翻译Lecture 1
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lecture 1 汉英语言类型对比与翻译(综合语与分析语)
III. 汉语和英语的形态学分类
• 相反，作为屈折语的英语则表现为：
Hale Waihona Puke 1. 语法关系主要以词本身的形态变化予以表达，词的曲折形 态变化相对丰富，用以标示语法范畴，表达语法意义（名词 有单复数形式，形容词和副词有比较级和最高级形式，代词 有主格、宾格和所有格等形态），并集中体现在动词的时态、 体态和语态等形态变化上，形成了以动词形态变化为主轴的 句法结构模式，表意与句法形态紧密结合。 词缀变化（affixation）突出，词缀种类齐全且灵活多变，构 词法上以派生构词（derivation）为主。 词类分明，结构形式严谨，语法和逻辑意义的表达呈显性 （overt） ，结构上主要遵循形式一致性原则，表现为形式和 意义的基本对应。
IV. 形态学分类视角下的汉英互译
以上对比分析表明，汉语和英语在表意手段上，前者以词汇 手段为主，后者以形态手段为主，汉英互译时就要充分发挥 译语优势，选用符合译语（target language）语言习惯的表 意手段，灵活变通，兼容互补，恰当再现源语（source language）的语法和逻辑意义。例如： 1. I was a modest, good-humored boy; it is Oxford that has made me insufferable. 【原译】我本来是一个谦虚谨慎、人见人爱的孩子，是牛津 大学将我弄得这么人见人嫌。 【试译】我原本谦逊尔雅、人见人爱，是牛津大学教得我人 见人嫌。
II. Important Concepts
• For example, the generation of the English plural dogs from dog is an inflectional rule, while compound phrases and words like dog catcher or dishwasher are examples of word formation. • Informally, word formation rules form "new" words, while inflection rules yield variant forms of the "same" word, which may be different in grammatical sense. • Accordingly, morphology is generally divided into two fields: inflectional morphology and derivational morphology. And There is a further distinction between two types of word formation: derivation and compounding.
lecture 1 翻译标准
g. 我认为他不够格。 I don’t think he is qualified. h. 人们来五台山，目的可不都是一样。 People do not come to Wutai Mountain with one and the same purpose.
3) 译文应体现英语遣词造句的特点，同时 又应因文体而有变化。 a. 名词使用频率高，特别是含有动作性质 的抽象名词等，可以既包含丰富的信息又 十分简洁。 b. 被动形式使用率高，表现能力强。 c. 语法要求严，一般来说句子较长。 d. 介词、非谓语动词、形容词和独立结构 非常活跃。
教心理学的老师觉察到这件事， 就假冒一个男生的名义，给她 写了封匿名的求爱信，这封信 的末尾是：一个希望得到您的 青睐的极其善良的男同胞。就 这么一封信，也就一举改造了 一个人。
Having detected what was happening, her psychology teacher got an idea. In the name of a boy, he wrote an anonymous letter of love which ended with “a kind gentleman awaiting your favor.” The letter brought about transformation.
A Course in Chinese – English Translation
李洋
II. 汉英翻译的原则
汉语译成地道英语的难度， 出现各种各样的缺失：“中 国式”英语（解决办法，阅 读大量原作，观察、揣摩、 总结并模仿英语的特点、规 律和表达方法）。
1．遵循三条原则：
1) 译文必须符合英语的语法：三种轴心 结构： a. 主－系－表结构 (S+V+P) 例： a) 人类在地球上已存在多久了？ How long has man been on earth? b) 牛奶变酸了。 Milk turns sour.
lecture_1__翻译概论
3) In terms of the media by which translation is done: oral, written and machine 从翻译的手段来分类，翻译可分为口译（oral interlingual translation）、笔译(written interlingual translation) 和机器翻译 (machine translation)； 4) In terms of the subject matter: 从翻译的题材来分类，翻译可分为专业文献翻译(translation of English for science and technology)、文学翻译(literary translation)和一般性翻译(practical writing translation)； 5）In terms of the manner: 从翻译的处理方式来分类，翻译可分为全译（full translation）、 摘译（partial translation）和编译（translation plus editing）。
E-C and C-E Translation Basics
英汉-汉英翻译基础
Lecture 1
Introduction to Translation
I. What is Translation?
1. A story of translation in Bible Long long ago, all the people speak the same language . When they transferred to the east, they found a plain and then lived there. They decided to build a tall tower, so that it can stretch to the heaven and they can live in the heaven. When Jesus saw this, he was afraid that if all the people speak the same language, they can do everything they want. So Jusus went down from the heaven and confused their languages so they couldn’t communicate with each other and they didn’t finish the Bable Tower. Since then, people lived in different places and spoke different languages. Hence comes the translation.
实用翻译lecture 1 Introduction
3. From the communicative point of view: translation aims at the pass of information from one language to another
• • • • • • •
• • • • •
(1) Nice day, isn’t it? 您吃饭了吗？ (2)Misquito, Bye, Bye, Bye. 蚊虫，杀杀杀！ (3)I am looking forward to your response at your earliest convenience. 急盼早复！ (4)At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment. 应乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。 (5)保护绿草，留住绿意。 Keep off the grass. (6) 闲人免进\油漆末干\小心地滑 Staff Only\Wet Painting\Caution: Wet Floor
What is translation ?
