WTO 英文版Communication from the People's Republic of China
国际贸易实务(英文版)(第二版)(PPT),帅建林,978-7-5663-0314-1
In contrast, portfolio or indirect investments, are chiefly motivated by short- to medium-term profits. They may include equity investments that do not involve an active role in management or bonds and other debt instruments issued by foreign companies and governments. As financial markets around the world become increasingly integrated in recent years, international portfolio investments have become popular with investors as a vehicle of diversification further hastening the process of international financial integration.
(完整版)跨文化交际英文版
munication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols.2.Culture: The deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meanings,hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.3.Acculturations: occurs when a society undergoes drastic culture change under the influence of a moredominant culture and society with which it has come in contact.4.Intercultural communication:It is communication between people whose cultural perceptions andsymbols are distinct enough to alter the communication event.5.co-culture: when talking about groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics,perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.nguage is an organized, generally agreed on, learned symbol system used to represent theexperiences within a cultural community.7.Perception: the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and information to create ameaningful picture of the world.8.Value: is an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally orsocially preferable to another.9.Culture patterns: refers to both the conditions that contribute to the way in which a people perceiveand think about the world, and the manner in which they live that world.10.Collectivism:is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups andout-groups.11.Masculinity: is the extent to which the dominant values in a society are male oriented and associatedwith ambitions, differentiated sex roles, achievements, acquisition of money and signs of manliness. 12.A high-context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is either inthe physical context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the massage. A low-context (LC) communication is just the opposite; i.e., the mass of information is vested in the explicit code.13.Context: the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably bound up with the meaning of thatevent.14.World view is a culture’s orientation toward God, humanity, nature, questions of existence, theuniverse and cosmos, life, moral and ethical reasoning, suffering, death, and other philosophical issues that influence how its members perceive their world.15.Argot is a more or less private vocabulary peculiar to a co-cultural group, and a group must have anargot if it is to be considered a co-culture.16.Nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that aregenerated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.17.A learning style is a particular way that an individual receives and processes information.18.Stereotyping is a complex form of categorization that mentally organizes our experiences and guidesour behavior toward a group of people.19.Culture shock: when we are thrust into another culture and experience psychological and physicaldiscomfort from this contact we have become victims of culture shock.20.Ethnocentrism: the belief that one’s culture is primary to all explanations of reality.21.Seven characteristics of culture affect communication: learned, transmitted from generation togeneration, based on symbols, dynamic, integrated, ethnocentric, adaptive.22.Belief: our conviction in the truth of something. Learned and subject to cultural interpretation andcultural diversity.23.Individualism:refers to the doctrine, spelled out in detail by the seventeenth. The single mostimportant pattern in the US.24.Hofstede’s Value Dimensions:four parts: individualism-collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, powerdistance, and masculinity and femininity.25.Culture differs in their attitudes toward: individualism and collectivism, uncertainty avoidance,power distance, masculinity and femininity, human nature, the perception of nature, time, activity, relationships, context, formality and informality, assertiveness and interpersonal harmony.26.Religious Similarities: sacred writings, authority, traditional rituals, speculation, ethics.27.Five religious orientations: Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism.28.the family we are born into the family of orientation and take a spouse the family of procreation.29.problems of translation and equivalence：vocabulary or lexical equivalence, idiomatic and slangequivalence, grammatical-syntactical equivalence, experiential-cultural equivalence, conceptual equivalence.30.The use of argot reflects a co-culture’s need to have a language that permits them to 1.sharemembership,2. participate in their social and cultural communities,3. identify themselves and their place in the universe, 4. communicate with one another about their own social realities.31.Functions of communication: repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating, contradicting.32.The study of how movement communicates is called kinesics. Kinesic cues are those visible bodyshifts and movements that can send messages about 1.our attitude toward the other person 2. our emotional state 3. our desire to control our environment.33.Eyes serve six communication functions: 1. indicates degree of attentiveness, interest, and arousal 2.help intiate and sustain intimate relationships 3. influence attitude change and persuasion 4. regulate interaction 5. communicate emotions 6. define power and status relationships 7. assume a central role in impression management.34.kinds of vocalizations: vocal characterizers, vocal qualifiers, vocal segregates.。
国际贸易英语_Communication-in-International-Business
➢Special attention should be paid to names of articles, specifications, quantity, figures, units, etc
Read carefully: Our competitors were more successful
carefully before it is sent out
7 steps for business writing planning
I. Write down your AIM II. ASSEMBLE all the relevant information and
documents III. ARRAGNE the points in order of importance IV. Write an OUTLINE in note form.
