考研英语写作(精心整理版)

考研英语写作(精心整理版)
考研英语写作(精心整理版)

考研英语作文采用的是总体评分法,作文评卷老师主要凭借总体印象打分,而我国老师评卷时往往看重的是语言。因此语言的顺畅、优美直接影响到实际作文分数的高低。鉴于不少考生英语作文写作语言生硬平淡、单调乏味、缺少变通。本文将结合往届考研作文,从标点符号这一常被大家忽略的方面破解考研高分作文的秘籍,并总结出“逗号六式”的使用方法,希望能对广大考生写作时提高语言表达有所裨益。

第一式:非限制性定语从句的试用

1.Nomadays, the call for quality-oriented education is becoming wide-spread and the drawbacks of test-oriented education, which have aroused great concern throughout China, are becoming increasingly apparent.

2.The sharp contrast hinges on the Protection of the greenhouse,which determines in a large measure the life and death of the lovely flower.

3.This trend began during the Second World War,when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

逗号前后是我们写作时构造复杂多变、精彩生动句子结构的突破口。上述三例中我们合理巧妙地运用了非限制性定语从句,使前后两个分句有机地连接起来,显得连贯、自然。例1用关系代词which (非限制性定语从句不能用that)代替逗号前整个分句的意思。这样就把原本要用两个句子来表达的信息通过定语从句压缩为一个主从复合句,显得简洁、不罗嗉。例2用关系代词which代替逗号前先行词the green house,通过非限制性定语从句进一步说明温室对于鲜花存活的重要性。例3中逗号前先行词是表时间,因此用关系代词when引导非限制性定语从句,将主要信息移置逗号之后,取得“尾重”或“末尾聚焦(end—weight)”的效果。其实考生们对于非限制性定语从句的用法不可谓不熟,但可能就是缺乏用多种手段衔接分句的意识。

第二式:非谓语动词做状语的使用

1.By contrast,when removed from the greenhouse,the protective umbrella,it struggles helplessly against the sudden attack of storms,only to wither away.

2. Parents are too eager to mold their kids, disregarding their individuality with a callous attitude toward their personal development.

3. School—age children are often seen caring bulging bags on their backs, weighed down on their way to and form school every day.

非谓语动词有四种变现形式,即动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词和动名词。利用这几种非谓语动词形式(动名词不能做状语除外)做状语,能很好地突出信息,取得信息“末尾聚焦(end—weight)”的效果。例1用only加动词不定式表示出乎意料的结果,做结果状语。从而将备受溺爱的孩子们不更世事、不堪一击的惨状和盘托出。例2用现在分词做结果状语,表示一种必然的发展趋势,即结果在意料之中。例3用过去分词做伴随状语,将饱受应试教育摧残的学龄儿童那苦不堪言的情形栩栩如生地勾勒了出来,辛辣的嘲讽宛然可见。当然这几种非谓语动词形式也可放在逗号前面一分句或句子中间,如

4. Weighing both these arguments. I can come to the conclusion that there is no need

to take SO drastic a step as doing away with this custom. (现在分词做时间状语)

5.An old peasant, bringing his own food,volunteered as a guide for US.(现在分词做伴随状语)

非谓语动词做状语到底放在前还是放在后似乎没有绝对的要求。但一般来说,做伴随状语时可前可后做原因状语时放在前面较多,间或放在后面;做时间状语时一般放在句子前,做结果状语时一般放在后半分句,做条件状语时一般放在前面分句,等等。

第三式:同位语或插入语的使用

1. AS is distinct from above, the number“13”, a long-held symbol of misfortune in the eyes of most westerners, seems to be plaguing them.

2. By contrast, when removed from the greenhouse, the protective umbrella, it struggles helplessly against the sudden attack of storms, only to wither away.