• Discussion: What is translation? • Directions: discuss with whoever you like around you in five minutes, and then come back with an idea of yourself . • Examples to be illustrated: • 1）你吃了吗？ • 2）叔叔，欢迎你来北京。 • 3）My dear Mr. Bennet…
Lecture 1 汉英语言对比与翻译(工硕)
1.1 分析语vs.综合-分析语
汉语 英语
Analytic 分析语
通过虚 词、词 序等手 段来表 达语法 关系
通过词
Synthetic- 本身的
analytic 形态变
综合-分析贝拉· 比顿曾在其著作的一个早期版本 里说过：“受用一顿美餐，能使 整个上午工作精力充沛。”这番 高见，现在很少有人领教了。
Potential Unit 12 The City
参考答案及译文下载：
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考试: 1. 课程考试 每学期一次
题型: 词汇30% 完型15% 阅读20% 英汉互译 (10+10)% 写作15%
所学内容占85%
2. 学位考试 每年5月和10月举行一次
她们妯娌吵嘴， 不巧被我撞见了。
I chanced to be present when the sistersin-law were having a quarrel.
1.3具体vs.抽象
以实的形
Concrete 式表达虚
汉 具体
的概念，
语
以具体的
形象表达
抽象的内
容
Abstract 英 抽象 语
“就来！”她转 身脚不沾地地越 过草坪， 跑上 小道，踏上台阶， 穿过阳台，走进 门厅。
“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.
1.2 意合vs.形合
词语或语
Parataxis 句间的连
汉 意合
接主要凭
语
借语义或
大学英语四级段落翻译-lecture1
例文
Many people enjoy Chinese food. Cooking is looked upon as an art as well as a skill in China. A carefully prepared Chinese dish is not only delicious to eat but also beautiful to look at. Cooking techniques and ingredients vary widely across the country. But good cooking does have something in common. It always takes into account color, flavor, taste and nutrition. As food is vital to health, good cooks always strive to strike a balance between grains, meats and vegetables, so Chinese dishes are both delicious and healthy.
热词积累
发展/增长最快 迅速增长/发展 流行 出于…原因 不同于
develop/increase at the fastest speed grow/develop quickly/rapidly， the rapid increase of popular/popularity for the purpose of …/ for…reason different from…
8分（7-9分）：译文勉强表达了原文的意思。用词 欠准确，语言错误相当多，其中有些是严重语言 错误。（5个句子正确或基本正确，9分；4个句子 正确或基本正确，8分；3个句子正确或基本正确， 7分）。 （8分参考译文） Many people love Chinese food. In China, cooking is not only regarded as a kind of skill, but also art. Wellprepared Chinese dishes taste good besides look good. There is a big different in cooking skills and ingredients between different parts of China. But one thing which is common in good dishes is that they all consider about the color, the tasting and the nutrition. As food is so important to health, good cookers always try to make a balance between corn, meat and vegetables. As a result, Chinese dishes are delicious and healthy.
lecture 1翻译概述
Christiane Nord
• ―Translation is the production of a functional target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is specified according to the intended or demanded function of the target text.‖
Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language
― It is sometimes said that there is no
task more complex than translation --- a claim that can be readily believed when all the variables involved are taken into account. Translators not only need to know their source language well; they must also have a thorough understanding of the field of knowledge covered by the source text, and of any
Peter Newmark
• Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language. • (Translating) is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text.