（1）凭样交易 （2）溢短装条款 （3）集装箱 （4）Certificate of origin （5）Forwarding agency （6）Liner transport （7）Freight prepaid
（1）随函附上我方最新的目录册和价格表供你 方参考
（2）关于我方的资信状况，请向中国银行查询
Studying method
Deeply understand the basic theory of writing Study the specimen letters Master customary words, phrases, sentence patterns and expressing method in each phase of foreign trade business Exercise
WTO：中国加入工作组报告书(英文)
3.The representative of China said that China had a territory of 9.6 million square kilometres and, at the end of 1998 a population of 1.25 billion. Since 1979, China had been progressively reforming its economic system, with the objective of establishing and improving the socialist market economy. The reform package introduced in 1994, covering the banking, finance, taxation, investment, foreign exchange ("forex") and foreign trade sectors, had brought about major breakthroughs in China's socialist market economy. State-owned enterprises had been reformed by a clear definition of property rights and responsibilities, a separation of government from enterprise, and scientific management. A modern enterprise system had been created for the state-owned sector, and the latter was gradually getting on the track of growth through independent operation, responsiblefor its own profits and losses. A nation-wide unified and open market system had been developed. An improved macroeconomic regulatory system used indirect means and market forces to play a central role in economic management and the allocation of resources. A new tax and financial system was functioning effectively. Financial policy had been separated from commercial operations of the central bank, which now focussed on financial regulation and supervision. The exchange rate of the Chinese currency Renminbi (also "RMB") had been unified and remained stable. The Renminbi had been made convertible on current account. Further liberalization of pricing policy had resulted in the majority of consumer and producer products being subject to market prices. The market now played a much more significant role in boosting supply and ms to the GATT 1947 Working Party and subsequently to the Working Party on the Accession of China, the representative of China stated that China's consistent efforts to resume its status as a contracting party to GATT and accession to the WTO Agreement were in line with its objective of economic reform to establish a socialist market economy as well as its basic national policy of opening to the outside world. China's WTO accession would increase its economic growth and enhance its economic and trade relations with WTO Members.
国际贸易双语教程英文版
国际贸易双语教程英文版IntroductionInternational trade is an essential part of the global economy. It involves the exchange of goods and services between countries. In this bilingual tutorial, we will provide an overview of international trade and explore its various aspects. This tutorial aims to help readers gain a thorough understanding of international trade concepts and terminology in English.1. Understanding International TradeInternational trade refers to the exchange of goods and services across international borders. It allows countries to specialize in producing goods and services that they can produce efficiently, ensuring maximum productivity and resource utilization. This leads to increased economic growth and welfare for participating nations.2. Benefits of International TradeInternational trade offers several advantages to participating countries. These benefits include:•Improved Efficiency: Countries can focus on producing goods and services that they can produce efficiently, increasing overall productivity.•Access to a Wider Range of Goods: Countries can import goods not produced domestically, allowing consumers access to a broader selection of products.•Expanding Markets: With international trade, businesses can reach new markets abroad, enabling them to grow and expand.•Economic Growth: International trade stimulates economic growth by promoting investment, job creation, and innovation.•Lower Costs: Countries can import goods at a lower cost than producing them domestically, leading to cost savings for consumers andbusinesses.3. Trade BarriersDespite the benefits of international trade, various barriers can hinder smooth trade operations. These barriers include:•Tariffs: Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods, increasing their prices and reducing demand.•Quotas: Quotas limit the quantity of goods that can be imported, restricting access to foreign markets.•Regulatory Barriers: These include regulations, standards, and certifications that goods must meet to enter a country, creating additional costs and hurdles for exporters.•Currency Barriers: Fluctuations in exchange rates can affect the competitiveness of goods in international markets.•Trade Restrictions: Embargoes, trade sanctions, and trade wars can further hinder international trade.4. International Trade AgreementsTo promote and regulate international trade, countries often engage in the negotiation and formation of trade agreements. These agreements aim to reduce trade barriers and create a more favorable trade environment. Some prominent international trade agreements include:•World Trade Organization (WTO): The WTO is a global organization that promotes free trade and resolves trade disputes amongmember countries.•Free Trade Agreements (FTAs): FTAs are agreements between countries that eliminate or reduce trade barriers among participating nations.•Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs): RTAs are trade agreements between countries within a specific geographic region.•Bilateral Agreements: Bilateral agreements are trade agreements between two countries, focusing on addressing trade barriers and promoting trade.•Multilateral Agreements: Multilateral agreements involve multiple countries negotiating and establishing trade rules and regulations.5. Trade DocumentationInternational trade involves significant documentation to ensure smooth and legal transactions between parties. Some essential trade documents include: •Commercial Invoice: An invoice that provides detailed information about the goods being sold, including quantity, price, and delivery terms.•Bill of Lading: It is a document issued by a carrier that acknowledges the receipt of goods for shipment.•Packing List: A detailed list of the contents and quantities of a shipment.•Certificate of Origin: It certifies the origin of the goods and is needed to claim preferential treatment under trade agreements.•Insurance Certificate: A document that confirms that goods are insured against loss or damage during transportation.•Customs Declaration: A document that provides information about the goods being imported or exported and helps calculate applicable customs duties and taxes.ConclusionInternational trade plays a crucial role in the global economy, enabling countries to benefit from specialization, economic growth, and improved welfare. This bilingual tutorial aimed to provide an overview of international trade in English, covering its various aspects from understanding the basics to trade barriers, agreements, and documentation. By understanding these concepts, readers can engage in international trade activities more effectively and confidently.。
国际贸易实务(英文版)(第四版)(PPT)ppt
Why trade with other nations?
