智能压力传感器外文翻译文献

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智能压力传感器的研究

专业名称：检测技术与自动化装置职称：教授
山东科技大学
二零一一年五月
论文题目：
智能压力传感器的研究
作者姓名：韩丽娜
入学时间： 200 8年9月 2008
专业名称：检测技术与自动化装置研究方向：自动检测监控与系统集成指导教师：陶安利职称：教授
论文提交日期：论文答辩日期：授予学位日期：
关键词：压力传感器，智能化，故障诊断，温度补偿，可靠性
Abstract
After the theor y of traditiona l structure and properties of pressure sensors and smart pressure sensor system theor y and applica tion and sensors and detection technology and
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摘
要
山东科技大学硕士学位论文
摘要
本论文在对传统的压力传感器结构及性能、智能压力传感器系统的理论及应用、传感器和检测技术、通讯技术等进行深入研究的基础上，提出了一种新型智能化压力传感器，并对其硬件配置和软件进行了全面的设计。本设计采用高性能价格比的 3 片内部资源丰富、具有较强信息处理能力的控制器芯片，并结合国内外流行的陶瓷压力传感器，加上一些简单的外围电路进行了较完善的系统硬件设计。本设计采用小体积、低价格器件，所有电路集成在一块电路板上，扩展了 RS-485 总线通讯接口，采用 Modbus 总线通信协议，能够与 PC 机构成主从式总线通信网络，方便实现远程监控。本设计在对智能压力传感器系统的智能化功能深入研究的基础上，设计了较为完善的智能化软件。通过软件零点补偿法、数字滤波技术、供电电压补偿算法、温度补偿算法等方法对零点漂移、电源电压波动的影响、温度变化的影响等进行了实时的补偿，并利用传感器故障的处理方法对各种故障异常情况进行了实时处理。本设计分别从功耗、灵敏度、精度、可靠性、实时性、可维护性等方面提出了改善智能压力传感器性能的措施。本论文设计的智能压力传感器具有自校准功能、数字补偿功能、故障异常诊断和报警等功能，具有体积小、成本低、功耗低、精度高、可靠性好、智能化程度较高等特点，而且可以和微机远距离通信并能同时测量多个点。另外，工程人员可以快速搜索传感器的地址和波特率等参数，并可在输入密码后对传感器的配置参数做出必要的修改。本设计对智能压力传感器系统进行了充分的调试，并介绍了常见的硬件故障及排除措施和常见软件调试的故障与排除措施。实测结果表明，该系统的技术性能达到了预定的指标，具有一定的实用价值。

温室大棚智能传感器中英文外文翻译文献

温室大棚智能传感器中英文外文翻译文献(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文Smart Infrared Temperature SensorsP RayKeeping up with continuously evolving process technologies is a major challenge for process engineers. Add to that the demands of staying current with rapidly evolving methods of monitoring and controlling those processes, and the assignment can become quite intimidating. However, infrared (IR) temperature sensor manufacturers are giving users the tools they need to meet these challenges: the latest computer-related hardware, software, and communications equipment, as well as leading-edge digital circuitry. Chief among these tools, though, is the next generation of IR thermometers— the smart sensor.Today’s new smart IR sensors represent a union of two rapidly evolving sciences that combine IR temperature measurement with high-speed digital technologies usually associated with the computer. These instruments are called smart sensors because they incorporate microprocessors programmed to act as transceivers for bidirectional, serial communications between sensors on the manufacturing floor and computers in the control room (see Photo 1). And because the circuitry is smaller, the sensors are smaller, simplifying installation in tight orawkward areas. Integrating smart sensors into new or existing process control systems offers an immediate advantage to process control engineers in terms of providing a new level of sophistication in temperature monitoring and control.Integrating Smart Sensors into Process LinesWhile the widespread implementation of smart IR sensors is new, IR temperature measurement has been successfully used in process monitoring and control for decades (see the sidebar, “How Infrared Temperature Sensors Work,” below). In the past, if process engineers needed to ch ange a sensor’s settings, they would have to either shut down the line to remove the sensor or try to manually reset it in place. Either course could cause delays in the line, and, in some cases, be very dangerous. Upgrading a sensor usually required buying a new unit, calibrating it to the process, and installing it while the process line lay inactive. For example, some of the sensors in a wire galvanizing plant used to be mounted over vats of molten lead, zinc, and/or muriatic acid and accessible only by reaching out over the vats from a catwalk. In the interests of safety, the process line would have to be shut down for at least 24 hours to cool before changing and upgrading a sensor.Today, process engineers can remotely configure, monitor, address, upgrade, and maintain their IR temperature sensors. Smart models with bidirectional RS-485 or RS-232 communications capabilities simplifyintegration into process control systems. Once a sensor is installed on a process line, engineers can tailor all its parameters to fit changing conditions—all from a PC in the control room. If, for example, the ambient temperature fluctuates, or the process itself undergoes changes in type, thickness, or temperature, all a process engineer needs to do is customize or restore saved settings at a computer terminal. If a smart sensor fails due to high ambient temperature conditions, a cut cable, or failed components, its fail-safe conditions engage automatically. The sensor activates an alarm to trigger a shutdown, preventing damage to product and machinery. If ovens or coolers fail, HI and LO alarms can also signal that there is a problem and/or shut down the line.Extending a Sensor’s Useful LifeFor smart sensors to be compatible with thousands of different types of processes, they must be fully customizable. Because smart sensors contain EPROMs (erasable programmable read only memory), users can reprogram them to meet their specific process requirements using field calibration, diagnostics, and/or utility software from the sensor manufacturer.Another benefit of owning a smart sensor is that its firmware, the software embedded in its chips, can be upgraded via the communications link to revisions as they become available — without removing the sensor from the process line. Firmware upgrades extend the working life of asensor and can actually make a smart sensor smarter.The Raytek Marathon Series is a full line of 1- and 2-color ratio IR thermometers that can be networked with up to 32 smart sensors. Available models include both integrated units and fiber-optic sensors with electronic enclosures that can be mounted away from high ambient temperatures.(see Photo 1). Clicking on a sensor window displays the configuration settings for that particular sensor. The Windows graphical interface is intuitive and easy to use. In the configuration screen, process engineers can monitor current sensor settings, adjust them to meet their needs, or reset the sensor back to the factory defaults. All the displayed information comes from the sensor by way of the RS-485 or RS-232 serial connection.The first two columns are for user input. The third monitors the sensor’s parameters in real time. Some parameters can be changed through other screens, custom programming, and direct PC-to-sensor commands. Parameters that can be changed by user input include the following:∙Relay contact can be set to NO (normally open) or NC (normally closed).∙Relay function can be set to alarm or setpoint.∙Temperature units can be changed from degrees Celsius to degreesFahrenheit, or vice versa.∙Display and analog output mode can be changed for smart sensors that have combinedone- and two-color capabilities.∙Laser (if the sensor is equipped with laser aiming) can be turned on or off.∙Milliamp output settings and range can be used as automatic process triggers or alarms. ∙Emissivity (for one-color) or slope (for two-color) ratio thermometers values can be set. Emissivity and slope values for common metal and nonmetal materials, and instructions on how to determine emissivity and slope, are usually included with sensors.∙Signal processing defines the temperature parameters returned. Average returns an object’s average temperature over a period of time; peak -hold returns an object’s peak temperature either over a period of time or by an external trigger.∙HI alarm/LO alarm can be set to warn of improper changes in temperature. On some process lines, this could be triggered by a break in a product or by malfunctioning heater or cooler elements.∙Attenuation indicates alarm and shut down settings for two-color ratio smart sensors. In this example, if the lens is 95% obscured, an alarm warns that the temperature results might be losing accuracy (known as a “dirty window” alarm). More than 95% obscurity can trigger anautomatic shutdown of the process.Using Smart SensorsSmart IR sensors can be used in any manufacturing process in which temperatures are crucial to high-quality product.Six IR temperature sensors can be seen monitoring product temperatures before and after the various thermal processes and before and after drying. The smart sensors are configured on a high-speed multidrop network (defined below) and are individually addressable from the remote supervisory computer. Measured temperatures at all sensor locations can be polled individually or sequentially; the data can be graphed for easy monitoring or archived to document process temperature data. Using remote addressing features, set points, alarms, emissivity, and signal processing, information can be downloaded to each sensor. The result is tighter process control. Remote Online Addressability In a continuous process similar to that in Figure 2, smart sensors can be connected to one another or to other displays, chart recorders, and controllers on a single network. The sensors may be arranged in multidrop or point-to-point configurations, or simply stand alone.In a multidrop configuration, multiple sensors (up to 32 in some cases) can be combined on a network-type cable. Each can have its own “address,” allowing it to be configured separately with different operating parameters. Because smart sensors use RS-485 or FSK (frequency shiftkeyed) communications, they can be located at considerable distances from the control room computer — up to 1200 m (4000 ft.) for RS-485, or 3000 m (10,000 ft.) for FSK. Some processes use RS-232 communications, but cable length is limited to <100 ft.In a point-to-point installation, smart sensors can be connected to chart recorders, process controllers, and displays, as well as to the controlling computer. In this type of installation, digital communications can be combined with milliamp current loops for a complete all-around process communications package.Sometimes, however, specialized processes require specialized software. A wallpaper manufacturer might need a series of sensors programmed to check for breaks and tears along the entire press and coating run, but each area has different ambient and surface temperatures, and each sensor must trigger an alarm if it notices irregularities in the surface. For customized processes such as this, engineers can write their own programs using published protocol data. These custom programs can remotely reconfigure sensors on the fly—without shutting down the process line.Field Calibration and Sensor UpgradesWhether using multidrop, point-to-point, or single sensor networks, process engineers need the proper software tools on their personal computers to calibrate, configure, monitor, and upgrade those sensors.Simple, easy-to-use data acquisition, configuration, and utility programs are usually part of the smart sensor package when purchased, or custom software can be used.With field calibration software, smart sensors can be calibrated, new parameters downloaded directly to the sensor’s circuitry, and the sensor’s current parameters saved and stored as computer data files to ensure that a complete record of calibration and/or parameter changes is kept. One set of calibration techniques can include one-point offset and two- and three-point with variable temperatures:• One-point offset. If a single temperature is used in a particular process, and the sensor reading needs to be offset to make it match a known temperature, one-point offset calibration should be used. This offset will be applied to all temperatures throughout the entire temperature range. For example, if the known temperature along a float glass line is exactly 1800°F, the smart sensor, or series of sensors, can be calibrated to that temperature.• Two-point. If sensor readings must match at two specific temperatures, the two-point calibration shown in Figure 3 should be selected. This technique uses the calibration temperatures to calculate a gain and an offset that are applied to all temperatures throughout the entire range. • Three-point with variable temperature. If the process has a wide range of temperatures, and sensor readings need to match at threespecific temperatures, the best choice is three-point variable temperature calibration (see Figure 4). This technique uses the calibration temperatures to• Three points If the process has a wi de temperature range, the sensor reading must meet three specific temperatures. The best choice is a three-point temperature calibration. This technique uses the calibration temperature to calculate two gains and two offsets. The first gain and offset apply to all temperatures below the midpoint temperature and at all midpoints above the second plate. Three-point calibration is less common than multiple single-dot, but occasionally manufacturers need to implement this technology to meet specific standards.On-site calibration software also allows the use of routine diagnostic methods, including power supply voltage and relay tests that are run on smart sensors. The result is that the process engineer knows that the sensor works best and it makes it easier to do some necessary troubleshooting.3. ConcludesThe new generation of intelligent infrared temperature sensors requires process engineers to keep up with changes brought about by new production technologies and increased production. They can now configure as many sensors as possible to meet the needs of their particular control process and extend the lifespan of these sensors, far beyond theprevious “not smart” designs. Due to the increased production speed, equipment downtime must be reduced. By monitoring equipment as much as possible and fine-tuning temperature variables without the need for shutdown processes, engineers can maintain efficient processes and deliver high-quality products. The digital processing components and communication capabilities of smart infrared sensors provide a degree of flexibility, security, and ease of use that have not been achieved to date.Infrared (IR) radiation is an electromagnetic spectrum that includes radio waves, microwaves, visible light, and ultraviolet light, as well as gamma rays and X-rays. The IR is between the visible part of the spectrum and radio waves. Infrared wavelengths are usually expressed in micrometers and the spectral range is from 0.7 to 1000 microns. Only the 0.7-14 micron band is used for infrared temperature measurement.Using advanced optical systems and detectors, non-contact infrared thermometers can focus on almost any part or part of the 0.7-14 μm band. Because each object (except blackbody) emits the best infrared energy at a specific point along the infrared wavelength of the line, each process may require a unique sensor model with specific optics and detector types. For example, a sensor, a narrow concentration of polyethylene and related materials concentrated in the 3.43 μm spectral ran ge suitable for measuring surface temperature. A sensor is set at 5 microns to measure the glass surface. Light sensors are used for metal and metal foils. Thebroader spectral range is used to measure lower temperature surfaces such as paper, cardboard, poly, and aluminum foil composites.An object reflects the increase or decrease of emission infrared energy through its temperature. It is emitted energy, measured at the target emissivity, which indicates the temperature of an object.Emissivity is a term used to quantify the energy and light emitting properties of different materials and surfaces. Infrared sensors have an adjustable emissivity setting, usually from 0.1 to 1.0, allowing accurate measurement of several surface types of temperature. The emitted energy comes from an object and reaches the infrared sensor through its optical system, which focuses on one or more light-sensitive detectors on the energy source. The detector's infrared energy is then converted into electrical signals, which in turn are converted into temperature values based on the sensor's calibration equation and the target's emissivity. This temperature value can be displayed on the sensor or converted to a digital output in a smart sensor and displayed on the computer terminal.中文译文智能红外温度传感器P Ray跟上不断发展的工艺技术对工艺工程师来说是一向重大挑战。

