ICM论文-What will Electric Vehicle Bring to the World

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The Future of Electric Vehicles

The Future of Electric Vehicles

The Future of Electric VehiclesElectric vehicles (EVs) have been gaining popularity in recent years due to their environmental benefits and technological advancements. As we look towards the future, it is important to consider the potential impact of EVs on society, the economy, and the environment. In this essay, we will explore the various aspects of the future of electric vehicles.The first aspect to consider is the impact of EVs on the environment. EVs produce zero emissions, which means they have the potential to significantly reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. This is particularly important in urban areas where air pollution is a major problem. However, it is important to note that the environmental benefits of EVs are dependent on the source of electricity used to power them. If the electricity comes from fossil fuels, then the environmental benefits are reduced. Therefore, it is crucial to continue the development of renewable energy sources to ensure that the environmental benefits of EVs are maximized.Another aspect to consider is the impact of EVs on the economy. The shift towards EVs has the potential to disrupt the traditional automotive industry, which could have both positive and negative effects. On the one hand, the production of EVs requires different skills and technologies than traditional vehicles, which could lead to new job opportunities and economic growth. On the other hand, the shift towards EVs could lead to job losses in the traditional automotive industry. It is important for governments and businesses to consider the potential economic impacts of the transition to EVs and to develop strategies to mitigate any negative effects.The third aspect to consider is the infrastructure required to support the widespread use of EVs. EVs require charging stations, which need to be located in convenient and accessible locations. This requires significant investment in infrastructure, which could be a challenge for some countries and regions. However, the development of charging infrastructure could also lead to new business opportunities and economic growth. Governments and businesses need to work together to develop a comprehensive plan for the development of charging infrastructure to support the widespread adoption of EVs.The fourth aspect to consider is the impact of EVs on consumer behavior. EVs have a different driving experience than traditional vehicles, which could lead to changes in consumer preferences. For example, EVs have instant torque, which provides a smoother and more responsive driving experience. Additionally, EVs are quieter than traditional vehicles, which could lead to a reduction in noise pollution. As more people become familiar with EVs, it is possible that consumer preferences could shift towards EVs, which would further accelerate the transition towards a more sustainable transportation system.The fifth aspect to consider is the potential for EVs to integrate with other forms of sustainable transportation. For example, EVs could be used in conjunction with public transportation to provide a more convenient and sustainable transportation system. Additionally, EVs could be used in conjunction with bicycles and other forms of active transportation to provide a more sustainable and healthy transportation system. The integration of EVs with other forms of sustainable transportation could lead to significant environmental and health benefits.In conclusion, the future of electric vehicles is complex and multifaceted. The transition towards EVs has the potential to significantly reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, but it also requires significant investment in infrastructure and could disrupt the traditional automotive industry. Governments and businesses need to work together to develop a comprehensive plan for the transition towards EVs to ensure that the environmental, economic, and social benefits are maximized. The future of electric vehicles is exciting, and it is up to all of us to ensure that we make the most of this opportunity to create a more sustainable and equitable transportation system.。

