语言学术语整理
语言学名词解释

语言学名词解释语言学是研究语言的一门学科,涉及语言的结构、功能、变化和发展等方面的研究。
下面是一些常见的语言学名词及其解释。
1. 语音学(Phonetics):研究语言中各种语音的产生、传播和感知等方面的学科。
2. 语音语言学(Phonology):研究语音在特定语言中的音位(音素)和音位组合规则的学科。
3. 语法学(Grammar):研究语言的句法结构、词法结构和语义结构等方面的学科。
4. 句法学(Syntax):研究语言中句子的结构和组织方式的学科。
5. 语义学(Semantics):研究语言中词汇和句子的意义、概念和关系的学科。
6. 词汇学(Lexicology):研究语言中词汇的组成、形态、构词规则等方面的学科。
7. 词义学(Semantics):研究词汇中词义的构成、关系和词义的变化等方面的学科。
8. 语用学(Pragmatics):研究语言在具体语境中的使用方式以及语言的上下文相关性等方面的学科。
9. 文法学(Stylistics):研究语言使用中的文体、修辞手法、语言风格等方面的学科。
10. 母语(Mother tongue):一个人从小学会并用于日常交际的语言。
11. 第二语言(Second language):在学习者的母语之外学习的语言。
12. 语言接触(Language contact):不同语言之间在社会、文化接触中产生的相互影响和借用的现象。
13. 语言变异(Language variation):指同一个语言在不同社会、地理和使用者间发生的音、词、句法等方面的变化。
14. 语言变化(Language change):指语言在漫长的时间内逐渐变化和发展的过程。
15. 语言规范(Language standardization):制定和规范一个语言的正确用法、标准词汇和语法规则的过程。
16. 语言习得(Language acquisition):指儿童在自然环境中学习母语的过程。
语言学核心术语

语言学核心术语1. 音位音位就像是语言里的小密码。
你知道吗?在英语里,/p/和/b/就是不同的音位。
比如“pat”(轻拍)和“bat”(蝙蝠),就因为这一个音位的差别,意思完全不同呢。
这就像在密码锁里,一个小数字的改变,锁就打不开啦。
2. 语素语素呀,是语言的小零件。
拿汉语来说,“天”就是一个语素,它有自己的意义。
就好像搭积木,每个语素都是一块小积木。
像“天空”这个词,就是由“天”和“空”这两个语素组合起来的,多神奇呀!3. 语义场语义场就像一个大家族。
在水果这个语义场里,有苹果、香蕉、橘子等等。
哎呀,这就好比在一个家族里,有叔叔、阿姨、伯伯一样,它们都有各自的特点,但又同属于一个家族。
要是说“我想吃语义场里的东西”,那肯定不行,得具体到像苹果这样的成员才行。
4. 句法结构句法结构就像建筑的框架。
在“我吃饭”这个句子里,“我”是主语,就像建筑的根基;“吃”是谓语,如同房子的支柱;“饭”是宾语,就好比房子里的家具。
如果句法结构乱了,就像房子盖歪了一样,“饭吃我”这听起来多奇怪呀!5. 词类词类可有意思了呢!名词就像是一个个小标签,像“猫”“桌子”,它们是用来命名事物的。
动词呢,就像一个个小行动家,像“跑”“跳”。
形容词就像是小化妆师,把事物描绘得更生动,像“美丽的花”里的“美丽”。
这就好比一场角色扮演游戏,每个词类都有自己的角色呢。
6. 语用语用啊,就是看话怎么用得合适。
比如说“你可真行啊!”这句话,在不同的语境下,意思可完全不一样。
如果是朋友完成了一件很难的事,那就是夸奖;要是带着讽刺的语气说,那可就是贬低了。
这就像同样的一件衣服,在不同的场合穿,给人的感觉就不同。
7. 方言方言就像地方的小特产。
我有个朋友从四川来,他说的四川方言可有趣了。
“要得”就是“好的”的意思。
方言就像每个地方独特的文化密码,每个地方的方言都带着当地的风土人情。
要是全中国都只有一种语言,就像所有地方都只卖同一种特产一样,多没意思呀。
语言学术语——精选推荐

语⾔学术语abbreviation缩写法acculturation语⾔⽂化移⼊acoustic phonetics声学语⾔学acronym词⾸字母缩略词address term称谓语addresser发话⼈addressee受话⼈adjacency毗邻Adjacency Condition毗邻条件Adjacency Parameter毗邻参数Affix词缀Affixation加词缀法Affricate塞擦⾳Afroasiatic⾮亚语系agreement rule⼀致关系规则allophone⾳位变体alveolar齿龈⾳alveolus齿龈angular gyrus⾓形脑回antonymy反义现象antonym反以词apocope词尾⾳脱落aphasia失语症aphasic失语症患者applied linguistics应⽤语⾔学arbitrariness任意性argument论元articulatory phonetics发⾳语⾳学articulatory variable发⾳变项aspiration送⽓assimilation同化approximation近似化auditory phonetics听觉语⾳学Austronesian…语系Babbling咿呀学语back-formation逆向构词法back vowel后元⾳Behaviorism⾏为主义Behaviorist learning theory⾏为主义学习理论Behaviorist Psychology⾏为主义⼼理学Bilabial双唇⾳Bilingualism双语现象Black English⿊⼈英语Blending混合法Borrowing借⽤bound morpheme黏着语素brain lateralization⼤脑左右半球侧化branching node分叉点broad transcription宽式⾳标Broca’s area布罗卡区caretaker speech保姆语case格Case Condition格条件case marking格标志causative verb使役动词central vowel中元⾳cerebral cortex⼤脑⽪层cerebral plasticity⼤脑弹性channel渠道classical language古典语⾔clipping略写法closed class word封闭类词code代码code-switching代码切换cognate同源词co-hyponyms并列下义词coinage创新词color word⾊彩词combinational rule组合规则commissives承诺类communicative competence交际能⼒comparative reconstruction⽐较重建法competence语⾔能⼒complement补语complement construction补⾜语complementarity互补性反义现象complementary distribution互补分布complex sentence复合句componential analysis成分分析法components of meaning意义成分compound word复合词compounding复合法computational linguistics计算语⾔学concept概念conceptualist view意念观consonant辅⾳constituent成分constituent structure成分结构constraint制约construction结构content word实词context语境;上下⽂contextualism语境论Contrastive Analysis对⽐分析法conversational implicature会话含义co-operative principle合作原则coordinate sentence并列句creativity创造性critical period关键期;临界期cultural transmission⽂化传播declaration宣告类deep structure深层结构dental齿⾳derivation派⽣法derivational morpheme派⽣语素derivative派⽣词descriptive linguistics描写语⾔学design feature识别特征determiner限定词diachronic linguistics历时语⾔学diacritics变⾳符号dialect⽅⾔dialectal synonym⽅⾔同义词dichotic listening test两⽿分听测试diglossia双⾔现象diphthong复合元⾳Directionalilty Parameter⽅位参数Directives指令类Displacement不受时空限制的特性distinctive feature区别性特征D-structure深层结构duality of structur结构⼆重性e double