was U.S. dominance in the world foreign direct investment picture. Related to this, the third fact was the dominance of large, multinational U.S. firms in the international business scene. The fourth was that roughly half of the globe - the centrally planned economies of the Communist world - was off-limits to Western international businesses. All of these demographic facts have changed. Although the U.S. remains the world's dominant economic power, its share of world output and world exports have declined significantly since the 1960s. This trend does not reflect trouble in the U.S. economy, but rather reflects the growing industrialization of developing countries such as China, India, Indonesia, and South Korea. This trend is also reflected in the world foreign direct investment picture. As depicted in Figure 1.2 in the textbook, the share of world output (or the stock of foreign direct investment) generated by developing countries has been on a steady increase since the 1960s, while the share of world outputgenerated by rich industrial countries has been on a steady decline. Shifts in the world economy can also be seen through the shifting power of multinational enterprises. Since the 1960s, there have been two notable trends in the demographics of the multinational enterprise. The first has been the rise of non-U.S. multinationals, particularly Japanese multinationals. The second has been the emergence of a growing number of small and medium-sized multinationals, called mini-multinationals. The fall of Communism in Eastern Europe and the republics of the former Soviet Union have brought about the final shift in the world economy. Many of the former Communist nations of Europe and Asia seem to share a commitment to democratic politics and free market economies. Similar developments are being observed in Latin America. If these trends continue, the opportunities for international business may be enormous. The implications of these shifts are similar for North America and Britain. The United States and Britain once had the luxury of being the dominant players in the world arena, with little substantive competition from the developing nations of the world. That has changed. Today, U.S. and British manufacturers must compete with competitors from across the world to win orders. The changing demographics of the world economy favor a city like Hong Kong. Hong Kong (which is now under Chinese rule) is well located with easy access to markets in Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, and other Asian markets. Hong Kong has a vibrant labor force that can compete on par with the industrialized nations of the world. The declinein the influence of the U.S. and Britain on the global economy provides opportunities for companies in Hong Kong to aggressively pursue export markets.2. "The study of international business is fine if you are going to work in a large multinational enterprise, but it has no relevance for individuals who are going to work in smaller firms." Evaluate this statement.Answer: People who believe in this view, and the firms that they work for, may find that they do not achieve their full potential (at best) and may ultimately fail because of their myopia. As barriers to trade decrease and state of the art technological developments take place throughout the world, new opportunities and threats exist on a worldwide basis. The rise of the mini-multinationals suggests there are global opportunities even for small firms. But staying attuned to international markets is not only important from the perspective of seeking profitable opportunities for small firms; it can also be critical for long-term competitive survival. Firms from other countries may be developing products that, if sold internationally, may wipe out small domestic competitors. Scanning international markets for the best suppliers is also important for small firms, for if a domestic competitor is able to tap into a superior supplier from a foreign country, it may be able to seriously erode a small firm's competitive position before the small firm understands the source of its competitor's competitive advantage and can take appropriate counter actions.3. How have changes in technology contributed to the globalization of markets and of production? Would the globalization of production and markets have been possible without these technological changes?Answer: Changes in technology have contributed to the globalization of markets and of production in a very substantive manner. For instance, improvements in transportation technology have paved the way for companies like Coca-Cola, Levi Strauss, Sony and McDonalds to make their products available worldwide. Similarly, improvements in communications technology have had a major impact. The ability to negotiate across continents has been facilitated by improved communications technology, and the rapidly decreasing cost of communications has lowered the expense of coordinating and controlling a global corporation. Finally, the impact of information technology has been far reaching. Companies can now gain worldwide exposure simply by setting up a homepage on the Internet. This technology was not available just a few short years ago. The globalization of production and markets may have been possible without improvements in technology, but the pace of globalization would have been much slower. The falling cost of technology has made it affordable for many developing nations, which has been instrumental in helping these nations improve their share of world output and world exports. The inclusion of these nations, such as China, India, Thailand, and South Korea, has been instrumental in the globalization of markets and production. In addition, improvements in global transportationand communication have made it relatively easy for business executives from different countries to converse with one another. If these forms of technology, including air-travel, fax capability, e-mail, and overnight delivery of packages were not available, it would be much more difficult for businesses to conduct international trade.4. "Ultimately, the study of international business is no different from the study of domestic business. Thus, there is no point in having a separate course on international business." Evaluate this statement.Answer: This statement reflects a poor understanding of the unique challenges involved in international business. Managing an international business is different from managing a purely domestic business for at least four reasons. These are: (1) countries are different; (2) the range of problems confronted by a manager in an international business is wider and the problems themselves more complex than those confronted by a manager in a domestic business; (3) an international business must find ways to work within the limits imposed by government intervention in the international trade and investment system; and (4) international transactions involve converting money into different currencies. As a result of these differences, there are ample reasons for studying international business as a specific field of study or discipline.5. How might the Internet and the associated World Wide Web impactinternational business activity and the globalization of the world economy? Answer: According to the text, the Internet and World Wide Web (WWW) promise to develop into the information background of tomorrow's global economy. This improved technology will not only make it easier for individuals and companies in different countries to conduct business with one another, but will also further decrease the cost of communications. These improvements will undoubtedly hasten the already rapid pace of globalization. Another distinct attribute of the Internet and the WWW is that they act as an equalizer between large (resource rich) and small (resource poor) firms. For instance, it does not cost any more for a small software firm to gain visibility via the WWW than it does for a large software company like Microsoft. As a result, the WWW helps small companies reach the size of audience that was previously only within the reach of large, resource rich firms.6. If current trends continue, China may emerge as the world's largest economy by 2020. Discuss the possible implications of such a development for(1) The world trading system.(2)The world monetary system.(3)The business strategy of today's European and U.S. based global corporations.