翻译第一讲(1)
你能译出这里诗的声 音吗？
LECTURE ONE: BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF TRANSLATION
4
关注变异点
The Isles || of Greece ||, the Isles || of Greece ||! Where burn || ing Sap || pho loved || and sung ||, Where grew || the arts || of war || and peace ||, Where De || los rose ||, and Phoe || bus sprung ||! Eter || nal sum || mer gilds || them yet ||, But all ||, except || their sun ||, is set ||. 希腊的群岛，希腊的群岛！ 那里热情的莎妩爱着歌着， 那里扬起战争与和平的艺术，—— 那里涌现了迪罗，生长着飞勃！ 永恒的盛夏仍旧照耀群岛， 但是，除了太阳外，万般都已销歇。（柳无忌）
LECTURE ONE: BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF TRANSLATION
1
什么是翻译
A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. (Tytler, 1790) 好的翻译应该能够把原作的长处完全地移注到另一种语言 中，使译入语国家的人能够清楚地领悟、强烈地感受，就 像原语国家的人所领悟和感受的一样。——泰特勒， 1790
LECTURE ONE: BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF TRANSLATION
4
关注变异点
The Isles || of Greece ||, the Isles || of Greece ||! Where burn || ing Sap || pho loved || and sung ||, Where grew || the arts || of war || and peace ||, Where De || los rose ||, and Phoe || bus sprung ||! Eter || nal sum || mer gilds || them yet ||, But all ||, except || their sun ||, is set ||. 希腊的群岛，希腊的群岛！ 那里热情的莎妩爱着歌着， 那里扬起战争与和平的艺术，—— 那里涌现了迪罗，生长着飞勃！ 永恒的盛夏仍旧照耀群岛， 但是，除了太阳外，万般都已销歇。（柳无忌）
LECTURE ONE: BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF TRANSLATION
1
什么是翻译
A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. (Tytler, 1790) 好的翻译应该能够把原作的长处完全地移注到另一种语言 中，使译入语国家的人能够清楚地领悟、强烈地感受，就 像原语国家的人所领悟和感受的一样。——泰特勒， 1790
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跳伞处 "Site of jumping umbrella" (paragliding site) 小心台阶 “pay attention to the steps” （mind the steps） 紧急出口 “No entry on peacetime” (Emergency exits) 请勿打扰 “Don’t bother.” (Don’t disturb.) 请爱护花草 "Cherishing Flowers and Trees" • (keep off the grass.) • • • • • • • • •
Alexander F. Tytler (泰特勒， 英 国)
• 1. A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. (译文 应该完全传达原文的意思。) • 2. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.（译文 的风格和笔调应与原文的一致。） • 3. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. (译文应像原文一样流畅。)
Translation criteria
• 严复：信，达，雅（faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance) • 鲁迅：易解、保持原作的风姿 • 林语堂：忠实、通顺、美 • 傅雷：神似说（spiritual conformity） • 钱钟书：化境说 (sublimed adaptation) • 许渊冲：三美说（意美、音美、形美） • 泰特勒：翻译三原则 • 费道罗夫等：等值论 (translation equivalence) • 奈达：读者反应论 (dynamic equivalence) • General criteria：忠实、通顺
许渊冲
有史以来将中国历代诗词译成英、法 韵文的惟一专家。 译著主要有《唐宋词选一百首》 （1987），《中国古诗词三百首》 (1999)。英文译著主要有《西厢记》 （1992）、《诗经》（1993）、《宋 词三百首》（1993）、《楚辞》 （1994）、《中国古诗词六百首》 （1994）、《汉魏六朝诗一百五十首》 （1995）、《元明清诗一百五十首》 （1997）、《唐诗三百首》（2000） 和《新编千家诗》（2000）等。 For more information, click : /html/200 8-10/27569p2.html
杨宪益、戴乃迭
朱生豪（1912—1944）
• 朱生豪的翻译态度严肃认真， 以“求于最大可能之范围内， 保持原作之神韵”为其宗旨。 译笔流畅，文词华丽。பைடு நூலகம்所 译的《莎士比亚戏剧全集》 是迄今我国莎士比亚作品的 最完整的、质量较好的译本。
季羡林（1911--2009）
• • • • • • 主要译著： 《罗摩衍那》 《沙恭达罗》 《五卷书》 《优哩婆湿》 《安娜·西格斯短篇 小说集》
Xuan Zang
• The Buddhist scriptures
Yan Fu
• Yan Fu was the first Chinese who made a penetrating（敏锐 的） and relatively systematic study of translation standard in modern times. • Evolution and Ethics（《天演 论》） • The Wealth of Nations 《国富论》
许渊冲译作欣赏
• • • • 天净沙 秋思 枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家。 古道西风瘦马，夕阳西下 断肠人在天涯。
• Autumn thoughts • Over old trees wreathed with rotten vines fly evening crows; • Under a small bridge near a cottage a stream flows; • On ancient road in the west wind a lean horse goes. • Westward declines the sun; • Far, far from home is the heartbroken one.
Version B
• • • • • • Autumn thoughts Withered vines, old trees, evening crows; Tiny bridge, flowing brook, hamlet homes; Ancient road, wind from west, bony horse; The sun is setting, Broken man, far from home, roams and roams. ------by Zhao Zhentao
Elevator instructions
• E.g. The market for the (tea) company’s products consisted of young people, women between the ages of 18 and 49, and older people who wanted a warm drink that was caffeine-free. • Version 1: 这家公司产品的市场有年轻人、 18至49岁之间的妇女和想喝不含咖啡因的 热饮的老人组成。 • Version 2: 这家（茶叶）公司的销售对象是 ，爱喝不含咖啡因热茶的18至49岁的年轻 妇女已经49岁以上的顾客。
Version A
• Sky-----clear Sand Autumn Thoughts • Withered vines, old trees, crows at dusk; • A small bridge, a lean horse in the west wind. • The evening sun sinking in the west ----- A heart-broken traveller still at world’s end. • ------------- by Sherwin S.S Fu
翻译第一讲
The nature of translation
• I. Translation is not a word for word activity • 她现在非常红. She is very red now. • (She is very popular now.) • 你给我站住！You Give Me Stop!! • (Stand!) • 蠢蠢欲動。 Stupid stupid want to move . • (Be ready to do sth.(bad)) • 寒暄 coldly talk for a while • (to exchange greetings and make small talk )
Multi-criteria
• 绝对标准——原作 • 最高标准——最佳近似度（the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style） • 具体标准——根据原作的性质、译作读者 群、译者水平等来定