articulation结构⼆重性embedded clause⼦句emotive meaning表情意义entailment含义entity实体epenthesis插⼊⾳Error Analysis错误分析法euphemism委婉语evaluative meaning评价意义expressives表达类factive predicate叙述性谓词family tree谱系树feature symbol特征标记features of meaning意义特征finite clause定式字句finite verb定式动词formalize形式化fossilization语⾔僵化framework框架free morpheme⾃由语素fricative擦⾳front vowel前元⾳function word虚词functional shift功能性转换functor element起功能作⽤成分gender性Generative Grammar⽣成语法Generative Semantics⽣成语义学genetic predispotion基因先天条件genetic relationship亲缘关系glide滑⾳glottal喉⾳glottis声门graddabl opposites可分等级的反义词grammaticality语法性grammatical meaning语法意义Great Vowel Shift元⾳⼤变位hard palate硬腭head核⼼词hemispheric dominance for language⼤脑半球的语⾔优势hierarchical structure层次结构high variety⾼层次变体historical comparative linguistics历史⽐较语⾔学historical linguistics历史语⾔学holophrastic sentence独词句homography同形homonymy同⾳异义;同形异义homophony同⾳异义hyponymy下义关系hyponym下义词idiolect个⼈语⾔特点illocutionary act⾔外形为inconsistency⾃相⽭盾Indo-European印欧语系infinitive marker不定式标记inflection曲折变化inflectional morpheme曲折语素input输⼊instrumental motivation⼯具性学习动机intake接受integrativ emotivation介⼊性学习动机interference⼲扰interlanguage语际语internalize内在化International Phonetic Alphabet国际⾳标interpersonmal communication⼈际交际intuition语调labeled (unlabeled) tree diagram加标记树形图labial唇⾳LAD语⾔习得机制language acquisition语⾔习得language behavior语⾔⾏为language center语⾔中枢language faculty语⾔机制language family语系language perception语⾔感知language planning语⾔规划language variation语⾔变异larynx喉lax vowel松元⾳level层;平⾯level of language语⾔层次lexical category词类lexical structure词汇结构lexicology词汇学lexicon词汇linear structure线性结构linguistic competence语⾔能⼒linguistic determinism语⾔决定论linguistic lateralization语⾔侧化linguistic performance语⾔运⽤linguistic relativism语⾔相对论linguistic repertoire全部语⾔变体linguistic taboo禁忌语linguistics语⾔学liquid流⾳loan word外来词localization定位locutionary act⾔内⾏为low variety低层次变体manner of articulation发⾳⽅法matrix clause主句maxim of manner⽅式准则maxim of quality质量准则maxim of quantity数量准则maxim of relation关联准则meaning意义meaningfulness有意义meaning relation意义关系mentalism⼼理主义mentalistic theory精神论message信息metathesis语⾳变位Middle English中世纪英语minimal pair最⼩对⽴对Modern English现代英语Monophthong单元⾳Morpheme词素morphlogical rule形态学规则morphology形态学mother tongue母语Move α移动α规则movement rule移位规则naming theory命名论narrow transcription严式⾳标narrowing of meaning词义缩⼩nasal cavity⿐腔nasality⿐⾳化nasalize⿐⾳化natural route of development⾃然发展轨道negator否定词neurolinguist神经语⾔学家neuron神经元no-place predication空位述谓结构object宾语Old English古英语one-place predication⼀位述谓结构optimum age最佳学习年龄oral cavity⼝腔overextension扩展过度overgeneralization概括过度overt thought有声思维palatal腭⾳paralinguistic副语⾔学的parameter参数performance语⾔运⽤performance error语⾔运⽤错误perlocutionary act⾔后⾏为pharyngeal cavity咽腔phone⾳素phoneme⾳位phonemic contrast⾳位对⽴phonetic feature语⾳特征phonetics语⾳学phonological rule⾳位规则phonology⾳位学phrasal category词组类phrase structure rule短语结构规则pidgin洋泾浜语place of articulation发⾳部位plosive爆破⾳polysemy多义性postpone后移prepose前移postvocalic元⾳后的pragmatics语⽤学predicate谓语predication述谓结构predication analysis述谓结构分析prefix前缀presprictive (grammar)规定语法presupposition前提proposition命题prepositional content命题内容protolanguage原始语psycholinguistics⼼理语⾔学puberty青春期qualifying predication修饰性述谓结构Received Pronunciation标准发⾳Recursiveness循环性Reference所指语义referring expression所指名词register语域relational opposites关系反义词representation表达;呈现representatives阐述类response反应retroflex卷⾆⾳rewrite rule重写规则rounded vowel圆唇元⾳SAE标准美国英语sapir-Whorf hypothesis…假设second language acquisition第⼆语⾔习得segment切分成分semantic anomaly语义异体semantic deviation语义变异semantic broadening语义⼴义化semantic narrowing语义狭义化semantic shift语义演变semantics语义学semantic structure语义结构semantic triangle语义三⾓sense意义sequential rule序列规则setting背景;环境sexist language性别歧视语sibilant咝⾳simple sentence简单句Sino-Tibetan汉藏语系situational dialect语域⽅⾔sociolect社会⽅⾔sociolinguistics社会语⾔学soft palate软腭species-specific capacity物种特有能⼒specifier指⽰语spectrograph频谱仪speech act⾔语⾏为speech community⾔语社区speech