(4)Global commodity prices.Answer: The world trading system would clearly be affected by such a development. Currently China enjoys a somewhat privileged status within theWorld Trade Organization as a “developing” country. Such a rise to eminence, however, would clearly force it to become a full and equal member, with all the rights and responsibilities. China would also be in a position to actively affect the terms of trade between many countries. On the monetary front, one would expect that China would have to have fully convertible and trading currency, and it could become one of the “benchmark” currencies of the world. From the perspective of Western global firms, China would represent both a huge market, and potentially the home base of some very capable competitors. Finally, commodity prices would probably fall.7. Read the Country Focus in this chapter on the Ecuadorian rose industry, the answer the following questions:a) How has participation in the international rose trade helped Ecuador’s economy and its people? How has the rise of Ecuador as a center for rose growing benefited consumers in developed nations who purchase the roses? What do the answers to these questions tell you about the benefits of international trade?b) Why do you think that Ecuador’s rose ind ustry only began to take of 20 years ago? Why do you think it has grown so rapidly?c) To what extent can the alleged health problems among workers in Ecuador’s rose industry be laid at the feet of consumers in the developed world and their desire for perfect Valentine’s Day roses?d) Do you think governments in the developed world should place trade sanctions on Ecuador roses if reports of health issues among Ecuadorian rose workers are verified? What else might they do to improve the situation in Ecuador?a) Ecuador is the world’s fourth largest producer of roses. In fact, roses represent the country’s fifth largest export. The industry is vital to Ecuador’s economy, creating tens of thousands of jobs, jobs that pay significantly above the country’s minimum wage. Taxes and revenues from the rose growers have also helped to pave roads, build schools, and construct sophisticated irrigation systems. For Ecuador’s consumers, the success of the industry means bigger, more vibrant flowers than were previously available. Most students will recognize that the conditions in Ecuador give the country a distinct advantage in rose growing, and that by focusing on the industry, Ecuador has been able to benefit from international trade. Consumers in other countr ies also benefit from Ecuador’s flower exports with better products.b) Ecuador’s rose industry began some 20 years ago, and has been expanding rapidly ever since then. Most students will probably focus advances in technology as a key to the industry’s s uccess. Roses are a very fragile, perishable product. Modern technology enables growers to used refrigerated air transport to get the product to markets around the globe. Without that ability, the growers would be limited to the market immediately surroundingthe country.c) Students will probably be divided on this issue with some students arguing that consumers are to blame for the problems, and others placing the blame on the growers. Students taking the first perspective will probably suggest that most consumers purchase their roses with little consideration for how they are grown. Rather, most consumers simply focus on their beauty and price. Students blaming the growers might argue that growers, because they feel the effect of less-than-perfect roses in the form of smaller profits, will be motivated to find ways to produce ever more perfect flowers. Certainly, the use of pesticides and other products can produce a better crop. In the end, there is probably blame on both sides. If more consumers were aware of the health problems resulting from the improper use of pesticides, they would probably demand some changes. Similarly, if pressure were put on the growers to use pesticides safely, health problems could be reduced.d) Trade sanctions are a tool that is often employed by governments that are making a statement against a specific action or actions. In the case of Ecuador, trade sanctions certainly would be an option, as would publicizing the situation so that more consumers were aware of the conditions. In the end though, it is important to consider the effect of the sanctions or other measures on people like Maria who might lose their livelihood as a result. Chapter 2: National Differences1. Free market economies stimulate greater economic growth, whereas state-directed economies stifle growth! Discuss.Answer: In a market economy, private individuals and corporations are allowed to own property and other assets. This right of ownership provides a powerful incentive for people to work hard, introduce new products, develop better advertising campaigns, invent new products, etc., all in the hopes of accumulating additional personal capital and wealth. In turn, the constant search on the part of individuals and corporation to accumulate wealth enriches the entire economy and creates economic growth. In contrast, in a command economy, private individuals and corporations are not allowed to own substantial quantities of property and other assets. The objective of a command economy is for e veryone to work for “the good of the society.” Although this sounds like a noble ideal, a system that asks individuals to work for the good of society rather than allowing individuals to build personal wealth does not provide a great incentive for people to invent new products, develop better advertising campaigns, find ways to be more efficient, etc. As a result, command economies typically generate less innovation and are less efficient than market economies.2. A democratic political system is an essential condition for sustained economic progress. Discuss.Answer: This question has no clear-cut answer. In the West, we tend to arguethat democracy is good for economic progress. This argument is largely predicted upon the idea that innovation is the engine of economic growth, and a democratic political system encourages rather than stifles innovation. However, there are examples of totalitarian regimes that have fostered a market economy and strong property rights protection and experienced rapid economic growth. The examples include four of the fastest growing economies of the past 30 years – South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong – all of which have grown faster than Western economies. However, while it is possible to argue that democracy is not a necessary precondition for the establishment of a free market economy, it seems evident that subsequent economic growth leads to establishment of democratic regimes. Several of the fastest-growing Asian economies have recently adopted more democratic governments.3. What is the relationship between corruption (i.e., bribe taking by government officials) in a country and economic growth? Is corruption always bad?Answer: Economic evidence suggests that high levels of corruption significantly reduce the economic growth rate in a country. By siphoning off profits, corrupt politicians and bureaucrats reduce the returns to business investment, and hence, reduce the incentive that both domestic and foreign businesses have to invest in that country. The lower level of investment that results has a negative impact on economic growth. However, while most studentswill probably agree that corruption is bad, some may point out that the U.S., despite its Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, does allow “grease payments” to expedite or secure the performance of a routine governmental action. According to Congress, “grease payments” while technically bribes are not being used to obtain or maintain business, but rather are simply made to facilitate performance of duties that the recipients are already obligated to perform. 4. The Nobel prize-winning economist Amartya Sen argues that the concept of development should be broadened to include more than just economic development. What other factors does Sen think should be included in an assessment of development? How might adop tion of Sen’s views influence government policy? Do you think Sen is correct that development is about more than just economic development? Explain.Answer: Sen has argued that development be assessed less by material output measures such as GNP per capita, and more by the capabilities and opportunities that people enjoy. Sen suggests that development be seen as a process of expanding real freedoms that people experience, and as such, that development requires the removal of major impediments to freedom. Governments influenced by Sen might ensure that basic health care and education programs are available especially for women. Many students will agree with Sen and the notion that development is not just an economic process, but a political one too, and that to succeed citizens must be given a voice in the important decisions made for the country.5. You are the CEO of a company that has to choose between making a $100 million investment in either Russia or the Czech Republic. Both investments promise the same long-run return, so your choice of which investment to make is driven by considerations of risk. Assess the various risks of doing business in each of these nations. Which investment would you favor and why? Answer: When assessing the risks of investment, one should consider the political, economic, and legal risks of doing business in either Russia or the Czech Republic. At this time (Fall 2002), the risk in Russia would probably be considered higher than the risk in the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic has just been accepted as a future member of the EU, and as such gains the benefits and stability offered by the EU. Russia, by contrast, is still many years away from even being in a position to be considered by the EU for membership. Depending upon when you are using the book, this situation could be different. (You also may want to substitute other countries into this question depending on current events and the countries with which you feel your students will be most familiar.)6. Read the Country Focus on India in this chapter and answer the following questions:a. What kind of economic system did India operate during 1947-1990? What kind of system is it moving towards today? What are the impediments to completing this transformation?b. How might widespread public