使用电动汽车的利弊英语作文

使用电动汽车的利弊英语作文

使用电动汽车的利弊英语作文{z}Title: The Pros and Cons of Using Electric VehiclesIntroduction:The usage of electric vehicles (EVs) has been on the rise in recent years, driven by concerns about climate change, environmental pollution, and the depletion of fossil fuels.While EVs offer several benefits, they also come with their fair share of drawbacks.This essay will explore the pros and cons of using electric vehicles.Advantages of Electric Vehicles:Firstly, one of the main advantages of using electric vehicles is that they have a lower carbon footprint compared to conventional gasoline-powered cars.EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, thereby helping to reduce air pollution and combat climate change.Secondly, electric vehicles tend to have lower operational costs.Although the initial price of EVs is generally higher than traditional cars, the cost of electricity is usually lower than that of gasoline or diesel.Moreover, the maintenance costs for electric vehicles are also lower due to fewer moving parts and simpler engines.Thirdly, EVs offer several convenience factors.They have a quieter operation, providing a more comfortable driving experience.Electric vehicles also have a higher acceleration rate compared to conventional cars, making them more enjoyable to drive.Disadvantages of Electric Vehicles:Despite their numerous benefits, electric vehicles also have some drawbacks.One of the primary concerns is the issue of battery life and charging infrastructure.EVs typically have a limited range per charge, which can be problematic for long-distance travel.Additionally, the availability of charging stations is still limited in many areas, which can lead to inconvenience for EV owners.Another disadvantage of electric vehicles is their environmental impact during the production process.The manufacturing of EV batteries requires significant resources and can lead to pollution.Furthermore, the extraction of raw materials for battery production can have negative ecological consequences.Lastly, the cost of electric vehicles remains a barrier for many potential buyers.Although prices have been decreasing, EVs are still generally more expensive than their conventional counterparts.This cost factor can limit access to electric vehicles, particularly for low-income households.Conclusion:In conclusion, electric vehicles offer several advantages such as lower carbon emissions, lower operational costs, and convenience.However, they also come with drawbacks including battery life limitations, charging infrastructure issues, environmental impact during production, andhigher upfront costs.As technology continues to advance, it is hopeful that these challenges will be addressed, making electric vehicles a more viable and sustainable option for the future.。

ICM2011赛题的翻译

ICM2011赛题的翻译

ICM_2011.pdf 的翻译2011 The Interdisciplinary Contest in Modeling (ICM)How environmentally and economically sound are electric vehicles?什么是环保经济的电动车?Is their widespread use feasible and practical?他们普遍使用的可行性和实用性是怎样?Here are some issues to consider, but, of course, there are many more, and you will not be able to consider all the issues in your model(s):如下有一些问题需要考虑,但是,当然,还有更多问题,你将无法在模型中考虑的所有问题•1.Would the widespread use of electric vehicles actually save fossil fuels or would we merely be trading one use of fossil fuel for another given that electricity is currently mostly produced by burning fossil fuels?广泛使用电动车辆的实际真正节约了化石燃料么?或将我们仅仅是使用化石燃料的替代品:电,而电目前主要是燃烧化石燃料产生的?What conditions would need to be put in place to maximize the savings through use of electric vehicles?在什么样的条件下,可以最大限度地节约化石燃料(通过使用电动交通工具)?2. Consider how much the amount of electricity generated by alternatives such as wind and solar would need to climb during the twenty-first century to make the widespread use of electric vehicles feasible and environmentally beneficial. Assess whether or not the needed growth of these alternate sources of electricity is likely and possible.考虑:在二十一世纪,来自其他能源(如:风能,太阳能) 的电能将上升至多少来满足电的广泛使用和环保的需求。