variety⾔语变体S-structure表层结构standard language标准语stem词⼲stimulus刺激stop爆破⾳stress重⾳structural constituency结构成分性structural linguistics结构主义语⾔学subject主语subordinate predication主从述谓性结构subscript下标subvocal predication⽆声⾔语suffix后缀superordinate上坐标词suprasegmental feature超切分特征surface structure表层结构synchronic linguistics共时语⾔synonymy同义词syntactic ambiguity句法歧义syntactic category句法类型syntactic rule句法规则syntax句法taboo word禁忌词target language⽬标语tautology同义反复teeth ridge齿龈隆⾻telegraphic speech电报式⾔语tense and aspect时和体tense vowel紧元⾳tone⾳调;声调tone language声调语⾔topic话题;主题transfer转移Transformational-Generative Grammar转换⽣成语法transformational rule转换规则tree diagram树形图two-place predication双位述谓结构unaspirated不送⽓underextension扩展不⾜Universal Grammar普遍语法Utterance话语utterance meaning话语意义uvula⼩⾆validity有效性variable变项velar软腭⾳velum软腭vernacular本地话;本国语vocal cord声带voiced浊⾳化的voiceless不带⾳的,清⾳的voicing带⾳化,浊⾳化vowel元⾳Wernicke’s area韦尼克区widening of meaning词义扩⼤X-bar theory X标杆理论。
语言学名词解释

一、名词解释1.Diachronic历时的It refers to say of the study of developing of language and languages over time.研究语言随时间发展变化的方法。
2.Arbitrariness任意性Saussure first refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.任意性是指语言符号的形式与所表达的意义之间没有天然或逻辑的联系。
It is refers to absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer.任意性是指语言符号和这些符号所指的实体间不存在任何物质的联系。
3.Parole言语It refers to the concrete utterances of a speaker.指语言在实际使用中的实现。
4.Creativity创造性By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness, which enables human beings to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences including the sentences that were never heard before.创造性是指语言具有能产型,因为语言有双重性和递归性,也就是说话者能够结合各个语言单位形成无尽的句子,其中很多句子是以前没有的或者没有听说过的。
100个最常用的语言学术语(欧美语言学)

100个最常用的语言学术语(“欧美语言学”课)1.语言language2.语言学linguistics3.语言学家linguist;philologist4.语法grammar5.语法单位grammatical unit6.语法形式grammatical form7.语法意义grammatical meaning8.语法手段grammatical device9.语法范畴grammatical category10.元音vowel11.辅音consonant12.语文学philology13.传统语法traditional grammar14.历史比较语言学historical comparative linguistics15.转换生成语法transformational generative grammar16.结构主义语言学structural linguistics17.应用语言学applied linguistic18.方言dialect19.语言教学language teaching20.语言规划language planning21.语言政策language policy22.语言学习策略language learning strategy23.发现程序discovery procedure24.语境context;language environment25.中介语interlanguage26.音位phoneme27.音节syllable28.语素morpheme29.词法morphology30.句法syntax31.交际法communicative approach32.认知cognition33.习得acquisition34.第二语言second language35.第二语言习得second language acquisition (SLA)36.自由语素free morpheme37.黏着语素bound morpheme38.复合词compound word39.普遍语法universal grammar,UG40.词类part of speech41.直接法direct method42.认同identification43.语言能力language competence44.语言机能language faculty45.交际能力communicative competence46.人工语言artificial language47.外语foreign language48.术语terminology;technical terms49.比较comparison50.对比语言学contrastive linguistics51.词典学lexicography52.母语mother tongue;native language53.语感linguistic intuition54.语料库corpus55.句子sentence56.前缀prefix57.结构structure58.希腊语Greek59.拉丁语Latin60.梵语Sanskrit61.语音学phonetics62.词汇学lexicology;lexics63.语用学pragmatics64.语源学(词源学)etymology65.词典学lexicography66.地理语言学geographic linguistics67.儿童语言学the study of child language68.翻译学translatology69.机器翻译machine translation70.计算语言学computational linguistics71.目的语target language72.普通语言学general linguistics73.社会语言学sociolinguistics74.实验语音学experimental phonetics75.缩略语abbreviation76.统计语言学statistical linguistics77.外来词/外语词loanword;foreign words78.网络语言cyber language;language used on the Internet79.文化语言学cultural linguistics80.心理语言学psycholinguistics81.音译词transliterated word82.语言信息处理language information processing83.语言哲学philosophy of language84.自然语言natural language85.格case86.逻辑学logic;logistics87.修辞学rhetoric88.词word89.相关性relativity90.黏着agglutination91.语言类型学linguistic typology92.音位学phonology;phonemics;phonematics93.构拟reconstruction94.组合关系syntactic relations;syntagma95.聚合关系paradigmatic relations96.功能function97.变体variant98.屈折inflection99.派生derivation100.直接成分immediate constituents (IC)。
