现代包装机械设备毕业课程设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
1 英文文献翻译1.1 Modern PackagingAuthor：Abstract1. Changing Needs and New RolesLooking back, historical changes are understandable and obvious. That all of them have had an impact on the way products are brought, consumed and packaged is also obvious. What is not so obvious is what tomorrow will bring. Yet, it is to the needs, markets, and conditions of tomorrow that packaging professionals must always turn their attention.The forces that drove packaging during the Industry Revolution continue to operate today. The consumer society continues to grow and is possibly best described by a 1988s bumper sticker, “Born to Shop”. We consume goods today at a rate 4 to 5 times greater than we did as recently as 1935. Most of these goods are not essential to survival; they constitute what we may call “the good life”.In the second half of the 20th century， the proliferation of goods was so high that packaging was forced into an entirely new role, that of providing the motivation rather than presenting the goods itself. On a shelf of 10 competing products, all of them similar in performance and quality, the only method of differentiating became the package itself. Marketer aimed at lifestyles, emotional values, subliminal images, features, and advantages beyond the basic product rather than the competitor’s. In some in instances, the package has become the product, and occasionally packaging has become entertainment.A brand product to carry the product manufacturer or product sales of theretailer’s label, usually by the buyer as a quality assessment guidance. In some cases, competing brands of product quality is almost no difference, a difference is the sale of its packaging. An interesting visually attractive packaging can give a key marketing advantage and convince impulse spending. However, the packaging should accurately reflect the quality of products/brand value in order to avoid the disappointment of consumers, encourage repeat purchases and build brand loyalty. Ideally, the product should exceed customer expectations.2. Packaging and the Modern Industrial SocietyThe importance of packaging to a modern industrial society is most evident when we examine the food-packaging sector. Food is organic in nature, having an animal or plant source. One characteristic of such organic matter is that, by and large, it has a limited natural biological life.A cut of meat, left to itself, might be unfit for human consumption by the next day. Some animal protein products, such as seafood, can deteriorate within hours.The natural shelf life of plant-based food depends on the species and plant involved. Pulpy fruit portions tend to have a short life span, while seed parts, which in nature have to survive at least separated from the living plant are usually short-lived.In addition to having a limited natural shelf life, most food is geographically and season-ally specific. Thus, potatoes and apples are grown in a few North American geographical regions and harvest during a short maturation period. In a world without packaging，we would need to live at the point of harvest to enjoy these products, and our enjoyment of them would be restricted to the natural biological life span of each. It is by proper storage, packaging and transport techniques that we are able to deliver fresh potatoes and apples, or the products derived from them, throughout the year and throughout the country. Potato-whole,canned, powdered, flaked, chipped, frozen, and instant is available, anytime, anywhere. This ability gives a society great freedom and mobility. Unlike less-developed societies, we are no longer restricted in our choice of where to live, since we are no longer tied to the food-producing ability of an area. Food production becomes more specialized and efficient with the growth of packaging. Crops and animal husbandry are moved to where their production is most economical, without regard to the proximity of a market. Most important, we are free of the natural cycles of feast and famine that are typical of societies dependent on natural regional food-producing cycles.Central processing allows value recovery from what would normally be waste by products of the processed food industry from the basis of other sub-industries. Chicken feathers are high in protein and, properly mill and treated, can be fed back to the next generation of chickens. Vegetable waste is fed to cattle or pigs. Bagasse, the waste cane from sugar pressing, is a source of fiber for papermaking. Fish scales are refined to make additives for paints and nail polish.The economical manufacture of durable goods also depends on good packaging.A product's cost is directly related to production volume. The business drive to reduce costs in the supply chain must be carefully balanced against the fundamental technical requirements for food safety and product integrity, as well as the need to ensure an. efficient logistics service. In addition, there is a requirement to meet the aims of marketing to protect and project brand image through value-added pack design. The latter may involve design inputs that communicate distinctive, aesthetically pleasing, ergonomic, functional and/or environmentally aware attributes. But for a national or international bicycle producer to succeed, it must be a way of getting the product to a market, which may be half a world away. Again, sound packaging, in this case distributionpackaging, is a key part of the system.Some industries could not exist without an international market. For example, Canada is a manufacturer of irradiation equipment, but the Canadian market (which would account for perhaps one unit every several years) could not possibly support such a manufacturing capability. However, by selling to the world, a manufacturing facility becomes viable. In addition to needing packaging for the irradiation machinery and instrumentation, the sale of irradiation equipment requires the sale packaging and transport of radioactive isotopes, a separate challenge in itself. In response to changing consumer lifestyles, the large retail groups and the food service industry development. Their success has been involved in a competition fierce hybrid logistics, trade, marketing and customer service expertise, all of which is dependent on the quality of packaging. They have in part led to the expansion of the dramatic range of products offered, technology innovation, including those in the packaging. Supply retail, food processing and packaging industry will continue to expand its international operations. Sourcing products around the world more and more to assist in reducing trade barriers. The impact of the decline has been increased competition and price pressure. Increased competition led to the rationalization of industrial structure, often in the form of mergers and acquisitions. Packaging, it means that new materials and shapes, increased automation, packaging, size range extension of lower unit cost. Another manufacturer and mergers and acquisitions, the Group's brand of retail packaging and packaging design re-evaluation of the growing development of market segmentation and global food supply chain to promote the use of advanced logistics and packaging systems packaging logistics system is an integral part of, and played an important role in prevention in the food supply or reduce waste generation.3. World Packaging.This discussion has referred to primitive packaging and the evolution of packaging functions. However, humankind's global progress is such that virtually every stage in the development of society and packaging is present somewhere in the world today. Thus, a packager in a highly developed country will agonize over choice of package type, hire expensive marketing groups to develop images to entice the targeted buyer and spend lavishly on graphics. In less-developed countries, consumers are happy to have food, regardless of the package. At the extreme, consumers will bring their own packages or will consume food on the spot, just as they did 2000 years ago.Packagers from the more developed countries sometimes have difficulty working with less-developed nations, for the simple reason that they fail to understand that their respective packaging priorities are completely different. Similarly, developing nations trying to sell goods to North American markets cannot understand our preoccupation with package and graphics.The significant difference is that packaging plays a different role in a market where rice will sell solely because it is available. In the North American