3. Specifically, the number…6‘, as they strongly believe, is closely associated with smoothness in the Chinese culture.

同位语或插入语一般插在主谓语之间,一般由名词词组(如例l、2)、介词词组(如in my opinion,in other words等)、从句(如例3)、不定式短语、现在分词短语充当。它们能起到补充说明的作用。除此之外,插入语还可对整句话表示解释,如:

4. There were twenty people present, to be precise.(不定式短语做插入语)

5. Roughly speaking, these countries are the most densely—populated in Asia.(现在分词短语做插入语)

第四式:With结构的使用

1.Wenowlivein a society where competition in the job market rages,with graduates and job-hunters from all walks of life scrambling for desirable jobs

2. As described in the picture. an American girl is wearing a Chinese costume characteristic of some minority group,with a sweet smile on her face.

3.These children can set their hearts at ease,with everything well—arranged by their parents.

4.He entered upon the new enterprise cautiously,with his eyes wide open.

With结构总的说来有五种形式,即:W+名(代)词+现在分词(如例1),With+名(代)词+过去分词(如例3),With+名(代)词+介词短语(如例2),With+名(代)词+副词或形容词(如例4),With+名(代)词+不定式。With结构可表原因(如例1、3)、伴随或方式(如例2、4)、等。

第五式:独立主格结构的使用

1.Rosy dreams shattered,they are bewildering at the junction: “To be or not to be? That is the question”一Hamlet's perplexed monologue is echoing in their ears.

2. “Just listen to this,” she will say, her eyes glowing, her warm fingers pressed to my palm to hold my attention

3.The U.S. population expanding dramatically, the species of its wildlife has Witnessed

a —corresp0nding decline in a span of two centuries (1800—2000).

4.Hewentof,gun in hand

5.The floor was wet and slippery,So we stayed outside.

6.The meal over,prayers were read by Miss Miller.

两个或两个以上分句间如果主语不一致时要用独立主格结构。所谓“独立主格结构”实质就是带自己主语的非限定分句和无动词分句。它按结构形式分为不定式“独立结构”、一ing分词“独立结构”(如例2、3)、一ed分词“独立结构”(如例1、2)和无动词“独立结构”,即名(代)词+介词短语(如例4)、名(代)词+副词(如例6)或形容词(如例5)。

第六式:形容词作状语的使用

1. Disillusioned and disheartened, they are most likely to collapse under the weight of life.

2. Living in the warmness, safe and sound they are utterly free from external hardships and ignorant of what the bare reality is like.

形容词常可单独或引起短语做状语,可用来表示原因(如例1)、方式(如例2)等。形容词做状语位置比较灵活,可前可后或插在句中。

句式的复杂多变要求一篇作文中既要有简单句、并列句又要复合句甚至复杂复合句。要构造句子结构的复杂多变就必须讲究分句之间的衔接与连贯问题。逗号六剑法实质就是逗号后(前)分句问衔接与连贯的六种技巧。

从2000年到2014年,考研英语一大作文均为占总分20%的图画作文,其成绩对英语总成绩影响非常大。30分(或英语二25分)的AB两节作文,根据考查点不同,评分标准也不尽相同,如果能了解阅卷老师的评分标准,全面掌握考研英语作文写作的每个细节,在30~40分钟内完成160~200词的作文得高分不成问题。因此,除了了解作文的语言策略,评分标准也至关重要。

一、考研作文考试内容

该部分由A、B两节组成,考查考生的书面表达力。总分30分或25分(英语二作文共计25分)。

A节题型有两种,每次考试选择其中的一种形式。备选题型包括:1) 考生根据所给情景写出约100词(标点符号不计算在内)的应用性短文,包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、报告等。2) 要求考生根据所提供的汉语文章,用英语写出一篇80~100词的该文摘要。考生在答题卡2上作答。共10分。

B节要求考生根据所规定的情景或给出的提纲,写出一篇150词以上的英语说明文或议论文。提供情景的形式为图画、图标或文字。考生在答题卡2上作答。共15分。

二、评分原则和方法

1. 虽然A、B两节的考查要点有所不同,但对考生写作能力的基本要求是相同的,所以一般评分标准对两节都适用。但根据两节不同的考查要点,评分时会有不同的侧重点。

A节:应用文的评分侧重点在于信息点的覆盖、内容的组织、语言的准确性及格式和语域的恰当。对语法结构和词汇多样性的要求将根据具体试题作调整。允许在作文中使用提示语中出现过的关键词,但使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子将被扣分。

