Lecture Six(10.22)
选修六M5课时讲义
选修六M5课时讲义外研版选修六M5课时讲义课堂导入在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
1．While ________ (study) at university, he discovers the secret of how to create life.答案：studying2．However, the monster, ________ has learnt to speak, is intelligent and has human emotions.答案：who3．________ the end of the story, the monster disappears into the ice and snow ________ (end) his own life.答案：At; to end4．It was on a cold November night ________ I saw my creation for the first time.答案：thatagreed.答案：that知识讲解1beneficial adj.有益的；有用的Do you think cloning may be beneficial/ helpful to humans？(P61)你认为克隆对人类有益吗？(1)be beneficial to＝be of benefit to对……有利/有益处(2)benefit v. 有利于；受益；获利n. 益处；好处benefit sb./sth. 对某人/物有益benefit from/by 从……中获益；得益于for the benefit of sb.＝for sb.'s benefit 为了某人的利益；为了帮助某人①[2019·辽宁高考，阅读理解A]While more notes are beneficial,_if the notes are takenmindlessly, the benefit disappears.虽然记更多的笔记有好处，但如果盲目地记笔记，那好处也就消失了。
Lecture notes for ESSLLI-97
begin
let r be any rule in Q remove r from Q if c(r) 2 Cn(S ) then =
begin end
S := S fc(r)g for every rule s such that p(s) 2 Cn(S ) do add s to Q;
end
Figure 1: Algorithm to compute a basis for CnB (W )
Then, for every set of formulas W there is a least set T closed under PC + B and containing W .
Proposition 2.1 Let B be a set of inference rules (defaults without justi cations).
1
2 Introduction to Default Logic
Default logic is a knowledge representation mechanism allowing for reasoning in the presence of incomplete information. It handles the logical aspects of modalities such as \normally", \usually", etc. Syntactically, default logic extends the rst order logic (we will be treating propositional case almost exclusively) by introducing new entities called default rules or, simply, defaults. A default rule is a construct of the form : r = ' : M 1 ;# : : ; M m where '; 1; : : : ; k ; # are formulas of the language. The formula ' is called the premise or prerequisite of r and is denoted by p(r). The set f 1 ; : : : ; k g is called the set of justi cation of r and is denoted by j (r). The formula # is called the conclusion or consequent of r and is denoted c(r). Justi cations are used in default logic to explicitly represent conditions blocking applicability of defaults. That is, application of a rule of proof is quali ed by the absence of explicit information that would implying inconsistency of one of the justi cations of the rule. Put in yet another way, a default is applicable if its premise has been already established and all its justi cations are consistent, that is, their negations are not provable. It is precisely that presence of justi cations that allows us to model modalities such as \normally" and \usually" within default logic. In our format, a default rule has just one premise. This is an immaterial restriction since we will be assuming the usual rules of logic anyway. Default logic deals with default theories, that is, pairs (D; W ), where D is a collection of defaults and W is a collection of formulas. Default logic subsumes standard proof systems. It turns out that usual inference rules of the form ' # can simply be considered as defaults with empty set of justi cations. All major approaches to semantics of default logic are based on the natural semantics for a proof system in which propositional logic (PC) is extended by a collection of such standard inference rules (say B ). We will denote such systems by PC + B . We will now describe some properties of systems PC + B . A set of formulas T is closed under an inference rule r if the fact that ' 2 T implies that # 2 T . Similarly, T is closed under a set of rules B is it is closed under all rules in B . A set of formulas T is closed under inference in PC + B if T is closed under B and under propositional provability. We have the following fact. 2
翻译lecture six
会谈笑风生，问题是要碰到她们高兴的时候；她们 也不是不会待人和颜悦色，问题在于她们是否乐意 这样做；可惜的是，她们一味骄傲自大
• The fan，with its modern，elegant，bright，and harmoniously colored design，is an excellent electrical household appliance for cooling purposes on hot summer days．
• 老人说，“听人说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。
他过去d never thought I’d be happy to find myself considered unimportant. But this time I was.