market, the consumer may be confronted by five different companies offering rice in 30 or so variations. If all the rice is good and none is inferior, how does a seller create a preference for his particular rice? How does he differentiate? The package plays a large role in this process.The package-intensive developed countries are sometimes criticized for over packaging, and certainly over-packaging does exist. However, North Americans also enjoy the world's cheapest food, requiring only about 11 to 14% of our disposable income. European food costs are about 20% of disposable income, and in the less-developed countries food can take 95%of family income.4. The status and development trend of domestic and international packaging machineryWorldwide, the history of the development of the packaging machinery industry is relatively short, science and technology developed in Europe and America in general started in the 20th century until the 1950s the pace greatly accelerated.From the early 20th century, before the end of World War II World War II，medicine，food, cigarettes，matches，household chemicals and other industrial sectors, the mechanization of the packaging operations; the 1950s, the packaging machine widely used common electric switches and tube for the main components of the control system to achieve the primary automation; 1960s, Electrical and optical liquid-gas technology is significantly increased in the packaging machine, machines to further expand on this basis a dedicated automated packaging line; the 1970s, the micro- electronic technology into the automation of packaging machines and packaging lines, computer control packing production process; from the 1980s to the early 1990s, in some field of packaging, computer, robot application for service, testing and management, in preparation for the over-flexible automatic packaging lines and "no" automatic packaging workshop.Actively promoted and strong co-ordination of all aspects of society, and gradually establish a packaging material, packaging, printing, packaging machinery and other production sectors, and corresponding to the research, design, education, academic, management and organization, and thus the formation of independent and complete. The packaging of light industrial system, and occupies an important place in the national economy as a whole.Based on recent years data that members of the World Packaging Alliance output value of the packaging industry accounts for about 2% of the total output value of the national economy; in which the proportion of packaging machinery, though not large, but the rapid development of an annual average of almost growing at a rate of about 10%. Put into use at the packaging machine is now more than thousand species of packaging joint machines and automated equipment has been stand-alone equate. According to the new technological revolution in the world development trend is expected to packaging materials and packaging process and packaging machinery will be closely related to obtain the breakthrough of a new step, and bring more sectors into the packaging industry.China Packaging Technology Association was established in 1980. Soon, the China National Packaging Corporation have been born. Since then, one after another in the country organized a national and international packaging machinery exhibition, seminars, also published I had the first ever "China Packaging Yearbook and other packaging technology books. All this indicates that China is creating a new packaging historical perio d.1.2中文翻译现代包装1、不断变化的需求和新的角色,回顾以往,包装所带来明显的历史性变化是可以理解的, 一个产品包装方式的给他们的销量带来的影响也是显而易见的。
机械设计中英文外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文资料外文翻译Fundamentals Of Machinery DesignThis introductory chapter is a general survey of machinery design．First it presents the definition and major role of machinery design，the relationship between machineryand its components．Then it gives an overview of machinery design as a fundamental course and outlines a general procedure of machinery design followed by all the engineers．Finally, it lists the contents of the course and the primary goals to be achieved．1．1 The role of machinery designMachinery design is to formulate all engineering plan．Engineering in essence is to utilize the existing resources and natural law to benefit humanity．As a major segment of engineerin，machinery design involves a range of disciplines in materials，mechanics，heat，flow，control，electronics and production．Although many hightechnologies are computerized and automated，and are rapidly merged into Our daily life，machines are indispensable for various special work that is difficult or impracticable to be carried out by human．Moreover，machinery can significantly improve efficiency and quality of production，which is crucial in current competitive global market．In the modern industrialized world，the wealth and living standards of a nation are closely linked with their capabilities to design and manufacture engineering products．It can be claimed that the advancement of machinery design and manufacturing can remarkable promote the overall level of a country’s industrialization．Those nations，who do not perform well in design and manufacture fields，are not competitive in world markets．It is evident that several countries that used to be leaders in the design and manufacturing sectors until the l 960s and the1 970s had，by the l990s，slipped back and lost their leadership．On the contrary, our Country is rapidly picking up her position in manufacturing industry since the l 9 80s and is playing a more and more vital role in the global market．To accelerate such an industrializing process of our country, highly skilled design engineers having extensiveknowledge and expertise are needed．That is why the course of machinery design is of great significance for students of engineering．The course of machinery design is considerable different from those background subjects in science and mathematics．For many students，it is perhaps one of their basic professional engineering courses concerned with obtaining solutions to practical problem s．Definitely these solutions must clearly represent an understanding of the underlying science，usually such an understanding may not be sufficient，empirical knowledge or engineering judgement has to be also involved．Furthermore，due to be professional nature of this subject，most design problems may not have one right solution．Nevertheless it is achievable to determine a better design from all feasible solutions．1．2 Machinery and componentsA state-of-the-art machine may encompass all or part of mechanical，electrical，control，sensor，monitoring and lubricating sub—systems．Intermsof the functions of those parts，the machine can also be viewed to be comprised of power，transmission，execution and control／manipulation parts．Regardless of the complexity, however，the major functional part may be still the mechanical system．Forconvenience of analysis，the mechanical system can be decomposed int0．mechanisms that are designed to execute some specific tasks．And the mechanism can be further decomposed into mechanical components．In this sense，the mechanical components are the fundamental elements of machinery．On the whole，mechanical components can be classified as universal and special components．Bolts，gear and chains are the typical examples of the universal components which can be used extensively in different machines across various industrial sectors．Turbine blades，crankshaft and aircraft propeller are the examples ofthe special components，which Can be used extensively in different machines across various industrial sectors．turbine blades，crankshaft and aircraft propeller arethe examples of the special components，which are designed for some specific purposes．In addition to this，if a number of components are manufactured，assembled and even equipped as an individual system，e．g．leaf spring setin a vehicle，it is also termed as a mechanical part．A good machine definitely requires quality individual components．Thus，the design of components is very important．When designing a machine，on the otherhand，engineers invariably find that requirements and constraints of its components areinterrelated．As a local portion，the component is expected to play a certain role on the machine and therefore must be appropriately restrained by the whole system．The design of a gear drive in a speed—reducer，for instance，depends upon not only the strength and stiffness，but also the space available for the gears in the shaft and relation with other transmission drive．This means that the design of the mechanical components inevitably requires a whole view in the whole system．