Language and Cognition语言与认知
language and cognition
everyday reference; be basic in 3 respects– perception, communication, knowledge organization eg. chair) higher level or more general level than basic one
Language comprehension:
Word recognition Comprehension of sentences Comprehension of text
♥ Word recognition:
Factors the affect the word recognition : frequency & context
[in a word, the successful comprehension of speech sounds is a combination of the innate ability of humans to distinguish minute differences between speech sounds, and the ability to adjust to the acoustic categories of the language they are exposed to.]
nine types schema:
1. Access to words (conceptualization, select a word that corresponds to the chosen concept, morpho-phonological encoding);
语言学教程Chapter 6. Language and Cognition
2. Recognition of words in print
1).Two questions in printed word recognition (1). Two different processes for…… A lexical route A non-lexical route Connectionist theories （连接主义模型理论） claim that…… (2). Quantitative analyses……
(1) Word recognition
Recognition of spoken words and words in print 1.recognition of spoken words 1)Features of speech could cause difficulty for listeners. (1). (2). (3).
Six research subjects within it
1)acquisition 2)comprehension 3)production 4)disorders 5)language and thought 6)neurocognition We will focus on the former three subjects, say, acquisition, comprehension and production.
The conceptual approach
Cognitive linguistics has addressed : 1) 2) 3) 4) Above all, it seeks to ascertain the global integrated system of conceptual structuring in language.
【英语学习】Language and Cognition-精品文档
Psycholinguistics belongs to Macrolinguistics
1.Psycholinguistics 2.Sociolinguistional Linguistics
………
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1.1 Main features of Psycholinguistics
An inter-disciplinary Science
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A Process-orientated Science
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1.3 A Brief History of Psycholinguistics
Early Psycholinguistics (1879~the early 1900s)
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
Behaviorism and Verbal Behavior (1920s~1950s)
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What is the focus？
Psycholinguistics Cognitive Linguistics
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1. psycholinguistics
Psycholinguistics investigates the interrelation of language and mind. It also studies language development in the child, such as the theories of language acquisition and biological foundations of language
语言与认知的三种方法
语言与认知的三种方法Language and cognition are intricate constructs that have fascinated scholars for centuries. Three primary approaches have emerged in studying these phenomena: behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism.Behaviorism views language and cognition as observable behaviors that can be shaped and modified through conditioning. This perspective focuses on external stimuli and their resulting responses, ignoring internal mental processes. For instance, a child learning a new word might associate it with a specific object or action, solidifying the language connection through repetition and reinforcement.认知主义则强调认知过程和内部心理结构的重要性。
它认为，语言和认知的发展是通过个体与环境的互动，以及对这些互动的内部解释和表征来实现的。
例如，当学习一个新概念时，人们会在大脑中构建相关的认知图式，这些图式帮助理解和解释新信息。
Constructivism takes a more active and subjective stance, emphasizing the individual's role in creating meaning from their experiences. Language and cognition are seen as constructs built by the learner through active engagement with the world. In this framework, learners are not just passive recipients of knowledge but active participants in its construction.这三种方法各有侧重点，互为补充。
mhk作文
mhk作文英文回答：In the realm of human consciousness, the intrinsic connection between language and cognition has sparked profound debates among scholars. The notion that the language we speak shapes our thoughts and perceptions has been extensively explored, leading to the recognition that language is not merely a tool of communication but also a lens through which we experience the world.The linguistic relativity hypothesis, also known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, proposes that the structure of a language influences the cognitive abilities and worldview of its speakers. In other words, the language we use forms a cognitive framework that determines the way we perceive and categorize reality. This hypothesis has generated numerous studies investigating the relationship between language and cognition.One area of inquiry has focused on the impact of language on color perception. Studies have demonstratedthat speakers of different languages with distinct color terms exhibit differences in color discrimination and categorization. For instance, the Himba people of Namibia, who have only two basic color terms (red and green), have been shown to have difficulty distinguishing betweencertain shades of blue and green compared to English speakers with more specific color terms.Another line of research has explored the influence of language on spatial cognition. Studies have revealed that speakers of languages that use absolute spatial terms (e.g., "left" and "right") have a stronger sense of absolute orientation compared to speakers of languages thatprimarily use relative spatial terms (e.g., "in front of" and "behind"). This suggests that the language we use can shape the way we navigate and interact with our spatial environment.Furthermore, language has been found to play a role in the