ownership of businesses and extensive government regulations have impacted (i) the efficiency of state and private businesses, and (ii) the rate of new business formation in India during the 1947-1990 time frame? How do you think these factors affected the rate of economic growth in India during this time frame?c. How would privatization, deregulation, and the removal of barriers to foreign direct investment affect the efficiency of business, new business formation, and the rate of economic growth in India during the post-1990 time period?d. India now has pockets of strengths in key high technology industries such as software and pharmaceuticals. Why do you think India is developing strength in these areas? How might success in these industries help to generate growth in other sectors of the Indian economy?e. Given what is now occurring in the Indian economy, do you think that the country represents an attractive target for inward investment by foreign multinationals selling consumer products? Why?Answer:a. The economic system that developed in India after 1947 was a mixed economy characterized by a large number of state-owned enterprises, centralized planning, and subsidies. In 1991, India’s government embarked on anambitious economic reform program. Much of the industrial licensing system was dismantled, and several areas once closed to the private sector were opened. In addition, investment by foreign companies was welcomed, and plans to start privatizing state-owned businesses were announced. India has posted impressive gains since 1991, however there are still impediments to further transformation. Attempts to reduce import tariffs have been stalled by political opposition from employers, employees, and politicians. Moreover, the privatization program has been slowed thanks to actions taken by the Supreme Court. Finally, extreme poverty continues to plague the country.b. The mixed economy that developed in India after 1947 was characterized by a large number of state-owned enterprises, centralized planning, and subsidies. This system not only constrained the growth of the private sector, but it also consequently limited the effects of competition that typically promote efficiency and productivity in a free market system. The system even limited the actions of private companies, requiring them to get government approval for routine business activities. Production quotas and high import tariffs also stunted the development of a healthy private sector, as did restrictive labor laws that made it difficult to fire employees. Foreign exchange restrictions, limitations on foreign investment, controls on land use, and managed prices further exacerbated the situation. It would appear that India’s rate of economic growth was negatively affected during this time frame. By 1994, India’s economy was still smaller than Belgium’sdespite having a large population. Both GDP and literacy rates were very low, and some 40 percent of the population lived in poverty.c. In 1991, India’s government embarked on an ambitious economic reform program. So far, the response to the program has been impressive. The economy expanded at an annual rate of about 6.3 percent from 1994 to 2004. Foreign investment is up from $150 million in 1990 to $6 billion in 2005. Certain sectors of the economy including information technology and pharmaceuticals have done particularly well. Still, problems persist. Actions taken by the government continue to limit efficiency gains for private companies and the country’s high rate of poverty is still a major problem.d. India’s gains in information technology and pharmaceuticals are impressive. The country has emerged as a vibrant global center for software development, and India’s pharmaceutical companies have taken a strong global position by selling low cost generic versions of drugs that have come of patent in the developed world. As these industries continue to prosper, other sectors of the economy should also see the benefit of spillover effects.e. Foreign investment is up in India. In fact, foreign investment rose from $150 million in 1990 to $6 billion in 2005. However, whether India is an attractive destination for foreign multinationals selling consumer products remains to be seen. Certainly, the large population will serve to attractsome companies, but the fact that some 40 percent of the population is living in abject poverty will scare other companies away. Moreover, it is still not easy to run a company in India thanks to laws limiting everything from who can be fired to who can which products.Chapter 3: Differences in Culture1. Outline why the culture of a country influences the costs of doing business in that country. Illustrate your answer with examples.Answer: Since in a sense the entire chapter is about this question, there can be numerous reasons and examples of how culture influences the costs of doing business. Several are highlighted in the following sentences, but there could be numerous others. When there are simply different norms between how individuals from different countries interact, the costs of doing business rise as people grapple with unfamiliar ways of doing business. For example, while in the US we may get down to business first, and then get to know each other socially later, in many South American countries it is important develop a good social relationship before trying to discuss business issues. Different class structures and social mobility also raise the costs of doing business, for if there are inhibitions against working with people from different classes, then the efficiency with which information can flow may be limited and the cost of running a business increased. A country's religion can also affect the costs of business, as religious values can affectattitudes towards work, entrepreneurship, honesty, fairness, and social responsibility. In Hindu societies where the pursuit of material well-being can be viewed as making spiritual well being less likely, worker productivity may be lower than in nations with other religious beliefs. Finally, a country's education system can have important implications for the costs of business. In countries where workers receive excellent training and are highly literate, the need for specific worker training programs are decreased and the hiring of additional employees is facilitated.2. Do you think business practices in an Islamic country are likely to differ from business practices in the United States? If so, how?Answer: A number of aspects of the cultural differences between an Islamic country and the USA will cause business practices to differ. The role women can take, appropriate etiquette (including simple things like not passing papers with the left hand), holidays, and wining and dining all differ from in the USA. But beyond these, the underlying philosophy and role of business differs from in the USA. Since Muslims are stewards of property for God, rather than owners, they are more likely to use their resources carefully and may be less likely to give up or sell something to a person who may not practice the same stewardship. The importance of fairness to all parties in relations means that over-aggressiveness in self-interest may not be well received, and breaking an agreement, even if technically/legally permissible may be viewed as very inappropriate. Finally, the prohibitions on interestpayments in some Islamic countries means that the wording of the terms of an agreement must be done carefully so that "fair profits" are not construed as being "interest payments."3. What are the implications for international business of differences in the dominant religion of a country?Answer: Differences in the dominant religion of a country affect relationships, attitudes toward business, and overall economic development. Firstly, differences in religion require inter-cultural sensitivity. This sensitivity requires things like simply knowing the religious holidays, accepting that some unexpected things may happen "because of Allah's will," or understanding how interpersonal relationships may be different between "believers" and "non-believers." (Hence non-believers may be treated differently.) Secondly, religious beliefs can significantly affect a countries attitude toward business, work, and entrepreneurship. In one country successfully beating a competitor may be considered a great achievement while in another it may be thought of as showing a lack of compassion and disruptive to the society and persons involved, both attitudes that may be derived from underlying religious beliefs. Likewise, hard work may be either rewarded positively or viewed as something of secondary importance to spiritual peace and harmony. Thirdly, different dominant religions may affect the overall competitiveness and potential for economic growth of a nation, and hence attractiveness of a country for international business.。
国际商务英语课后答案