开发电动汽车英语作文

开发电动汽车英语作文

开发电动汽车英语作文The Future of Mobility: Developing Electric VehiclesThe transportation sector is undergoing a significant transformation, driven by the growing need to address the environmental and sustainability challenges posed by traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. As the world becomes increasingly conscious of the impact of greenhouse gas emissions and the depletion of fossil fuels, the development of electric vehicles (EVs) has emerged as a promising solution to revolutionize the way we move.Electric vehicles, powered by rechargeable battery packs and electric motors, offer a clean and efficient alternative to their gasoline-powered counterparts. The advantages of EVs are numerous and far-reaching, making them a crucial component in the pursuit of a sustainable future.One of the primary benefits of electric vehicles is their environmental impact. Traditional internal combustion engines are responsible for a significant portion of global greenhouse gas emissions, contributingto climate change and air pollution. Electric vehicles, on the other hand, produce zero direct emissions, making them a much cleaner mode of transportation. By reducing the reliance on fossil fuels, EVs can help mitigate the environmental damage caused by the transportation sector and play a vital role in the transition towards a more sustainable future.In addition to their environmental benefits, electric vehicles also offer significant cost savings for consumers. While the initial purchase price of an EV may be higher than a traditional gasoline-powered vehicle, the long-term operational costs are significantly lower. Electricity is generally less expensive than gasoline, and the maintenance requirements for electric vehicles are typically lower due to the simplicity of their powertrain. Furthermore, many governments around the world offer various incentives and subsidies to encourage the adoption of electric vehicles, further reducing the financial burden on consumers.The development of electric vehicles also presents an opportunity to revolutionize the way we think about transportation. Unlike traditional vehicles, EVs can be integrated into a smart grid, allowing for bidirectional energy flow. This means that electric vehicles can not only draw power from the grid to charge their batteries but also potentially feed energy back into the grid, providing a valuable resource for load balancing and energy storage. This integration withthe smart grid can help to improve the overall efficiency and stability of the electrical infrastructure, paving the way for a more sustainable and resilient energy system.Furthermore, the rise of electric vehicles has spurred the development of advanced battery technologies. Lithium-ion batteries, the primary energy storage solution for EVs, have undergone significant improvements in terms of energy density, charging speed, and overall performance. As research and development in battery technology continues to advance, the range and capabilities of electric vehicles are expected to improve, making them more practical and appealing for a wider range of consumers.The development of electric vehicles is also driving innovation in the automotive industry. Automakers are investing heavily in the research and development of EV technologies, leading to the introduction of a growing number of electric models across various vehicle segments. This competition and innovation are driving down the costs of electric vehicles, making them more accessible to a broader consumer base.Moreover, the development of electric vehicles is closely linked to the advancement of autonomous driving technology. Many of the same sensors and computing power required for autonomous driving are also essential for the efficient operation of electricvehicles. As these technologies converge, the potential for a future of fully autonomous, electric transportation becomes increasingly within reach.However, the widespread adoption of electric vehicles is not without its challenges. One of the primary obstacles is the availability and accessibility of charging infrastructure. While the number of public charging stations has been steadily increasing, the lack of a comprehensive and reliable charging network can still be a deterrent for some consumers. Addressing this issue will require significant investment and coordination between governments, automakers, and energy providers to ensure that the charging infrastructure can keep pace with the growing EV market.Another challenge is the need to address the environmental impact of the manufacturing and disposal of electric vehicles. While EVs themselves are environmentally friendly during operation, the production of the vehicles and their batteries can have a significant carbon footprint. Efforts are being made to address this issue, such as the development of more sustainable manufacturing processes and the recycling of battery materials.Despite these challenges, the development of electric vehicles remains a crucial step in the transition towards a more sustainable transportation future. As governments, automakers, and consumerscontinue to embrace the benefits of electric mobility, the future of transportation is poised to undergo a profound transformation.In conclusion, the development of electric vehicles represents a pivotal moment in the history of transportation. By addressing the environmental, economic, and technological challenges posed by traditional internal combustion engine vehicles, the rise of EVs holds the promise of a cleaner, more efficient, and more sustainable future for mobility. As the world continues to grapple with the pressing issues of climate change and resource depletion, the development of electric vehicles stands as a testament to the power of innovation and collective action in shaping a better tomorrow.。