development of concepts and categories. The existenceof specific words in a language can influence the way speakers perceive and organize information. For example,the Guugu Yimithirr language of Australia has separatewords for "dog" and "bitch," while English speakers use a single term to encompass both sexes. This linguistic distinction has been shown to affect how Guugu Yimithirr speakers categorize and classify dogs based on gender.The linguistic relativity hypothesis has significant implications for our understanding of culture and cognition. It suggests that the language we speak not only reflectsour cultural experiences but also contributes to theshaping of our worldview and cognitive abilities. This hypothesis emphasizes the importance of considering the linguistic diversity of human societies in order to fully comprehend the richness and complexity of human thought and experience.However, it is important to note that the linguistic relativity hypothesis does not imply that language strictly determines our cognition. Rather, it proposes that language provides a framework through which we interpret and makesense of our experiences. Individual factors, such associal and cultural context, also play a significant role in shaping our cognitive processes.In summary, the relationship between language and cognition is a complex and multifaceted one. The linguistic relativity hypothesis highlights the influential role that language plays in shaping our perceptions, categories, and cognitive abilities. While the structure of our language does not solely determine our cognition, it provides a lens through which we view and interact with the world.中文回答：语言与认知之间的内在联系是学者们广泛争论的课题。
Language and Cognition语言与认知
2.2 Language Comprehension
Decoding process
Word recognition
Word recognition is the initial and basic stage of text comprehension. Word determines the sentence meaning and structure. We recognized the ambiguous meaning of a word by its environments. Also we presume a sentence structure by a word. E.g. when we see arrive, we know it does not precede a noun directly. And when we see “放”，we know a noun or preposition phrase will follow. That is to say, we have a presumed meaning and structure at the sight of a word.
(3) Three-word stage
Give doggie paper.
Put truck window. Tractor go floor.
(4) Fluent grammatical conversation stage
Embed one constituent inside another
Access to words
The next step is to select a word that corresponds to the chosen concept. The speaker selects a syntactic word unit which specifies the syntactic class and additional syntactic information (such as vi. /vt.). Selecting a syntactic word unit is a competitive process. Several units may be activated at once because several concepts are more or less suitable to express the message.
language and cognition
认知也可以称为认识。是指人认识外界事物的过程，或者说是对作 用于人的感觉器官的外界事物进行信息加工的过程。它包括感觉、 知觉、记忆、思维、想象、言语，是指人们认识活动的过程，即个 体对感觉信号接收、检测、转换、简约、合成、编码、储存、提取、 重建、概念形成、判断和问题解决的信息加工处理过程。
Consequently, this description tends to apply to processes such as
memory, association, concept formation, pattern recognition, language, attention, perception, action, problem solving and mental imagery.
人类的大脑和认知功能的演变是由不同的网络或反馈过程的遗传和环境系 统底层。
Psychology 心理学
When the mind makes a
generalization such as the
concept of tree, it extracts similarities from numerous examples; the simplification enables higher-level thinking.
1)Acquisition
2)Comprehension
3)Production 4)Disorder 5)Language and thought 6)Neurocognition
An introduction of language acquisition
Chapter 6 语言学-Language and cognition
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Three approaches to the study of language and cognition
• The formal appural
patterns exhibited by the overt aspect of linguistic forms, includes the study of morphological, syntactic, and lexical structure.
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2.2 Language comprehension
• What is apparent from the vast research into the comprehension of spoken and written language is that people do not process linguistic information in a neat, linear fashion . • (1) Word recognition: spoken words and printed ones.
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• Production: how is the information that somebody wants to convey transformed into acoustic waves, or written characters • Disorders: what causes the occurrence of transient or more permanent diturbances of the speech and language processing systems
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Six subjects of psycholiguistics • Acquisition: how does a child acquire the langusge skills (first language acquistition) and how are they extended to other language (second/foreign language acquistion) • Comprehension: how is the acoustic or visual signal linguistically interpreted by the hearer or reader
英语语言学第六章 language and Cognition
Fluent grammatical conversation stage
Embed one constituent inside another:
Give doggie paper. Give big doggie paper.
Use more function words: missing function words and inflection in the beginning but good use (90%) by the age of 3, with a full range of sentence types.
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Language Comprehension
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Factors involved in word recognition: Frequency effect (频率效应)（词频效应） : One of the most important factors that affects word recognition is how frequently the word is used in a given discourse or context. Frequency effect describes the additional ease with which a word is accessed due to its more frequent usage in the L.