Due to relationship between a machine and its components，the process of machinery design usually covers interconnected designs of machine，parts，and components．Any modification and adjustment in one component may considerably affect the designs of other components or parts．To present the best possible design solution，the iteration of evaluation，analysis and optimization across all the process seem indispensable．1．3 Overview of machinery designThis course is primarily concerned with the design of specific components of machines or mechanical systems．Competence in this area is basic to the consideration and synthesis of complete machines and systems in subsequent courses and professional practice．It Can be seen that even the design of a single bolt or spring needs the designer’s thorough understanding of the principles and methods ofmachinery design together with empirical information，good judgment and even a degre3e of ingenuity in order to produce the best product for the society today．It is natural that designing engineers give first consideration to the functional and economic aspects of new products or devices．Machinery design needs to ensure safetyand reliability in a prescribed lifetime．To address such a problem conventionally，the technical consideration of the mechanical component design is largely centered around two main areas of concerns：(1) strength-stiffness-stability criteria involving the bulk of a solid member and (2) surface phenomena including friction，lubrication，weal7，and environmental deterioration．However，in comparison with such relatively straightforward computations as stress and deflection，the design determination of safety and reliability is likely to be an elusive and indefinite matter，complicated by psychological and sociological factors．It must be kept in mind that safety and reliability are inherently relative to each other，and the value judgmentsmust be made with regard to trade—offs between safety，reliability，cost，weight，and soforth．On the other hand，a practical design needs to reflect clearly manufacturability and economy to make sure of the lowest cost as well as the least consumption of energy and materials．Otherwise，the products or devices designed will be of no further engineering or commercial interests．Nowadays，the simultaneous considerations of manufacturing and assembly factors phases including design，manufacturing，inspection，asassembly and other is considered in such a parallel fashion that the quality and cost arebest satisfied concurrently．In addition to these traditionally technological and economic considerations fundamental to the design and development of mechanical components and systems，the modern engineers have become increasingly concerned with the broader considerations of sustainability，ecology，aesthetics，ergonomics，maintainability，andoverall quality of life．It is clear that a greater than ever engineering effort is being recently devoted to broader considerations relating to the influences of engineered products on people as well as on the environment．The following is a list of general factors for engineers to consider in the design process，which from a different viewpoint shows us a panoramic picture with regard to the design-related activities and tasks．(1) Cost of manufacturing．Will the selling price be competitive? Are there cheaper ways of manufacturing the machine? Could other materials be used? Are any special tools，dies, jigs，or fixtures needed? Can it easily be inspected? Can the workshop produce it? Is heat treatment necessary? Can parts be easily welded?第4页Cost of operation．Are power requirements too large? What type of fuelwill be used? Will operation cost be less expensive?(3) Cost of maintenance．Are all parts easily accessible? Are access panels needed? Can common tools be used? Can replacement parts be available?(4) Safety features．Is a suitable factor of safety used? Does the safety factor meet existing codes? Are fuses，guards，and／or safety valves used? Are shear pins needed? Is there any radiation hazard? Any overlooked ”stress raiser”? Are there any dangerous fumes?(5) Packaging and transportation．Can the machine be readily packaged for shipping without breakage? Is its size suitable to parcel post regulations, freight car dimensions，or trailer truck size? Are shipping bolts necessary? Is its center of gravity in a desirable location?(6) Lubrication．Does the system need periodic checking? Is it automatic? Isit a sealed system?(7) Materials．Are chemical，physical，and mechanical properties suitable to its use? Is corrosion a factor? Will the materials withstand impact? Is thermal or electrical conductivity important? Will high or low temperatures present any problem? Will design stress keep parts reasonable in size?(8) Strength．Have dimensions of components been carefully calculated? Have all the load cases be taken into account? Have the stress concentrations been carefully considered? Has the fatigue effect be computed?(9) Kinematics．Does it provide necessary motion for moving parts? Are rotational speeds reasonable? Could linkages replace cams? What will be the best choice，the belts，chains or gears? Is intermittent motion needed?(10) Styling．Does the color have eye appeal? Is the sharp desirable? Is the machine well proportioned? Are the calibrations on dials easily read? Are the controls easy to operate?(11) Drawings．Are standardized parts used? Are the tolerances realistic? Is the surface finish over-specified? Must the design conform to any standards?(12) Ergonomics．Has the operator of the equipment been considered? Are the controls conveniently located to avoid operator fatigue? Are knobs，grab bars，hand wheels，levers，and dial calibrations of proper size to fit the average operator?1．4 A general procedure of machinery designWhatever design tasks the designers are expected to complete，theyalways，consciously or unconsciously，follow the similar process which goes as follows：(1)Studies of feasibilityAfter understanding the product functions，operational conditions，manufacturing constraints and key technologies，go on to uncover existing solutions to some similar problems so as to clarify the design tasks，understand the needs，present the major functional parameters and evaluate design tasks，proposal of design aims，and feasibility analysis．(2) Conceptual design of configurationAccording to the design of tasks and functional parameter，designs need to extensively search for various feasible configurations and alternatives．Forconvenience，usually，the system can be analyzed comprehensively by decomposing itinto power sources，transmission and work mechanisms．A great effort needs to be devoted to the analysis and synthesis of these different parts．For example，the power source may be selected from motor，engine and turbine．Each power source may have a range of power and kinematical parameters ．Similarly, power trains may have numerous optionsavailable，e．g．belts，chains，gears，worm gears and many other drives．Obviously selecting an appropriate configuration would guarantee the Success of the whole design and the quality of the products．To make a best possible decision，an iterative process is normally required to select，analyze，compare and evaluate different configurations．At this stage，the goals involve sketching of configuration，determination of kinematical mechanisms，and evaluation of functional parameter(power and kinematics)．(3)Detailed technical designBased on the design of configuration and parameters，a number ofassembly and component drawings will be completed to reflect the detaileddesign including kinematics，power，strength，stiffness，dynamics，stability，fatigue and SO on．Consideration should also be given to manufacturingfactors by presenting structural details，materials，and both geometricand dimensional tolerances．This part of work will also be carried out ina repeated process in drawings，calculation，evaluation and modificationuntil a best possible design is achieved．The goal at this stage is tocomplete assembly and component drawings，structural details，design calculations and detailed technical documentations．(4)Modification of designAfter the design is completed，a prototype is usually made for a more realistic physical assessment of the design quality．This will help correct any drawback or fault that may be overlooked or neglected during the design process．At this stage，the goal is to correct the design imperfection，test the potential manufacturing or assembly flaws and refine /improve design．1．5 Contents and tasks of the courseThe course Machinery Design will cover the following contents：(1)Preliminaries．