Advantages
International trade leads to more efficient and increased world production, thus allowing countries (and individuals) to consume a larger and more diverse bundle of goods.
Balance of Payments The balance of payment = the difference between money coming into a country and money going out of the country + money flows coming into or leaving a country from other factors. favorable balance of payments VS unfavorable balance of payments
A nation possessing limited natural resources is able to produce and consume more than it otherwise could.
the establishment of international trade expands the number of potential markets in which a country can sell its goods.
Because the balance of payments is one reflection of a nation's financial stability in the world market, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) uses these accounts to make decisions such as qualifying a country for a loan. The IMF also provides the information to its members so that they can make informed decisions about investments and trade.
国家标准英文版翻译指南
国家标准英文版翻译指南国家质量技术监督局质技监局标函[2000]39号关于印发《国家标准英文版翻译指南》的通知国务院务有关部门，全国各专业标准化技术委员会：为适应我国加入世界贸易组织（WTO）和标准化活动对外交流的需要，及时准确地把我国国家标准翻译成英文版本，我局组织制定了《国家标准英文版翻译指南》，现予以公布。
自公布之日起实行。
二○○○年二月十三日主题词：国家标准规定通知抄送：中国标准出版社、中国标准研究中心国家质量技术监督局办公室2000年2月12日印发国家标准英文版翻译指南国家质量技术监督局标准化司二○○○年二月目次1 前言2 格式3 用词和用语4 引用标准化中心附录A：封面格式附录B：首页格式一、前言为适应我国加入世界贸易组织和我国对外开放的需要，我局从1997年起开始将一部分国家标准翻译成英文。
在翻译过程中，不少有关单位建议对翻译的格式和通用用语进行规范。
为此，我司于1999年初成立了《国家标准英文版翻译指南》编制工作组，开始指南的起草工作。
编制《国家标准英文英文版翻译指南》的目的是：1．对国家标准英文版标准中需要统一的格式进行规范2．对国家标准英文版标准中需要统一的语句和用词进行规范3．对与现行GB1.1及ISO/IEC导则要求有出入的老格式标准文本中有必要进行调整的内容进行规范。
本指南适用于将我国国家标准翻译成英文文本的标准化中心二、格式2.1 等同/修改（等效）采用国际标准的国家标准应使用原英文版本，并符合ISO/IEC指南21（1999版）的要求。
2.2 对于非等效采用国际标准的国家标准，在翻译时应尽可能与原英文版本格式保持一致。
2.3 对于非采用国际标准的国家标准，在翻译时应尽可能以相应国际标准作为格式参考。
2.4 封面和首页格式见附录A和附录B。
三、用词和用语3.1 封面封面用语的英文表述3.1.1 中华人民共和国国家标准National Standard of the People's Republic of China3.1.2 国家质量技术监督局发布Issued by China State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision3.1.3 国家技术监督局发布Issued by China State Bureau of Technical Supervision3.1.4 国家标准局发布Issued by China State Bureau of Standards3.1.5 发布日期Issue date3.1.6 实施日期Implementation date3.1.7 等同采用IDT3.1.8 修改(等效)采用MOD3.1.9 非等效采用NEQ3.2 目次目次用语的英文表述3.2.1 目次contents3.2.2 附录annex3.2.3 参考文献bibliography3.2.4 索引index(es)3.2.5 图figure(s)3.2.6 表table(s)3.3 前言前言部分用语的英文表述3.3.1 前言Foreword3.3.2 本国家标准等同采用IEC (ISO) ××××标准: This national standard is identical to IEC (ISO) ××××3.3.3 本国家标准修改(等效)采用IEC(ISO) ××××标准:This national standard is modified in relation to IEC (ISO) ××××3.3.4 本国家标准非等效采用IEC (ISO) ××××标准:This national standard is not equivalent to IEC (ISO) ××××3.3.5 本国家标准附录××××是标准的附录(补充件)Annex ××××/Annexes ×××× of this national standard is/are normative3.3.6 本国家标准附录××××是提示的附录(参考件)Annex ××××/annexes ×××× of this national standard is/are informative3.3.7 本国家标准对先前版本技术内容作了下述重要修改There have been some significant changes in this national standard over its previous edition in the following technical aspects3.3.8 本国家标准与所采用国际标准的主要技术差异The main technical differences between the national standard and the international standard adopted3.3.9 本国家标准从实施日期起代替××××This national standard will replace ×××× from the implementation date of this standard3.3.10 本国家标准由××××提出This national standard was proposed by ××××3.3.11 本国家标准由××××归口This national standard is under the jurisdiction of ××××3.3.12 本国家标准由××××起草This national standard was drafted by ××××3.4 引言3.4.1 引言introduction3.5 范围范围部分用语的英文表述:3.5.1 主题和范围subject and the aspect(s) covered3.5.2 本国家标准规定……的尺寸This national s tandard specifies the dimensions of ……3.5.3 本国家标准规定……的方法This national standard specifies a method of ……3.5.4 本国家标准规定……的性能This national standard specifies the characteristics of ……3.5.5 本国家标准规定……的系统This national standard establishes a system for ……3.5.6 本国家标准规定……的基本原理This national standard establishes general principles for3.5.7 本国家标准适用于……This national standard is applicable to ……3.6 引用标准引语的英文表述(根据中文文本从a, b中选取):a. 下列标准中所包含的条文，通过在本标准中引用而构成为本标准的条文。
WTO 英文版
WTO
• Property : Known as the “Economic United nations”, WTO is one of the most important international economic organization, responsible for the management ofห้องสมุดไป่ตู้the world economy and trade. • WTO with the International Monetary Fund (IMF 国际货币基金组织), the World Bank (WB世界银 行) have been regarded as the three pillars of the world economic development.