发展电动车的英语作文

发展电动车的英语作文

发展电动车的英语作文The world is facing a pressing challenge – the need to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate the effects of climate change. One of the key areas where significant progress can be made is in the transportation sector, which accounts for a significant portion of global greenhouse gas emissions. Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising solution to this problem, offering a cleaner and more sustainable alternative to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles.The development of electric vehicles has been gaining momentum in recent years, driven by advancements in battery technology, government incentives, and growing consumer demand. As the world transitions towards a more sustainable future, the electric vehicle industry has the potential to play a crucial role in shaping the future of transportation.One of the primary advantages of electric vehicles is their environmental friendliness. Unlike traditional gasoline-powered cars, EVs produce zero direct emissions, making them a much more environmentally-friendly option. This not only helps to reduce thecarbon footprint of the transportation sector but also contributes to improved air quality in urban areas, where pollution from vehicles is a significant concern.Moreover, the electricity required to power electric vehicles can be generated from renewable sources, such as solar, wind, and hydropower, further enhancing their sustainability. As the global energy mix continues to shift towards cleaner sources, the environmental benefits of electric vehicles will only become more pronounced.In addition to the environmental benefits, electric vehicles offer several other advantages that make them an attractive option for consumers. One of the most significant is the lower operating costs associated with EVs. Electricity is generally cheaper than gasoline, and the maintenance requirements for electric vehicles are typically lower than those of traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. This can result in significant savings for EV owners over the lifetime of the vehicle.Another advantage of electric vehicles is their performance characteristics. Many EV models offer instant torque and responsive acceleration, providing a more enjoyable driving experience compared to their gasoline-powered counterparts. This, combined with the quiet and smooth operation of electric motors, can makeelectric vehicles a more appealing choice for many consumers.As the electric vehicle market continues to grow, governments around the world have implemented various policies and incentives to encourage the adoption of EVs. These include tax credits, rebates, and other financial incentives that help to offset the higher upfront cost of electric vehicles. Additionally, many countries are investing in the development of charging infrastructure to make it easier for EV owners to recharge their vehicles.However, despite the numerous benefits of electric vehicles, there are still some challenges that need to be addressed to ensure widespread adoption. One of the primary concerns is the limited range of many EV models, which can be a barrier for consumers who need to travel long distances regularly. While advancements in battery technology are steadily improving the range of electric vehicles, this issue remains a concern for some potential buyers.Another challenge is the availability and accessibility of charging infrastructure. While the number of public charging stations is increasing, there is still a need for more widespread deployment to ensure that EV owners can easily recharge their vehicles when needed. This is particularly important for those who do not have access to private charging at home or work.To address these challenges, governments and the private sector are working together to invest in the development of more advanced battery technologies and the expansion of charging infrastructure. Initiatives such as the development of fast-charging networks and the integration of renewable energy sources into the grid are helping to make electric vehicles more practical and accessible for a wider range of consumers.Moreover, the electric vehicle industry is also exploring other innovative solutions to address the range and charging concerns. This includes the development of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, which allows EV owners to use their vehicles as a source of energy storage and potentially sell excess electricity back to the grid. This could help to alleviate the strain on the grid during peak demand periods and provide additional revenue streams for EV owners.As the electric vehicle industry continues to evolve, it is clear that the development of EVs will play a crucial role in the transition towards a more sustainable and environmentally-friendly transportation system. By addressing the remaining challenges and continuing to innovate, the electric vehicle industry has the potential to transform the way we think about and use transportation, ultimately contributing to a cleaner and more sustainable future for all.。