传感器技术论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

传感器技术论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献Development of New Sensor TechnologiesSensors are devices that can convert physical。

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中英文文献翻译—什么是智能传感器

What is a smart sensorOne of the biggest advances in automation has been the development and spread of smart sensors. But what exactly is a "smart" sensor? Experts from six sensor manufacturers define this term.A good working "smart sensor" definition comes from Tom Griffiths, product manager, Honeywell Industrial Measurement and Control. Smart sensors, he says, are "sensors and instrument packages that are microprocessor driven and include features such as communication capability and on-board diagnostics that provide information to a monitoring system and/or operator to increase operational efficiency and reduce maintenance costs."No failure to communicate"The benefit of the smart sensor," says Bill Black, controllers product manager at GE Fanuc Automation, "is the wealth of information that can be gathered from the process to reduce downtime and improve quality." David Edeal, Temposonics product manager, MTS Sensors, expands on that: "The basic premise of distributed intelligence," he says, is that "complete knowledge of a system, subsystem, or component's state at the right place and time enables the ability to make'optimal' process control decisions."Adds John Keating, product marketing manager for the Checker machine vision unit at Cognex, "For a (machine vision) sensor to really be 'smart,' it should not require the user to understand machine vision."A smart sensor must communicate. "At the most basic level, an 'intelligent' sensor has the ability to communicate information beyond the basic feedback signals that are derived from its application." says Edeal. This can be a HART signal superimposed on a standard 4-20 mA process output, a bus system, orwireless arrangement. A growing factor in this area is IEEE 1451, a family of smart transducer interface standards intended to give plug-and-play functionality to sensors from different makers.Diagnose, programSmart sensors can self-monitor for any aspect of their operation, including "photo eye dirty, out of tolerance, or failed switch," says GE Fanuc's Black. Add to this, says Helge Hornis, intelligent systems manager, Pepperl+Fuchs, "coil monitoring functions, target out of range, or target too close." It may also compensate for changes in operating conditions. "A 'smart' sensor," says Dan Armentrout, strategic creative director, Omron Electronics LLC, "must monitor itself and its surroundings and then make a decision to compensate for the changes automatically or alert someone for needed attention."Many smart sensors can be re-ranged in the field, offering "settable parameters that allow users to substitute several 'standard' sensors," says Hornis. "For example, typically sensors are ordered to be normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC). An intelligent sensor can be configured to be either one of these kinds."Intelligent sensors have numerous advantages. As the cost of embedded computing power continues to decrease, "smart" devices will be used in more applications. Internal diagnostics alone can recover the investment quickly by helping avoid costly downtime.Sensors: Getting into PositionAs the saying goes, 'No matter where you go, there you are.' Still, most applications require a bit more precision and repeatability than that, so here's advice on how to select and locate position sensors.The article contains online extra material.What's the right position sensor for a particular application? It depends on required precision, repeatability, speed, budget, connectivity, conditions, and location, among other factors. You can bet that taking the right measurement is the first step to closing the loop on any successful application.Sensor technologies that can detect position are nearly as diverse as applications in providing feedback for machine control and other uses. Spatial possibilities are linear, area, rotational, and three-dimensional. In some applications, they're used in combination. Sensing elements are equally diverse.Ken Brey, technical director, DMC Inc., a Chicago-based system integrator, outlined some the following position-sensing options.Think digitallyFor digital position feedback:∙Incremental encoders are supported by all motion controllers; come in rotary and linear varieties and in many resolutions; are simulated by many other devices; and require a homing process to reference the machine toa physical marker, and when power is turned off.∙Absolute encoders are natively supported by fewer motion controllers; can be used by all controllers that have sufficient available digital inputs;report a complete position within their range (typically one revolution);and do not require homing.∙Resolvers are more immune to high-level noise in welding applications;come standard on some larger motors; simulate incremental encoders when used with appropriate servo amps; and can simulate absolute encoders with some servo amps.∙Dual-encoder feedback, generally under-used, is natively supported by most motion controllers; uses one encoder attached to the motor and another attached directly to the load; and is beneficial when the mechanical connection between motor and load is flexible or can slip.∙Vision systems , used widely for inspection, can also be used for position feedback. Such systems locate objects in multiple dimensions, typically X, Y, and rotation; frequently find parts on a conveyor; and are increasing in speed and simplicity.A metal rolling, stamping, and cut-off application provides an example of dual-encoder feedback use, Brey says. 'It required rapid and accurate indexing of material through a roll mill for a stamping process. The roll mill creates an inconsistent amount of material stretch and roller slip,' Brey explains.'By using the encoder on the outgoing material as position feedback and the motor resolver as velocity feedback in a dual-loop configuration, the system was tuned stable and a single index move provided an accurate index length. It was much faster and more accurate than making a primary move, measuring the error, then having to make a second correction move,' he says.Creative, economicalSam Hammond, chief engineer, Innoventor, a St. Louis, MO-area system integrator, suggests that the application's purpose should guide selection of position sensors; measurements and feedback don't have to be complex. 'Creative implementations can provide simple, economical solutions,' he says. For instance, for sequencing, proximity sensors serve well in many instances.Recent sensor applications include the AGV mentioned in lead image and the following.∙In a machine to apply the top seals to tea containers, proximity and through-beam sensors locate incoming packages. National Instruments vision system images are processed to find location of a bar code on a pre-applied label, and then give appropriate motor commands to achieve the desired position (rotation) setting to apply one of 125 label types.Two types of position sensors were used. One was a simple inductive proximity sensor, used to monitor machine status to ensure various motion components were in the right position for motion to occur. The camera also served as a position sensor, chosen because of its multi purpose use, feature location, and ability to read bar codes.∙ A progressive-die stamping machine operates in closed loop. A linear output proximity sensor provides control feedback for optimizing die operation; a servo motor adjusts die position in the bend stage. A linear proximity sensor was selected to give a dimensional readout from the metal stamping operation; data are used in a closed-loop control system.∙Part inspection uses a laser distance measurement device to determine surface flatness. Sensor measures deviation in return beams, indicating different surface attributes to 10 microns in size. An encoder wouldn't have worked because distance was more than a meter. Laser measurement was the technology chosen because it had very high spatial resolution, did not require surface contact, and had a very high distance resolution.An automotive key and lock assembly system uses a proximity sensor for detecting a cap in the ready position. A laser profile sensor applied with a robot measures the key profile.What to use, where?Sensor manufacturers agree that matching advantages inherent to certain position sensing technologies can help various applications.David Edeal, product marketing manager, MTS Sensors Div., says, for harsh factory automation environments, 'the most significant factors even above speed and accuracy in customer's minds are product durability and reliability. Therefore, products with inherently non-contact sensing technologies (inductive, magnetostrictive, laser, etc.) have a significant advantage over those that rely on physical contact (resistive, cable extension, etc.)'Other important factors, Edeal says, are product range of use and application flexibility. 'In other words, technologies that can accommodate significant variations in stroke range, environmental conditions, and can provide a wide range of interface options are of great value to customers who would prefer to avoid sourcing a large variety of sensor types. All technologies are inherently limited with respect to these requirements, which is why there are so many options.'Edeal suggest that higher cost of fitting some technologies to a certain application creates a limitation, such as with linear variable differential transformers. 'For example, LVDTs with stroke lengths longer than 12 inches are rare because of the larger product envelope (about twice the stroke length) and higher material and manufacturing costs. On the other hand, magnetostrictive sensing technology has always required conditioning electronics. With the advent of microelectronics and the use of ASICs, we have progressed to a point where, today, a wide range of programmable output types (such as analog, encoder, and fieldbus) are available in the same compact package. Key for sensor manufacturers is to push the envelope to extend the range of use (advantages) while minimizing the limitations (disadvantages) of their technologies.'Listen to your appDifferent sensor types offer distinct advantages for various uses, agrees Tom Corbett, product manager, Pepperl+Fuchs. 'Sometimes the application itself is the deciding factor on which mode of sensing is required. For example, a machine surface or conveyor belt within the sensing area could mean the difference between using a standard diffused mode sensor, and using a diffused mode sensor with background suppression. While standard diffused mode models are not able to ignore such background objects, background suppression models evaluate light differently to differentiate between the target surface and background surfaces.'Similarly, Corbett continues, 'a shiny target in a retro-reflective application may require use of a polarized retro-reflective model sensor. Whereas a standard retro-reflective sensor could falsely trigger when presented with a shiny target, a polarized retro-reflective model uses a polarizing filter to distinguish the shiny target from the reflector.'MTS' Edeal says, 'Each technology has ideal applications, which tend to magnify its advantages and minimize its disadvantages. For example, in the wood products industry, where high precision; varied stroke ranges; and immunity to high shock and vibration, electromagnetic interference, and temperature fluxuations are critical, magnetostrictive position sensors are the primary linear feedback option. Likewise, rotary optical encoders are an ideal fit for motor feedback because of their packaging, response speed, accuracy, durability, and noise immunity. When applied correctly, linear position sensors can help designers to ensure optimum machine productivity over the long haul.'Thinking broadly first, then more narrowly, is often the best way to design sensors into a system. Edeal says, 'Sensor specifications should be developed by starting from the machine/system-level requirements and working back toward the subsystem, and finally component level. This is typically done, but whatoften happens is that some system-level specifications are not properly or completely translated back to component requirements (not that this is a trivial undertaking). For example, how machine operation might create unique or additional environmental challenges (temperature, vibration, etc.) may not be clear without in-depth analysis or past experience. This can result in an under-specified sensor in the worst situation or alternatively an over-specified product where conservative estimates are applied.'Open or closedEarly in design, those involved need to decide if the architecture will be open-loop or closed-loop. Paul Ruland, product manager, AutomationDirect, says, 'Cost and performance are generally the two main criteria used to decide between open-loop or closed-loop control in electromechanical positioning systems. Open-loop controls, such as stepping systems, can often be extremely reliable and accurate when properly sized for the system. The burden of tuning a closed-loop system prior to operation is not required here, which inherently makes it easy to apply. Both types can usually be controlled by the same motion controller. A NEMA 23 stepping motor with micro-stepping drive is now available for as little as $188, compared to an equivalent servo system at about $700.'Edeal suggests, 'Control systems are created to automate processes and there are many good examples of high-performance control systems that require little if any feedback. However, where structural system (plant) or input (demand or disturbance) changes occur, feedback is necessary to manage unanticipated changes. On the process side, accuracy—both static and dynamic—is important for end product quality, and system stability and repeatability (robustness) are important for machine productivity.'For example,' Edeal says, 'in a machining or injection molding application, the tool, mold or ram position feedback is critical to the final dimension ofthe fabricated part. With rare exceptions, dimensional accuracy of the part will never surpass that of the position sensor. Similarly, bandwidth (response speed) of the sensor may, along with response limitations of the actuators, limit production rates.'Finally, a sensor that is only accurate over a narrow range of operating conditions will not be sufficient in these types of environments where high shock and vibration and dramatic temperature variations are common.'The latestWhat are the latest position sensing technologies to apply to manufacturing and machining processes and why?Ruland says, 'Some of the latest developments in positioning technologies for manufacturing applications can be found in even the simplest of devices, such as new lower-cost proximity switches. Many of these prox devices are now available for as little as $20 and in much smaller form factors, down to 3 mm diameter. Some specialty models are also available with increased response frequencies up to 20 kHz. Where mounting difficulties and cost of an encoder are sometimes impractical, proximity switches provide an attractive alternative; many position control applications can benefit from increased performance, smaller package size, and lower purchase price and installation cost.'Corbett concurs. 'Photoelectric sensors are getting smaller, more durable, and flexible, and are packed with more standard features than ever before. Some new photoelectrics are about half the size of conventional cylindrical housings and feature welded housings compared with standard glued housings. Such features are very desirable in manufacturing and machining applications where space is critical and durability is a must. And more flexible connectivity and mountingoptions—side mount or snout mount are available from the same product—allow users to adapt a standard sensor to their machine, rather than vice versa.'Another simple innovation, Corbett says, is use of highly visible, 360-degree LED that clearly display status information from any point of view. 'Such enhanced LED indicates overload and marginal excess gain, in addition to power and output. Such sensors offer adjustable sensitivity as standard, but are available with optional tamperproof housings to prevent unauthorized adjustments.'Photoelectric SensorsPhotoelectric sensors are typically available in at least nine or more sensing modes, use two light sources, are encapsulated in three categories of package sizes, offer five or more sensing ranges, and can be purchased in various combinations of mounting styles, outputs, and operating voltages. It creates a bewildering array of sensor possibilities and a catalog full of options.This plethora of choices can be narrowed in two ways: The first has to do with the object being sensed. Second involves the sensor's environment.Boxed inThe first question to ask is: What is the sensor supposed to detect? "Are we doing bottles? Or are we detecting cardboard boxes?" says Greg Knutson, a senior applications engineer with sensor manufacturer Banner Engineering.Optical properties and physical distances will determine which sensing mode and what light source work best. In the case of uniformly colored boxes, for example, it might be possible to use an inexpensive diffuse sensor, which reflects light from the box.The same solution, however, can't be used when the boxes are multicolored and thus differ in reflectivity. In that case, the best solution might be an opposed or retroreflective mode sensor. Here, the system works by blocking a beam. When a box is in position, the beam is interrupted and the box detected. Without transparent boxes, the technique should yield reliable results. Several sensors could gauge boxes of different heights.Distance plays a role in selecting the light source, which can either be an LED or a laser. LED is less expensive. However, because LED are a more diffuse light source, they are better suited for shorter distances. A laser can be focused on a spot, yielding a beam that can reach long distances. Tight focus can also be important when small features have to be sensed. If a small feature has to be spotted from several feet, it may be necessary to use a laser.Laser sensors used to cost many times more than LED. That differential has dropped with the plummeting price of laser diodes. There's still a premium for using a laser, but it's not as large as in the past.Environmental challengesOperating environment is the other primary determining factor in choosing a sensor. Some industries, such food and automotive, tend to be messy, dangerous, or both. In the case of food processing, humidity can be high and a lot of fluids can be present. Automotive manufacturing sites that process engines and other components may include grit, lubricants, and coolants. In such situations, the sensor's environmental rating is of concern. If the sensor can't handle dirt, then it can't be used. Such considerations also impact the sensing range needed because it may be necessary to station the sensor out of harm's way and at a greater distance than would otherwise be desirable. Active alarming and notification may be useful if lens gets dirty and signal degrades.Similar environmental issues apply to the sensor's size, which can range from smaller than a finger to something larger than an open hand. A smaller sensor can be more expensive than a larger one because it costs more to pack everything into a small space. Smaller sensors also have a smaller area to collect light and therefore tend to have less range and reduced optical performance. Those drawbacks have to be balanced against a smaller size being a better fit for the amount of physical space available.Sensors used in semiconductor clean room equipment, for example, don't face harsh environmental conditions, but do have to operate in tight spaces. Sensing distances typically run a few inches, thus the sensors tend to be small. They also often make use of fiber optics to bring light into and out of the area where changes are being detected.Mounting, pricingAnother factor to consider is the mounting system. Frequently, sensors must be mechanically protected with shrouds and other means. Such mechanical and optical protection can cost more than the sensor itself—a consideration for the buying process. If vendors have flexible mounting systems and a protective mounting arrangement for sensors, the products could be easier to implement and last longer.List prices for standard photoelectric sensors range from $50 or so to about $100.Laser and specialty photoelectric sensors cost between $150 and $500. Features such as a low-grade housing, standard optical performance, and limited or no external adjustments characterize the lower ends of each category. The higher end will have a high-grade housing, such as stainless steel or aluminum, high optical performance, and be adjustable in terms of gain or allow timing and otheroptions. Low-end products are suitable for general applications, while those at the higher end may offer application-specific operation at high speed, high temperature, or in explosive environments.Finally, keep in mind that one sensing technology may not meet all of the needs of an application. And if needs change, a completely different sensor technology may be required. Having to switch to a new approach can be made simpler if a vendor offers multiple technologies in the same housing and mounting footprint, notes Ed Myers, product manager at sensor manufacturer Pepperl+Fuchs. If that's the case, then one technology can be more easily swapped out for another as needs change.译文什么是智能传感器自动化领域所取得的一项最大进展就是智能传感器的发展与广泛使用。