Unit 1 GlobalizationPart I Business V ocabularyDirections: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. This part totals 20 points, one point for each sentence.1 There are too many examples in aviation and other _____ B _____ of what has happened to companies that have tried to do that.A sectionsB sectorsC segmentsD components2 It would not _______ A ________ earlier mistakes such as attempting to enter the train or boat-building business.A repeatB makeC recognizeD produce3 He is impressed, he says, by the way in which oil companies have ____ D _____ from losing national images.A obtainedB gotC reachedD benefited4 Royal Dutch/Shell is another group which manages to ______D_________ itself asa local company in which it operates.A displayB exhibitC showD present5 When the Japanese tyre group Bridgestone entered the US market, it made an _________ C _______, buying the local production base of Firestone.A saleB purchaseC acquisitionD overpayment6 If a company wishes to enter the Chinese market, it usually looks for a local ________ D ________ who will cooperate in setting up a joint venture.A manB talentC managerD partner7 If you’re ______ C ______ don’t go to Oslo – it’s Europe’s most expensive city.A hardB hardyC hard upD hard down8 A survey has _______A_________ with some interesting information about the cost of living in our major cities.A come upB show upC put upD live up9 Meals at restaurants cost a _________ C ________ and drinks are very pricey.A expenseB priceC fortuneD fate10 Being kept waiting, being connected to voice mail or being passed on to someoneelse are all common ________ D _______.A flashesB firesC firecrackersD flashpoints11 Reasons for this are ________ B _________, according to Reed.A three piecesB threefoldC threeD triple12 Increasing numbers of transactions take place entirely by phone, from ___ D ____insurance to paying bills.A doingB sellingC buyingD arranging13 As companies move towards ‘remote working’, the need for the right tone of voice_______ A _______ to every level of the organization.A extendsB stretchesC expandsD attaches14 However, globalization has brought problems in the compan y’s overseas plants,and this is having a bad ________ A _______ on its share prices.A effectB influenceC affectD consequence15 A journalist from the Eastern Economist Review suggested recently that thecompany could become the _______ B _______ of a takeover if it didn’t sort out its problems soon.A aimB targetC objectiveD purpose16 Although this helps to lower costs, the materials are often of poor quality. This hasresulted in _______ C _______ orders.A placedB placingC cancelledD canceling17 Recently, a German distributor refused a D of 50,000 blouses.A dealB transactionC cargoD consignment18 When customers want last-minute changes to clothing, the plants cannot meetcustomers’ tight _______ D ______.A timesB periodsC datesD deadlines19 Its latest _______ B ______ were described by a famous fashion expert as ‘boring,behind the times and with no appeal to a fashion-conscious buyer’.A seriesB collectionsC sequencesD present20 Factory workers complain about their wages. They are often expected to work_______ C ________ without extra pay.A overB timeC overtimeD timelyPart II Phrase TranslationDirections: Directions: There are 20 Chinese phrases in this part. You are required to translate them into English and write down your translation on the Answer Sheet. This part totals 20 points, one point for each phrase.1 资本外逃fight of capita2 福利welfare beneifts3 相互让步give-and-take4 国家形象national image5 航空航天公司aerospace company6 全球化公司global company7 就业问题employment problems8 生活水准living standard9 跨文化问题cross-cultural problem10 合资企业joint venture11 本地合伙人local partner12 许可协议licensing agreement13 通货膨胀率inflation rate14 市场调研market research15 远程办公remote working16 全球会议global conference17 股票价格share price18 顾客需求customers’ needs19 低价战略low-pricing strategy20 员工流动率staff turnoverPart III Sentence TranslationDirections: There are 10 sentences in this part. You are required to translate them into Chinese and write down your translation on the Answer Sheet. This part totals 20 points, two points for each sentence.1.There are too many examples in aviation and other sectors of what has happenedto companies that have tried to do that.在航空业和其他行业中想要原地踏步而以失败告终的例子比比皆是2.People are much more likely to express anger over the phone, rather than inwriting or face to face.和书信及面对面交流比起来，人民更容易在电话上发火。
国际商务英语简要和课后答案[1].docx
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International Business EnglishLesson 1International BusinessBusiness Knowledge:The major differences between international business and domestic businessA.Differences in legal systemsB・ Differences in currenciesC.Differences in cultural backgroundD.Different in natural and economic conditionsThe major types of international businessA.Trademodity tradeb.Service tradeB.Investmenta.Foreign direct investmentb・ Portfolio investmentC.Other types3.Licensing and franchisingb.Management contract and contract manufacturingc.Turnkey project and BOTTrade Terms:1.Customs area 关税区：2.Conversion货币兑换3.Visible trade 有形贸易：The form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting andimporting goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption orresale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)4.Invisible trade 无形贸易：The form of transportation, communication, banking,insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.5.FD1 外国直接投资：Foreign direct investments. Returns through controlling theenterprises or assets invested in a host country. / P.256. One country acquires assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.6.Portfolio investment 证券投资：Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purposeother than controlling.7.Stocks 股票：Capital stocks or bonds.& Bonds 债券：The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest・9.Maturity （票据等）到期10.Certificate of deposit 人额存单11・Licensing 许可经营：In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the fonn of royalty・12.Franchising 特许经营：Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operate in thename of another, franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty・13.Trade Mark 商标14.Patent 专利15.Royalty专利（许可）使用费，版税16.Copyright 版权17.Licenser 许可方1& Licensee被许可方19.Franchiser 特许方：A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brandnames, logos and operating techniques for royalty・20.Franchisee 被特许方：A firm is allowed to operate in the name of anothe匚21.Management contract 管理合同：Under a management contract, one companyoffers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular periodfor a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume・22.Value chain 价值链23.Turnkey project"交钥匙”工程：For an international turnkey project, a firmsigns a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing,contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter uponcompletion.)24. |B OT建设、经营和移交:Build, Operate, Transfer25.Expertise专门知识26.Bonus红利、奖金、津贴27.Royalty许可使用费28.International investment 国际投资：Supplying capital by residents of onecountry to another.29.Contract manufacturing 承包牛产3(). GATT 关贸总协定：General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade31.International business 国际商务：Transaction between parties from differentcountries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export・32.Intellectual property 知识产权33.Oil deposit:石油储备=oil reserves34.the reserves of natural resources 自然资源储备35.Personal advancement个人的晋升，个人素质的提高以及个人事业的进步等。
新编国际商务英语理论与实务课后答案
新编国际商务英语理论与实务课后答案1、____ is standing at the corner of the street. [单选题] *A. A policeB. The policeC. PoliceD. A policeman(正确答案)2、The blue shirt looks _______ better on you than the red one. [单选题] *A. quiteB. moreC. much(正确答案)D. most3、He’s so careless that he always _______ his school things at home. [单选题] *A. forgetsB. leaves(正确答案)C. putsD. buys4、I don’t know how to improve my English. Can I ask you for some _______? [单选题] *A. answersB. advice(正确答案)C. questionsD. words5、Two（）in our school were sent to a remote village to teach for a month. [单选题] *A. women teachers(正确答案)B. woman teachersC. women teacherD. woman teacher6、On Easter children _______ eggs around the house. [单选题] *A. hunt for(正确答案)B. send forC. prepare forD. ask for7、Jeanne's necklace was _____ 500 francs at most. [单选题] *A. worthyB. costC. worth(正确答案)D. valuable8、Online shopping _______ very popular now. [单选题] *A. is(正确答案)B. areC. wasD. were9、He went to America last Friday. Alice came to the airport to _______ him _______. [单选题] *A. take; offB. see; off(正确答案)C. send; upD. put; away10、I want something to eat. Please give me a _______. [单选题] *A. bookB. watchC. shirtD. cake(正确答案)11、( ). I’m _____ in that ______ film [单选题] *A. interesting interestedB. interested interesting(正确答案)C. interested interestedD. interesting interesting12、My English teacher has given us some _______ on how to study English well. [单选题] *A. storiesB. suggestions(正确答案)C. messagesD. practice13、Is there going to ______ a football match in the stadium next month?（）[单选题] *A. beingB. haveC. be(正确答案)D. having14、Some people were born with a good sense of direction. [单选题] *A. 听觉B. 方向感(正确答案)C. 辨别力D. 抽象思维15、6．—How can we get to the school?—________ bus. [单选题] *A．ToB．OnC．By(正确答案)D．At16、I don’t like snakes, so I ______ read anything about snakes.（）[单选题] *A. alwaysB. usuallyC. oftenD. never(正确答案)17、--Henry treats his secretary badly.--Yes. He seems to think that she is the _______ important person in the office. [单选题] *A. littleB. least(正确答案)C. lessD. most18、Our campus is _____ big that we need a bike to make it. [单选题] *A. veryB. so(正确答案)C. suchD. much19、26．—Mary, is this your pen?—No, it isn't. ________ is black. [单选题] * A．MyB．IC．MeD．Mine(正确答案)20、22．Will there ________ any schools in the future? [单选题] *A．isB．areC．amD．be(正确答案)21、In the future, people ______ a new kind of clothes that will be warm when they are cold, and cool when they’re hot.（）[单选题] *A. wearB. woreC. are wearingD. will wear(正确答案)22、Don’t _______. He is OK. [单选题] *A. worry(正确答案)B. worried aboutC. worry aboutD. worried23、We _______ swim every day in summer when we were young. [单选题] *A. use toB. are used toC. were used toD. used to(正确答案)24、--Jenny, what’s your favorite _______?? ? ? --like peaches best. [单选题] *A. fruit(正确答案)B. vegetablesC. drinkD. plants25、Miss Smith is a friend of _____. [单选题] *A. Jack’s sister’s(正确答案)B. Jack’s sisterC. Jack sister’sD. Jack sister26、I think _______ is nothing wrong with my car. [单选题] *A. thatB. hereC. there(正确答案)D. where27、28．—Where is Fujian Province?—It’s ________ the southeast of China. [单选题] * A．in (正确答案)B．onC．toD．at28、7．—________ is the Shanghai Wild Animal Park?—It’s 15km east of the Bund. [单选题] *A．WhoB．WhatC．WhenD．Where (正确答案)29、How many subjects are you _______ this year? [单选题] *A. takesB. takeC. taking(正确答案)D. took30、He used to get up at six in the morning,（)? [单选题] *A. used heB. did heC. didnt he (正确答案)D. should he。