the fundamental principles of machinery andComponents design，design theory，selection of materials，structure，friction，wear and lubrication．(2)Connection．sand．joints．thread．fasteners，keys，rivets，welds，bonds ．and adhesive and interference joints．(3)Transmission．screws，chains，belts，gears，worms，bevel．gearsAnd helical gears．(4)Shaft．system．rolling—contact．bearings，slidingbearings，clutches，couplings，shafts，axles and spindles．(5)Other part s．springs，housings and frame s．The course centers on engineering design of mechanical components andis in a category of fundamental methodology and procedure．It is notfeasible or realistic for the students to become involved in the detaileddesign considerations associated with all machine components．Instead，the textbook has its main focus on some typical components and parts．However，the methodologies and procedures to be developed in this course can beextended to more design cases．For this reason，an emphasis will be laidon the methods and procedure s over the course so that the student s willgain a certain competence in applying these skills and knowledge todesigning more mechanical components．As a professional fundamental course，it will help students to acquirea sol id knowledge of mechanical design and engineering awareness．More specifically，the course will help to develop the students’ competence inthe following facets：Competence of creative design and solving practical problem；Competence of team work as well as professional presentation and communications：Competence of apprehending the design principles andregulations，synthesizing the knowledge to develop new designs：Competence of engineering research as well as using designcode s，handbooks，standards and references：Competence of doing experiments to solve problem in the design oftypical components：Competence of understanding newly introduced technological as well aseconomic codes to update the knowledge of machinery design．It is worth noticing that the course will also integrate a number ofpreceding relevant subjects at the university—level ，including mathematics ，physics，electronics，chemistry，solid mechanics，fluid mechanics，heat transfer，thermodynamics，computin9，and so forth．It will combine the knowledge about science and professional skills to solve some practical engineering problems，which will significantly advance students’ competence and enlarge their vision to the professional engineers．It should be pointed out that skills and experience could beacquired only by a great deal of practice——hour after monotonous hour ofit．It is acknowledged universally that nothing worthwhile in life canbe achieved without hard work，often tedious，dull and monotonous，and engineering is no exception．机械设计的基本原则这个导言章节是对机械设计的一个纵览。
机械设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
外文原文Mechanical DesignAbstract:A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.Keywords: Mechanical Design mechanisms Design ProcessThe Design ProcessDesigning starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previouslydone by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partlyIn the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components becomeapparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems. Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) don't understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.Some Rules for DesignIn this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,and durable products.To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.3. Anticipate unintentional loads.4. Devise more favorable loading conditions.5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.7. Choose materials for a combination of properties.8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.9. Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.10. Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly.Machinery design covers the following contents.1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,Including beam , vibration and impact loading.3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.5. Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue.6. Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.7. Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application8. Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spurgears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing.9. Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs.10. Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.11. Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes. Machine DesignThe complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations.Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked.The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process.Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly notnecessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.外文资料翻译译文机械设计摘要：机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。
打包机论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献打包机打包机是一种农业机械,它用于压缩已切割和倾斜的作物（如草、稻草或青贮饲料）成易于处理、运输和储存的小包。
常用的打包机有几个不同类型,分别生产不同类型的包-矩形的、圆柱形的,大小各不相同,用麻绳、网或金属丝缠绕起来。
工业打包机还可以用在材料回收设备上,主要用于包装需要运输的金属、塑料或纸。
圆形打包机在工业化国家最常用的打包机是这种又大又圆的打包机。
它生产圆柱状的“圆”或“筒状”的包。
草在打包机内被捲起，使用橡胶带、固定滚筒,或两者的组合。
当包达到规定尺寸时,用网或麻绳裹住它,以保持其固有的形状。
打包机的后面打开,包被排出。
包在这个阶段完成,但也可以用塑料薄膜包裹,当在室外储存时能保持干草的干燥或者将潮湿的草变成青贮饲料。
可变仓打包机通常生产直径为48至72英寸（120~ 180厘米）、宽达60英寸（150厘米）的包。
无论在任何地区，这些包可以重达1100至2200磅（500-1000公斤），包的重量取决于大小，材料，和水分含量。
最初，圆形打包机的构思由Ummo Luebbens于大约1910年提出,第一台圆形打包机才生产出来,一直到1947年Allis-Chalmers 引进了旋转打包机之后。
由于它的干草包脱水干燥和重量轻的特点从而得以推向市场，到1960年生产结束时，AC已经销售了近70000台接下来的一个重大创新是在1972年，当时Vermeer公司开始出售其型号为605的第一台现代圆形打包机。
以前,圆的干草包仅仅是干草缚在一起的肿块,但Vermeer设计使用皮带将干草紧密结合起来形成一个圆柱体,正如今天所看到的样子。
大型矩形打包机另一种常用类型的打包机生产大型的矩形包,每个包缠绕半打左右的麻绳,然后再打结。
这样的包非常紧凑，重量又普遍比圆形的包大几分。
在加拿大的草原，它们被称为草原猛禽。
小型矩形打包机这种打包机现今是不常见的,但在许多国家却是相当流行,如新西兰和澳大利亚,除了大型包的生产，还生产小型矩形 (通常被称为“正方形的”) 包。
机械设计专业毕业设计--英汉翻译--机械产品方案的现代设计方法及发展趋势
The modern design method of the project of machinery productand deveolp trendAbstract:Under the current domestic and foreign scholars for mechanical design product design at the main thinking, product program design methods into a system, modular structure, the characteristics of knowledge-based products and intelligent four types. That the four methods and the characteristics of the organic inter-linkages, product design efforts Computer directionKey words:mechanical products; Program design; TrendINTRODUCTIONThe rapid scientific and technological development, product performance requirements of the growing number and complexity of increased life expectancy shortened. updating speed. However, the design of the products, especially machinery products in the design means, it appears powerless, lags behind the needs of the times.At present, computer-aided product design drawings, design, manufacture and production planning has been the subject of extensive and in-depth research and has achieved initial success, and the early stage of product development of computer-aided design program is far from meeting the design requirements. To this end, the author reading a lot of literature on the basis of summary of the design and scholars at home and abroad program design methods used in and discussed the various methods of organic link between the product and machinery design computer trend of development.Under the current domestic and foreign scholars for mechanical design product design methodology used in the main feature, The program will be of modern design methods summarized as the following four categories.1．Systematic DesignSystematic design of the main features : design as by a number of design elements of a system, Each element is independence between the various elements of an organiclink, and is layered, all combining elements of the design, system design can be realized for the taskSystematic design in the 1970s by a German scholar Professor Pahl and Beitz. They system theory as a basis to formulate a general model designed to promote the design of rational should have. German Engineers Association in the design on the basis of formulate standards VDI2221 technology systems and product development design methods.The mechanical product design process model, basically adopted the German standards VDI2221 the design. In addition, Many scholars in China in product design program design and also quoted from other developed systematic design, which is representative ：(1) The user needs functional characteristics as a product concept, design and structure of parts design, process planning, operational control of the foundation, and the macro-product development process, the use of quality function deployment, System users will demand information reasonably and efficiently converted to the various stages of product development objectives of the technical and operational control in order(2) The level of organisms as products of life, and the help of life-support systems theory, the product design process can be divided successfully demand levels, realize the concept of functional requirements and the level of product design level. While using the System icon lives abstract expression products to the functional requirements, and form functional product structure.