WTO
• Disadvantages: • 1.Face more fierce competition • 2.Some unfair situations because of the differences in countries • ……
WTO was formerly GATT
GATT
WTO
• Principles : Its basic principles are reciprocity(互惠原则),transparency(透明度 原则),market access, fair competition, non discrimination and so on.
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W ORLD T RADE O RGANIZATION G/TBT/2/Add.65 29 January 2002 (02-0403)Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade Original: English IMPLEMENTATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE AGREEMENTON TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADECommunication from the People's Republic of ChinaAddendumThe following statement under Article 15.2 of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade has been received from the People's Republic of China._______________I.INTRODUCTIONPursuant to Article 15.2 of the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement)and China’s commitments in Article 177, 184 and 185 of the Report of the Working Party on the Accession of China, the Government of the People’s Republic of China would like to inform the Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade following measures which have been in existence or taken to ensure the implementation and administration of the TBT Agreement.II.CONSISTENCE WITH THE TBT AGREEMENT OF CHI NA’S TECHNICAL REGULATIONS, STANDARDS AND CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES 1.China’s technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures will be formulated and adopted to fulfill those legitimate objectives which are in line with the TBT Agreement and the following Chinese laws and regulations: Law on Legislation of the People’s Republic of China; Standardization Law of the People’s Republic of China; Law of the People’s Republic of China on Product Quality; Law of the People’s Republic of China on Import-Export Commodity Inspection; Regulations on the Enactment Procedure of Administrative Regulations; and Regulations on the Enactment Procedure of Administrative Rules. These legitimate objectives are, inter alia: national security requirements; prevention of deceptive practices; protection of human health or safety, animal or plant life or health, or the environment.III.NOTIFICATION BODY, ENQUIRY POINT AND PUBLICATION(i) Enquiry point2.As stated in Paragraph 177 of the Report of the Working Party on the Accession of China to the WTO, China set up two TBT enquiry points in the year 2000 which were notified to the TBT Committee. Recently, these two enquiry points have been merged into one, which is now in the International Inspection and Quarantine Standards and Technical Regulations Research Center under the State General Administration of the Peoples Republic of China for Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ).G/TBT/2/Add.65Page 2Address and contact means of the enquiry point are as follows:15, Fang Cao Di West Street,Chaoyang District,Beijing 100020, ChinaTel: 0086-10-65952460Fax: 0086-10-65068143E-mail: srrc@(ii) Notification authority3.China WTO Notification and Enquiry Center of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (MOFTEC) will be responsible for China’s Notifications related to the TBT Agreement.Address and contact means of the notification authority are as follows:2, Dong Chang An Ave.,Dong Cheng District,Beijing 100731, ChinaTel: 0086-10-6519 7336, 6519 7762Fax: 0086-10-6519 7762E-mail: wtonoti@(iii) Publication4.Technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures will all be published on the Gazette of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation or the Bulletin of AQSIQ. IV.TRANSPARENCY5.When formulating technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures, China will give non-discriminatory consideration to comments made by other WTO Members. This is stipulated in Articles 34 and 35 of the Law on Legislation, Articles 12, 19, 20, 21 and 22 of the Regulations on the Enactment Procedure of Administrative Regulations and Articles 14 and 15 of Regulations on the Enactment Procedure of Administrative Rules.6.China will give a reasonable interval between the publication of