传感器外文文献

Photoelectric sensorKey word:photoeletric effect photoelectric element photoeletric sensor classification sensor application characteristics. Abstract:in the development of science and technology in the modern society,mankind has into rapidly changing information era,people in daily life,the production process,rely mainly on the detection of information technology by acquiring,screening and transmission,to achieve the brake control,automation adjustment,at present our country has put detection techniques listed in one of the priority to the development of science and technology.Because ofmicroelectronics technology,photoelectric semiconductor technology,optical fiber technology and grating technical development makes the application of the photoelectric sensor is growing .The sensor has simple structure, non-contact,high reliability,high precision,measurable parameters and quick response and more simple structure,form etc,and flexible in automatic detection technology,it has been widely applied in photoelectric effect as the theoretical basis,the device by photoelectric material composition.Text:First,theoretical foundation-photoelectric effect Photoelectric effect generally have the photoelectric effect ,optical effect,light born volts effect.The light shines in photoelectric material,according to the electronic absorption material surface energy,if absorbed energy large enough electronic will overcome bound from material and enter the outside space,which changes photoelectron materials ,this king of phenomenon become the conductivity of the photoelectric effect.According to Einstein’s photoelectron effect,photon is moving particles,each photon energy for hv(v for light frequency,h for Planck’s constant,h=6.63*10-34J/HZ),thus different frequency of photons have different energy,light,the higher the frequency,the photon energy is bigger.Assuming all the energy photons to photons,electronic energy will increase,increased energy part of the fetter,positive ions used to overcome another part of converted into electronic energy.According to the law of conservation of energy:1／2mv =hv-A2Type,m for electronic quality,v for electronic escaping the velocity,A microelectronics the work done.From the type that will make the optoelectronic cathode surface escape the necessary conditions are h>A.Due to the different materials have different escaping,so reactive to each kind ofcathode material,incident light has a certain frequency is restricted,when the frequency of incident light under this frequency limit,no matter how the light intensity,won’t produce photoelectron lauch,this frequency limit called“red limit”.The corresponding wavelength for type,c for the speed of light,A reactive for escaping.When is the sun,its electronic energy,absorb the resistivity reduce conductive phenomenon called optical effects.It belongs to the photoelectric effect within.When light is,if in semiconducter electronic energy big with semiconductor of forbidden band width,the electronic energy from the valence band jump into the conduction band,form,and at the same time,the valence band electronic left the corresponding cavities. Electronics,cavitation remained in semiconducter,and participate in electric conductive outside formed under the current role.In addition to metal outer,most insulators and semiconducter have photoelectric effect,particularly remarkable,semiconductor optical effect according to the optoelectronics manufacturing incident light inherent frequency,when light resistance in light,its conductivity increases,resistance drops.The light intensity is strong,its value,if the smaller,its resistance to stop light back to the original value.Semiconductor producted by light illuminate the phenomenon is called light emf,born volts effect on the effect of photoelectric devices have made si-based ones,photoelectric diode,control thyristor and optical couplers,etc.Second,optoelectronic components and characteristics According to the outside optoelectronics manufacturing optoelectronic devices have photoelectron,inflatable phototubes and photoelectric times once tube.1.Phototubes phototubes are various and typical products arevacuum phototubes and inflatable phototubes,light its appearance and structure as shown in figure 1 shows,made of cylindrical metal half cathodic K and is located in the wires cathodic axis of anode in A package of smoke into the vacuum,when incident light within glass shell in the cathode,illuminate A single photon took all of its energy transfer to the cathode materials A free electrons,so as to make the freedom electronic energy increase h.When electrons gain energy more than escape of cathode materials,it reactive A metal surface constraints can overcome escape,form electron emission.This kind of electronic called optoelectronics,optoelectronic escaping the metal surface for after initial kinetic energyPhototubes normal work,anode potential than the cathode, show in figure 2.In one shot more than “red light frequency is premise,escape from the optoelectronic cathode surface by positive potential attracted the anode in photoelectric tube forming space,called the current stream.Then if light intensity increases,the number of photons bombarded the cathode multiplied,unit of time to launch photoelectron number are also increasing,photo-current greatens.In figure 2 shows circuit,current so as to achieve a photoelectric conversion.When the LTT optoelectronic cathode K, electronic escape from the cathode surface,and was the photoelectric anode is an electric current,power plants absorb deoxidization device in the load resistance-I,the voltage. Phototubes photoelectric characteristics fig.03 shows,from the graph in flux knowable,not too big,photoelectric basis characteristics is a straight line.2.Photoelectric times had the sensitivity of vacuum tube duo tolow,so with people developed has magnified the photomultiplier tubes photo-current ability.Figure 4 isphotomultiplier tube structure schematic drawing.From the graph can see photomultiplier tubes also have A cathode K and an anode A,and phototubes different is in its between anode and cathode set up several secondary emission electrodes,D1,D2 and D3…Usually,double electrode for 10~15 levels.Photomultiplier tubes work between adjacent electrode,keeping a certain minimum,including the cathode potential potentials,each multiply electrode potential filtering increases, the anode potential supreme.When the incident light irradiation, cathodic K escape from the optoelectronic cathode multiplied by first accelerated,by high speed electrode D1 bombarded caused secondary electron emission,D1,an incident can generate multiple secondary electron photonics,D1 emit of secondary electron was D1,D2 asked electric field acceleration,converged on D2 and again produce secondary electron emission…So gradually produce secondary electron emission,make electronic increased rapidly,these electronic finally arrived at the anode, form a large anode current.If an level,multiply electrodes at alllevels for sigma,the multiplication of rate is the multiplication of photomultiplier tubes can be considered sigma n rate,therefore,photomultiplier tube has high sensitivity.In the output current is less than 1mA circumstances,it in a very wide photoelectric properties within the scope of the linear relationship with good.Photomultiplier tubes this characteristic, Make it more for light measurement.3.and photoconductive resistance photoconductive resistance within the working principle is based on the photoelectric effect. In semiconducter photosensitive material ends of mount electrode lead,it contains transparent window sealed in the tube and shell element photoconductive resistance.Photoconductive resistance properties and parameters are:1)dark resistance photoconductive resistance at roomtemperature,total dark conditions stable resistance called dark resistance,at the current flow resistance is called dark current.2)Light resistance photoconductive resistance at roomtemperature and certain lighting conditions stable resistance measured,right now is called light resistance of current flow resistance is called light current.4.V olt-ampere characteristics of both ends photoconductive resistance added voltage and current flows throughphotoconductive resistance of the relationship between called volt-ampere characteristics shown,as shown in figure 5.From the graph,the approximate linear volt-ampere characteristics that use should be limited,but when the voltage ends photoconductive resistance,lest than shown dotted lines of power consumption area.光敏电阻的伏安特性5.photoelectric characteristics photoconductive resistance between the poles,light when voltage fixed the relationship between with bright current photoelectric characteristics.Called photoconductive resistance photoelectric characteristics is nonlinear,this is one of the major drawback of photoconductive resistance.6.Spectral characteristics is not the same incident wavelength the sensitivity of photoconductive resistance is different also.Incidence wavelength and photodetector the relationship between relative sensitivity called spectral characteristics.When used according to the wavlength range by metering,choosedifferent material photoconductive resistance.7.Response time by photoconductive resistance after photo-current need light,over a period of time (time) rise to reach its steady value.Similarly,in stop light photo-current also need,over a period of time (down time) to restore the its dark current,this is photoconductive resistance delay characteristic . Photoconductive resistance rise response time and falling response time about 10-1~10-3s,namely the frequency response is 10Hz~1000Hz,visible photoconductive resistance cannot be used in demand quick response occasion,this is one of the main photoconductive resistance shortcoming.8、and temperature characteristic photoconductive resistance by temperature affects greatly,temperature rise,dark current increase,reduced sensitivity,which is another photoconductive resistance shortcoming.9、frequency characteristic frequency characteristics refers to an external voltage and incident light,strong must be photo-current I and incident light,modulation frequency,the relationship between the f,photoelectric diode is the freqency characteristic of the ptotoelectric triode frequency characteristics,this is because of the photoelectric triode shot “yankees there capacitance and carrier base-combed need time’s sake.By usingthe principle of the photoelectric effciency of optoelectronics manufacturing frequency characteristic of the worst,this is due to capture charge carriers and release charge need a certain time’s sake.Three,photoelectric sensorsPhotoelectric sensor is through the light intensity changes into electrical signal changes to achieve control,its basic structure,it first figure 6 by measuring the change of converting the light signal,and then using photoelectric element further will light signals into electrical signal by photoelectric sensor general. Illuminant,optical path and optoelectronics.Three components of photoelectric detection method has high precision,fast response,non-contact wait for an advantage,but measurable parameters of simple structure,sensors,form flexible,threefore, photoelectric sensor in the test and control is widely used.By photoelectric sensor generally is composed of three parts, they