关于新能源汽车英语作文800字

关于新能源汽车英语作文800字

关于新能源汽车英语作文800字The Rise of Electric Vehicles: A Cleaner Future for Our PlanetThe world is undergoing a significant transformation in the automotive industry, with the rapid emergence of electric vehicles (EVs) as a viable and sustainable alternative to traditional gasoline-powered cars. As concerns over climate change and the environmental impact of fossil fuels continue to grow, the development and adoption of electric vehicles have become a crucial step in the global effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote a more sustainable future.One of the primary drivers behind the rise of electric vehicles is their ability to significantly reduce carbon emissions. Unlike their internal combustion engine counterparts, EVs do not produce any direct emissions during operation, making them a much cleaner mode of transportation. This is particularly important in the fight against climate change, as the transportation sector is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions. By transitioning to electric vehicles, we can collectively contribute to a reduction in these harmfulemissions and help mitigate the devastating effects of climate change.Moreover, the environmental benefits of electric vehicles extend beyond their direct emissions. The electricity required to power EVs is increasingly being generated from renewable sources, such as solar, wind, and hydropower. As the global energy grid continues to transition towards cleaner energy sources, the environmental impact of electric vehicles will only continue to improve. This shift towards renewable energy not only reduces the carbon footprint of EVs but also helps to decrease the reliance on fossil fuels, further contributing to a more sustainable future.In addition to their environmental advantages, electric vehicles offer a range of other benefits that make them an attractive option for consumers. One of the most notable is the significant cost savings associated with owning and operating an EV. While the initial purchase price of an electric vehicle may be higher than a traditional gasoline-powered car, the long-term operational costs are significantly lower. Electric vehicles require less maintenance and have lower fuel costs, as electricity is generally less expensive than gasoline. This financial incentive, combined with the environmental benefits, has made electric vehicles an increasingly appealing choice for many consumers.Another key factor driving the rise of electric vehicles is the rapid advancements in battery technology. Over the past decade, the energy density, efficiency, and longevity of EV batteries have improved dramatically, allowing for longer driving ranges and faster charging times. This has helped to address one of the primary concerns associated with electric vehicles – range anxiety, or the fear of running out of battery power during a trip. With the increasing availability of high-capacity batteries and the expansion of charging infrastructure, electric vehicle owners can now enjoy a driving experience that is comparable, if not superior, to traditional gasoline-powered cars.The growing popularity of electric vehicles has also had a positive impact on the development of supportive infrastructure. Governments and private companies around the world have invested heavily in the expansion of charging stations, making it easier for EV owners to charge their vehicles and reducing the barriers to adoption. This infrastructure development not only provides a convenient charging network but also helps to promote the widespread acceptance and use of electric vehicles.Furthermore, the rise of electric vehicles has sparked a wave of innovation and technological advancements in the automotive industry. Automakers are constantly striving to improve the performance, efficiency, and affordability of their EV models, drivingthe development of new technologies and design features. This competitive environment has led to a rapid evolution of electric vehicle technology, making them increasingly accessible and appealing to a wider range of consumers.Despite the numerous benefits and the growing momentum behind electric vehicles, there are still some challenges that need to be addressed. The initial cost of electric vehicles, while decreasing, remains a barrier for some consumers. Additionally, the availability and accessibility of charging infrastructure, particularly in rural and underserved areas, need to be further expanded to ensure that the transition to electric vehicles is equitable and accessible to all.Nevertheless, the future of electric vehicles looks promising. As governments, automakers, and consumers continue to embrace the transition to sustainable transportation, the adoption of electric vehicles is expected to accelerate. With the ongoing advancements in battery technology, the expansion of charging infrastructure, and the growing environmental consciousness of the public, electric vehicles are poised to play a crucial role in shaping a more sustainable and eco-friendly future for our planet.。