B节:B节作文的评分重点在于内容完整性、文章的组织连贯性、语法结构和词汇的多样性及语言的准确性。

2. 评分时,先根据文章的内容和语言确定其所属档次,然后以该档次的要求来给分。评分人员在档内有1--3分的调节分。

3. A节作文的字数要求是100词左右。B节作文的字数要求是150词。文章长度不符合要求的,酌情扣分。

4. 拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一方面。评分时,视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。

5. 如书写较差,以致影响交际,将分数降低一个档次。

高分范文

Dear Bob,

I am writing to express my apology to you. Several days ago,I borrowed your music CD when I lived in your house. Unfortunately,after I came back from Canada,I found it in my luggage. I was in such a hurry that I forgot to return it to you .I will send it to you by post or express as soon as possible. If necessary,I will compensate for any troubles it may cause.

Once again,I feel so sorry for any inconvenience caused. Please accept my apologies.

Sincerely yours,

Zhang Wei

(2008年范文)

It seems reasonable when people laugh at the cartoon, but it would no longer be laughable when people find similar things taking place in our daily life. Recently there is a trend of making promises in various fields of our society. From departments of government to common shopping centers, many businesses who supple products of offer services have made various promises to their customers or service receivers. (范文)

三、一般评分标准

第五档:A节(9-10分)B节(17-20分)

很好地完成了试题规定的任务;

包含所有内容要点;

使用丰富的语法结构和词汇;

语言自然流畅,语法错误极少;

有效地采用了多种衔接手法,文字连贯,层次清晰;

格式与语域恰当、贴切。

对目标读者完全产生了预期的效果。

第四档:A节(7-8分)B节(13-16分)

较好地完成了试题规定的任务。

包含所有内容要点,允许漏掉1、2个次重点;

使用较丰富的语法结构和词汇;

语言基本准确,只有在试图使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇时才有个别错误;

采用了适当的衔接手法,层次清晰,组织较严密;

格式与语域较恰当。

对目标读者产生了预期的效果。

第三档:A节(5-6分)B节(9-12分)

基本完成了试题规定的任务。

虽漏掉一些内容,但包含多数内容要点;

应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的需求;

有一些语法及词汇错误,但不影响理解;

采用了简单的衔接手法,内容较连贯,层次较清晰;

格式和语域基本合理。

对目标读者基本产生了预期的效果。

第二档:A节(3-4分)B节(5-8分)

未能按要求完成试题规定的任务。

漏掉或未能有效阐述一些内容要点,写了一些无关内容;

语法结构单调、词汇项目有限;

有较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误,影响了对写作内容的理解;

未采用恰当的衔接手法,内容缺少连贯性;

格式和语域不恰当。

未能清楚地传达信息给读者。

第一档:A节(1-2分)B节(1-4分)

未完成试题规定的任务。

明显遗漏主要内容,且有许多不相关的内容;

语法项目和词汇的使用单调、重复;

语言错误多,有碍读者对内容的理解,语言运用能力差;

未使用任何衔接手法,内容不连贯,缺少组织、分段;

无格式与语域概念

未能传达信息给读者。

零档(0分)

所传达的信息或所用语言太少,无法评价;内容与要求无关或无法辨认。“差作文”的种种“劣迹表现”:

1.无话可说,难以下笔。

2.文章安排,极不合理。

3.结构混乱,缺乏关联。

4.语言表达,错误众多。

5.用词贫乏,句式单一。

6.时间限制,无法完成。

7.字迹不清,影响阅卷。

英文单词的结构和中文有许多相通之处,例如,若明白中国古代以“贝作为货币,就能了解“财”、“货”、“买”、“卖”、“购”、“贩”、“资”等与金钱有关的字以及为何使用背部的原因。英文单词的字根和中文的部首一样,拥有固定的含义,与不同的字首、字尾搭配,就形成许多不同的字。