(3) The mechanical design of science into two basic questions : First, to design the products as a system and to determine the best components (modules) and their mutual relations; Second, the process of product design as a system, based on the design goals, correctly, reasonably ascertain all aspects of design work and the various design stage.As each of the designers to study issues and consider the perspective of the different emphasis program used in the design of the specific research methods, there are also differences. Below introduced some representative systematic design methods.1.1 Design Element MethodUsed five design elements (functions, effects, effects vector elements and the surface shape parameters) described "product solution" think of a product design of the five elements value is determined, all the characteristics of the products and eigen value already identified. My design scholars also used a similar method to describe the product's original understanding.1.2 graphical modeling methodDeveloped an "analysis and design guidance system" KALEIT，with a clear level of graphic description of the product structure and the function of the abstract information, the realization of the structure, function graphical modeling, and the functional link between the layersWill be divided into design methods and supporting information exchange 2, Nijssen Information Analysis using methods can be used graphic symbols, with rich semantic model structure, Integration can be described conditions can be classified types of constraints can be achieved between the arbitrary combination of features Will design solutions and information technology integration, and realizing the process of designing different abstraction layers of information between the graphical modeling.1.3 "idea" -- "design"Product design into "ideas" and "design" stage two. "Concept" stage of the mission is to find, select and mix design tasks required to meet the original understanding. "Design" stage of the work is to realize the conceptual stage, the original understanding.The program will be "ideas" specific description: According to the functional structure suitable for the design tasks required to meet the original understanding. Functional structure of the sub-function by the "structural elements" to achieve, and "structural elements" of the physical link between the definition of "functional vector" "function vector" and "structural elements" of the interaction it has developed the functional diagram (mechanical movement schematic). The program "design" is based on the functional diagram, first of all qualitative description of the "functional vector" and "structural elements" further quantitative description of all the "structural elements" and the Connector ("functional vector") the shape and location The structure diagram.Roper, H. Using graph theory, using his definition of "total design modules (GE)" "structural elements (KE)", "functional elements (FKE)", "connecting structure elements (VKE)" "structural components (KT)", "structural elements parts (KET)" concept And describes elements of the structure size, location and transmission parameters of the interaction between a number of diagrams, Expert design and intuitive design of a formal description of the formation of the effective application of existing knowledge, will be applied to the "concept" and "design" stage.Design methodology from the point of view of the clear mandate of the design work is divided into three steps Design: 1) Access to function and functional structure (referred to as "functional"); 2) Find effects (referred to as the "effect"); 3) Find structure (referred to as "the configuration Rules"). And the following four strategies used to describe the conceptual stage machinery products workflow: Strategy 1 : The consideration "functional" "Effect" and "configuration rules." Therefore, it can be in various steps were created variant programs, which have an extensive understanding of the original spectrum. Strategy 2: "Effect" and "configuration rules" (including designers create the rules) Association, considered in isolation function (usually associated with the design task). At this time, identify typical configuration rules and their effect needs plenty of experience. The program is far less than the spectrum of a strategy program spectrum. Strategy 3: "functional" and "effect", "configuration" closely related. Applicable to the function and effects of configuration rules and there is no room forchoice, with special requirements, such as ultra-small machinery, extra large machinery, high-value functional components, and special functional requirements of the parts and so on. Strategy 4: According to the structural design requirements of the solution. The strategy from the existing parts, through different parts of the order and connect to achieve the desired function.1.4 matrix design:In the program design process "requirements-function" logic tree ("or" tree) Description, function of the interaction between, met the requirements of the functional design solution set to provide different design. According the "Request-functional" logic tree "requirement - function" associated matrix, Description to meet the functional requirements for the complex relationship between shows that the functional requirements and the relationship between he gathers.Kotaetal matrix mechanical system as a basis for designing programs, include mechanical systems design space for the functional decomposition of space, each of which only said that the design of a module, abstract stage in the senior, Each module movement and a transformation matrix can operate bound vector; Abstract stage in the low-rise, Each module is represented as a matrix and equations of motion.1.5 bond graph:Will form a system into functional components to generate energy, energy consumption, changing energy forms, such as various types of energy transfer, Bonding and borrowing plans expression of functional components solutions, hope will be based on the functional model and Bond Graph integration, achieve functional structure of the automatic generation and functional structure and bonding between the map automatically converted, seek from the bond graph produce multiple design method.2 The modular design structure:Products from the planning perspective: Definitions design tasks to the functional structure-based products, use existing product solutions (such as the common parts and components, etc.) to describe the design task that the decomposition of tasks on each task to consider whether there are corresponding product solutions, Thus, in the planning stage product design to eliminate possible contradictions, early production forecasts, costs, and the development of the design process of adjustment, which can improve design efficiency and reliability, while also reducing the cost of new product. Feldman will describe the design of the function of the product mix is divided into four tiers, (1) product → (2) functional components → (3) major functional components → (4) functional components . And using application-oriented features of the directory structure, the functional components for more specific qualitative and quantitative description. Meanwhile develop products suitable for the development of an early design stage and the use of the software tools STRAT.That the majority of machinery specialized function can be used existing product solutions, and with the new solution is only a small number of special features, Therefore, the exclusive use of mechanical design functions of the product mix, machinery specialized for the evaluation of the design, manufacturing risks are very favorable.Promotion of the product function on the basis of the analysis, Decomposition products will have some functions into one or several of the basic modular structure, through options and combinations of these basic modular structure formed into different products. These basic structures can be parts, components, or