国际商务英语课后答案.docx
国际商务英语课后答案问：在架设三角架时，借助于三角架上的气泡将三角架。
答：调平问：碧石的颜色通常为<p>答：不一定问：进入职场的注意事项有哪些？答：注意职场礼仪尽快了解公司文化，快速度过试用期工作不满一年辞职需谨慎注意财务部分的管理问：《荀子 . 劝学》中有“木受绳则直，金就砺则利”之说，这里的“木”是指木料。
答：对问：原文:华氏40度以上译文:above forty degrees Fahrenheit答：√问：商界男士所穿皮鞋的款式应是（）答：A问：不矛盾律的适用范围是（）。
答：具有矛盾关系的判断具有反对关系的判断具有可同假不可同真关系的判断问：碧石的主要矿物成分是<p>答：石英问：对《易经》八卦图无论是站在从内向外看的视角，还是站在从外从外向内看的视角，其由阴爻和阳爻所组成的八种卦形中，永远不变、永远保持一致的四种卦形的名称分别是乾、坤、坎、离，分别代表天、地、水、火。
答：对问：对《易经》八卦图无论是站在从内向外看的视角，还是站在从外从外向内看的视角，其由阴爻和阳爻所组成的八种卦形中，永远不变、永远保持一致的四种卦形的名称分别是（），分别代表（）。
<p>答：1 乾兑坎艮 4乾坤坎离 8天地水火问：什么是柔性基础？答：用抗拉、抗压、抗弯、抗剪均较好的钢筋混凝土材料做基础；用于地基承载力较差、上部荷载较大且基础埋深较大的建筑。
问：1. Mark the letter that identifies the tone for each of the following sentences. _____ 1) Baseball was invented as an urban game in order for owners to make money, players to become arrogant, and spectators to drink overpriced beer. A. objective B. nostalgic C. humorous答：humorous问：欧珀的最重要产地是<p>答：澳大利亚问：“上善若水”启示人们要具备如水一样的“十一种”美好品德。
商务英语写作课后习题答案
Keys ( 参考答案)Unit One An Overview of Business Letter Writing(Omitted)Unit Two Application LettersI. T ranslation1.I am responsible for receiving telephone calls and visitors, scheduling all of the appointments,and organizing the paperwork and correspondence.2.My work experience, together with my educational preparation would qualify me for theposition.3.Should you wish to have more information, I would be happy to come and see you at amutually convenient time.4.I think you will agree that I am, at least, a strong candidate for the position you are offering.5.I feel that I am competent to meet the requirements which you have specified.II. Decide whether the following sentences are suitable or not in an application letter and try to explain which part is wrong.1. 提出不合理要求2. 不宜提以前被解雇的原因3. 拼写错误4. 年代写错5. 不宜在这样的正式文书中使用俚语及口语化词汇III. Write application letters according to requirements.1. Gentlemen,I am writing to request admission into the Department of English Language and Literature at your University for the fall semester of 2010. It is my long-cherished desire to pursue comparative study of Chinese and Western Literature at a university in the United States.I graduated from the Dept. of Foreign Language and Literature at Nanjing Normal University. I am currently a teacher of English for English major students at SoutheastUniversity.I shall appreciate it if you would forward the necessary application forms for admission with information about financial aid to the Department of English Language and Literature at your University for a Master’s degree of Arts.I am looking forward to your response at your earliest convenience.Sincerely yours,***2. Gentlemen,I learned from this morning’s paper that there is a vacancy for a stenographer in your company. I wish to be considered as an applicant for the position and beg to state my qualifications as follow:I am 22 years of age, a high school graduate and a graduate of Jinlin Night School where I studied stenography as well as typing.Enclosed you will find testimonials from principal Zhu Changrong of Nanjing No. 3 High School, and from President Li Dangfeng of Jinglin Night School.Please check my references. They will tell you I am conscientious and that I have an agreeable personality and good appearance and that I get along exceedingly well with people.I shall be glad to call at your office if you desire a personal interview. If I am successful in my application, I shall discharge my duties to the best of my ability.Respectful yours,***3. Dear Sirs,I am graduating from the Jiangsu Institute of Foreign Trade this summer. As a student of English for Business, I hope to work for a foreign company after graduation.In the past three academic years, I have proved myself to be a straight A student, awarded a succession of scholarships. My English is particularly good and German happens to be my second foreign language, which will live up to the requirements set by a wholly-owned foreigncompany like yours.I apply for the position of assistant to your marketing project manager. Y ou will find me a good team player, self-motivated and eager to learn. I believe I can be of value to your company.I should be very happy if you would arrange an interview with me.Y ours sincerely,(signature)Y u Lihong4. Director of Consulting CenterJiangsu Foreign Service Co., Ltd.406 Maoming Mansion, 580 maoming RoadLuwan District, shanghai 200021Dear Mr. Director:I am currently working on Master Degree in International Commercial law at Nanjin University. My supervisor Mr. Liu Mingyu, a well-known professor of law, tells me that SFSC specializes in recommending qualified personnel to muti-national companies and suggeststhat I contact you for recommendation.During the two years of studies at Fu Dan University, I have not only acquired a lot of knowledge of international commercial law, but learned two foreign languages as well --- English and Japanese. Moreover, I have published two papers in the university journal on problems that may arise after China's entry to WTO. And they have been favorably accepted.I am enclosing a resume, copies of my published papers, and Professor Liu's letter of recommendation.I sincerely hope you will introduce me to a famous multi-national company, to which I will dedicate myself.Truly yours,(signature)Fu JialinUnit Three ResumeI.The style of a resume must be direct and simple. T o omit pronouns and otherstechniques are very effective. Rewrite the following sentences in Resume.1.Developed new territory.2.Developed computer programs to monitor accounting systems including carefully writtendocumentation manuals that enabled users to operate these sophisticated systems effectively. 3.Managed operations of store with sales volume of $1,000,000 and supervised eightemployees.4.Earned average of $35,000--$55,000 a year in commissioned earnings. Received serviceaward for exceeding sales quota of three years employed.5.Developed effective interpersonal skills through involvement in student organizations such asthe Student Council…II.Fill in the blanks with your information and improve your own resume. (Omitted)III.Write a resume according the following information.1. Wang MinClass 97081Computer Science and Engineering CollegeSoutheast UniversityNanjin, Jiangsu, 210002(025) 3847-9238EDUCA TIONSoutheast University Nanjin, JiangsuBachelor of Science in Computer 1997-2001·GPA: 90/100·V ice President of the Southeast University Student Council responsible for academic research·Active member of the University Society of Electronics·Director of the University Association of Computer Science·Winner of the University Scholarship in every academic year·Winner of the Panda Prize for Excellent Students in 1998·MCSE Certificate in 1999·Author or tow research papers on the programming in the Southeast University JournalExperienceZHONGJI DEVELOPMENT COMPANY Nanjin, JiangsuIntern Engineer 1/2001 – Present·Install hardware and software for customers·Wrote programs in the Traffic Computerization Project of Nanjin·Received the Internship A ward from the Southeast UniversityJINDIAN COMPANY Nanjin, JiangsuPart-time Salesperson and Engineer Summer, 1998·Sold computers·Repaired computersENGLISH PROFICIENCY·Scored 630 on TOEFL in January 1999·Good at English listening, speaking, reading, and writing·Excellent technical communication skills in EnglishREFERENCESProf. Y ang Huan, Computer Science and Engineering College, Southeast University, Nanjin, Jiangsu 210042 (025) 8736-2673President Kong Lin, Zhongji Development Company, 12 South Section, Ring Road One, Nanjin, Jiangsu, 210005 (025) 3364-2564Mr. Han Fei, CEO, Jindian Company, 73 People’s Road, Nanjin, Jiangsu 210013 (025) 5574-7364Wang MinUnit Four CertificateI. Decide whether the following sentences are suitable or not in a recommendation letter. If not, try to rewrite it.1.He put all his efforts and time into reading books.2.He often comes to me to discuss any questions he meets in his study.3.I think it is my real pleasure to recommend Mr. Smith to you, who, in my opinion, a very ableyoung man with a strong sense of responsibility and great enthusiasm for helping others.4.I know Mr. Li personally from lectures and exercises in Mathematics.5.He takes actively part in Student Union activity.II. T ranslate the following certificate letters from Chinese into English according to the given information.1. CERTIFICA TETo Whom It May Concern:This is to certify that the bearer, Mr. Wang Yingjing is an acquaintance of mine, a man whom I know to be thoroughly trustworthy.General Manager of C. T. U. Co.2. CERTIFICA TEThis is to certify that Mr. Cai Minghuihas passed the Business English Test (Intermediate Level).Shanghai Business English Test CenterIssuing Date: September, 20023. CERTIFICA TEThis is to certify that Miss Song Weijia has been awarded the title ofModel Studentin the Social Work of College Students sponsored by the Jiangsu Institute of Foreign Trade. December 2004 JIFT Y outh League Committee4. TRAINING CERTIFICA TEOF INTERMEDIA TE COMPUTERThis is to certify that Tang Fanghui, female, aged 27, has completed the four-month training in intermediate computer at the Suzhou Y i Jin College of Continuing Education and passed the qualifying examination.STAMPSuzhou Y i Jin Collegeof Continuing EducationDate: May 20, 20035. Gentlemen:I beg to certify that Mr. David Brown has been a salesman in this firm for four years and has shown diligence and ability in the discharge of his duties. He has gained the esteem of his colleagues and superiors alike.V ery truly,ⅩⅩⅩUnit Five Meeting MinutesI. Look at the minutes below and change it into a verbatim.Suggested rewritten versionII. Draft meeting minutes according to the hints given. Suggested version:Unit Six Notice &AnnouncementI.Judge the subject of each notice1. Broadcast notice2. Birth notice3.Engagement notice4. Obituary5. Business noticeII. Draft notices according to the given information1.2.3．