字首、词根、字尾记忆法是从分解单词的基本结构入手来了解单词的造字规则,是以理解代替传统死背单词的方式,能够在最短的时间内增加词汇量,通过这种方法,你会发现克服记忆一词多义,一词多词性其实并不难。

利用识别字首、词根、词尾的方法来学习单词,不仅轻松易记,而且情趣盎然,对于拼写能力的提高也大有裨益。英语单词中最常见的字首为113个,最常见的字尾为122个,最常见的字根为418个。下面将主要的字根做一下归类和举例。

英语字根大部分来自于拉丁语,根据这些字根可以了解它们的原义,再配合字首、字尾的活用组合,考试大。

1、acid,acr=sour(酸的),sharp(锐利的)

举例:acid adj. 酸的;酸性的;尖酸刻薄的n。酸性物质

acjdify v. 酸化;变酸

acidity n. 酸性;酸味;酸度

2、act=to act(行动)

act n. 行动;法案;一幕v. 行动;扮演;作用

action n. 行动;动作;作用;诉讼;战斗

actionable adj. 可引起诉讼的;可被控诉的

activate v. 刺激;使产生活动

activation n. 活化

activator n. 触媒;催化剂

3、agogue=leader(领导者)

demagogue n. 群众煽动家(dem=people)

pedagogue n。卖弄学问的人;教育者(ped=child)

synagogue n. 犹太教的会堂;犹太教会堂之聚首(syn=togeter)

4、al,ol,ul=to nourish(滋养)

aliment v. 营养的;食物;抚养

alimental adj. 食物的;营养的

alimentary adj. 食物的;营养的;消化的

alimentation n。营养;抚养

5、alt=high(高的)

altar n。祭坛(高的地方)

altimeter n。高度计

altitude n. 高度;海拔(itude抽象名词字尾)

6、alter,ail=other(其他的)

alter v. 改变;更改

alteration n。变更;更改

altercate n. 口角;争论

7、am=to love(爱)

amateur n。业余技艺家;业余者

amicable adj。和蔼可亲的

enemy n. 敌对;敌意;不合

8、ang=to strangle(勒死;窒息)

anger v。激怒n 愤怒

angry adj 愤怒的;生气的

anguish n 身心极度的痛苦

9、angl,angul=angle(角)

angle n角;角度;观点;方面;角落

v。歪曲;做不实的新闻报道

rectangle n 长方形;矩形

10、anim=breath(气息),mind(心)

animal n动物adj动物界的;野兽的

animator n鼓舞着;卡通片绘制者

不管是联想法、词根词缀法还是拆分组合法,每一种记忆方法都有可取之处,考生最不可用的就是死记硬背,希望大家都能够在记单词的过程中认真揣摩,找到最合适自己记忆规律的方法,提高速度和效率。

see这个词,其对应的印欧词根形式为sekw-“注意,看”。来看sight:古英语中为gesiht , gesihth。ge- + 词干+ -(e)t 是中古高地德语过去分词的一种构成方式。简单说来,sight 中的-t 相当于过去分词后缀,作为名词也相当于-th,表示动作、状态、性质等。

sightn. 1. 视力,视觉

2. 看见,瞥见

3. 视域,眼界

4. 情景,景象

5. [pl.]风景,名胜(可以看的东西→)

vt. 看见,看到

She caught sight of a car in the distance.

她看见远处有一辆汽车。

At last we came insight of a few houses.

最后,我们看到了几座房屋。

Out of sight, Out of mind (saying)

眼不见,心不想

She's set her sights on getting into Harvard.

她决心要上哈佛大学。

before 中的be- 是“在,靠近”,fore 是“在前部”。

作为前缀,fore- 表示:before(in place, rank, time)在…前,在…之前,预先,即:

1. 在前面

forehand 前额

2. 早先,预先

forefather祖先,祖宗(尤指男性)

forewarn预先警告;事先告诫

forerunner 先驱;先行者;预兆;前兆

3. 之前

forenoon上午;午前

4. 前部

forearm前臂

foresight (fore-前,先,sight 看见;提前或预先看见即预料到要发生的并为将来做准备→)

n. [U] (approving) the ability to predict what is likely to happen and to use this to prepare for the future 深谋远虑;先见之明

She'd had the foresight to sell her apartment just before house prices came

down.