电动汽车的英文作文

电动汽车的英文作文

电动汽车的英文作文Title: The Future of Transportation: Electric Vehicles。

In recent years, there has been a significant shift in the automotive industry towards electric vehicles (EVs). This transition marks a pivotal moment in the history of transportation, promising a more sustainable and environmentally-friendly future. In this essay, we will delve into the various aspects of electric vehicles and explore their significance in shaping the way we travel.Firstly, let us examine the environmental impact of electric vehicles compared to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, meaning they do not emit harmful pollutants such as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter. This is particularly crucial in combating air pollution and mitigating climate change, as transportation is one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions globally. By transitioning toelectric vehicles, we can significantly reduce our carbon footprint and move towards a cleaner, greener future.Moreover, electric vehicles offer numerous benefits beyond environmental sustainability. One of the key advantages is the potential for cost savings in the long run. While the upfront cost of purchasing an EV may be higher than that of a traditional vehicle, the lower operating and maintenance costs make it a more economical choice over time. With fewer moving parts and no need for frequent oil changes or tune-ups, EV owners can save significantly on maintenance expenses. Additionally, the cost of electricity is generally lower than that of gasoline, further contributing to savings in fuel expenses.Furthermore, the advancement of technology has led to significant improvements in the performance and range of electric vehicles. Modern EVs are capable of traveling hundreds of miles on a single charge, making them suitable for both short commutes and long-distance journeys. Additionally, electric vehicles offer smooth and silent operation, providing a comfortable driving experience forusers. With advancements in battery technology and charging infrastructure, range anxiety – the fear of running out of battery power – is gradually becoming less of a concern, further bolstering the appeal of electric vehicles to consumers.Another crucial aspect of electric vehicles is their role in reducing dependence on fossil fuels and promoting energy independence. By shifting towards electric transportation, countries can decrease their reliance on imported oil and diversify their energy sources. This not only enhances energy security but also stimulates innovation and investment in renewable energy technologies. The integration of electric vehicles with renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power presents a compelling opportunity to create a more sustainable and resilient energy system.In addition to environmental and economic benefits, electric vehicles also contribute to the advancement of smart and connected transportation systems. With the proliferation of electric cars, there is an increasingemphasis on developing intelligent infrastructure and innovative mobility solutions. This includes the deployment of charging stations, development of smart grid technologies, and implementation of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) systems, which enable EVs to store and discharge energy to the grid as needed. These advancements pave the way for a more integrated and efficient transportation network, facilitating seamless connectivity between vehicles, infrastructure, and users.Despite the many advantages of electric vehicles, several challenges remain to be addressed to accelerate their widespread adoption. These include the need for further investment in charging infrastructure, development of more affordable battery technologies, and expansion of renewable energy generation capacity. Additionally, there is a need for supportive policies and incentives to incentivize consumers and manufacturers to transition to electric vehicles. Governments, industry stakeholders, and research institutions must collaborate to overcome these barriers and realize the full potential of electric transportation.In conclusion, electric vehicles represent a transformative solution to the environmental, economic, and energy challenges facing the transportation sector. With their zero-emission technology, cost-saving potential, and performance improvements, EVs offer a compellingalternative to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. By embracing electric transportation andinvesting in sustainable mobility solutions, we can pave the way for a cleaner, greener, and more resilient future.。

你对电动汽车的看法英语作文

你对电动汽车的看法英语作文

你对电动汽车的看法英语作文英文回答:Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising solution to address environmental concerns and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. They offer several advantages over conventional vehicles, including reduced emissions, lower operating costs, and improved driving experience.One of the primary benefits of EVs is their environmental friendliness. They produce zero tailpipe emissions, significantly reducing air pollution and contributing to cleaner air quality. By relying on electricity, EVs help mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. As the electricity grid transitions to renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power, the environmental impact of EVs will further diminish.From an economic perspective, EVs offer substantialsavings on fuel costs. Electricity is generally cheaperthan gasoline or diesel, and EVs have lower maintenance expenses due to fewer moving parts. Moreover, many governments offer incentives and tax breaks to encourage EV adoption, further reducing their cost of ownership.EVs provide an enhanced driving experience compared to conventional vehicles. They offer instant torque, resulting in smoother acceleration and a more responsive driving feel. Additionally, EVs are often quieter than combustion-engine vehicles, creating a more comfortable cabin environment.However, certain challenges associated with EVs need to be addressed for widespread adoption. Battery technology remains a limiting factor, as current batteries havelimited range and require extended charging times. Infrastructure development is also crucial, as the availability of public charging stations is essential for long-distance travel.Despite these challenges, the future of EVs appears bright. Advancements in battery technology and theexpansion of charging infrastructure will address range and convenience concerns. Governments and industry leaders are investing heavily in EV development and supporting policies to accelerate their adoption. As EVs become more affordable, accessible, and efficient, they are poised to play a significant role in shaping a sustainable future.中文回答:电动汽车(EV)已成为解决环境问题和减少对化石燃料依赖的有前景的解决方案。