even a system. Ideal modular structure should be standardized interface (connectivity and with the Department), and is serialized, GE, integrated, hierarchical, flexible, economy, interchangeability is, compatibility and relevance. China's combination of software component technology and CAD technology, design and deformation of composite design combined, Modular principle according to the classification of machine tools from large processing center into product level, component level, component level and the component level, and the use of expert knowledge and technology CAD their portfolio into different varieties and specifications for the functional modules, by thecombination of these functional modules into different processing center overall program.Design options for the directory as a variation of the mechanical structure tools, design elements for the solution of integrity, Structure of the organization formed Solution Set design catalog. And the solution set design directory listed a comment on each of Additional Information Solutions, is very conducive to the solution design engineers to choose elements.3. The characteristics of knowledge-based product design:Knowledge-based product design characteristics of the main features : using computers to identify the language to describe the characteristics of the product and its design experts in the field of knowledge and experience, corresponding inference engine and knowledge base, Reuse stored domain knowledge and reasoning mechanism established by the Computer Aided Design program.Mechanical systems design is mainly based on products with features and the design of experts in the field of knowledge and experience in policy-making and implementation capacity, completing the type, a composite. To achieve this stage of the computer-aided design, research must automatic acquisition of knowledge, expression, integration, coordination, management and use.4. Intelligent Design:Intelligent Design is the main features : design theory, using 3D graphics software Intelligent design software and virtual reality technology, and multimedia, hypermedia tools for product development design, Expression product ideas, describing the structure of products.The use of object-oriented technology, focus on the chronology of the agencies synthesis package design expert system, and with the help of high-performance graphicsand the ability to handle the exchange of OpenGL technology, 3D environment from all angles of expert system design options for observation, If inter-agency campaign convergence position of conflict, and so on.5. Various design review and development trends:In summary, Systematic Design will design tasks from the abstract to the concrete (from the design of the tasks required to accomplish the mission of the program or structure) hierarchical division drawing up each layer wishes to achieve the goals and methods of elementary, from abstract to concrete floors to be organically linked to the entire design process systematic so that the design rules to follow. There is a way to follow and easy computer-aided design process to achieve.Modular design of the structure, as have some method of achieving functional structure for a module, module structure of the portfolio, product program design. For specific types of mechanical products, as part of its function is clear and relatively stable, Modules of the structure more easily, so that the structure modular approach to program design would be more appropriate. As with the functional entities is not betweenone-to-one correspondence between an entity can usually be a number of different functions, a function can often through several entities to be implemented. Therefore, the structure of the modular design approach for the general design of the product, Modules of the structure and are more difficult to choose, and the requirements of staff with a wide range of design experience and extensive knowledge in many areas.What is worth mentioning is : the above methods are not completely isolated, various methods exist to some extent on the links If modular structure design, module division structure contains a systematic thinking, building products and design features inference engine and knowledge base, it is usually also need to use a systematic and structural modular approach, In addition, the characteristics of knowledge-based products while the design of intelligent design program is one of the foundations. In mechanical design products, as to achieve specific functions common parts, components or structure used for the module body, and the application of systematic design of thelevels of specific design, Modular Approach to the forthcoming financial structure in a systematic design methodology, it can guarantee the standardization of the design, it can simplify the design process, improve design efficiency and quality, and lower design costs.Mechanical Products programs are moving towards computer-aided design to achieve, Intelligent Design Collaborative and meet the needs of design and manufacturing direction. product design computer method of a late start, but there were no mature, be able to reach this target program design software tools. The writer believes that the integrated use of four types of text is designed to achieve this objective effective way. Although these methods are integrated use of the field more, not only with the mechanical design of the domain knowledge, but also to the theory of systems engineering, artificial intelligence, computer hardware and software engineering, Network technology and other fields of knowledge, It is still necessary product design efforts. Abroad in research in this area has achieved initial success. My design scholars have been aware of CAD technology and international exchange and cooperation of the importance and the measures that should be taken.机械产品方案的现代设计方法及发展趋势摘要：根据目前国内外设计学者进行机械产品设计时的主要思维特点，将产品方案的设计方法概括为系统化、结构模块化、基于产品特征知识和智能四种类型。
颗粒包装机论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译附件1：外文资料翻译译文药物的自动包装装置1．发明的技术领域最新的发明是一个药物包装仪器。
它能在每次使用的时候单独给予药物包装。
就好像医院和药房等使用的用于药片包装，粉末状药物包装的仪器。
更特别的是这个仪器拥有区分同一药品货架上的储存类药品：如药片，胶囊。
2. 背景技术的描述众所周知，传统的药物包装装置以种类为基础进行药品分类，并将药物吸纳在药剂容器中而且任何一个多元化的货架都与每个容器的药物有关。
这种类型的药物包装装置，根据每个货架的货架号，将所需的药物从相应的药剂容器中取出，并进行包装。
例如，日本已审核专利号1-14081公开的一种药物的自动包装装置，在该装置中的代码都被分配给各自的药剂容器，并通过操作装置上的一个操作键，将所需的药物放在预定的位置进行选择。
日本已审核专利号3-41208公开了一种片剂的供给装置，根据装置中每片的识别信息来确定位置信息，指定所需的片馈线和相应的片剂供给。
日本已审核专利号2-933837公开了一种药剂包装装置，一旦安装药剂容器，装置将读取它的医药数据并存储它的链接地址。
所以，根据每个药物的链接地址，可以达到所需的药物供应和包装的目的。
然而，在上述传统的药物包装装置中，尚未充分考虑在交换药物容器上的可操作性。
换句话说，虽然每个药物的本身的信息是很重要的，但通过使用维护屏幕会改变药物货架编号，当然它是不可能直接改变每个货架号码和相应的药剂的匹配的。
在实际情况下，作为一名药剂师，需要知道每一个架子和相应的药物之间的对应关系，而这严重的加强了操作者的负担。
此外，操作维护屏幕也是复杂的，而且往往会造成输入的错误，其结果是导致药剂师的药物的配给和包装过程变得困难。
此外，它也使药剂师难以精确地操作从相应的货架上安装或者拆卸一个药剂容器这一过程。
正式因为如此，才更需要一个能区分出现在一个区域内药物的药物包装装置，以此来说明哪些药物是附属的，哪些药物是单独使用的。
机械设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
机械设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译unavailable。
The first step in the design process is to define the problem and XXX are defined。
the designer can begin toXXX evaluated。
and the best one is XXX。
XXX.Mechanical DesignA XXX machines include engines。
turbines。
vehicles。
hoists。
printing presses。
washing machines。
and XXX and methods of design that apply to XXXXXX。
cams。
valves。
vessels。
and mixers.Design ProcessThe design process begins with a real need。
Existing apparatus may require XXX。
efficiency。
weight。
speed。
or cost。
while new apparatus may be XXX。
To start。
the designer must define the problem and XXX。
ideas and concepts are generated。
evaluated。
and refined until the best one is XXX。
XXX.XXX。
assembly。
XXX.During the preliminary design stage。
it is important to allow design XXX if some ideas may seem impractical。
they can be corrected early on in the design process。
(完整word版)颗粒包装机毕业设计的外文翻译