He was later criticized for his lack of foresight.

They had the foresight to invest in new technology.

Early planners of New York City showed tremendous foresight in their design of the

water system.

I'm glad you had the foresight to bring warm clothes.

sight的意思都和“看”有关。

sightly(sight 视力,视觉,-ly 适合…的,有…特性的,名词后构成形容词;适合视觉的即视觉上很舒服的→)

a. 1. pleasing to see; visually appealing. 悦目的:看起来令人愉快的;在视觉上吸引人的

2. affordinga fine view; scenic. 好看的:提供美好景色的;风景如画的

unsightly un- 不,sight 视力,视觉,-ly适合…的,

a. not pleasant to look at 难看的;不雅观的;不悦目的同义词ugly

He had undone the buttons of his shirt, exposing an unsightly expanse of white flesh. 他解开衬衫纽扣,露出一片白花花的肉,很不雅观。

The Polish market in Berlin was considered unsightly and shut down.

柏林市内的波兰市场因为被认为有碍观瞻而关闭了。

考研英语新题型中排序题——将一篇各段落顺序被打乱的文章进行重新排序,要求考生对文章逻辑结构有很强的把握能力,是相对难的一道阅读理解题目。

但其中也是有规律可循的,文章中是按照一定的逻辑关系叙述的,或者是依照事件发展的先后顺序,或者是按照因果顺序、递进关系、转折关系、解释关系、例证关系、定义关系等等,这些都可以通过一些关键词可以看出来的,主要有以下几种:

A. 因果关系:标志词汇有for, because, since, therefore等;

B.转折关系:标志词汇有but, yet, although, however, on the contrary, on the other hand, instead等;

C.并列递进关系:标志词汇有and, indeed, also, besides, similarly, like, accordingly, in the same way, meanwhile, furthermore, moreover等;

D.解释关系:标志词汇有that is, that is to say, for example, such as, namely, in other words等;

熟悉表示不同逻辑关系的词语后,考生就可以在掌握各段落大意的前提下,根据这些细节词语来推断彼此之间的关系,然后进行排序。对整篇文章的结构了解以后,再掌握各段落的大意,那么整篇文章大概在叙述什么也就清楚了,摸清了文章脉络,接下来就好比一个拼图的过程。

总之,这类题的做法是从文章的整体出发,抓住细节,回到整体。

那么怎样来复习这种题型呢?

熟能生巧。只有大量练习,才能掌握命题的规律。考研英语中的新题型,只是给题目换了件“外衣”,即考查用英文包装了的语文排序题。一旦平时训练中,掌握了这种题的解题思路和命题特点,只要注意文章作者的英式思维方式就可以了。也就是说他们逻辑、思维习惯和我们的不同。没有其他的办法,就是要大量做题,从中逐渐掌握规律。

其次,阅读理解的文章全部是议论文或说明文,这就决定了这些文章本身的叙述和展开方式,弄清楚这些文章的结构自然在选择答案时就简单了许多。而文章结构大致可以概括出以下几点:

1. 把人或事物的功能、特点等进行比较从而引出一个结论。这种文章对比性比较强,那么肯定是一方面一方面地进行比较,考生要分清这种不同进行排序。

2.通常这样的文章会先阐述说明一个观点,然后对这个观点进行驳斥,再进一步分析这个观点的正负面,最后阐明自己的观点。考生就要根据这种先后关系进行推断、排序。

3.文章的首段应该是提出问题,接下来就是具体的原因;原因也应该有相应的次序,考生可以自己判断进行选择;也有一类文章,通常用举例子或者打比方等方法来进行阐述论证。

4.采用释义性结构,解释某一事物、现象、科学理论等,通常用举例子、打比方等方法来进行阐述论证。这种文章首段一般是摆明现象,然后进行解释和阐述。

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