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Word recognition
An initial step in understanding any message How do we go about recognizing words ? As soon as people hear speech, they start
chapter 6 Language and Cognition
2. What is its research scopes?
• the way human beings perceive
and conceptualize the world:
6.3.1 Construal and Construal Operations (识解与操作) 6.3.2 Categorization (范畴化) 6.3.3 Image Schemas (意象图式) 6.3.4 Metaphor (隐喻) 6.3.5 Metonymy (转喻) 6.3.6 Blending Theory (整合理论)
6.3.1 Construal and Construal Operations (识解与识解操作)
(2) Judgment / Comparison (判断/对比)
那只顺流而下的船沉了；玛丽正在缝补时，短袜从她的膝盖上滑下来；国王 女儿的儿子崇拜他自己；收到鲜花的种花人非常高兴；纺织用棉产于密西西 比；他们把故事告诉了女孩遇到的那个男孩。
•
6.2.3 Language Production
• (1) Access of words (词汇的提取) • (2) Generation of sentences (句子的生成) • (3) Written language production &
Spoken language production
monitoring/preparation & revision processes sentence generation & lexical access processes
QUESTIONS: (IN PSYCHOLINGUISTICS
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By Wu Amin
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Outline
1 What is Cognition? 2 What is Psycholinguistics?
2.1 Language Acquisition 2.2 Language Comprehension 2.3 Language Production 3 What is Cognitive Linguistics? 3.1 Construal and Construal Operations 3.2 Categorization 3.3 Image Schemas 3.4 Metaphor 3.5 Metonymy 3.6 Blending Theory
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Comprehension of text
Text is the net of propositions that make up the semantic interpretations of individual sentences. Readers abstract the main threads of a discourse and infer missing connections, constrained by limitations of short-term memory and guided by how arguments overlap across proposition and by linguistic cues signaled by the text.
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2 What is Psycholinguistics
The study of psychological aspects of language. It
usually studies psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. An important focus of psycholinguistics is the largely unconscious application of grammatical rules that enable people to produce and comprehend intelligible sentences. Psycholinguistics investigate the relationship between language and thought.
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Six subjects of research
Language acquisition (L1 / L2) Language comprehension Language production Language disorders Language and Thought Neurocognition
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The Definition of Cognition
In psychology, COGNITION is used to refer to the mental processes of an individual, with particular relation to a view that argues that the mind has internal states and can be understood in terms of information processing. Another loose definition of “Cognition” is the mental process or faculty of knowing, including awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment .
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2.1 Language Acquisition
Holophrastic stage （单词句阶段）：Shortly before
their first birthday and lasting from two months to a year. Language’s sound patterns Sensitivity to phonetic distinctions in parents’ language. One-word stage: objects, actions, motions, routines.
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Comprehension of sentences
Important as word recognition is, understanding language requires far more than adding the meaning of the individual words together. We must combine the meanings in ways that honor the grammar of the language and that are sensitive to the possibility that language is being used in a metaphoric or nonliteral manner. Two factors stand in the way of sentence comprehension: structural factors and lexical factors.
Embed one constituent inside another: Big doggie. Give doggie paper. Give big doggie paper. Use more function words: missing function words and inflection (90%) in the beginning but good use by the age of 3, with a full range of sentence types. All parts of all language are acquired before the child turns four.
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Two-word stage: around 18m
Child utterance Want cookie More milk Joe see Mature speaker I want a cookie I want some more milk I (Joe) see you Purpose Request Request Informing
Truck table
Daddy run Joe push Push cat
The truck is on the table
Daddy is running I (Joe) pushed (the cat) I pushed the car
Informing
Informing Informing Informing
Child utterance No sleep Not tired Where doll?
Mature speaker I don’t want to go to sleep I am not tired Where is the doll?
Purpose Refusal Refusal Question
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Language and Cognition
The formal approach basically addresses structural patterns, including the study of morphological, syntactic, and lexical structure. The psychological approach looks at language from the view of general systems ranging from perception, memory, attention, and reasoning. The conceptual approach is concerned with the patterns in which and the processes by which conceptual content is organized in languages.
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2.2 Language Comprehension
Language comprehension is a process for us to get familiar with the real world. From a psycholinguistic point of view, we store a great deal of information about the properties of words in our mental lexicon, and retrieve this information when we understand language. We can instinctively connect the known items stored in our mind to the unknown ones and access to more information in processing and comprehending language.
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Related fields
As an interdisciplinary study of language and psychology, psycholinguistics has its roots in structural linguistics on the one hand, and in cognitive psychology on the other hand. It is also closely related to a set of other disciplines such as anthropology, or the neurosciences.