以往我从未想过，当我发觉人们认为 我是无足轻重时，我会感到高兴。但 这次情况确是如此 。
• 3The magistrates are free to burn down houses while the common people are forbidden even to light lamps． (One man may steal a horse while another may not look over the hedge．) • 4上班，做家务，交朋友，(这些)占用了我的全部时间。
After-class assignment
1. 这个小男孩饭前都洗手，然后用餐巾纸擦干。 2. 交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修 改的地方。这样你才能把工作做好。 3 只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。 4．My work，my family，my friend are more than enough to fill my time． 5．To err is human，to forgive divine．
大学英语基础教程(北大修订版)教案第二册Unit Six
Unit SixTeaching Objectives:By the end of this unit, the students will be expected to be able to1.talk about some sports items such as sleighing and diving;e about 15 new words and 8 new phrases and expressions in briefconversations and translation;3.know the use of infinitive;4.read material on a similar topic and with a similar degree of difficulty. Teaching Methods: Lecture, Discussion, Role-playUnit Duration: 8 class hours (45 minutes each)Teaching procedures:I. Preparatory1. Words and Phrases Learned In Displayobstacle: syn. obstruction; barriernative: a person who was born in a particular placefasten:antonym unfastenperform: performance(n.)resort: a place where people go for holidays; seaside/beach/ski resortcourse:syn. field; pitch; courtcrew: crewmanbend:syn. curvesharp:syn. shrill; piercingman-made:syn. artificial; antonym natural2. Key to Expressions Learned In Display1. such as2.cares for3. made up his mind4. except for5. dates from II. Language In Context1. Preview Questionsi.Do you have any favorite sports? What are they? Why?ii.Please list some sports that require two players.iii.Can you name any favorite Chinese or international sports players?Keys for reference:① there are various answers according to the individuals. The following expressions may be of assistance.Basketball is one of my favorite sports. I like watching NBA because it not only brings entertainment to the inspectors, but I have learnt the importance of teamwork.②Sports that require two players include badminton, table tennis, tennis, fencing, chess, judo, wrestling and so on.③ My favorite sports players are Yao ming, Beckham, Iverson, Liu Xiang, Lang Ping, Luo Xuejuan, and Schumacher. Of the many sports players, I like Liu Xiang best. After he won the gold medal in 110 meter hurdles at 2004 Olympic Games, Liu Xiang became the idol in my heart. He is worth the title of “the person who moves Chinese in 2004”.2. Information Related To The Texti.EskimosAny member of a group of peoples who, with the closely related Aleut, constitute the chief element in the native population of the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of Greenland, Alaska, Canada, and far eastern Russia.Self-designations vary among the languages and dialects of the Eskimo peoples.They include such names as Inuit, Inupiat, Yupik, and Alutiit, each of which is a regional variant of “the people” or the “real people.” The oldest known Eskimoculture is that from a site on Umnak Island in the Aleutians, for which an age of 3,018 (plus or minus 230) years was recorded. In the late 20th century there were an estimated 17,000 self-described Eskimo: some 51,000 in Greenland and Denmark, 43,000 in Alaska, 21,000 in Canada, and about 1,6000 in Siberia.Traditional Eskimo culture was totally adapted to an extremely cold, snow-and icebound environment in which vegetable foods were almost nonexistent , trees were scarce, and caribou , seal, walrus, and whale meat, and fish were the major food sources. Dogsleds were the basic means of transport on land. Eskimo clothing was fashioned of caribou furs, which provided protection against the extreme cold. In summer many Eskimos lived in animal-skin tents. Their basic social and economic unit was the nuclear family, and their religion was animistic.ii. HollandHistorical region of the Netherlands, divided since 1840 into the provinces of Noord-holland (north Holland) and Zuid-holland). It constitutes the flat, low-lying northwestern portion of the modern country.Holland originated in the early 12th century as a fief of Holy Roman Empire and was ruled by a dynasty of counts that traced its origin to the 9th century. These nobles had reemerged in the 10th century after Viking devastation of the coastal area had ended, and they proceeded to expand their territory of present Noord-Holland northward, at the expense of the Frisians, and eastward and southward, which involved them in a series of wars with the bishops of Utrecht.The name Holland was derived from the region around Dordrecht, which was known as Holtland(“wooden land”).3. Language Points1. Many sports began as ways to overcome obstacles.obstacle n. thing in the way that either stops progress or makes it difficulte.g. Not being able to pass his mathematics exam proved an obstacle to his career.2. Natives of northern countries such as Lapps, Finns, and Eskimos were the first experts in sleighing and sledding.native n.1) person born in a place, country, ect, and associated with it by birthe.g. a native of London, Wales and India.2) local inhabitante.g. when we’re on holiday in Greece, we live like the natives.3. Eskimos raced across frozen ground at breakneck speedbreakneck