语言学名词

语言学名词语言学名词是用来描述和研究语言现象和语言结构的专门术语。
下面是一些常见的语言学名词及其解释:1. 语音学(Phonetics):研究语音产生、传播和接收的学科,包括音素的分类、语音能力和语音现象等。
2. 语音:语言中的基本声音单位,通过调节声带、口腔和喉咙等发音器官产生。
语音可以被分类为辅音和元音。
3. 辅音(Consonant):通过喉咙、口腔和鼻腔等部位的阻碍或摩擦,产生的声音单位。
4. 元音(Vowel):发音器官不受阻碍或摩擦,使空气顺畅通过口腔而产生的声音单位。
5. 语音形式学(Phonology):研究语音符号在特定语言中的组合和分布规律的学科。
6. 语音规则(Phonological rules):用来描述声音变化和音系结构的一套规则。
7. 语法学(Grammar):研究语言结构和组织的学科,包括句法、语义和语用等方面。
8. 句法(Syntax):研究句子结构和成分之间的关系,以及句子的形式和结构组织。
9. 语义(Semantics):研究词、短语和句子的意义和含义的学科。
10. 语用学(Pragmatics):研究语言在特定语用背景下的使用和理解方式。
11. 词汇学(Lexicology):研究词汇的起源、结构、使用和意义等方面。
12. 词(Word):语言中的基本意义单位,具有独立的意义和语法功能。
13. 词法(Morphology):研究词的内部结构、形态变化和构词法的学科。
14. 语素(Morpheme):语言中的最小意义单位,可以独立存在或者是其他词的构成组成部分。
15. 词义(Word meaning):词语所表达的概念或事物的内涵。
16. 语篇(Discourse):由句子和词组组成的扩展语言单位,表达完整的意义。
17. 修辞学(Rhetoric):研究语言如何用于说服和交流的学科。
18. 语族(Language family):具有共同源头和结构相似的一组语言。
语言学常用术语

语言学常用术语Language: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Linguistics: linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.Phonetics: phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.Phonology: phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.(研究语音和音节的结构,分布和序列,将音位视为起点,来处理语音系统)Morphology: morphology, as a part of linguistics, is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words.(研究词的内部结构和构词原则)Syntax: syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.Semantics: semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning. Pragmatics: pragmatics can be defined in various ways. A general definition is that it is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.Sociolinguistics: sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.Psycholinguistics: psycholinguistics is the study of the mental processes of listening, speaking and acquisition of language by children.Prescriptive:Descriptive:Langue: langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by.(语言是指语言系统的整体,这个政体相对比较稳定,言语是指代某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出来的具体话语)Parole: parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules.Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.(语言能力是指理想语言使用者有关语言规则的知识储备)Performance: Chomsky defines performance as the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.(语言应用是指真实的语言使用者在实际场景中的语言使用)Design features: design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.Arbitrariness: language is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.Productivity: language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.Displacement: language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.Cultural transmission: while human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e., we were all born with the ability to acquire language, but instead have to be taught and learned.Phone: a phone is a phonetic unit or segment.Phoneme: a phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but phonetic context.Morpheme: the most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.Prefix(suffix): it occurs only before other morphemes.(it occurs only after other morphemes)Root: a root is the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.Category: category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same of similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase of a verb.Transformation: transformation is a special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another.Deep (surface) structure: formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties is called deep structure. Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations is called surface structure.Performatives (constative): constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable; performatives were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.Synonymy: synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.Antonymy: antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning; words that are opposite in meaning are antonyms.Homonymy: homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.Polysemy: while different words my have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning.Hyponymy: hyponymy refers to the tense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms.Dialect (7 types): regional dialect, sociolect, language and gender, language and age, ldiolect, ethnic dialect.Register: the type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register.Field (tenor, mode) of discourse: field of discourse refers to what is going on: to the area of operation of the language activity. Tenor of discourse refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question: who the participants in the communication groups are and in what relationship they stand to each other. Mode of discourse mainly refers to the means of communication.Learning strategy (3 types): cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies, and affect / social strategies.Personality: a number of personality characteristics have been proposed as likely to affect second language learning, but it has been notoriously difficult to demonstrate the effects in empirical studies, it is largely due to the difficulty in identification and measurement.Culture: culture, in a broad sense, means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community.Context: the notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.Acquisition: language acquisition refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.Learning: learning is a conscious learning of the second language knowledge by learning the rules and talking about rules.Transfer (2 types): positive transfer, negative transferError (mistake): the errors are significant in telling the teacher what needs to be taught, in telling the researcher how learning proceeds and those errors are a means whereby learners test their hypotheses about the language to be learnt.Interlanguage (fossilization): the concept of interlanguage was established as learners’ independent system of the second language which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. Fossilization is defined as a process occurring from time to time in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.Language aptitude: language aptitude here refers to a natural ability for learning a second language.Motivation (4 types): instrumental motivation, integrative motivation, resultative motivation, and intrinsic motivation.。
(完整word版)语言学术语翻译及术语解释

术语翻译及术语解释汇总术语翻译1. Design features of Ianguage (语言的甄别特征)Arbitrariness (任意性),Duality (二层性 /二重性),Creativity (创造性 /原创性), Displacement (移位性),Cultural transmission (文化传播),Interchangeability (可 互换性)2. Functions of language referential 指称功能 poetic 诗学功能 conative 劝慰功能 phatic 寒暄功能ideational function 概念功能 textualfunction 语篇 /文本功能 Performative Function (施为功能), Phatic communion (寒暄交谈), 3. Phonetics 语音学), Morphology (形态学) ,Semantics (语义学), Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 Sociolinguistics 社会语言学 Computationallinguistics 计算语言学 Neurolinguistics神经语言学emotive 情感功能 metalingualfunction 元语言功能 in terpers onal function 人际功能 Informative (信息 /告知功能), Emotive Function (情感功能) , Recreational Function (娱乐功能), Pho no logy (音系/音位学); Syntax (句法学);Pragmatics (语用学)Acoustic pho netics 声学语音学 Psycholi nguistics 心理语言学 Anthropological linguistics 人类语言学 Applied linguistics 应用语言学4. Descriptive vs. prescriptive 描写式和规定式Synchronic vs. diachr onic 共时和历时 Lan gue vs. parole 语言和言语Compete nee vs. performa nce§言能力和语言行为5. Vocal tract 声道 (res on at ing cavities 共鸣腔),phary nx 咽腔,oral cavity 口腔 and n asal cavity 鼻腔.