Packing machinery developmentOur country packs the mechanical profession start in the 20th century 70's, and the 90's intermediate stages obtains the rapid development in the end of the 80's. Has become in the mechanical industry one of 10 big professions, regardless of is the output, in the variety, has all obtained the amazing achievement, packed the industry for our country the fast development to provide the powerful safeguard. At present, our country has become the world packing mechanical industrial production and expends one of great nations.Current our country food and a packing machinery prominent question is the new product development cycle long, imitates much, innovates few, not only this with designs personnel's state-of-art related, also concerns with the correlation profession development. The international advanced method utilizes the simulation technology, by the computer automatic synthesis three-dimensional model, will pass has occurred production line breakdown data feeds the computer, then will demonstrate the actual operating mode, according to will need to carry on the revision in front of the user, finally will consummate. The packing machinery took one product, its meaning is not merely the product itself material significance, but is includes the form product, the stealth product and extends the product 3 meanings. The form product is refers to packaging machine itself the concrete shape and the basic function; The stealth product is refers to the packaging machine the actual utility which provides to the user; Extends the product is refers to the packaging machine the quality assurance, the use instruction and the post-sale service and so on. Therefore the packaging machine design should include: Market investigation and study, schematic diagram design, structural design, construction drawing design, instruction for use compilationand post-sale service predetermined plan and so on.The new packing machinery often is machine, the electricity, the gas integration equipment. The full use information product newest achievement, uses air operated separation transmission technologies and so on implementing agency, servo motor-driven, may cause the complete machine the transmission chain to reduce greatly, the structure is greatly the simplification, the work precision and the speed enhances greatly. One of key technologies has used the multi-electrical machinery dragging synchronization control technology. Actually grasps this kind of technology not very difficultly, only is some designs the personnel not to understand the packing machinery this trend of development. If beforehand our country packs the machine design is the imitation, the study stage, then we should have the innovation design consciousnessnow.“十五” period, our country packs the mechanical industrial development to be rapid, in recent years imports the equipment all is domestic cannot make or the manufacture level is far from, may see our disparity from the import to be at. Food security problem whole nation attention. “十一五” period should enhance food security domain the science and technology and the equipment level, the development fast, in accurate appraisal food harms the factor the technology and the equipment, further researches anddevelops the pathogenic microorganism resistance, cause of disease prevention technologies and the preserve technology and the equipment and so on control. Food and the packing machinery form the profession already for 20 years, is opposite in food packing, a new profession. This 20 years also are the world technological development quickest times, the new technology applies unceasingly in the profession, but the domestic profession foundation is weak, technical and the scientific research lack of strength, its development relative lag, has towed food and the packing industry hind leg to a certain extent. Although overall development quick, but food packing mechanical industrial development is quicker.the goal is must reduce this space, catches up with the world advanced level for the food industry, for causes the packing great nation to make great strides forward to the packing powerful nation, provides the advanced technical equip, lets import the equipment the role which only plays in the domestic market appropriates lost articles fills a vacancy. This request domestic food and the packing machinery year development speed surpasses 18%, the new product output value rate achieves 25%. On the international packing and food machinery development is take the big customer request as the goal, the impetus correlation machinery development. The big customer request mainly manifests in the below aspect: One, is higher well to the production efficiency request. This may reduce the product the cost, satisfies the date of delivery. The high speed packaging machine request must have the correlation engagement with the first working procedure, does not have to transport the link, including the control engagement, the entire production line must achieve the inverted order according to the production and the packing working procedure arrangement to start, smooth engine off. If Leng Guanzhuang the production line makes something a matter of political line automatically from the plastic raw material to the drink fills installs, the big packing piles buttress completely automatically in seals up in the workshop to carry on. Two, may adapt the product renewal change. The packing machinery must have the very high flexibility and the flexibility, the production line permission the packing material size may change in certain size scope. Because product life cycle far short in useful life of equipment, change product and packing not as for replacement expensive packing production line. Three is the equipment common breakdown rapid elimination. The solution inputs the computer in advance, when the equipment appears the common breakdown may diagnose voluntarily, also may implement the long-distance diagnosis to eliminate the breakdown abreast in row. Four, the request has the automatic diagnosis function. On the one hand may automatic diagnosis packing material thickness, degree of hardness, the counter-tension and so on, feed back through the computer to the manipulator adjusts the movement scope, does not guarantee the resilience. On the other hand, each different product, like shape each different chocolate or the dessert and so on, install to the identical box in, its arrangement is orderly. The production line transmits the product is a disorder, the available probe head scanning, determined the different shape the material position, feeds back again to the different manipulator, it can accurately unmistakably puts in the goods according to the accurate position and the direction in the tray, moreover, removes the manual control quickly the visionand finger weariness. Five, may reduce the environmental pollution as far as possible. The reduction including the noise, the dust pollution, and reduces the reject as far as possible, this point especially is important in the food processing process. Food raw material when processing not only harvests the main product, like corn processing, product besides corn starch, but also has the corn oil, the salad oil, the margarine, the glucose, the corn protein and the feed, as well as the sewage treatment and so on produces the entire process, is the automation. Does not have the reject, not to pollute, other product value has surpassed the corn starch greatly the value.Along with the science and technology development and the market competition aggravating, the customer demand more and more is also high. This kind of demand manifests in following several aspects: One, enhances the production efficiency, satisfies the date of delivery and reduces the production cost the need, to some products, but also requests the packing machinery and the production machinery links up; Two, is meets the product renewal change need, the packing machinery must have the high flexibility and the flexibility; Three is when the equipment appears the breakdown, the request can carry on the long-distance diagnosis service; Four, favors the environmental protection, the noise, the dust and the reject are few; Five is the equipment purchase investment are as far as possible few, the price must be as far as possible low. Therefore, must certainly in the market investigation and study foundation, the full understanding, analyze the user earnestly the demand, the definite packaging machine should complete the function and each technical specification, draw up the preliminary principle design proposal.The modern packaging machine design process should include: The market investigation and study, the user demand analysis, the packaging machine function determination, the feasible proof, the formulation design proposal, the user benefit analysis, the plan feasible proof, the schematic diagram design, the structural design, the construction drawing design, the prototypical manufacture (hypothesized manufacture), the technical confirmation and the construction drawing revise, the formulation post-sale service predetermined plan and the long-distance diagnosis plan, the improvement design, the serialized design and so on. .The market investigation and study is the foundation work which all packaging machines design. Without the market investigation