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2019 40.476
2020 40.410
EVs 消耗石油的情况:
Table 14: Scenario Two's Consumption (Unit: billion barrels)
Year
Consu mptio n
2011 35.288
2012 35.688
2013 35.888
2014 35.807
经济,社会,商业,人类的影响转换成 price denote
符号说明:
ξ1, ξ2 ξ , 3,ξ4 ξ , 5 :分别表示环境,社会,商业,人类的 price
denote;
Psumt :表示每年供电动车消耗的电量;
α1,α2,α3,α4,α5ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ表示火电厂,氢能厂,核能厂,风能厂发电的比
率;
多目标规划模型
CO 4.400
PM10 0.083
2.1.2 对环境影响: 根据图表可以分析得到:一辆电车比传统的车要
少排放很多气体。
那么总共能减少多少气体?怎么估计呢???
灰色理论:比较适用于有线性关系的预测,尤其 是适合指数增长趋势的预测; BP需要较大量的数据,并且易陷入局部最优解;
基于灰色GM(1,1)模型的BP神经网络预测;
PM10 :67.8million;
结论
空气污染会引起:
对健康的影响
呼吸道系统疾病 心血管疾病 引起犯罪
同时,SO 2 会对人体造成很大伤害
最重要的一点:减少了医疗费用的花销:
结论
2.1.4 对社会的影响:
benefits
(1)增加了就业率; (2)改善环境; (3)降低了健康医疗费用
costs
改进措施
(1)在离峰时期使用二手电池,从而增 加电池的性能;
(2)Li 离子电池是有害的,开发新的科
学技术,促进无害电池的发展,e.g:Si O
电池的发展 (3)人文因素:提高电池的性能
(4)政府和商人采取措施
主要因素的分析 对DEA模型的求解进行灵敏度分析得到如下结果:
Table 10: Results of Sensitivity Analysis
2.1.4 对社会的影响:
目标函数:
min
多项投入 多项产出
n
j X j s X j0
j 1
约束条件:S.T
n
jYj s Yj0
j 1
0, s 0, s 0
结果
用LINGO软件求得: 电动车的效率比率是 1,而传统电动车的效率比率 是 0.7。
这充分说明了短期内电动车的发展的经济效益不 如传统电动车,但从长远的角度来说,电动车的 效益远大于传统的电动车。
问题二 电动车的普及对于石油资源的影响?
定量说明对石油资源的影响 三个假设: 假设能源网地分布都是2009年的水平,没有太 大变化;
在对传统工具进行预测时,假设没有电动车的 出现;
在对电动车的影响预测时,假设没有传统交通 工具的出现;
问题二 电动车的普及对于石油资源的影响?
CVs消耗石油情况:
Year
写作方面
亮点
评卷组的老师认为: (1)蚁群算法巧妙地运用于参数的求解; (2)对于健康方面的考虑,与环境影响联系在 一起;
作者的思路来源与那里呢?
建议:有意向做ICM题目的,请看一下 The Coming Oil Crisis
2.170
3.801
6.642
10.964 16.768 23.783 31.803
结论
石油的节约率从2011年的1.1% 到2020年 的 49% ,充分说明了电动车的发展对石油资源的 节约又很大的帮助。
问题三 如何合理规划能源网,使效益最大? 多目标规划模型
AHP法将多目标转化成单目标
多目标规划模型
结果
对于效益(benefits)方面:
环境(environment)对效益的变化最为灵敏,建 议政府改进发电厂的能源网以减少污染;建议厂家 开发新技术,降低电池带来的污染;
对于成本(coast)方面:
投资(investment)对效益的最为灵敏,建议扩 大对电动车工业的投资;
当然,政府应该保证一定的津贴,注意税收 方面的措施
总结对经济的影响:
(1)市场占有率是逐年上升的, 到2020年已达到25%;
(2)石油的进口量是逐年减少的;
(3)石油的价格是逐年降低的;
2.1.2 对环境影响:
传统的工具主要是使用的石油等燃料,产生了大 量的废气; 那么,电动车为什么会产生废气污染呢?
发电过程中,使用的各种发电原料,例如:煤,石油, 天然气…
2.1.1 对经济的影响
根据参数可以得到2000年---2006年全球的电动车数量 图像为:
Figure1 Global EV Numbers
2.1.1 对经济的影响