adj. dangerously faste.g. drive, ride, travel, ect at breakneck speede.g. a football pitch illuminated with floodlights4. Sleighing by boats dates from the seventeenth century.date back to/from have existed sincee.g. This castle dates from the 14th century.Our partnership dated back to 1960.5. The Dutch made up their minds to sail their boats with runners fastened beneath the bow, or front, a boat became a sleigh.Make up one’s mind come to a decisione.g. I’ve made up my mind to be a doctor.Have you made up your mind where to go for your holiday?6. The riders, except for the driver, bend backward.Except (for sb./sth.) not including (sb./sth.); but note.g. The restaurant is open every day except Monday.I can answer all the questions except for the last.She remembered nothing (about him) except that his hair was black.7.It is simply a board bound to two well-oiled runners.bind v. tie or fasten, e.g. with ropee.g. they bound his legs so he couldn’t escape.He was bound to a chair and left.8. Sleighs still perform the same task.Perform v.1) do (a piece of work, something. One is ordered to do, something. One has agreed to do)e.g. perform an operation to save his life2) act (a play), play (a piece of music) or to do tricks to entertain an audiencee.g. they are performing his piano concerto tonight.III. Toward Productive LanguageLanguage Points1. For two years, not once did she clamber onto a board.clamber v. climb, esp. with difficulty or effort , using the hands and feete.g. The children clambered over the rock.2. Fu joined the diving camps at age 7 and was shipped off to a Beijing sports schoola couple of years latership sb./sth. off send sb. awaye.g. the children had been shipped off to a boarding-school at an early age.3. Occasionally they would come to diving meets in her native Hubei province, and would scan the audience from the platform trying to locate them.occasionally adv. now and then; at timese.g. he visits me occasionally.4. In January, less than a year after she re-emerged, her crisp dives captured a silver medal at the Diving World Cupcapture v.1) take or win (sth.) by force or skille.g. capture a town2) take (sb./sth) as a prisonere.g. capture an escaped convictthis advertisement will capture the attention of TV audiences.IV. Homework1.Dictation of the new words;2.More grammar exercises(present participles);3.Translation (from Chinese to English)1)英语不是我们的母语。
Lecture_6
Galilean velocity transformation equation
Inertial frames of reference S' is moving at a velocity u with respect to another inertial frames of reference S.
2-3-2 Galilean principle of relativity
Galileo’s observation and understanding of the motion suffered two limitations: • within the realm of mechanics • the mechanical motions at very low speed: v « 299,792,458 meters per second Both of these two factors have greatly influenced Galileo’ s view of space and time and hence his concept of the principle of relativity.
The rigorous expression of the velocity transformation
dr dR dr ′ dR dr ′ dt ′ dt ′ v= = + = + ⋅ = u + v′ dt dt dt dt dt ′ dt dt
Galileo’s velocity transformation demands dt/dt’= 1, or
∆t = ∆t′
The central idea of Galileo’s concept of time: The time is absolute, the time interval is not rested upon the choice of the frame of reference.
Lecture Fifteen
Ellipsis in complex sentences
Lecture Fifteen
Substitution, Ellipsis and Emphasis
Substitution
• • • • Nominal substitution Verbal substitution Clausal substitution .
Nominal substitution
• All, both, some, any, each, enough, several, none, many, much, (a) few, (a) little, the other, others, another, either, neither • Can you get me some nails? I need some. • I don’t want any more food. I’ve had enough. • A: Can you give me a few nails? I need one. • B: I’ll get you some soon. • When the children entered, eahc (of the children)/(child) was given a small present. • Some equipment has been damaged, but none (of the equipment) has been lost. • Both of the engine had been hit, and neither (of the engines)/(engine) could be relied upon to bring us safely home. • Her cousins go to the same school as she did, and all (of her cousins)/(her cousins) want to become doctors.
大学生物专业英语lesson six
Hubei Normal University
The
probable
next
step
toward
life
was
the
spontaneous linking of such monomers into polymers such as proteinoids and nuclei acids. 这些单体自发的连接成多聚体，如类蛋白和核酸， 这些单体自发的连接成多聚体，如类蛋白和核酸，使 进入生命状态成为可能。（使进入生命状态成为可能的下 进入生命状态成为可能。 一个步骤） 一个步骤） Current research suggests that likely sites for this polymerization were clay or rock surfaces. 目前的研究认为这些聚合作用可能发生在泥土或岩石 表面。 表面。
2011-9-13 College of Life Sciences
4பைடு நூலகம்
Hubei Normal University
Basic physical features of Earth that may have made the emergence of life possible include the planet’s size, temperature, composition, and distance from the sun. 地球的基本物理特征(使生命起源成为可能 ， 地球的基本物理特征 使生命起源成为可能)， 使生命起源成为可能 包括行星的大小， 温度， 包括行星的大小 ， 温度 ， 组成以及离太阳的距离 。
Lecture10
Two materials in intimate contact at equilibrium
2012-02-23
Figure 3—26 Two materials in intimate contact at equilibrium. Since the net motion of electrons is zero, the equilibrium Fermi level must be constant throughout. Prof. Giwan Yoon
- Thus :
EF1 = EF 2
dE F =0 dx
This indicates that no gradient exists in the Fermi level at equilibrium !