are divided into:transmitter and receiver and detection circuit shown,as shown in figure 7,transmitter aimed at the target launch beam,the launch of the beam from semiconductor illuminant,general light emitting diode(LED),laser diode and infrared emission diode.Beam uninterrupted lauch,or change the pulse width. Receivers have photoelectric diode,photoelectrictriode,composed si-based ones.In front of the receiver, equipped with optical components such as lens and aperture,etc.In its back is detection circuit,it can filter out effective signal and the application of the signal.In addition,the structural components in photoelectric switch and launch plate and optical fiber,triangle reflex plate is solid structure launch device.It consists of small triangle cone of reflective materials,can make a beam accurately reflected back from plate,with practical significance.It can be in with the scope of optical axis 0 to 25,make beams change launch Angle from a root almost after launch line,passes reflection or from the rotating polygon.some basic returns.Photoelectric sensor is a kind of depend on is analyte andoptoelectronics and light source,to achieve the relationship between the measured purpose,so the light source photoelectric sensor plays a very important role,photoelectric sensor power if a constant source,power is very important for design,the stability of power directly affect the accuracy of measurement,comonly used illuminant have the following kinds:1,leds is a change electric energy into light energy semiconductor devices.It has small volume,low power consumption,long life,fast response,the advantages of high mechanical strength,and can match and integrated circuits. Therefore,widely used in computer,instruments and automatic control equipment.2,Silk light bulb that is one of the most commomly used illuminant,it has rich infrare light.If chosen optoelectronics, constitutes of infrared sensor sensitive colour filter can be added to the visible tungsten lamps,but only filter with its infrared does illuminant,such,which can effectively prevent other light interference.3,compared with ordinary light laser with energy concentration, directional good,frequency pure,coherence as well as good,is very ideal light sources.The light source,optical path and photoelectric device composition photoelectric sensor used inphotoelectric detection,still must be equipped with appropriate measurement circuit.The photoelectric effect to the measurement circuit of photoelectric element of widerange caused changes needed to convert the voltage or current. Different photoelectric element,the measurement circuit required is not identical also.Several semiconductor introduces below optoelectronic devices commonly used measurement circuit.Figure 9(a)with temperature compensation given the photosensitive diode bridge type measuring circuit.When the incident light intensity slow change,the reverse resistance photosensitive diode is the slow change,the change of the temperature will cause the bridge output voltage,must compensate.Drift picture a photosensitive diode as the test components,another into windows,in neighboring bridge,the change of the temperature in the arms of the influence of two photosensitive diode,therefore,can eliminate the same output with tempereture bridge road drift.Light activated triode incident light in work under low illumination,or hope to get bigger output power,also can match with amplifying circuit,as shown in figure 9 shows.Because even in the glare photosensitive batteries,maximum output voltage also only 0.6V,still cannot make the next level 1 transistor have larger current output,so must add positive bias,as shown in figure 9(a)below.In order to reduce the transistor circuit impedance variations,base si-based ones to reduce as much as possible without light,when the reverse bias inherit in parallel a resistor si-based ones at both ends.Or like figure 9(b)as shown by the positive ge diode produces pressure drop and test the voltage produced when exposed to light,make silicon tube e stack,b the voltage between actuators than 0.7V,and conduction work.This kind of circumstance also can use silicon light batteries,as shown in figure 10(c)below.Semiconductor photoelectric element of photoelectric circuit can also use integrated operational amplifier.Silicon photosensitive diode can be obtained by integrating op-amp large output amplitude,as shown in figure 11(a)below.When light is produced,the optical output voltage in order to guarantee photosensitive diode is reverse biased,in its positive to add a load voltage.Figure 11.(b) give the photocell transform circuit,because the photoelectric si-based ones short-circuit current and illumination of a linear relationship between,so will it up in the op-amp is,inverse-phase input,using these two potential difference between the characteristics of close to zero,can get better effect.In the picture shows conditions,the output voltage U0=2IφR FThe photoelectric element by flux the role of different made from the principle of optical measurement and control system is varied,press the photoelectric element (optical measurement andcontrol system)output nature,namely,can be divided into second analog photoelectric sensor and pulse (switch)photoelectric sensor.Analog photoelectric sensors will be converted into continuous variation of the measure,it is measuered optical with a single value relations between analog photoelectric sensor. According to be measured (objects)method detection of target can be divided into transmission (absorption)type,diffuse type, shading type(beam resistance gears)three categories.So-called transmission style means the object to be tested in optical path in constant light source,the light energy through things,part of being measured by absorption,transmitted light onto photoelectric element,such as measured liquid,gas transparency and photoelectric BiSeJi etc;speed.gratifying the so-called diffuse style means the constant light by the light onto the analyte from the object to be tested,and projected onto surfaces reflect on after optoelectronic devices,such as photoelectric colorrimetric thermometer and light gauge etc;The so-called shading style means the when illuminant issued by the flux of light analyte covered by a part Jing optoelectronics,make projection on the flux change,change the object to be tested and extent of the position with the light path,such as vibration measurement,the size measurement;And in pulse photoelectricsensor in the sensors,photoelectric element in switch work of the state,the current output it is usually only two steady state of the signal,the pulse form used for photoelectric counting and photoelectric speed measurement and so on.And infrared photoelectric sensor classification and working way generally have the following kinds:1,groove photoelectric sensor put a light emitter and a receiver in a slot face-to-face outfit are on opposite sides of the photoelectric groove.Lighter emits infrared light or visible light, and in unimpeded cases light receptors can receive light.But when tested objects from slot zhongtong obsolete , light occluded ,photoelectric switches and action.Output a switch control signal,cut off or connect load current,thus completing a control movement.Groove switch is the overall of detection distance because general structure limits only a few centimeters. 2,DuiShe type optoelectronic sensor if you put lighter and receive light is separated,can make the detection distance increase.By a lighter and an inbox light sensor into a photoelectric switch is called DuiShe separate photoelectric switches,referred to DuiShe photoelectric switch.Its detection distance can reach a few meters and even a dozen meters.When using light-emitting device and recive light device are installedin test object through the path of the sides,test object by blocking light path,accept light implement action output a switch control signals.3,Reflex plate.it photoelectric switch light-emitting device type and receive light device into the same device inside,in its front pack a reflex plate.the using the reflection principle of complete photoelectric control function is called reflex plate.it reflex (or reflector reflx)photoelectric switch.Under normal circumstances, lighter the light reflected by reflex plate.it is received by accept light;Once the light path be test object to block,accept light,the light is not received photoelectric switch is action,output a switch control signals.4,Diffusion reflective photoelectric switches its detection head with a lighter and also an inbox light ware,but no reflex plate.it ahead.Normally lighter for the light collect light is not found. When test object by blocking the light,and the light reflected light,receive part implement received light signals,output a switch signals.Four,I’m the idea of photoelectric sensorWith the development of science and technology people on measuring accuracy had the higher request,this has prompted the pace with the times photoelectric sensor have updated,improvethe main means photoelectric sensor performance is the application of new materials,new technology manufacturing performance is more superior photoelectric element.For example,today the prototype of the photoelectric sensor is a small metal cylindrical equipment,with a calibration lens,transmitter into receiver focused light,the receiver out of cable to the device got to a vacuum tube amplifiers in metal cylinder on the incandescent light bulb inside a small as the light source a strong incandescent lamp sensor.Due to the sensor various defects existing in the fields,gradually faded.To appear, because of it of fiber of excellent performance,then appeared with sensors supporting the use of optical passive components, another fiber without any interference of electromagnetic signal, and can make the sensor of the electronic components and other electrical disturbance in isolation.Have a piece of plastic optical fiber core or plass light core,light outside a metallic core skins and bread this layer metal cortical density lower than light core, so low,the beam refraction in the two materials according to the border(incident Angle within a certain range,reflected),is all. Based on optical principle,all beams can be made by optical fiber to transmission.Two incident beam Angle in an Angle (along the fiber length direction within)by multiple reflectionsfrom the other end after injection,another incident angles than accept the incident light in metal skin,loss.This accept Angle within the biggest incident Angle than two times,this is because fiber slightly larger from air into density larger fiber materials hitting may have a slight refraction.In light of the optical fiber transmission from inside the influence of fiber bending(whether more than bending radius minimal bending radius).Most optical fiber is flexible,easy to install in the narrow space. Photoelectric sensor is a kind of non-contact measurement small electronic measurement equipment,rely on detect its receives the light intensity change,to achieve measurement purposes,and it’s also a vulnerable to external disturbance and lose the measurement accuracy of the device.When be being designed so besides the choice optoelectronic components,still must set GSCC signal and temperature compensating measures used to weaken or eliminate the impact of these factors.。