其它的一些发音器官:lungs 肺,windpipe (trachea )气管,vocal folds 声带, larynx 喉,epiglottis 会厌,次声门,pharynx 咽,uvula 小舌,hard palate 硬腭, soft palate 软腭,alveolar ridge 齿龈 6. Consonants and vowels (辅音和元音)A. Manners of articulation 发音方式B. Places of articulation 发音位置7. Stop (or plosive )爆破音 Fricative 摩擦音 Approximant 近似音Lateral (approximant )边音 Affricates 塞擦音,trill 颤音 and tap 闪音 Bilabial 双唇音 Labiodental 唇齿音 Dental 齿音 Postal veolar 后齿龈音 Retroflex 卷舌音 Velar 软腭音 Uvular 小舌音, pharyngeal 咽音monophthong vowel: 单元音 diphthongs 双元音 Laxvowels 短元音 Tensed vowels 长元音8. Coarticulation and phonetic transcription 协同发音和标音anticipatory coarticulation 先期协同发音 perseverative coarticulation 后滞协同发音. broad tran scriptio n 宽式标音 narrow tran scripti on 严式标音9. minimal pairs 最小对立体 Phoneme 音位phon emic tran scripti ons 音位转写phon etic tran scripti ons 语音转写 phones 音子 alloph ones 音位变体 compleme ntary distributi on 互补分布Alveolar 齿龈音Palatal 硬腭音glottal 声门音triphthongs 三元音phonetic similarity 发音近似性 Free variation 自 由变体assimilation 同化 regressive assimilation 逆同化progressive assimilatio n 顺同化 phono logical rule 音系规则 Epen thesis 增音binary 二分的Distinctive features 区别特征Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions 向心结构和离心结构subord in ate and coord in ate 从 属和并歹 U The refere ntial theory 指 称理论 Sema ntic tria ngle 语义三角Sense and referenee 涵义和指称Synonymy 同义关系 Antonymy 反义关系 Hyponymy 上下义关系Polysemy 一词多义关系 Homonymy 同音/形异意关系Dialectal synonyms 地域同义词 Stylistic synonyms 风格同义词 Collocati onal synonyms 搭配同义词gradable antonymy 等级反义关系 cover term 覆盖项Marked vs. unm arked terms 标记项和非标记项compleme ntary antonymy 互补反义关系 con verse antonymy 逆向反义关系homoph on es:同音异义词 homographs :同形异义词 complete homonyms sema ntic comp onents 语义部分术语解释1. Design feature 的定义:the defining (最典型的,起决定作用的) properties ofhuma n Ian guage that disti nguish it from any ani mal system of com muni cati on.2. Synchronic 共时:It refers to the description of a Ianguage at some point of time in history.3. Diachronic 历时:It studies the development or history of Ianguage. In other words, it refers tothe description of a Ianguage as it changes through time .4. prescriptive 规定式:A kind of linguistic s tudy aims to lay down rules for“ correctand standard ” behavior in using Ianguage 5. descriptive 描写式:A kind of linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the Ian guagepeople actually use6. Arbitrariness (任意性):By saying that “Ianguages arbitrary we,mean that there is no logicalconnection betwee n meaning and sound.7. Duality (二层性 /二重性):it means that Ianguage is a system, which consists of two levels of structures, at the lower level there is the structure of sounds; at the higher level there is the structure of meaning.8. Displaceme nt (移位性):it mean s that Ian guage can be used to com muni cate about thingsCon ceptual meaning^既念意义 Associative mea ning:联想意义 Conno tative mea ning 内涵意义 Affective meaning 情感意义 Collocative meaning 搭配意义 deno tati on:夕卜延意义Social meaning 社会意义 Reflected meaning 反射意义 Thematic meaning 主位意义 conno tati on:内涵that are not prese nt in our immediate com muni catio nal con text.9. compete nee 语言能力:it refers to an ideal speaker ' s kno wledge of the un derly ingsystem of rules in a Ian guage.10. Performance 语言行为: it refers to the actual use of the language by a speaker in a realcommunicational context.11. Langue 语言: it refers to the speaker 'usnderstanding and knowledge of the language that hespeaks.12. Parole 言语: it is the actual speaking of language by an individual speaker.13. Cultural transmission (文化传播):It refers to the fact that the details of the linguistic systemmust be learned ane(w 重新,再)by each speaker. Language is not transmitted biologically from generation to generation.14. Phatic communion (寒暄交谈):it refers to ritual exchanges, exchanges that have littlemeaning but help to maintain our relationships with other people.15. Pho netics(语音学):it is the study of the characteristics of speech soundsand providesmethods for their description, classification and transcription.16. Vowels 元音:the sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close togetherand