4．5.Unit Seven Itineraries & AgendasI.Discuss the following questions(Omitted)II.Draft an itinerary according to the given information1.Post-Conference Tour: Beijing-Nanjing-Wuxi-Suzhou-Shanghai(May 23-May 29, 2010)May 23 — Fly to Nanjing.May 24—Sightseeing in Nanjing: Dr. Sun Y at-Sen Mausoleum, Zhonghuamen, and the Qinhuai River Scenery.May 25 —T ake train to Wuxi.Sightseeing in Wuxi: Cruise on the Taihu Lake and Jichang Garden.May 26 — Take train to Suzhou.Sightseeing in Suzhou: Zhuo Zheng Y uan, Huqiu, and Hanshan (Old Hill)Temple.May 27 — Take train to Shanghai.May 28 — Sightseeing in Shanghai: Jade Buddha Temple, Y uyuan Garden, Shanghai Museum, Children's Palace, and the Bund.May 29 — After breakfast at the hotel, the tour will terminate.2．Security CouncilMeeting AgendaUnit Eight E-mail I.Discuss the following questions（Omitted）II.Write E-mails according to the given information 1.Unit Nine NotesI. Suggested Subjects1) Request for Repairing Something2) Note for saying Good-bye3）Asking for Sick LeaveII. Suggested V ersion1.Unit T en Business Letters1. Establishing Business RelationsI. T ranslate the following phrases from Chinese to English, or from English to Chinese.1. 国有 6. specialize in…2. 独家代理7. on the basis of quality and mutual benefits3. 稳定的货源8. specific enquiry4. 在……行业中9. wholesalers and retailers5. 试订货10. financial standingII. Write a letter to a foreign company for establishing business relations covering the following contents:Dear Sir,In the latest issue of the China Foreign Trade, we saw the name of your company listed as being interested in making certain purchases in China.We take this oppourtunity to place our name before you as being a buying, shipping and selling agent. If you do not have anyone here to look after your interested in that capacity, we should be glad if you give us your kind consideration.We inform you that we have been engaged in this business for the past 10 years. We, therefore, feel that because of our experience, we are well qualified to take care of your interests at this end. Further, as for references, we can give you the names of some concerns in your country and also our bankers are Bank of China.Looking forward to hearing from you!2. Making InquiriesⅠ. T ranslate the following sentences from Chinese to English or English to Chinese.1.Specializing in the export of Chinese Cotton Piece Goods, we express our desire to tradewith you in this line.2.Being closely connected with reliable wholesalers here, we shall be able to do considerableimport business with you.3.Please furnish us with your own sample of rayon handkerchiefs closest in designs andquality to those we enclose here.4.我们对你方的羊毛地毯很感兴趣，请将最新的CFR 报价和支付方式告知我方，并说明最快的交货日期。
《国际商务》思考题答案
《国际商务》思考题答案第1章导论1．什么是国际商务,国际商务包括哪些主要内容？参考答案：国际商务是一门研究为满足个人及组织需求而进行的跨国界交易的科学.一般而言,国际商务包括两层含义：一是指跨越国界的任何形式的商业性活动,包括几乎任何形式的经济资源——商品、劳务、技术、资本和信息等的国际转移；二是指国家、企业或个人以经济利益为目的而进行的商业性经济活动.2．国际商务有哪些特点？参考答案：1.国际商务是企业国际化战略的综合反映；2.国际商务是以进入和开拓国际市场为目标；3.国际商务复杂多变、风险更大.3．为何社会文化环境对国际商务运营如此重要？参考答案：社会文化环境是指企业国际经营所涉及国家或地区居民的语言文化、教育水平、宗教信仰、价值取向、风俗习惯以及社会组织结构等多方面内容的综合.不同国家的文化社会环境各有差异和特点,国际商务运营中需要尤其注意当地风俗、习惯、宗教信仰等.4．如何评估国际商务宏观环境？参考答案：一般情况下,不同行业、不同企业根据自身特点和经营需要,对国际商务宏观环境分析的具体内容存在差异,但一般都应对政治法律（political）、经济（economic）、社会文化（social）、技术（technological）这四大类影响企业国际商务活动的主要外部环境因素进行分析,即PEST分析法.5．企业进行国际商务运营的动因和条件？参考答案：寻求市场、寻求资源、寻求先进的技术和管理理念、寻求效率、寻找贸易支持条件.6．国际商务的形成与发展经历了哪些阶段？参考答案：国际商务的发展历程可以划分为以下三个阶段：贸易主导阶段、投资主导阶段、全球商务阶段（生产活动国际化不断增强、国际贸易对企业经营更加重要、国际商务活动的需求环境逐渐形成、无形贸易在国际商务活动中的重要性凸显、世界经济区域化、集团化）第2章国际贸易理论1. 单选题（1）主张一国应集中生产优势最大或劣势最小的产品的国际分工理论是（B）A．绝对优势理论 B. 比较优势理论 C. 异质性企业贸易理论 D. 产业内贸易理论参考答案：B（2）提出各国应按照生产要素禀赋进行国际分工的经济学家是（C）A．亚当·斯密 B. 里昂惕夫 C. 赫克歇尔和俄林 D. 大卫·李嘉图参考答案：C（3）主张各国按绝对有利的生产条件进行国际分工的理论是（A）A．绝对优势理论 B. 比较优势理论 C. 产品生命周期理论 D. 产业内贸易理论参考答案：A（4）要素禀赋理论认为,国际贸易将会使各国生产要素价格的差别（B）A．变大 B. 变小 C. 不变 D. 无法确定参考答案：B（5）一国拥有的资本要素充裕,就应专门生产并出口资本密集型产品,这一说法来自（C）A．绝对优势理论 B. 比较优势理论 C. 要素禀赋理论 D. 产业内贸易理论参考答案：C2. 多选题（1）广义的要素禀赋理论包括（ABC）A．罗伯津斯基理论 B. 要素价格均等化理论 C.H-O理论D. 产业内贸易理论参考答案：ABC（2）产业内贸易的商品必须具备的两个条件是（AC）A．消费上能够相互替代 B. 劳动密集型产品 C. 生产中需要相近或相似的生产要素投入 D. 资本密集型产品参考答案：AC（3）对里昂惕夫之谜的解释的理论有（ABD）A．劳动熟练说 B. 自然资源说 C. 技术差距说 D. 人力资本说参考答案：ABD（4）英国生产一单位酒需要120人/年,生产一单位毛呢需要100人/年；葡萄牙生产一单位酒需要80人/年,生产一单位毛呢需要90人/年,根据比较优势理论,（BC）A．英国应该生产和出口酒 B. 英国应该生产和出口毛呢 C. 葡萄牙应该生产和出口酒D. 葡萄牙应该生产和出口毛呢参考答案：BC（5）动态的国际贸易的理论有（BC）A．要素禀赋理论 B. 产品生命周期理论 C. 技术差距理论 D. 异质性企业贸易理论参考答案：BC3. 简答题（1）绝对优势理论的基本观点是什么？参考答案：绝对优势理论的基本观点是各国应该集中生产并出口其具有劳动生产率和生产成本“绝对优势”的产品,进口其不具有“绝对优势”的产品.贸易的双方都会从贸易中获利.（2）比较优势理论的核心思想是什么？与绝对优势理论有什么区别？参考答案：李嘉图的比较优势理论认为贸易的基础是生产技术的相对差别.每个国家应该集中生产并出口其具有“比较优势”的产品,进口其具有“比较劣势”的产品.绝对优势理论比较是直接在二者中选出谁好谁劣,而比较优势理论则是“两利相权取其重,两弊相权取其轻.”；绝对优势理论只能说明各国分别在某一种或某几中产品的生产上,劳动生产率高于其他国家,分工得以形成,而比较优势理论还可以解释当一国在所有产品的生产上劳动生产率都高于他国时国际贸易得以成立的原因；绝对优势理论是同一产品一国对另一国的优势,是内生的,而比较优势理论是同一国一产品对另一种产品的优势,是外生性的.（3）要素禀赋理论的基本内容是什么？参考答案：要素禀赋理论认为国家贸易的基础是生产要素的禀赋和使用比例的相对差别,各国倾向于集中生产并出口那些密集使用本国充裕资源的产品,进口那些密集使用本国稀缺资源的产品.（4）基于局部均衡分析要素禀赋理论下贸易影响和贸易所得.参考答案：①贸易影响：没有贸易时出口国的国内市场均衡价格<国际市场价格<没有贸易时进口国的国内市场均衡价格.进口国外商品会导致国内同类产品价格下降,生产减少,消费增加.出口产品的价格上升,生产增加,国内消费减少.②贸易所得：对出口国而言,出口产品价格提高,使“消费者剩余”减少,但对生产者来说,出口则带来了很大利益：既增加了产量,又提高了价格,“生产者剩余”增加,出口使本国消费者受害而生产者得益.对进口国而言,从生产者的角度来讲,自由贸易并非一件好事,在廉价进口的冲击下,“生产者剩余”减少.但正是由于廉价外国产品的进口,使得“消费者剩余”增加,进口使本国消费者受益生产者受损.无论是对进口国还是对出口国而言,贸易使该国的整体福利增加.具体分析见本章第3节.（4）什么是里昂惕夫之谜？西方学者对此作了哪些解释？参考答案：里昂惕夫1947年运用投入一产出分析法考察美国对外易商品结构,拟对H-O 定理进行实践上的验证时,却发现美国出口的是劳动密集型产品,进口的却是资本密集型产品,而美国显然是一个资本雄厚而劳动相对不足的国家.这一结论与赫克歇尔、俄林的观点完全相反.西方学者提出了人力资本说、熟练劳动说、自然资源论、要素密集度逆转论、需求偏向论和贸易保护论六种解释.（5）什么是产业内贸易？其产生的原因是什么？参考答案：产业内贸易,是指同一产业部门具有相似的要素投入和消费替代性的产品通过外部或内部市场在不同国家或地区间的双向流动,简单地说,它是指一个国家或地区既进口又出口同一产业部门的现象,在某些研究中,又被称为双向贸易或重叠贸易.产业内贸易理论中所指的产业,必须具备两个条件：一是生产投入要素相近；二是产品在消费上可以相互替代.产生的原因主要有产品的同质性、规模经济和经济发展水平三方面.（6）简述产品生命周期理论的主要内容.参考答案：从创新国与模仿国的角度,将产品生命周期划分为五个阶段.第一阶段为新产品阶段.在这一阶段,由于新产品刚刚问世,仅在创新国生产和消费,所以既无出口也无进口.第二阶段为产品成长阶段.在这一阶段,创新国对新产品进行了改进,使产量迅速提高.此时,国外还不能生产这种产品,故创新国在国内外市场都拥有垄断地位.在这一阶段,将有一定量的新产品出口到国外,主要是其他一些发达国家.第三阶段为产品成熟阶段.新产品在创新国已经标准化,创新厂商开始授权外国厂商生产这种产品.第四阶段为其他发达国家参与新产品的出口市场竞争.模仿国不仅为本国消费者生产,而且出口产品,并且成为该产品的主要出口国.第五阶段为创新国成为该产品的进口国.由于外国的技术水平与创新国的技术水平逐渐接近,同时外国的工资水平仍低于创新国,因此该产品在其他一些发达国家生产和出口,而创新国逐渐成为该产品的净进口国.此外,由于技术日益陈旧,技术的转让费用越来越低,技术逐渐在发展中国家扩散,一些发展中国家开始引进该产品的技术进行生产和出口,最后发展中国家成为该产品的主要生产国和出口国.（7）国家竞争优势理论的主要内容.参考答案：迈克尔·波特的国家竞争优势理论认为,一国的国内经济环境对企业开发其自身的竞争能力有很大影响,其中影响最大、最直接的因素是以下四项因素：生产要素、需求要素、相关和支持产业以及企业战略和组织结构.第3章对外直接投资理论1.国际直接投资的基本理论有哪些？参考答案：国际直接投资的基本理论包括垄断优势理论、内部化理论、国际生产折衷理论、对外直接投资发展阶段理论和投资诱发要素组合理论.2.简述垄断优势理论的主要内容及其重要发展.参考答案：垄断优势理论认为,在完全竞争的市场条件下,国际贸易是跨国企业进入国际市场的唯一方式,并根据比较优势原则从事进出口活动；而市场不完全性的存在使得一些企业取得了垄断优势,这些垄断优势则成为企业对外直接投资的根本动力和决定因素.在二十世纪六、七十年代,众多西方经济学家在海默与金德尔伯格研究的基础上进一步对垄断优势理论进行了发展与完善,主要包括约翰逊“知识资产垄断优势理论”、凯夫斯“产品异质化垄断优势理论”、尼克博克“寡占反应垄断优势理论”和阿哈罗奈“生产技术垄断优势理论”.3.目前跨国公司内部贸易增长较快,请以内部化理论解释该现象.参考答案：内部化理论认为世界市场是不完全竞争的市场,跨国公司为了其自身的利益,为克服外部市场的某些失效以及某些产品的特殊性质或垄断势力的存在,导致企业市场交易成本的增加.而通过国际直接投资, 公司可以将本来应在外部市场交易的业务转变为在公司所属企业之间进行,并形成一个内部市场.从而通过外部市场内部化降低交易成本和交易风险.4.国际生产折衷理论的主要内容有哪些？如何评价？参考答案：国际生产折衷理论的核心为“三优势模式”（O.I.L.Paradigm）,即跨国公司经营决策是由所有权优势、内部化优势和区位优势三组变量决定的.一国企业是否应从事国际生产和对外直接投资,应当全面研究和评价它是否具备所有权优势、内部化优势和区位优势,三类优势是相互结合、缺一不可的,任何一类优势都不能单独用来解释国际生产和对外直接投资的倾向,只有同时具备这三类优势才能进行对外直接投资.若只拥有所有权优势而无力将其内部化,同时也不能利用国外的区位优势,则最好采用许可证合同的方式转让技术；若公司具备所有权优势且能够将其内部化,但仍然不具备区位优势,则其最优选择为国内生产然后出口；若公司同时具备所有权优势、内部化优势和区位优势,则企业应当选择对外直接投资.邓宁的国际生产折衷理论融合了自海默以来的多家国际直接投资理论学派,具有高度的概括性和综合性,用以评价在对外直接投资的起因和发展方面影响重大的一系列因素,较为全面准确地解释了跨国公司的国际生产活动,成为国际直接投资理论中影响最大、最为深远的理论框架,被称为对外直接投资的“通论”.5.对外直接投资发展阶段理论与国际生产折衷理论的区别在哪里？参考答案：国际生产折衷理论的研究对象是发达国家的跨国公司,而对外直接投资发展阶段理论则是形成了一个对发达国家和发展中国家普遍适用的国际直接投资理论框架；国际生产折衷理论认为一个国家的对外直接投资倾向只取决于其所拥有的所有权优势、内部化优势以及区位优势,而对外直接投资发展阶段理论则认为对外直接投资的一部分是国家特定优势或企业特定优势的函数,另一部分是该国经济发展阶段的函数.6.简述投资诱发要素组合理论的基本内容.参考答案：投资诱发要素组合理论认为,任何形式的对外直接投资都是在投资直接诱发要素和间接诱发要素的组合作用下而发生的.所谓直接诱发要素,主要是指各类生产要素,包括劳动力、资本、资源、技术、管理及信息知识等.间接诱发要素是指除直接诱发要素以外的其他诱发对外直接投资的因素,主要包括三个方面：(1)投资国政府诱发和影响对外直接投资的因素.(2)东道国诱发和影响对外直接投资的因素.(3)全球性诱发和影响对外直接投资的因素.发达国家对外直接投资主要是直接诱发要素在起作用,这与他们拥有某种要素优势有关,如资本、技术、管理等.而发展中国家则相反,由于他们相对于发达国家缺乏明显的直接诱发要素优势,对外直接投资很大程度上受间接诱发要素影响.间接诱发要素对当代国际直接投资起着越来越重要的作用.第4章国际收支与汇率理论1．什么是一价定律？它有什么假设？使用范围是什么？参考答案：一价定律可表述为,当贸易是开放的且交易费用为零时,同样的货物无论在何地销售,其价格都必然相同.即：表示商品的国内价格,表示的是商品的国外价格,为两国间的汇率.一价定律的成立需要满足严格的限制条件,例如没有额外交易成本的假设.同时,一价定律并不适用于世界上所有的商品和服务,因为某些商品和服务（例如理发等）是非贸易品,各国的消费习惯、经济发展阶段与产业结构的差异也会扭曲一价定律.2、购买力平价理论的贡献有哪些？有哪些缺陷？能否真实反映一国的经济发展水平？参考答案：购买力平价理论提出了纸币制度下决定汇率的基础,可以判断一国货币币值是否被高估或低估,为制定正确的汇率政策提供依据.同时,它还可以作为换算工具,用来比较各国的主要国民经济指标,避免按照市场汇率转换而产生的偏差.购买力平价理论的缺陷在于,各国国内都存在一些不进入国际贸易领域、不参与国际交易的商品和劳务,无法衡量其价格水平；它要求不同市场上的同类、同质商品的价格通过国际贸易趋向相等,这一条件存在的前提国家间的自由贸易和交易成本为零,但在国际贸易的实践中,存在着种种人为障碍（如关税壁垒、进口配额、进口许可证制、外汇管制以及市场上存在的垄断力量等）和自然障碍（如贸易本身所涉及的运输成本和保险费用等）,因此,贸易商品的价格是不可能完全趋向相等的.