【机械类文献翻译】智能传感器

What is a smart sensorOne of the biggest advances in automation has been the development and spread of smart sensors.But what exactly is a"smart"sensor?Experts from six sensor manufacturers define this term.A good working"smart sensor"definition comes from Tom Griffiths,product manager,Honeywell Industrial Measurement and Control.Smart sensors,he says, are"sensors and instrument packages that are microprocessor driven and include features such as communication capability and on-board diagnostics that provide information to a monitoring system and/or operator to increase operational efficiency and reduce maintenance costs."No failure to communicate"The benefit of the smart sensor,"says Bill Black,controllers product manager at GE Fanuc Automation,"is the wealth of information that can be gathered from the process to reduce downtime and improve quality."David Edeal,Temposonics product manager,MTS Sensors,expands on that:"The basic premise of distributed intelligence,"he says,is that"complete knowledge of a system,subsystem,or component's state at the right place and time enables the ability to make'optimal'process control decisions."Adds John Keating,product marketing manager for the Checker machine vision unit at Cognex,"For a(machine vision)sensor to really be'smart,'it should not require the user to understand machine vision."A smart sensor must communicate."At the most basic level,an'intelligent' sensor has the ability to communicate information beyond the basic feedback signals that are derived from its application."says Edeal.This can be a HART signal superimposed on a standard4-20mA process output,a bus system,orwireless arrangement.A growing factor in this area is IEEE1451,a family of smart transducer interface standards intended to give plug-and-play functionality to sensors from different makers.Diagnose,programSmart sensors can self-monitor for any aspect of their operation,including "photo eye dirty,out of tolerance,or failed switch,"says GE Fanuc's Black. Add to this,says Helge Hornis,intelligent systems manager,Pepperl+Fuchs, "coil monitoring functions,target out of range,or target too close."It may also compensate for changes in operating conditions."A'smart'sensor,"says Dan Armentrout,strategic creative director,Omron Electronics LLC,"must monitor itself and its surroundings and then make a decision to compensate for the changes automatically or alert someone for needed attention."Many smart sensors can be re-ranged in the field,offering"settable parameters that allow users to substitute several'standard'sensors,"says Hornis."For example,typically sensors are ordered to be normally open(NO)or normally closed(NC).An intelligent sensor can be configured to be either one of these kinds."Intelligent sensors have numerous advantages.As the cost of embedded computing power continues to decrease,"smart"devices will be used in more applications. Internal diagnostics alone can recover the investment quickly by helping avoid costly downtime.Sensors:Getting into PositionAs the saying goes,'No matter where you go,there you are.'Still,most applications require a bit more precision and repeatability than that,so here's advice on how to select and locate position sensors.The article contains online extra material.What's the right position sensor for a particular application?It depends on required precision,repeatability,speed,budget,connectivity,conditions,and location,among other factors.You can bet that taking the right measurement is the first step to closing the loop on any successful application.Sensor technologies that can detect position are nearly as diverse as applications in providing feedback for machine control and other uses.Spatial possibilities are linear,area,rotational,and three-dimensional.In some applications,they're used in combination.Sensing elements are equally diverse.Ken Brey,technical director,DMC Inc.,a Chicago-based system integrator, outlined some the following position-sensing options.Think digitallyFor digital position feedback:•Incremental encoders are supported by all motion controllers;come in rotary and linear varieties and in many resolutions;are simulated by many other devices;and require a homing process to reference the machine toa physical marker,and when power is turned off.•Absolute encoders are natively supported by fewer motion controllers;can be used by all controllers that have sufficient available digital inputs;report a complete position within their range(typically one revolution);and do not require homing.•Resolvers are more immune to high-level noise in welding applications;come standard on some larger motors;simulate incremental encoders when used with appropriate servo amps;and can simulate absolute encoders with some servo amps.•Dual-encoder feedback,generally under-used,is natively supported by most motion controllers;uses one encoder attached to the motor and another attached directly to the load;and is beneficial when the mechanical connection between motor and load is flexible or can slip.•Vision systems,used widely for inspection,can also be used for position feedback.Such systems locate objects in multiple dimensions,typically X,Y,and rotation;frequently find parts on a conveyor;and are increasing in speed and simplicity.A metal rolling,stamping,and cut-off application provides an example of dual-encoder feedback use,Brey says.'It required rapid and accurate indexing of material through a roll mill for a stamping process.The roll mill creates an inconsistent amount of material stretch and roller slip,'Brey explains.'By using the encoder on the outgoing material as position feedback and the motor resolver as velocity feedback in a dual-loop configuration,the system was tuned stable and a single index move provided an accurate index length.It was much faster and more accurate than making a primary move,measuring the error,then having to make a second correction move,'he says.Creative,economicalSam Hammond,chief engineer,Innoventor,a St.Louis,MO-area system integrator, suggests that the application's purpose should guide selection of position sensors;measurements and feedback don't have to be complex.'Creative implementations can provide simple,economical solutions,'he says.For instance, for sequencing,proximity sensors serve well in many instances.Recent sensor applications include the AGV mentioned in lead image and the following.•In a machine to apply the top seals to tea containers,proximity and through-beam sensors locate incoming packages.National Instruments vision system images are processed to find location of a bar code on a pre-applied label,and then give appropriate motor commands to achieve the desired position(rotation)setting to apply one of125label types.Two types of position sensors were used.One was a simple inductive proximity sensor,used to monitor machine status to ensure various motion components were in the right position for motion to occur.The camera also served as a position sensor,chosen because of its multi purpose use, feature location,and ability to read bar codes.•A progressive-die stamping machine operates in closed loop.A linear output proximity sensor provides control feedback for optimizing die operation;a servo motor adjusts die position in the bend stage.A linear proximity sensor was selected to give a dimensional readout from the metal stamping operation;data are used in a closed-loop control system.•Part inspection uses a laser distance measurement device to determine surface flatness.Sensor measures deviation in return beams,indicating different surface attributes to10microns in size.An encoder wouldn't have worked because distance was more than a ser measurement was the technology chosen because it had very high spatial resolution,did not require surface contact,and had a very high distance resolution.An automotive key and lock assembly system uses a proximity sensor for detecting a cap in the ready position.A laser profile sensor applied with a robot measures the key profile.What to use,where?Sensor manufacturers agree that matching advantages inherent to certain position sensing technologies can help various applications.David Edeal,product marketing manager,MTS Sensors Div.,says,for harsh factory automation environments,'the most significant factors even above speed and accuracy in customer's minds are product durability and reliability.Therefore, products with inherently non-contact sensing technologies(inductive, magnetostrictive,laser,etc.)have a significant advantage over those that rely on physical contact(resistive,cable extension,etc.)'Other important factors,Edeal says,are product range of use and application flexibility.'In other words,technologies that can accommodate significant variations in stroke range,environmental conditions,and can provide a wide range of interface options are of great value to customers who would prefer to avoid sourcing a large variety of sensor types.All technologies are inherently limited with respect to these requirements,which is why there are so many options.'Edeal suggest that higher cost of fitting some technologies to a certain application creates a limitation,such as with linear variable differential transformers.'For example,LVDTs with stroke lengths longer than12inches are rare because of the larger product envelope(about twice the stroke length)and higher material and manufacturing costs.On the other hand,magnetostrictive sensing technology has always required conditioning electronics.With the advent of microelectronics and the use of ASICs,we have progressed to a point where, today,a wide range of programmable output types(such as analog,encoder,and fieldbus)are available in the same compact package.Key for sensor manufacturers is to push the envelope to extend the range of use(advantages)while minimizing the limitations(disadvantages)of their technologies.'Listen to your appDifferent sensor types offer distinct advantages for various uses,agrees Tom Corbett,product manager,Pepperl+Fuchs.'Sometimes the application itself is the deciding factor on which mode of sensing is required.For example,a machine surface or conveyor belt within the sensing area could mean the difference between using a standard diffused mode sensor,and using a diffused mode sensor with background suppression.While standard diffused mode models are not able to ignore such background objects,background suppression models evaluate light differently to differentiate between the target surface and background surfaces.'Similarly,Corbett continues,'a shiny target in a retro-reflective application may require use of a polarized retro-reflective model sensor.Whereas a standard retro-reflective sensor could falsely trigger when presented with a shiny target, a polarized retro-reflective model uses a polarizing filter to distinguish the shiny target from the reflector.'MTS'Edeal says,'Each technology has ideal applications,which tend to magnify its advantages and minimize its disadvantages.For example,in the wood products industry,where high precision;varied stroke ranges;and immunity to high shock and vibration,electromagnetic interference,and temperature fluxuations are critical,magnetostrictive position sensors are the primary linear feedback option.Likewise,rotary optical encoders are an ideal fit for motor feedback because of their packaging,response speed,accuracy,durability,and noise immunity.When applied correctly,linear position sensors can help designers to ensure optimum machine productivity over the long haul.'Thinking broadly