the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.17. Consonants 辅音:The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of theair-stream at some point of the vocal trac.t18. Phonology: it is the study of the sound systems of languages and it is concerned with thelinguistic patterning of sounds in human languages. And it studies the way in which speakers of a language systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meaning.19. Phoneme音位:the smallest unit of sound in a Ianguage which can distinguish two words.20. Allophone 音位变体: it refers to the different forms of a phoneme.21. Assimilation: it is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of aneighboring sound.22. Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulationsare involved.23. complementary distribution 互补分布: when two sounds never occur in the same environment,they are in complementary distribution.24. Free variation 自由变体: if two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast,that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merelya different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation.25. Distinctive features 区别特征:A phonetic feature which distinguishes one phonological unit,especially one phoneme, from another.26. minimal pairs 最小对立体 --- which can be defined as pairs of words whichdiffer from each other by only one sound.27. vowel glides 滑音: The vowels involving movement from one sound to another are calledvowel glides.28. Epenthesis增音:it means a process of inserting a sound after another sound.29. Substitution relation: it refers to the relation specifically between an individual unit and othersthat can replace it in a given sequence.30. Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approachingequivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole.31. Exocentric construction: a group of syntactically related words where none of them isfunctionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable center or head inside the group32. Reference: it is the relationship between words and the objects, actions or properties that thewords stand for. It deals with the extra-linguistic relationships betwee n words and expressi ons and the world they describe 具体的物质性的东西)33. Synonymy :It refers to the sameness sense relations between words.34. Componential analysis :Componential analysis defines the meaning of a lexical element interms of semantic components 语义部分.35. Sense:it refers to the complex system of relationships that hold between linguistic elementsthemselves, it is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations.(概念性的东西)36. Semantics:semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences inparticular.37. Homonymy: the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e.,different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.38. Antonymy :It refers to the oppositeness sense relations between words.39. Hyponymy 上下义关系:Hyponymy indicates sense inclusiveness. The upper term in thissenserelation is called superordinate 上义词, and the lower terms, hyponyms 下义词, members of the same class are callecdo-hyponyms.。
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语言学常用术语整理1、传统语法:传统语法是指代表前语言学时期语言研究的特征、特别是18和19世纪欧洲学校语法特征的一系列的看法、程序和规定的语法。
后来被结构主义语言学取代,现代中学教学所用的语法都是传统语法。
传统语法的内容:①把语法分为形态学(词法)和造句法(句法)两大部分,以词法为主,详细讲解各类词在句子中的形态变化和语法作用。
句法往往比较简单,主要为词法服务。
②建立了形态学,研究语法形态和语法意义的对应关系。
③建立了句法成分,主语、谓语、为主要成分,宾语、补语是次要成分,定语、状语是附加成分。
传统语法的特点:①它是规范性的语法,由语法学家订立一些条文,规定人们应该怎么说,不应该怎么说,不顾语言事实。
②它重视书面语,比较少或干脆不考虑口语。
③以拉丁语为楷模,它研究语法照搬拉丁语法框架。
④语言分析中重视意义,忽视形式。
⑤忽视语言结构层次。
贡献:虽然传统语法有许多缺点,但它作为语言学史上的第一个语法学派奠定了语法学基础,对普及语法知识起到了巨大的作用;虽然现在语法学派林立,但名词、动词、形容词、语法形式、语法意义、语法手段、主语、宾语等语法范畴在各学派的体系中仍然使用,所以说传统语法对语法学具有开创作用。
2、结构主义语法:结构主义语法是在对传统语法评判的基础上建立起来的,创始人是瑞士语言学家索绪尔,经典著作是《普通语言学教程》,提出了一整套语言学理论。
后来发展成三个分支学派:布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派和美国描写语言学派。