Prof. Giwan Yoon 7
2012-02-23
Lecture - 10 Excess Carriers in Semiconductors
6
At energy E, the rate of transfer of electrons from 1 to 2 is proportional to the number of filled states at E in material 1 times the number of empty states at E in material 2 : - Rate from 1 to 2 : ∝ { N 1 ( E ) f 1 ( E )} × { N 2 ( E )[1 − f 2 ( E )]} - Rate from 2 to 1 : - At equilibrium :
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psychological basis of child’s speech speech dynamics physiological physical psychological
The process of a child’s requiring language
phenomenon understanding of facial expression’s and tones producing sounds responses of gestures and simple orders responses to the influences from practice of verbal games repeatedly ability of combination of verbal elements required from other‘s talks, but at random wholly understanding of orders using phrases to express itself fully understanding of adult’s utterances well mastering the use of utterances
First language
a person’s mother tongue or the language acquired first. In multilingual communities, however, a child may gradually shift from the main use of one language to the main use of another, first language may refer to the language the child feels most comfortable using.
Developmental functions of language
—— instrumental e.g. cake/mummy, cake/ a piece of cake/… —— regulatory e.g. Do as I tell you. —— interactional e.g. Let’s share the cake. —— personal e.g. I am a student of Oxford University. —— hearistic e.g. I’m feeling unease. What’s the matter? —— imaginative e.g. I would get a good preparation for the exams. —— informative e.g. John is still single
Answer:
1) appropriate, containing some grammatical errors 2) comprehension of the meaning of the sounds 3) his segment of the sounds into meaningful units 4) the child’s ability needed to know his mother’s propositions. (what does his mother mean in the question?)
First language acquisition
the learning and development of person’s native language Chomsky argues that: —— children are born with special language learning abilities (L.A.D) —— they do not have to be taught language or corrected for their mistakes. —— they learn language by being exposed to it —— linguistic rules develop subconsciously
visual
eye fixing of time / different pictures / sounds This proves that learning can be controlled. for breathing for expressing of comfort/ discomfort reflection characteristics of sounds the cry of a baby ①cooing(鸟鸣声)/consonant ②sharp /nasal /vowels (a…a…a…[at the beginning], [then] wa…wa…wa…) 最初的辅音： wa, la, ha, ma, na
The study of
1 L
acquisition
—— how children develop a linguistic system which enables them to produce sentences that they have never heard before —— the relationship between language development and cognitive development —— how children distinguish and develop word meanings —— the effects of interaction (父母与孩子， 儿童之间) on langue development
Audio
the high amplitude sucking procedure (高振幅吮吸程 序) sucking / a sound of a certain amplitude the rate of sucking sucking / a sound of another amplitude its rate of sucking changes It proves that a baby likes to listen to its mother’s voice before its birth, and language learning begins before its birth.
A complex task for the child to acquire first language (an example) A: Where did you go with grandpa? B: We goed in the park. A = an English mother B= her child
acquisition
1. getting for oneself by one’s own work (skill) 2. gaining or coming into possession of (experience) 3. learning by subconscious motion (knowledge)
Lecture Six
First Language Acquisition
Questions:
1. What is acquisition? 2. What is first language? 3. What does L1 acquisition mean? 4. How does a child acquire his or her mother tongue? 5. What are L1 acquisition theories? 6. What are L1 acquisition theories concerned with, competence or performance? 7. What enables the child to acquire his or her first language, nature or nurture?
Summary:
During the process of understanding and
answering his mother’s question, the child needs: 1) the general knowledge of English grammar and semantics; 2) the ability to produce the appropriate utterance of his own.
question:
1) The given meaning is a stream of sounds. 2) This utterance is a question about location. 3) The meaning of the verb “go” indicates directed motion. 4) The action of going involves two participants. 5) The action of going takes place in the part.
Differences between acquisition & learning
L conscious planned formal course(s) in unnatural circumstances