first,then more narrowly,is often the best way to design sensors into a system.Edeal says,'Sensor specifications should be developed by starting from the machine/system-level requirements and working back toward the subsystem,and finally component level.This is typically done,but whatoften happens is that some system-level specifications are not properly or completely translated back to component requirements(not that this is a trivial undertaking).For example,how machine operation might create unique or additional environmental challenges(temperature,vibration,etc.)may not be clear without in-depth analysis or past experience.This can result in an under-specified sensor in the worst situation or alternatively an over-specified product where conservative estimates are applied.'Open or closedEarly in design,those involved need to decide if the architecture will be open-loop or closed-loop.Paul Ruland,product manager,AutomationDirect,says, 'Cost and performance are generally the two main criteria used to decide between open-loop or closed-loop control in electromechanical positioning systems. Open-loop controls,such as stepping systems,can often be extremely reliable and accurate when properly sized for the system.The burden of tuning a closed-loop system prior to operation is not required here,which inherently makes it easy to apply.Both types can usually be controlled by the same motion controller.A NEMA23stepping motor with micro-stepping drive is now available for as little as$188,compared to an equivalent servo system at about$700.'Edeal suggests,'Control systems are created to automate processes and there are many good examples of high-performance control systems that require little if any feedback.However,where structural system(plant)or input(demand or disturbance)changes occur,feedback is necessary to manage unanticipated changes.On the process side,accuracy—both static and dynamic—is important for end product quality,and system stability and repeatability(robustness) are important for machine productivity.'For example,'Edeal says,'in a machining or injection molding application, the tool,mold or ram position feedback is critical to the final dimension ofthe fabricated part.With rare exceptions,dimensional accuracy of the part will never surpass that of the position sensor.Similarly,bandwidth(response speed) of the sensor may,along with response limitations of the actuators,limit production rates.'Finally,a sensor that is only accurate over a narrow range of operating conditions will not be sufficient in these types of environments where high shock and vibration and dramatic temperature variations are common.'The latestWhat are the latest position sensing technologies to apply to manufacturing and machining processes and why?Ruland says,'Some of the latest developments in positioning technologies for manufacturing applications can be found in even the simplest of devices,such as new lower-cost proximity switches.Many of these prox devices are now available for as little as$20and in much smaller form factors,down to3mm diameter.Some specialty models are also available with increased response frequencies up to20kHz.Where mounting difficulties and cost of an encoder are sometimes impractical,proximity switches provide an attractive alternative; many position control applications can benefit from increased performance, smaller package size,and lower purchase price and installation cost.'Corbett concurs.'Photoelectric sensors are getting smaller,more durable,and flexible,and are packed with more standard features than ever before.Some new photoelectrics are about half the size of conventional cylindrical housings and feature welded housings compared with standard glued housings.Such features are very desirable in manufacturing and machining applications where space is critical and durability is a must.And more flexible connectivity and mountingoptions—side mount or snout mount are available from the same product—allow users to adapt a standard sensor to their machine,rather than vice versa.'Another simple innovation,Corbett says,is use of highly visible,360-degree LED that clearly display status information from any point of view.'Such enhanced LED indicates overload and marginal excess gain,in addition to power and output.Such sensors offer adjustable sensitivity as standard,but are available with optional tamperproof housings to prevent unauthorized adjustments.'Photoelectric SensorsPhotoelectric sensors are typically available in at least nine or more sensing modes,use two light sources,are encapsulated in three categories of package sizes,offer five or more sensing ranges,and can be purchased in various combinations of mounting styles,outputs,and operating voltages.It creates a bewildering array of sensor possibilities and a catalog full of options.This plethora of choices can be narrowed in two ways:The first has to do with the object being sensed.Second involves the sensor's environment.Boxed inThe first question to ask is:What is the sensor supposed to detect?"Are we doing bottles?Or are we detecting cardboard boxes?"says Greg Knutson,a senior applications engineer with sensor manufacturer Banner Engineering.Optical properties and physical distances will determine which sensing mode and what light source work best.In the case of uniformly colored boxes,for example, it might be possible to use an inexpensive diffuse sensor,which reflects light from the box.The same solution,however,can't be used when the boxes are multicolored and thus differ in reflectivity.In that case,the best solution might be an opposed or retroreflective mode sensor.Here,the system works by blocking a beam.When a box is in position,the beam is interrupted and the box detected.Without transparent boxes,the technique should yield reliable results.Several sensors could gauge boxes of different heights.Distance plays a role in selecting the light source,which can either be an LED or a laser.LED is less expensive.However,because LED are a more diffuse light source,they are better suited for shorter distances.A laser can be focused on a spot,yielding a beam that can reach long distances.Tight focus can also be important when small features have to be sensed.If a small feature has to be spotted from several feet,it may be necessary to use a laser.Laser sensors used to cost many times more than LED.That differential has dropped with the plummeting price of laser diodes.There's still a premium for using a laser,but it's not as large as in the past.Environmental challengesOperating environment is the other primary determining factor in choosing a sensor.Some industries,such food and automotive,tend to be messy,dangerous, or both.In the case of food processing,humidity can be high and a lot of fluids can be present.Automotive manufacturing sites that process engines and other components may include grit,lubricants,and coolants.In such situations,the sensor's environmental rating is of concern.If the sensor can't handle dirt, then it can't be used.Such considerations also impact the sensing range needed because it may be necessary to station the sensor out of harm's way and at a greater distance than would otherwise be desirable.Active alarming and notification may be useful if lens gets dirty and signal degrades.Similar environmental issues apply to the sensor's size,which can range from smaller than a finger to something larger than an open hand.A smaller sensor can be more expensive than a larger one because it costs more to pack everything into a small space.Smaller sensors also have a smaller area to collect light and therefore tend to have less range and reduced optical performance.Those drawbacks have to be balanced against a smaller size being a better fit for the amount of physical space available.Sensors used in semiconductor clean room equipment,for example,don't face harsh environmental conditions,but do have to operate in tight spaces.Sensing distances typically run a few inches,thus the sensors tend to be small.They also often make use of fiber optics to bring light into and out of the area where changes are being detected.Mounting,pricingAnother factor to consider is the mounting system.Frequently,sensors must be mechanically protected with shrouds and other means.Such mechanical and optical protection can cost more than the sensor itself—a consideration for the buying process.If vendors have flexible mounting systems and a protective mounting arrangement for sensors,the products could be easier to implement and last longer.List prices for standard photoelectric sensors range from$50or so to about $100.Laser and specialty photoelectric sensors cost between$150and$500.Features such as a low-grade housing,standard optical performance,and limited or no external adjustments characterize the lower ends of each category.The higher end will have a high-grade housing,such as stainless steel or aluminum,high optical performance,and be adjustable in terms of gain or allow timing and otheroptions.Low-end products are suitable for general applications,while those at the higher end may offer application-specific operation at high speed,high temperature,or in explosive environments.Finally,keep in mind that one sensing technology may not meet all of the needs of an application.And if needs change,a completely different sensor technology may be required.Having to switch to a new approach can be made simpler if a vendor offers multiple technologies in the same housing and mounting footprint, notes Ed Myers,product manager at sensor manufacturer Pepperl+Fuchs.If that's the case,then one technology can be more easily swapped out for another as needs change.译文什么是智能传感器自动化领域所取得的一项最大进展就是智能传感器的发展与广泛使用。

TypesofSensors（各种类型的传感器）外文翻译

TypesofSensors（各种类型的传感器）外文翻译Types of SensorsⅠ.Pressure sensorsModel FDS05-P Diffused Silicon Pressure Sensor: Tee intelligent industrial pressure sensor adopts the imported sensor of high quality. with great defending grade，it can work in any caustic condition. By linking external , linking external canola，it can measure the temperature of the medium with high temperature. It is stable and capable of limiting current in positive direction and protecting in negative direction. It is with the ability of intelligent temperature and linearity compensation with the temperature of一40℃~+ 140℃.It is widely used in petrifaction ,metallurgy, electric power and light spinning.Ⅱ.Load cell &torque sensorsSuspended arm type Bx5: Its elastomeric adopts cutting (or curved) hanging girder configuration, so it is low in height and with high configuration intensity. It is good against fatigue and eccentricity. It is stable and reliable in product performances，high in precision, and convenient in mount-up and use. It is suitable for force measurement and weighting such as strap balance, chute balance, flat balance and ground balance .Loading type: pull ox push .Ⅲ.Temp& hum sensorsMote MSTB Temperature Transducer: A sensor module is fitted in the temperature trans-ducker’s terminal block，which uses a specific chip to magnify and has linearization approach to improve the measurement precision .Tie cold junction needs no compensation. Sa it is with high direct load capacity , large transfer distance and strong ability of ants-external interference。

传感器外文翻译

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译院系：光电与通信工程年级专业：12电子信息工程姓名：刘燊学号：1106012133附件：Advances in Sensor Technology Development指导老师评语：指导教师签名：年月日——摘自夏伟强，樊尚春传感器技术的的新发展仪器仪表学报传感器技术的新进展传感器技术是新技术革命和信息社会的重要技术基础，是一门多学科交叉的科学技术，被公认为现代信息技术的源头。