其中以美国描写语言学派的影响最大,代表人物是布龙菲尔德,集大成者是哈里斯。
结构主义语法的基本主张:①语法只能是描写语言,即说明人们怎样说一种语言,而不能像传统语法那样规定人们该怎么说。
②语法必须从形式出发描写语言,而不是像传统语法那样从意义出发来探讨语言。
提出根据分布划分词类。
③强调语言的内部层次,提出用“直接成分分析法”对句法结构进行分析。
④语言单位切分的方法:替代法、分布、转换法、对比分析法。
3、形式语法:形式语法是与功能语法相对提出的,语言本身有两个方面,一是实体,一是功用,形式语法主要研究语言的实体。
形式语法注重高度抽象的音义结合的语言符号系统的语言形式的研究。
形式语法学派内部可以分成以下三个主要派别:第一,是结构主义形式学派,以索绪尔的理论为指导。
内部又分为美国描写主义学派、布拉格学派和哥本哈根学派,其中以美国描写主义学派的影响最大,成果也最显著,其哲学基础是逻辑实证主义,心理学观点是行为主义。
第二,是乔姆斯基形式学派,上个世纪50年代兴起,以探求人类语言机制、人类语言高度概括的普遍语法为自己的研究目标;其哲学基础是笛卡尔的唯理主义,或者说理性主义。
第三,是非乔姆斯基形式学派。
这主要是在乔姆斯基学说产生以后出现的,或作为乔姆斯基学说之外另立新说的一些学派,主要有词汇语法功能、广义短语结构语法、功能合一语法等等。
这一支形式学派的特点是,不用规则,而是采用复杂特征来描写语言,规则隐含在特征之中。
上述诸多形式语言学派中,对各国语言研究产生重大影响的是美国描写语言学派和乔姆斯基学派。
4、功能语法:韩礼德在伦敦学派思想的基础上发展和创立了系统功能语法,是20世纪最有影响力的语言学理论之一,它包括系统语法和功能语法两个方面,(系统语法是指将语言看做由若干子系统组成的系统网络又称意义潜势,而语言使用者使用语言表达意义,被看做从该系统网络中进行各种有意义的选择过程。
系统语法要研究的是语言这个系统的构成以及其内部子系统的相互联系。
)功能语法试图揭示语言是人类交流的一种手段。
它基于这样一种假设,即语言需要完成的功能决定了语言的系统和形式。
韩礼德把纯理功能分为三种,即:语篇功能、人际功能、概念功能。
用来替代转换生成语法提出的抽象的、形式化的语言观,功能语法持一种语用学的观点,把语言看做一种社会互动,将语言互动视为合作活动的一种形式,并集中说明这种互动的规则和支配作为这种活动工具的语言表达规则(包括句法、语义和音系规则)。
这种理论中,谓词被看做谓语的基本成分,它以“谓词框架”的形式在词库中列出并规定其所带主目(施事、目标等)的数目。
从谓词框架出发,在各主目位置插入合适的词语就形成“核心谓语”。
“完整谓语”的形成是在核心谓语上增加附目(如方式、处所等)。
句法功能和语用功能然后指派给谓语的各个成分,并通过“表达规则”在句中表达出来。
功能语法的目的之一是研究在意义和措词方面相关的选择范围。
在讨论意义时要注意语境,它们是相辅相成的。
语境与语言形式之间是相互关联的,对一句话可以先从措词角度看,再联系语境。
采用功能语言观的一个重要启示是:语境和语言是相互依存的。
在很多情况下,非正式语境导致人们使用非正式语言,而非正式语言又可以创造非正式语境。
5、认知语法:语言的认知研究从乔姆斯基就已开始。
乔姆斯基的生成语法虽然主张研究人类的认知能力和认知过程,但他认为认知是天赋的,句法是一个自主的系统。
这个观点在20世纪60年代后期就引起了一些语言学家,而且主要是生成语法学阵营内部一些成员的质疑。
例如菲尔墨提出的格语法就公开宣称是对“转换语法理论的实质性修正”,此外,以拉可夫、麦克可利等为代表的生成语义学的句法过程和语义过程之间没有原则性的区别等观点更是对乔姆斯基的以句法为基础的转换生成语法的反动。
自20世纪80年代中后期起,认知语言学作为一种新的解释语言现象的方法,在西方,尤其是在美国,得到蓬勃发展。
终于在20世纪80年代末形成为一个成熟的新兴的语言学流派。
认知语言学学派的代表人物有G·Lakoff、R·Langacker、C·Fillmore、M·Johnson、J·R·Taylor、D·Greeaerts、P·Kay、G·Fauconnier和L·Talmy等。
认知语法是一种将语言视为认知能力不可分割的一部分的语言学理论,视语言为将结构赋予认知内容的手段。
原称作空间语法。
按这一理论,语言的基本功能是象征,即用语音来象征概念化的过程。
语法被视为该理论中有内在意义(或“象征性”)的组成部分,起连接语义部分和语音部分的作用。
形式和意义的配对建立起神经活动各种既定(或“固定”)方式(“单位”)之间的联系,这些“单位”是给词语划分范畴的模板。
每种单位(语义的、语音的、象征的)对应于结构的一个方面,而合式词语是由一系列单位按“规约”构建而成的。
语法类和构式分析成象征结构的构型:基本的区分是“名词性成分”(表示事物,如名词短语)和“关系词语”(表示关系,如:动词、介词、形容词、小句);语法规则被描述为抽象的“结构图式”。
认知语法具有很强的解释力,他把对语言的解释引向了人们的心理层面。
解决了很多结构主义方法无法解决的问题。
6、变换分析法:“变换”是由美国描写主义后期代表人物哈里斯提出的。
当初哈里斯提出变换时,开始以是否造成A式和B式句子等价为标准,后来,又将变换与共现联系在一起,以两个不同的结构是否含有相同的形类、是否含有相同的个别共现集合为标准,最后又提出以变换前后句子的可接受性词序为变换标准。
所谓“变换”是指同一层面上不同句法结构之间结构上的依存关系。
层次分析法对由语义结构不同造成的歧义句式无能为力,变换分析正是适应这种需要产生的。
变换分析着眼于句法结构的外部分析,即着眼于考察所分析的句法结构(一般称之为原句式)跟与之有内在结构关系的句法结构(一般称之为变换式)之间的联系,通过分析达到分化歧义句式或给原句式定性、分类的目的。
变换分析的客观依据:①语言表达要求细致而又经济的原则,致使语言中同一个意义可以用不同的句法格式来表达,即语言中存在这大量的同义格式;②要表达的意义是无限的,而语言中的格式是有限的,用有限的格式来表达无穷的意义,致使语言中的同一种句法格式可以表达不同的意义,即语言中存在着大量的同形格式;③语言中所存在的含有相同语义结构关系的不同句法结构之间总存在着某种内在的结构联系。
通过变换分析可以达到分化歧义句式的目的。
7、语义特征分析:所谓语义特征分析是指通过分析某句法格式的各个实例中处于关键位置上的实词所具有的共同的语义特征,来解释、说明代表这些实例的句法格式之所以独具特色、之所以能与其他同形句法格式相区别、之所以只允许这一部分词语进入而不允许那一部分词语进入的原因。
语义特征分析法是从语义学中引进的方法。
在语义学中通过对同一语义场中不同词语的语义特征(即“义素”)的分析来比较词义的异同。
国外较早把语义特征分析法用在语法学中的是转换生成语法学派,该学派发展到后期,将词的语义特征也做为词语搭配的限制规则。
如动词“揉”要求宾语具有如下语义特征:[+名词,+柔软的,+固体]。
所以“揉面团”符合语义特征限制的搭配,是成立的,而“揉石头”不符合语义特征限制的搭配,是不成立的。
语义特征分析的作用:①语义特征分析可以解释词语的搭配规律。
②语义特征分析能说明相似结构的差异,解释歧义产生的原因。
③语义特征分析在语言应用上也具有重要意义,如语言教学与研究,机器翻译和人机对话,编制电子词典等。
语义特征分析为分化同形句式,为根据句法需要对同一类实词划分小类,提供了更为可靠的句法、语义依据,因此语义特征分析无疑使语法研究朝着形式和意义相结合的方向迈进了一步。
8、配价语法:“价”(汉语也称“配价”、“向”)是化学中的术语,一般认为配价语法是五十年代由法国语言学家特思尼耶尔(Lucien Tesniere)引进语言学界的。
他在1953年出版的《结构句法概要》一书中使用了“配价”这一概念;1959年问世的《结构句法基础》则标志着配价语法论的形成。
特思尼耶尔在语法学中引进“价”这个概念,为的是说明一个动词能支配多少个名词性词组(称为“行动元”)。
动词的价就决定于它所支配的行动元的数目。
动词可比作带钩的原子,它能钩住(即支配)几个行动元,那它就是几价动词。
一个动词如果不能支配任何行动元,那它就是零价动词(汉语中的“地震、刮风”就是零价动词);一个动词如果能支配一个行动元,那它就是一价动词(汉语中的“病、醉、休息、咳嗽、游泳”等都是一价动词);一个动词如果能支配两个行动元,那它就是二价动词(汉语中的“爱、采、参观、讨论”等);一个动词如果能支配三个行动元,那它就是三价动词(汉语中的“给、送、告诉、赔偿”等都是三价动词)。
首先把配价理论应用于汉语研究是朱德熙先生,他在1978 年发表的《“的”字结构和判断句》一文中运用“配价”理论解决了汉语“的”字结构中的歧义指数问题, 为汉语语法研究开拓了一个新的领域。
接着,各种关于配价研究的论文相继发表,最初主要是运用配价语法理论解释汉语中的一些语言事实,随后逐步向探讨配价理论问题的相关方面发展,如:配价的性质、确定价数目的原则与方法,并对名词、形容词、介词的价进行了深入的探讨。