该理论并不能真实反映一国的经济水平.因为在购买力平价理论的框架中,消费者偏好的变化、生产技术的进步、资本货物或生产资料的积累、市场结构的改变以及国民收入的增长等实际因素对汇率的影响被简化,该理论仅仅在货币性经济变量之上进行分析,将实际性经济变量以及人们的预期心理因素排斥在外.政府实施的管制及其他干预措施、市场参与者的预期心理出现的频繁变化等因素,也都会阻碍货币汇率对通货膨胀率差异作出充分的调整,从而使得购买力平价难以成立.3、利率平价方程说明了什么？如何理解现实中对利率平价的偏离？参考答案：利率平价方程表明：如果国内利率高于国外利率,远期外汇将升水；反之则贴水,而且升（贴）水率等于利率差异.现实中对利率平价的偏离情况为投资者提供了机会,根据利率平价对现实偏离的方向进行分析,既可以让风险爱好者赖以牟利,也可以为风险规避者提供避险的依据.4．西方发达国家的学者们根据购买力平价计算的结果,认为中国经济发展水平目前已经位居世界前列,并据此对中国以发展中国家的身份加入世界贸易组织的要求设置种种障碍.试根据购买力平价的缺陷谈谈你的看法.参考答案：参照第二题.购买力平价说本身就存在许多缺陷,因此给予此理论的论述可以作为特定假设下的参考,而用于政策制定则难免有失偏颇.5．如果分别代表本国和外国利率水平,分别代表以间接标价法表示的即期汇率与远期汇率,而且远期期限与利率期限相同.试推导利率平价条件并解释它为什么会成立？参考答案：如果用本币投资于本国金融市场,则1单位本国货币到期可增值为.如果这一单位本币用于投资于外国金融市场,则这一投资行为分为三个步骤：(1)先在外汇市场上兑换为外币,在间接标价法下,可得单位的外币；(2)再投资于外国金融市场,一年后可得外币：个单位；(3)存款到期后,将外国货币在外汇市场上按照远期汇率换成本国货币,可得本币：个单位.如果,则众多的投资者都会将资金投入外国金融市场,这导致外汇市场上即期购入外国货币以及远期卖出外国货币行为增多,从而使本币即期贬值(增大),远期升值(减小),投资于外国金融市场的收益率下降,反之亦然.只有当这两种投资方式的收益率完全相同时,市场才处于平衡状态.所以,当投资者采取持有远期合约的抛补方式交易时,市场会最终使利率与汇率之间形成下列关系：.记即期汇率与远期汇率之间的升(贴)水率为,整理得间接表示法下的利率平价公式：,其经济含义是：汇率的远期升贴水率等于两国货币利率水平之差.6、假定美国与瑞士的利率分别为,即期汇率为1美元等于1.1314瑞士法郎,试计算瑞士法郎三个月的远期汇率.参考答案：第5章国际贸易与世界市场1.什么是区域经济一体化? 它有哪些形式?参考答案：区域经济一体化是指位于某一地理区域内的各个国家通过相互合作,削减或消除国与国之间的商品、劳务和资本的流通壁垒的过程被.区域经济一体化可以划分为以下几种形式,其中每一种经济一体化形式都包含了比它更低层次的一体化形式的所有特点.主要包括特惠贸易安排、自由贸易区、关税同盟、共同市场、经济同盟和完全的经济一体化.☆2.试分析自由贸易区与关税同盟的区别.参考答案：自由贸易区通常指签订有自由贸易协定的国家所组成的经济贸易集团,成员国相互取消关税和数量限定,使区域内各成员国的商品可以自由流动,但各成员国仍保留独立的对非成员国的关税和其他贸易壁垒,以及保持其内外经济政策的独立性.其重要特征是在该一体化组织参与者之间取消了商品贸易的障碍,成员国内的厂商可以将商品自由的输入和输出,真正实现了商品的自由贸易,但是它严格地将这种贸易待遇限制在参与国或成员国之间.自由贸易区的另一个重要特征是成员国之间没有共同对外关税.而关税同盟是指成员国根据缔结的协定,将各自的关税合并为一个统一的关税,成员国之间取消关税和进口数量限制,对从同盟以外的国家进口的货物实行统一的关税和进口数量限制.关税同盟规定成员国之间共同、统一的对外关税,实际上是将关税的制定权让渡给经济一体化组织.它不像自由贸易区那样,只是相互之间取消关税,而不作权利让渡.因此,关税同盟对成员国的约束力比自由贸易区大.3.简述WTO的基本原则.参考答案：世界贸易组织建立的协定是国际贸易制度运行和各成员国贸易政策制定的法律基础,它继承了关贸总协定的主要原则,比关贸总协定约束的范围更加广泛,它是一个真正意义上的国际贸易体系. 在世界贸易组织建立的协定中,明确指出了五个基本原则,即非歧视原则、通过谈判逐渐推行贸易自由化原则、可预见原则、促进公平竞争原则和鼓励发展与改革原则.非歧视原则,即贯彻最惠国待遇和国民待遇原则,非歧视原则在关贸总协定中作了明确的规定.贸易自由化原则是指通过减少贸易障碍来促进贸易的扩大.这些贸易障碍不仅是指进口关税,还包括各种数量限制、政府的某些限制进口的规定以及汇率政策等方面的限制措施.可预见性原则是指各成员国在其贸易政策或规定执行以前,要对成员国公开并通知世界贸易组织.鼓励公平竞争的原则是指世界贸易要在公开、公正和不受干预的情况下开展,因而该体系反对倾销、补贴及政府的歧视性采购等.鼓励发展与改革原则是指对发展中成员国的经济发展和改革采取鼓励原则.4.关贸总协定通过八轮谈判成功地降低了各成员国货物贸易中的关税和非关税壁垒,为什么还要成立WTO？参考答案：关贸总协定的制定使得国际贸易能够在一个比较自由的贸易环境下展开.但关贸总协定在设立时,主要是针对货物贸易及其相关产业部门的贸易问题而设定的规则协议,这就制约着缔约国之间贸易范围的发展扩大,如服务贸易和知识产权等贸易问题.1986年9 月,关贸总协定在乌拉圭启动第八轮谈判(又称乌拉圭回合),谈判议题中涉及了服务贸易和与贸易有关的知识产权等非货物贸易问题.这些重大议题的谈判成果很难在关税与贸易总协定的框架内付诸实施,使得创立一个正式的国际贸易组织的必要性日益突出.5.分析北美自由贸易区成立的原因.参考答案：促使北美自由贸易区成立的原因主要有三个方面.第一,美、加、墨三国具有实行经济一体化的可能性.三国地理位置紧紧相连,语言文字、价值观念和风俗习惯等都具有相似性.三国的经济互补性加强且依存度很高.第二,是来自欧洲经济一体化的压力.20世纪80年代以来,世界经济一体化成为世界经济的一个突出现象.为了适应激烈的竞争,更多的国家组成新的区域经济一体化组织或者加入到原有的一体化组织当中.欧洲一体化的扩大和深化使美国倍感压力.美国清楚地认识到,统一大市场将使自己面临一系列的难题.单靠自己的力量,不足以应付来自欧共体和其他区域经济体的挑战,建立以美国为首的区域经济一体化组织,以整体力量与其他一体化组织对抗,才可以保持在世界经济中的主导地位.第三,符合北美各成员国发展经济的需要.。
国际商务英语课后题答案
6.
We are given to understand that you are a prospective buyer of Chinese arts and crafts which come within the frame of our business activities. 7. We are striving to expand economic cooperation and exchange of technology with foreign countries and will utilize common and reasonable international practices in a flexible way. 8. As requested, we are sending you, under separate cover, our latest catalogues and pricelist. 9. We are writing to offer you an opportunity to develop trade. 10. Your letter expressing the hope of establishing business connections with us has been received with thanks.
7. B: You talk the words out of my mouth. 8. B: Certainly. In order to give you a general idea of the various kinds of our products now available for export, I’d like to give you our latest catalogues and price list. 9. B: sure. We have mainly adopted some usual international practices. 10. B: Thank you. I propose a toast to the health of every one here and to the success of our future negotiations.
国际商务英语综合教程答案
Unit 1. Key to ExercisesB, d, b, c, astream ,agitprop, combat, launched, spokesman, campaign, hoops, theme, initiatives, gear, stretches, gesture, tacklec, a, d, b(参考译文)世界正在经历一场规模空前的并购浪潮。
这个浪潮从异常活跃的美国席卷到欧洲，并以不可比拟的威力影响着正在崛起的国家。
这些国家有不少人关注着这个浪潮，同时他们担心：“企业合并的浪潮会不会变成一种无法控制的反竞争力量？”无疑，大企业正在变得更大型、更强大。
跨国公司在1982年只占有国际贸易不到20%的份额。
目前，这个数字上升到25%并且还在迅速上升。
在那些对外开放并欢迎外资的国家的经济中，国际分公司在国民生产中形成一个快速增长的部门。
比如，在阿根廷，经过20世纪90年代初的改革后，跨国公司在200家大型企业的工业生产中从43% 增加到几乎70%。
这个现象引起人们严重关切小型企业和民族资本的作用，严重关切世界经济的最终稳定。
我相信，推动这次巨大并购浪潮最主要的力量与推动全球化进程的是同一种力量：降低运输与通信成本，减少贸易与投资障碍，扩大生产以满足业已扩大的市场需求。
所有这些对消费者来说都有益而无害。
随着生产力的提高，世界的财富也就增长了。
目前，还没有多少例证可以显示这场合并浪潮的利弊。
一个世纪以前，人们担心几个石油公司的合并会对竞争造成威胁，所以把美孚石油托拉斯拆解成几个公司，但是今天却很难想象几个石油公司合并会重新造成同样的威胁。
几个通信公司合并，形成诸如世界通信这样的公司，似乎没有并给消费者带来涨价，或者降低技术进步的速度。
恰恰相反，通信价格反而降得很快。
在汽车行业，合并也同样在增加，但消费者好像并未受到伤害，戴姆勒与克莱斯勒的合并，雷诺与尼桑合并就是例证。
不过，有一点却并未改变，那就是，合并风必须受到严密监视。
国际商务英语写作参考答案 1-3
《国际商务英语写作》教材练习参考答案Chapter OneClassroom activity参考答案：Morris Docherty & Company Limited200 Regent Street, Oxford OX43 19TNFOGLAMPS18 May 2006Our ref: TR/0058The Sales DirectorL.A Bird & Sons Ltd.4-6 Bell LaneLondon WC17 10ZAttention: The Sales DeptDear Mr. Jenkinson,Re: Cars and MotorcyclesIn response to your inquiry of 12 May, we wish to inform you that a copy of our illustrated catalogue, price list asked for in your above letter have been airmailed to you separately.The prices quoted are understood to be on CIF London basis. A discount of 10% may be allowed if the quantity for each specification is more than 100. Our terms of payment are by an irrevocable L/C, available by draft at sight.By the way, we wish to inform you that our newly-developed motorcar ITM005-12 has become very popular on the world market because of their durability and reasonable prices and it has been difficult for us to meet the increasing demand. However, if you place your orders before the end of this month we assure you of our prompt shipment.We look forward to receiving an order from you soon.Yours faithfully,P. ZhouSales ManagerEnclosure: 4 price-listsC.C. Our branch office in LondonP.S. The illustrated catalogue will be airmailed to you tomorrow.Exercise A 参考答案：（1）We would be pleased if you could let us know your address.（2）Thank you very much for your reply. （I really appreciate your kind help./Your kind help is highly appreciated.）（3）Please remit payment within one week so that you can maintain your credit rating.（4）If you had taken proper care of the shipment, there would have been no damage.（5）I am very pleased to tell you that we have approved your application.（6）Three factors influence the conclusion of the contract.（7）I am pleased to inform you that you will be able to receive a full refund of deposit if you return the goods within a week.（8）I look forward to hearing from you soon.（9）As your contract has lapsed, we cannot do as you request.（10）At the New York meeting, I agreed to your request that we postpone the decision on whether to represent Haier Ltd.Exercise B 参考答案：Dear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of (date).While appreciating the quality of your cigarette lighters, we find that your price is too high for us to accept. We have received a quotation from a German company and they quoted us a price approximately 15% lower than that of yours. We are of the opinion that the quality of their products does not measure up to that of yours, but the gap in price shouldn’t be so big. To accept your present quotation would mean a heavy loss to us, not to speak of profit.We would, however, very much like to place further orders with you if you could bring down your prices by 12%. Otherwise we can only switch our requirements to our suppliers.As the market is declining, we recommend your immediate acceptance of our requirement.Yours faithfully,Exercise C 参考答案Vogel Energy Co. Ltd.788 Canton RoadKowloon, Hongkong, SARTel: 78965432, Fax: 89087650June 7th, 2006Our Ref: VJ008-12VOGEL ENERGY COMPANY LIMITED2782 Harvard BoulevarLos Angeles, CA 90007Dear Mr. Beare，Subject: Our Latest CatalogueThank you for your inquiry of June 9th, 2006, asking for the latest edition of our catalogue. We are pleased to enclose our latest brochure which explains the aims of our organization.If you have interest in our work, please fill in the form attached to the enclosed leaflet. An annual subscription of HK＄100 brings full membership, all issues of our journal and any other occasional publications.If you require any further information, please let me know.We look forward to welcoming you as our customer.Yours faithfully,Jenny Liu (Miss)CC: Mr. JohnsonPS: We shall meet you in Hong Kong next week.Exercise D 参考答案：The main purpose of this letter is to give the recipient the good news that his application for a loan has been approved, so in the revised copy, the writer wisely begins the letter with a positive and pleasant note, which creates a good mood for the letter. In the second letter, the domineering tone is replaced by a polite tone. Besides, the use of “Mr. Brown” at the beginning of the third paragraph gives the letter some personal touch, and several positive words are used to replace some offensive words or phrases.Chapter TwoClassroom activity参考答案:Merits: The letter is concise and all the relevant information is covered, although very briefly. Each paragraph deals with one topic. The reader is clear what reaction he should make after reading the letter.Demerits: Every paragraph should be indented as there is no double space between paragraphs. The subject is too general and not attractive enough.Exercise A 参考答案：(1) We learned your esteemed company and address from the Commercial Counselor of Japanese Embassy in Beijing, China.