technical regulations and their entry into force so that adaptation could be made by other WTO Members. This is stipulated in Article 29 of the Regulations on the Enactment Procedure of Administrative Regulations and Article 32 of Regulations on the Enactment Procedure of Administrative Rules.V.TECHNICAL REGULATIONS AND RELEVANT CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES7.China will apply same technical regulations and conformity assessment procedures to both imported and domestic products. This is stipulated in Article 14 of the Law on Standardization, Article 2 of the Law on Product Quality and Article 4 of Regulatory Provisions on Compulsory Product Certification.8.China will ensure that technical regulations are not formulated, adopted or applied with a view to or with the effect of creating unnecessary obstacles to international trade.9.China’s relevant authorities responsible for technical regulations will review regularly thos e regulations in existence according to the nature of these technical regulations to ensure theirG/TBT/2/Add.65Page 3 consistency with the expected reasonable objectives. This is stipulated in Article 13 of the Standardization Law.10.China will use relevant international standards, guidelines and recommendations as a basis for its technical regulations and conformity assessment procedures. This is stipulated in Article 4 of the Standardization Law and the Regulatory Measures on Adoption of International Standards promulgated by AQSIQ.11.China will positively consider accepting as equivalent technical regulations of other Members.12.China will recognize the product testing reports issued by IECCC CB laboratories.13.China will apply the same conformity assessment procedures to both imported and domestic products and will set up fee-charging criteria on the basis of non-profit and national treatment principle. Same practices and criteria of other WTO members will be consulted. This is stipulated in Article 4 of the Regulatory Provisions on Compulsory Product Certification.14.Relevant authorities at the central government level that can approve and promulgate technical regulations are as follows: AQSIQ, State Economic and Trade Commission, Ministry of Education, Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence, Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Civil Affairs, Ministry of Land and Resources, Ministry of Construction, Ministry of Railways, Ministry of Communications, Ministry of Information Industry, Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Public Health, General Administration of Customs, State Environmental Protection Administration, General Administration of Civil Aviation, State Administration of Radio, Film and Television, State Drug Administration and State Forestry Administration.15.Provincial quality and technical supervision authorities and entry-exit inspection and quarantine authorities, plus entry-exit inspection and quarantine authorities in the cities of Ningbo, Xiamen, Zhuhai and Shenzhen are the local government level authorities to approve and promulgate technical regulations.16.AQSIQ and the China National Regulatory Commission for Certification and Accreditation are the authorities to adopt and promulgate conformity assessment procedures.VI.STANDARDS AND RELEVANT CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES17.China will apply same standards and conformity assessment procedures to both imported and domestic products. This is stipulated in Article 14 of the Standardization Law, Article 2 of the Law on Product Quality and Article 4 of the Regulatory Provisions on Compulsory Product Certification.18.China will ensure that standards are not formulated, adopted or applied with a view to or with the effect of creating unnecessary obstacles to international trade.19.China will take relevant international standards, guidelines and recommendations as the basis for standards and conformity assessment procedures. This is stipulated in Article 4 of the Standardization Law and the Regulatory Measures on Adoption of International Standards.20.China will apply same standards and conformity assessment procedures to both domestic and imported products and will impose same fees on the basis of cost.__________。