同理,预测出2010年---2020年电动车的销售量,并 作出模型检验:
Figure 2 Predicted Global EV Sales
2.1.1 对经济的影响
在电动车的快速发展下,美国的石油进口量为:
结论:电动车的快速发展,美国的石油进口量下 降了;
2.1.1 对经济的影响
石油价格的影响:
石油价格
Ratio 天然气价格
Figure 5: Ratio of Crude Oil Price to Natural Gas Price
Consu mption
Table 12: Scenario One's Consumption (Unit: billion barrels) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 35.986 36.549 37.182 37.977 38.460 38.938 39.420 39.948
Bass模型思想:当网络出现后,用户的增长速度主要 受两种因素的影响:一是媒体的影响;另一个是只受口 头传播的影响。这是 Bass模型中的两个群体,将前者称 为创新者,后者称为模仿者,分别用p、q表示,称p为创 新系数,称q为模仿系数。
2.1.1 对经济的影响
模型的表达式为:
N N N N N
p(m ) q
效的比较,试图使服务单位的效率最大化。
优点:避开了计算每项服务的标准成本,将多种投入和 产出转化为效率比率的分子和分母,而不需要转换成相 同的货币单位。因此,用DEA衡量效率可以清晰地说明 投入和产出的组合,从而,它比一套经营比率或利润指 标更具有综合性并且更值得信赖。
2.1.4 对社会的影响:
对数据进行了一个简单的量化:
Electic Power
48
18
1
11
22
2.1.2 对环境影响:
所以,一辆电动车的排污情况主要是来自:coal 和
natural gas
一辆电车的排污量
NOx 0.362
CO2
CO
142.702 0.014
PM10 0.030
NOx 0.581
一辆传统的交通工具的排污量
CO2e 181.000
目标函数:
max Rt 0.0548 11 0.2635 22 0.1245 33 0.107144 Psumt
约束条件: 对环境,社会,商业,个人的约束; 三种不同类型的电动车的能量关系;
结果
Amount and Type of Electricity Generation in the Next Decade in USA
Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Produc 7731 7733 7669 7626 7400 7228 6895 6841 6847 6734
2009 7196
Import 10550 11092 11618 11357 12254 12898 13525 13612 13632 12872 11444
2.1.2 对环境影响:
工厂每生产1 KWh电所消耗的原料和产生的 污染如下表:
NOx 1.257
产电1kwh 排放的废气
CO2
CO
1085.000
0.047
PM10 0.310
产电1kwh 电量的能源网分布
Coal
Natural Gas Petroleum Renewable
Nuclear
Energy
2015 34.660
2016 32.296
2017 28.456
2018 23.180
2019 16.692
2020 8.606
问题二 电动车的普及对于石油资源的影响? 利用率的比较:
消耗石油的比例为 97%
CVs
石油的利用率为 14%
消耗石油的比例 14%
EVs
石油的利用率为 28%
问题二 电动车的普及对于石油资源的影响?
问题一 广泛普及电动车会带来什么样的影响?
2.1.1对经济的影响; 2.1.2对环境的影响; 2.1.3对人类健康的影响; 2.1.4对社会的影响;
2.1.1 对经济的影响
(1)基于蚁群算法的巴斯扩散模型
Bass Diifussion 最早是由美国的Frank Bass提出的,主 用于描述一种新产品、新技术在使用者和潜在的使用者 之间发展的过程。
(m )
t
t 1
m t 1
t 1
t 1
Nt :在第t年销售的电动车的数量;
p :为创新系数,即媒体带来的影响; q :为模仿系数,即收到口头传播的影响;
:市场的潜在需求量;
m
2.1.1 对经济的影响
利用蚁群算法求解Bass中的参数 C(m,p,q) 基本思路:
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