(2) We are a major exporter of computers in our locality with ten-year experience in dealing primarily in this line and are now desirous of expanding our business to our neighboring countries.(3) We enclose a complete set of leaflets showing specifications and packaging, hoping that it will give you a general idea of the products we handle.(4)We take the liberty to write to you in the hope of building up a long term business relationship with you.(5) We learnt that you are a potential customer of Chinese electronic products, and these items fall within our business scope.(6) It would be appreciated if you would kindly send us your Directory of Importers so that we might be able to get in touch with the parties concerned. We would also be greatly obliged if you would include our wishes in your next publication.（7）Being closely connected with reliable wholesalers in our city, we shall be able to do considerable import business with you.（8）It is hoped that by our joint efforts we can promote business as well as friendship.Exercise B 参考答案：From: candy@To: sue@Subject: 无主题(The subject is necessary as this is an initiating letter)Dear Sirs,We have your name and address by courtesy of Mr. smith (Smith) who are (is) your old client. We know that you are one of the leading importers of furniture. We are now writing to you for the establishment of business relations.Our company has been in this line of business for many years and enjoys high international prestige. We approach you today in the hope of establishing business relations with you (The purpose of this letter has been stated in the first paragraph, so, it should be removed) and wish, by our joint efforts, to enlarge our business scope (This part should be placed at the end of the first paragraph). Our company are (is) of very good quality (A company, not its products are of good quality?) and our firm is always regarded by our customers as the most reliable one. (It’s better to place this sentence at the beginning of this paragraph, following the first sentence)We are looking forward your early reply.Yours faithfully,(Always remember to sign at the end when writing business letters)Comments: This letter is too simple and not enough message is given. The writer should include more useful and attractive information in this letter so that the recipient may give a prompt and positive reply.Exercise C 参考答案：Dear Sirs,We are indebted to your Commercial Office in Beijing, ___from___ whom we learn that you are a ___leading/major/chief____ importer of electric goods in your country. As this item falls __into__ our business scope, we are pleased to ____approach_____ you for the __establishment___ of traderelations with you.In order to ___familiarize/acquaint___ you with our business lines, we enclose a copy of our export list ____with_____ the main items now __available___ for export. If you are interested in any of the items, please ___contact__ us and we shall be glad to make you an offer.Your early reply will be highly __appreciated__.Exercise D 参考答案：Dear Sir/Madam,We learnt from the Internet that you are the biggest beverage producer in China and you wish to purchase commodities with good quality and reasonable prices from different channels.We have the pleasure of introducing ourselves to you as a chief manufacturer of plastic bottles and are writing this letter to express our hope to be a supplier of your company. The quality of our bottles is good and reliable. We have all the necessary licenses, certificates and qualifications you listed in your advertisement. The copies of these documents will be mailed to you soon.If you need any other information, please let me know and I will forward it to you at the earliest possible date. With reference to our credit standing, you may refer to Bank of China, Zhejiang Branch.Your immediate response will be highly appreciated.Sincerely Yours,(Signature)Chapter ThreeClassroom activity参考答案：Dear sir:We are an importer of electric cranes. We learnt from Mr. Harcliffe that your new model XP-9804 is much more efficient than XP-9801. We were also told your quotation for the new model and hope the price doesn’t change.We wish to place a trial order for five sets. We also expect you to offer us some favorable business terms if we place larger orders. We are in a heavy demand for this type of cranes.Please confirm the sale and tell us your earliest date of shipment possible and other relevant business terms.Your early reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,Joe TangExercise A 参考答案：(1)If you can do everything _the writer requested, introduce the goods news early.(2)If you can only partially meet/satisfy the writer’s request, first say what you can do ;then explain what you can’t do and why.(3)If you are unable to supply anything requested, open your letter with an expression ofappreciation, then proceed to the _bad news_.(4)Use every opportunity to win the inquirer’s goodwill, whether your response is favorable or_unfavorable_. In other words, go out of your way to __be helpful_.(5)Personalize your message in such a way that the ___recipient___ feels that you are honestlyglad to be _of service_ disappointed that you can’t help.(6)When sending printed materials, refer only to the features you think will _interest_ yourreader most. Don’t __repeat_ in your letter everything that has been said in the printed material.Exercise B 参考答案：(1)We take great interest in your electric heater, especially model F for office use. Please send usa copy of relevant catalogue and current price list.(2)We have received your quotation for portable CD player. We would be much obliged if youcould send us a copy of your catalogue and a price list.(3)We happened to find your Lucky camera in a local store, who gave us your company address.(4)We visited your booth at Zhejiang Import & Export Exhibition last spring. We are nowwriting to inquire bout your mouse and its relevant information.(5)We are very much interested in your Model WXY-05 fax machine. We would be very gratefulif you could send us your catalogue.(6)We will place large regular orders with you if your delivery date is reasonable.(7)Thank you for your letter dated 26th of October and we are appreciative of your interest in ourproducts.(8)Thank you for your inquiry dated May 5, 2006 and we are very pleased to send you samplesof our goatskin bag and the price list respectively.Exercise C 参考答案：(1) 我们从波斯顿环球日报的一则广告中得知，贵方是玻璃艺术品的出口商，故在此冒昧要求贵方给我方寄来广告中的产品样品。
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Chapter 15
1.Dear Sirs,
Your Chamber of Commerce has recommended you as a possible buyer of our products and we are now writing to you for the possibility of entering into trade relations with you.
We specialize in the exportation of cotton piece goods, and we’ve been in this line for more than 10 years.
Enclosed is a copy of our latest catalogue for your reference. We hope to hear from you soon.
Yours faithfully,
xxxxx
2.Dear Sirs,
We thank you for the letter of Feb. 20 and shall be glad to enter into business relations with you.
As to our financial standing, you may refer to the Bank of China, New York Branch.
We hope with joint efforts business will develop to our mutual benefits.
Yours faithfully,
Xxxxx
Chapter 16
Feb 8, 1999 Dear Sirs,
Re: Computers
This company is one of the largest electronic products importers in Changsha, China. We sincerely hope to establish business relations with your company so as to promote trade between our two countries.
We are enclosing an inquiry No. 333 and looking forward to receiving, at an early date, your quoting FOB New York including our 2% discount. While quoting, please state the earliest shipment and quantity available. If your quotation is competitive, we are ready to conclude substantial business with you. Your early reply will be very much appreciated.
Sincerely,
xxxxx Chapter 17
March 28, 1996 Dear Sirs,
We thank you for your letter of March 25. Your comments on our offer of IMB computers have had our close attention.
Although we are keen to meet your requirements, we regret that we are
unable to comply with your request to reduce the prices as our prices are closely calculated. Even if there is a difference between our prices and those of other suppliers, you will find it profitable to buy from us because the quality of our products is far better than of other foreign makers available in your district.
We are prepared to allow you a discount of 5% provided your order calls for a minimum quantity of 1000 sets. If you find our proposal acceptable, please let us have your order at an early date.
Sincerely,
xxxx
Chapter 18
1.An acceptance letter
Dear Sirs,
We’ve carefully considered your counter-offer and agree to accept is.
The price we offered is practical, but we agree to give it a 2% reduction just in order to encourage business between us.
As requested in your previous letter, we enclose our Sales Confirmation in triplicate. Please sign and return one copy for our files.
Yours faithfully,
Xxxxx
2.An order letter
Dear Sirs,
In reply to your letter of June 6th, we are very much interested in your offer and have decided to place an order for the following, on the terms stated in your letter.
COMPAQ 1200 computers, 3000 sets, delivery within five weeks.
We place this order on the clear understanding that only if you can guarantee dispatch in time to reach us by the end of five weeks, and that we reserve the right to cancel it and to refuse delivery after this date.
Yours faithfully,
xxxxx。