近些年，传感器技术发展很快，取得了许多新进展，尤其在气体传感器、生物传感器、视觉传感器等方面取得了很多进展。

美国麻省理工学院华人科学家张曙光领导的研究小组借助一种特殊溶液，成功地找到了大规模制造嗅觉感受器的办法；同样是麻省理工学院的研究人员利用气相色谱-质谱技术感受识别气体分子，研制出一种能对微量有毒气体做出强烈反应的微型传感器；俄罗斯科学家以从一种普通蘑菇中提取的混合物为原料，与压电石英晶振构成谐振式传感器，能够探测空气中含量极低的酚成分；日本科学家研制出能快速识别流感病毒纳米传感器，有望以纳米技术为快速识别流感病毒、乙型肝炎病毒、疯牛病病原体和残留农药等物质提供新手段；西班牙巴塞罗那自治大学研制出新型缩微DNA分析传感器，这种传感器能将分析 DNA链的时间缩短到几分钟或几小时，智能仪器与传感器技术、空间生物智能传感技术。

可以在亲子鉴定到检测遗传修饰食物的一系列化验中应用，此外还能确定新药的遗传毒性；美国国家标准与技术研究院研发出一种超灵敏微型核磁共振（NMR)传感器，该微型传感器与微流体通道并列置于一个硅芯片之上，这项技术将核磁共振的探测灵敏度提升到一个新的台阶，将在化学分析中具有广泛的应用前景。

我国传感器技术虽然与国外相比还有很大差距，但近两年也取得了一些进展和突破，诞生了一些新产品，有些在国家重大型号工程中获得应用。

如资源环境技术领域中的环境监测及环境风险评价技术、大气复合污染关键气态污染物的快速在线监测技术和大气细粒子和超细粒子的快速在线监测技术，海洋技术领域中的海洋水质污染综合参数在线监测技术和海洋金属污染物现场和在线监测技术等。

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智能压力传感器外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)译文：基于C8051F350的智能压力传感器的设计摘要为了克服传统的压力传感器的缺陷。

设计一种智能压力传感器，根据组合物的应用范围的智能传感器系统中，进行温度校正，充分考虑共同的组件之间的连接参数协调，我们选择了一个良好的可用性、高可靠性和低成本元件，80C51单片机进行控制和处理，对于整个测量系统组成而言，该系统具有自动测量、放大、A / D转换的温度和压力参数、微弱信号的锁定放大、相敏检波（PSD）、共模信号抑制、采集到的信号消噪处理、交叉敏感的脱钩的功能，并能够将结果显示，它还具有自动自检、温度补偿和上侧的通信和其它功能。

关键词：压力传感器，锁-放大器;80C51F350的单片机硬件电路手稿编号:1674-8042（2011）02-0157-04DIO：10.3969/j.issn.1674-8042.2011.02.141 引言随着时代的发展，电子计算机，自动化生产，调制解调器信息，军工，交通运输，化工，环保，能源，海洋开发，遥感，空间科学与技术，传感器的需求越来越大的发展，其应用已渗透进入该地区国民经济各个部门和人们的日常的日常文化生活。

可以说，从太空到海洋，从各种复杂的工程系统的基本日常生活的必需品不能分开从各种传感器，传感器技术，为国民经济的日益发展，起着巨大的作用。

然而。

目前市场上销售的智能传感器有许多不足之处，如单天资讯指标和质量参差不齐。

这样的设计总结了上述缺陷，以往的经验的基础上，使用锁相放大器，相敏检波，并巧妙地解决了有用信号从噪声中提取的低缺陷和问题的去耦的交叉灵敏度和使用的技术双电源供应电力，以及提高系统性能，增加新的故障诊断和使用一个共同的数字的接口技术和国际市场的通信协议等。

因此，有非常广阔的应用前景。

2 系统硬件设计智能传感器的传感器_信息的检测和处理。

智能传感器包括收集，处理，交流信息的功能。

它是集成传感器和微处理器的产品的组合。

智能压力传感器的组合物，如图2.1所示。

图2.1 基于CS051F350的智能压力传感器框图设计主要是提供了一个稳定的电源电压，结合单片机通过外围电路设计。

然后，单RS485通信接口电源单片机（C8051F350）温度传感器锁定增强压力传感器传感器校正片机提供标准当前进信号进行调制并作为电压信号发送给压力传感器。

压力传感器电压信号通过ADC转换成可接受的信号。

然后，通过单芯片编程的信号处理，本设计采用DS18B20采集现场实时温度实时校对的压力。

在相同的时间。

单芯片满足通过RS485接口与上位机的通信。

温度补偿算法需要在所有的数据需要在实验室中获得。

该设计包括5080C51F350微控制器，放大器OP07，RS485通讯接口，压力传感器，温度传感器DS18B20，高速ADC AD620，三端电源稳压器LM317，LM37和各自的周边电路。

该设计采用C8051F350作为微处理器。

它具有以下特点：1）高速，流水线结构的8051兼容微控制器核心（T050 MIPS）;2）在系统，满足高速，非侵入式调试接口（片）;3）24位或16位的单端ADC，带模拟多路;4）两个8位电流输出DA;5）8 KB片上皮疹内存;6）768字节片上RAM;7）在芯片上电复位，VDD监视器和温度传感器;8）片上电压比较器。

C8051F350包括一个全差分，24位Σ-Δ模拟甸子地转换（ADC）芯片上的校准能力。

它具有1千赫的吞吐量，可以被编程为两个独立的抽取滤波器，一个内部参考用或比例测量，它使用内部参考电压的设计，可用于差分外部参考。

可编程增益放大器（PGA）也被包括在内，与八个增益设置高达至128倍增益，增益范围完全符合的设计的要求。

可以用来在把缓冲区芯片上的敏感的传感器，用于直接连接，以提供高的输入阻抗。

一个8位的偏移DAC允许修正较大的输入偏移电压。

考虑到设计测量智能压力，传感器用于工业环境。

但是拿起弱信号，C8051F350包含24位Σ-Δ型A / D转换器（ADC），具有精度高，分辨率高的优势。

它可以更好地测量微弱的信号。

此外，8KB的FLASH MEM0F C8051F350是用来存储程序代码和非易失性数据。

它采用MOVX指令读取数据和读取数据MOVC指令。

它使得系统不需要额外的非易失性MEM。

因此，该系统简化了硬件设计，降低成本。

我们可以从图中看到，单芯片能够获得稳定可靠的电压（LM317、LM37和2 V的稳压管），通过三端电压调节器调节外部电压调节器。

通过LM317外部的DC电压24 V，5 V电压需要通过SP485芯片转换。

3 V电压的MCU，实现了由2 V稳压LM337。

LM317输出电压U317和LM337输出电压U337公式为：因为I Adj小于100/uA的，在大多数情况下，我们可以忽视。

在图2中10uF的钽电解电容和0.1uF陶瓷电容三端稳压器的输入端，分别用来过滤掉低频和高频干扰。

为了防止电源插头接线错误地破坏内部电路，二极管1N1418被放置在24 V DC电源负输出。

为了避免高频数字信号影响的模拟电路，模拟电源和数字电源单独提供。

一个100uF的电感在电源电路设计，模拟电源和数字电源以避免串扰悫他们分开。

C8051F350器件包括两个8位数字—模拟转换器（IDAC）电流模式IDAC的最大输出电流可以调整为四种不同的设置：0.25毫安，0.5毫安，1 mA时，和2毫安。

输出电流被设置为0.25 mA. 然后OP07放大器将其转换成电压信号，电压信号，压力传感器。

弱信号测量由压力传感器和AD620放大处理由单芯片提供电源。

AD620其为40ppm最大非线性的高精确度，低失调电压50uV最大偏移漂移0.6Uv/℃最大，精密数据采集系统中使用的理想选择。

此外，低噪声，低输入偏置电流。

AD620的低功耗使其非常适合用于医疗的应用程序。

这使得它非常适合处理微弱信号。

DS18B20的是用来测量环境温度。

DS18B20具有以下特征：1）独特的单线接口只需要一个端口用于数据通信;2）无需外部元件;3）可从数据线供电;4）零待机电源等信息被发送到/从DS18B20超过单线接口。

使一根导线从一个中央微处理器需要连接到DS18B20。

DS18B20的力量是由外部5 V电源供应。

如图2.2所示。

C8051F350的P0.7脚连接DS18B20的DQ引脚。

在单总线办法。

DS18B20数字输入和输出引脚是开漏状态和总线需要添加一个4.7K的上拉电阻的。

此外，在设计中的RS485通信完成。

它具有以下特点：1）允许超过400个收发器的传输线;2）高接收器输入阻抗（R IN=150kΩ典型值）;3）半的双工配置与工业标准引脚排列一致;4）-7 V到+12 V的共模输入电压范围;5）低功耗（250兆瓦）;6）独立的驱动器和接收使能。

RS485支持许多通用操作系统，所以很容易实现不同的网络之间的通信。

图2.2 基于C8051F350的智能压力传感器的原理3系统软件设计该设计还包含软件程序中，附加各种功能的实现依靠软件来协调。

本设计主要解决的问题如下：1）自整定的压力，在不同的温度;2）实现锁相放大和相敏检测算法;3）为实现特定功能单芯片模块的程序，等等下位机程序主要使用熟悉的C编程语言。

设计过程的设计是为了缓解调试过程分为不同的功能模块。

包括以下几个模块：系统初始化。

更新传感器温度传感器温度更新，更新传感器的供电电压，更新传感器零点漂移值，说明形成从PC通过Modbus协议和形成的任务标志，执行相应的功能代码任务，响应消息发送到PC机，故障诊断，电源管理等图3所示的系统的主程序流程图。

上计算机程序的设计主要是用Visual Basic 语言。

Visual Basic 提供了一个面向对象的可视化编程工具。

开发人员只需要通过“清明上河图”所需的用户界面设计的筛网，这些对象的属性设置，用户界面设计，程序代码不写了很多。

图3.3 系统主程序流程图在Visual Basic 环境下，实现串行通信可以通过MSC 控制完成串行发送和接收数据。

为了实现自动发送，我们用定时器控制的协议和定时器控制在程序运行时是看不见的。

4结果与结论设计推出的智能压力传感器，具有成本低，体积小，精度高，可靠性高，使用简单方便。

它也可以与计算机通信长碗。

因此，它们可以形成更广泛和更先进的控制系统通过测量压力。

经过实验室的测量工作中，我们可以得到如表4.1所示的错误分析表。

有收集压力从PC 通过Modbus 协议解释形成和实施相应的功能代码任务响应消息发送到电脑电源管理建立10秒和60秒的时钟信号收集温度收集电源电压初始化开始了这个表，我们可以得出这样的结论，我们可以控制它在一定压力和温度的误差范围在5/1 000。

这是智能压力传感器可以实现精确测量的目的，它符合原设计。

表4.1 实验测量误差分析表标准电压KPa 校准值补偿相对误差绝对误差0.00 0.000 056 0.000 056 8 0.000 113 60.05 0.050 100 4 0.000 100 4 0.000 200 80.10 0.100 230 4 0.000 230 4 0.000 460 80.15 0.150 573 2 0.000 573 2 0.001 146 40.20 0.200 632 1 0.200 632 1 0.001 264 20.25 0.251 255 2 0.001 255 2 0.002 510 4参考文献[1]高金展，2004年“微弱信号检测”锁相放大器，P.154-196，相关指导，第239页275.清华大学出版社，北京.[2]JR曹刘，H.，2002年重装修人工神经网络遍及感觉机械的设计，应用电解容量型压力.自动化系统集成仪器，（8）:14-16.[3]Y.C.Sun，Y.L.Iu，Q.H.Memg，等，2000.提示自动海连欣电动势桥压力传感器零点输出信号电漂移特性.电子交易,11:39-42.[4]A.D.Whalen，1971.在纽约和伦敦：学术出版社的信号检测.[5]J.H.LIU.智能传感器结构等的“西安电子科技大学图书相关，第206-209页.[6]Y.M.Gong，2006。

智能压力传感器数据补偿处理和无线传输.河北科技大学论文.[7]2004年G.Peng W.J.Ni.C语言函数混合编程的相对误差.运河Harbor.sup.11:128-130.[8]M.Zh.Zhou N.Chu，根据能量传播的FELING机数据融合网络的动态状态计算方式的一种控制，2007年。

中国期刊仪器科学，28（1）:172-175.[9]A.D.Adrian K.Rainer，2002.一个简单的基于单片机的数字锁相放大器为低级别的光学信号的检测.第一届IEEE国际电子设计工作坊出发.测试和应用（DEL-TA'02），基督城，Neweal.附：英文原文Design of C8051F350-based Intelligent Pressure SensorLi-na HAN(韩丽娜)，An-li TAO(陶安利)，Shao-gang LI(李绍刚)，Jun-guo LIU(柳军国)，Yun-zhou LI（历运周)，Xiang-zhong LI(李相众) (School of Information Science and Engineering，Shandong University of Science and Technology，Qindao 266510，China)AbstractIn order to overcome the deficiencies of traditional pressure sensors． a kind of intelligent pressure sensors with temperature correction is designed．According to the intelligent sensor system of composition and range of applications,with fully taking into account the parameters of the connection between components of co-ordination,we chose a good usability,high reliability and low cost components composed of the entire measurement system,with controlling and dealing with in 80C51 microcontroller,the system had the temperature and pressure parameters with automatic measurement,amplification,A/D conversion,the weak signal locked amplification,as well as Phase Sensitive Detection(PSD), common-mode signal rejection,the collected signal de-noising processing,cross-sensitivity of the decoupling and show the results. It also has a self-test．automatic temperature compensation and on-side munications and other functions．Key words:pressure sensor；Lock-in Amplifier；80C51F350 SCM;hardware circuitry Manuscript Number:1674-8042(2011)02-0157-04dio：10.3969/j．issn．1674-8042.2011.02.141 IntroductionWith the development of the electronic computer, production automation, modem information, military, transportation, chemical, environmental protection, energy, ocean development, remote sensing, space science and technology, the development of the growing demand forsensors, their applications have been infiltrated into the area of the national economy various departments and people s day-to-day cultural life. It can be said that from space to the ocean, from a variety of complex engineering systems to the basic necessities of daily life can not be separated from a variety of sensors, sensor technology plays a huge role for the growing development of the national economy. However. the intelligent sensors selling on the current market have many deficiencies, such as a single informance indicators and variable quality. This design summarized the above deficiencies, on the basis of the previous experience using technology of Lock-in Amplifier and phase-sensitive detection and cleverly solved the useful signal with low defects from noise extracted and the issue of cross-sensitivity of the decoupling and used dual—power supplying for electricity and well improved system performance, ncreasing a new fault diagnosis and using of a common digtal interface technology and intemational communication protocol and so on. Therefore, there are very broad application prospects.2 System hardware designIntelligent sensor is detection and processing of information of the sensor. Intelligent sensors including the function of collection, processing, exchange information. It is the combination of integrated sensors and microprocessor product. The composition of the intelligent pressure sensor is shown in Fig.1.Fig.1 CS051F350-based intelligent pressure sensor block diagramThe design mainly provides a stable power supply voltage to single-chip through the external circuit design. Then the single-chip offer standard current signal. after it is modulated and transmits it to pressure sensor as voltage signal. Pressure sensors translate voltage signal into acceptable signal for single-ship through the ADC. Then the single-chip programmatically deals with the signal. Using DS18B20 collects on-site real-time temperature to proofread the pressure of real-time.At the same time. the single-chip fulfills communication with the host computer through the RS485 interface. All data which required in temperature compensation algorithm need for obtaining in the laboratory.The design includes 80C51F350 microcontroller, amplifier OP07,communication interface RS485,pressure sensors, temperature sensors DS18B20,high-speed ADC AD620, hree-terminal power regulators LM317,LM37 and their respective peripheral circuits.The design used C8051F350 as microprocessor. It has the following characteristics:1)High-speed pipelined 8051 compatible microcontroller core(up t0 50 MIPS)；2)In-system, ful-speed, non-intrusive debug interface(on-chip)；3)24 or 16 bit single-ended/differential ADC with analog multiplexer；4)Two 8 bit Current Output DA ；5)8 kB of on-chip Rash memory；6)768 bytes of on-chip RAM；7)On-chip power-on reset, VDD monitor, and temperature sensor；8)On-chip voltage comparator.The C8051F350 include a fully-differential,24 bit Sigma-Delta Analog to Di tal Converter(ADC)with on-chip calibration capability. Two separate decimation filters can be programmed for throughputs of up to 1 kHz. An internal reference is available, or a differential external reference can be used for ratio metric measurements, which used in the design of an internal voltage reference. A Programmable Gain Amplifier(PGA)is included, with eight gain settings up to 128x,gain range which fully accord with the design requirements. The on-chip in put buffers can be used to provide a high input impedance for direct connection to sensitive transducers. An 8 bit offset DAC allows for correction of largeinput offset voltages. Taking into account the design of intelligent pressure. sensors is used to pick up weak signal in the industrial environment.However,C8051F350 contains 24 bit Sigma-Delta A/D converter(ADC)which has the advantages of high accuracy, high resolution. And it can be better to measure the weak signals. In addition. 8KB of FLASH MEM 0f C8051F350 is used to store program codes and non-volatile data. It uses MOVX instruction read-in data and reads data with MOVC instruction. It makes the system do not need extra nonvolatile MEM. Thus the system simplifies the hardware design and reduces the cost.We can see from Fig.2,the single-chip can gain a stable and reliable voltage through three-terminal voltage(LM317, LM37 and 2 V stabilovolt)regulator adjusting to external voltage regulator. Through LM317 external DC voltage 24 V was converted 5 V voltage which required by SP485 chip. 3 V voltage of MCU was realized by 2 V stabilivolt and the LM337. LM317 output voltage U317 and LM337 output voltage U337 which formula wereBecause I Adj less than 100/uA, we neglect it in most cases. In the Fig.2. near input terminal of the three-terminal regulator,10uF tantalum ELECTRO and 0.1uF ceramic CAP are used respectively to filter out low-frequency and high-frequency interference. To prevent the power plug is wired mistakenly to destroy internal circuit, a diode 1N1418 is placed in 24 V DC power negative output. In order to avoid the high-frequency digital signal impacting analog circuit, analog power and digital power are supplied separately. In power-circuit design, a 100uF INDUCTOR separates analog power and digital power to avoid crosstalk between them.The C8051F350 devices include two 8 bit current modes Digital-to-Analog Converters(IDAC).The maximum current output of the IDAC can be adjusted for four different current settings：0.25 mA,0.5mA,1 mA, and 2 mA.The output current is set to 0.25 mA. Then OP07 amplifier convert it into voltage signal.The voltage signal provides power for pressure sensors. The weak signal which was measured by pressure sensors and amplified by AD620 is treated by the single-chip. The AD620.with its high accuracy of 40 ppm maximum nonlinearity, low offset voltage of 50uV max and offset drift of 0.6Uv/℃max, is ideal for use in precision data acquisition systems. Furthermore, the low noise, low input bias current. and low power of the AD620 make it well suited for medicalapplications. which make it very suitable for dealing with weak signals.DS18B20 was used to measure ambient temperature. DS18B20 have the following characteristics：1)Unique 1-Wire interface requires only one port pin for communication；2)Requires no external components；3)Can be powered from data line；4)Zero standby power required, etc. Information is sent to/from the DS18B20 over a 1-wire interface. so that only one wire needs to be connected from a central microprocessor to a DS18B20.The power of DS18B20 is supplied by external 5 V power. as shown in Fig.2. Pin P0.7 of C8051F350 connects with the pin DQ of DS18B20. in single bus way. DS18B20 digital input and output pins are open-drain state and the bus need to add a 4.7K pull—up resistor.In addition,the communication is completed by the RS485 in the design. It has the following characteristics：Fig.2 C8051F350-based intelligent pressure sensor schematic1)Allows over 400 transceivers on a transmission line；2)High impedance on receiver inputs(RIN=150 kΩtypical)；3)Half-Duplex configuration consistant with industry standard pinout；4)-7 V to+12 V common mode input voltage range；5)Low Power Consumption(250 mW)；6)Separate driver and receiver enable. The RS485 supports for many common operating system, so it is easy to realize the communication between different networks.3 System software designThe design also includes the software program, the realization of various functions rely ons software to coordinate. This design mainly solve the problem as follows：1)The pressure of self-tuning at different tempera tures；2)Realize lock-in amplify and phase-sensitive detection algorithm；3)Procedures for specific functions of single-chip module；etc.The design of the lower computer program mainly used the familiar C programming language. The design process is divided into different functional modules in order to ease the debugging process. Include the following modules：system initialization. update sensor temperature, update sensor temperature, update sensor supply voltage, update sensor zero drift value, explain the formation from PC by the Modbus protocol and form the task flag, perform the appropriate function code task, send response messages to PC, fault diagnosis, power management, etc. Flow chart of system main program shown in Fig.3Fig.3 Flow chart of system main programThe design of the upper computer program mainly used the Visual Basic language. Visual Basic provides an object-oriented visual programming tool. Developers only need to design the screen by “painting”the required user interface, and set the properties of these objects, do not write a lot of program code for the user interface design.In Visual Basic environment, the serial communication was implemented through MSC control which canfinish sending and receiving data in serial. In order to realize automatic sending. we used timer control the Mscomm and Timer control are invisible when the program is running.4 Results and conclusionThe design introduced the intelligent pressure sensors with low-cost, small size, high accuracy, high reliability and easy and convenient to use. And it also can communicate at long bowls with computer. So they can form a wider range and nlore advanced system controlled by measuring pressure. After laboratory measurements wecan get as shown in Tab.1 the error analysis table. With this table we can draw theconclusion that we could control it with in 5/1 000 In a certain pressure and temperature range of error. That is the smart pressure sensor can achieve the purpose of accurate measurement in line with the original design.Tab.1 Experimental measurement error analysis tableFrom：Jin-zhan Gao,2004.“Detection of Weak Signals” Lock-in Amplifier, P.154-196,Correlationdetection, P.239-275. Tsinghua University Press, Beijing.谢谢下载，祝您生活愉快！。