and study, we do all design work all possibly is equal to the zero. The market investigation and study, may according to the policy guidance, the profession supply and demand information, the expert analyze, the profession unfolds clues and so on meeting, technical meeting, found the user the demand information, after and reorganizes the analysis, the definite packaging machine should complete function. In the principle project design process, first must understand fully the related information product, the electronic products function, understood the air operated part the performance, and uses to simplify the mechanical drive system, but also may use the multi-electrical machinery dragging to reduce the mechanical transmission chain. Regarding the essential mechanical drive system, should make the best the modernized design method, in to product functional analysis foundation in, throughinnovation idea, system modelling, mechanical analysis, dynamic optimization, thus obtains the best design proposal. The technical design is the principle design structurization, definite spare part quantity, the shape, the size, the material and so on, the essential components carry on the power computation, the power computation, the strength calculation, the rigidity computation to the major component in.When system design, must consider the entire packaging machine system comprehensively the layout, the movement coordination, the modelling design, the human - machine environment as well as the packing transportation and so on. The modular design is one advanced design method, its core thought is divides into systematically according to the function certain modules, the identical function unit designs the packaging machine in has the module which the different performance, may exchange, through the module different combination, causes the packaging machine multi-purpose, the seriation. Uses this method the merit is: (1) makes the packaging machine renewal speed to speed up. Because of the new type substitution, often is the partial improvement. The vanguard technology introduction corresponding module, compared with easy to realize the partial improvement; (2) reduction design cycle. After the user proposed the request, only must replace the module, or the design manufacture partial modules, then obtain the new type, meets the user need; (3) reduces the cost, is advantageous for the service; (4) performance stable reliable. Because time module design, to the packaging machine function division and the module design, has conducted the careful research, has guaranteed the module performance, for example: Cam gear, servo, examination system, transmission system, control system, measurement organization, yummytreats organization and so on. .other packing machinery seriation, modular profession standard, also arrived should formulate, the packing machinery has become our country one of ten big mechanical professions, but serialized, the modular profession standard formulation will certainly to promote our country to pack on the mechanical profession cross new stair.包装机械的发展我国包装机械行业起步于20世纪70年代，在80年代末和90年代中期得到迅速发展。
机械包装英文文献
Historical PerspectiveThe need for prototype, high frequency signal processors at the Mayo Clinic was originally driven by a project at Mayo in the 1970s to develop a very advanced, three dimensional, real time X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner, referred to as the Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor (DSR).Figure EP-1Mayo Dynamic SpatialReconstructor (DSR)This experimental X-ray CT scanner (Figure EP-1) generated large volumes of data which needed to be acquired and displayed very quickly to be useful. By 1975 it had become apparent that the only viable integrated circuit (IC) technology which could be used to fabricate special purpose computers capable of addressing these required high data rates was the Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL) 100K logic family. This family of logic, packaged in both 24 pin dual inline packages (DIPs) and flat packs (FPs), operated in the 100 megahertz (MHz) to 200 MHz clock rate range for signal processor prototypes utilizing approximately 200 ICs. Of critical concern was that the ECL 100K "data book" values indicated that clock rates at least twice as high should be achievable with these ECL 100K components.Laboratory testing at Mayo eventually revealed that the limitation in the performance of the ECL 100K chips was the packages into which they were typically installed by the chip manufacturer. To address the problem of the IC packaging limiting the performance of the ICs themselves, during 1976-78 Mayo performed evaluation studies on many different commercially available IC packages. The resistance, inductance and capacitance measurements conducted at Mayo revealed that the leads of the DIPS (and, to a somewhat lesser degree of the FPs) exhibited very high values of inductive and capacitive parasitics. Since the primary concerns of the packaging industry at that time were purely in regard to the mechanical aspects of the packages, with virtually no attention given to the electrical issues (with the possible exception of DC lead resistance), many of the packages simply could not perform well at higher frequencies. To address the high frequency AC packaging issues, in 1979 the Mayo group began the design of a family of custom leadless chip carriers (Figure EP-2), with serious attention given to their high frequency behavior. This family of chip carriers was designed to be used with both ECL 100K logic and memory components, thus requiring two different die (die refers to an unpackaged IC) cavity configurations, yet with a common input/output (I/O) pin footprint. This approach to the design of the packages in the family assured that a single package footprint could be used on the system boards to accommodate both package types.Figure EP-2Mayo Designed Packages(Leadless Chip Carriers)Early Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) components designed by Mayo were targeted for this package as well. Many different versions of the package, comprising an entire family, were designed and fabricated, utilizing multiple vendors. The evolution of this package design was based almost totally on measurement results from each previous version thereof, because of, at that time, a near total lack of suitable electromagnetic CAD/simulation tools. Over a four year period (1979-1983) , the original package evolved from a minimized parasitics version to a controlled impedance version with power/ground plane construction, in-cavity and back surface power supply decoupling, and signal termination. The final complete family contained nearly thirty slightly different versions of a common chip carrier footprint, each version emphasizing a different set of strengths and limitations.Coordinated with the 28 I/O chip carrier design was the development of high frequency prototyping printed circuit boards (PCB's) for developing high performance systems (Figure EP-3).Figure EP-3High Frequency Prototyping Board withFlat Pack Packages and Heat Sink TowersThe early versions of these printed circuit boards contained a power and ground plane sandwich construction, varying from three to twelve power/ground layers, but no buried signal layers. All signal connections were made with twisted pair wirewrap wire (Figure EP-4), which provided a moderately controlled 75 ohm impedance transmission line environment for each signal net. In conjunction with the prototype boards, custom terminator resistor networks were developed and capacitors were characterized to determine which materials and case styles performed the best over a broad frequency range. The combination of the chip carriers, specially designed circuit boards, and specialty components resulted in wire wrapped ECL circuits that operated as high as 570 MHz clock rates and direct, point to point, wired GaAS circuits which performed at over 1 gigahertz (GHz) clock rates.Figure EP-4Back Side of MayoWirewrap Prototype BoardThe completion of the 28 I/O package family was followed in the early 1980s by our development, for chips with higher pad counts, of four different types of 88 I/O packages (cofired alumina, cofired beryllia, single layer and metalization (SLAM) alumina, and thin film metalization on alumina), followed in the mid 1980s by a thin film 216 I/O package with 192 integral termination resistors. The ten year effort to create single chip packages for high performance integratedcircuits eventually was terminated after the development of a 240 I/O elastomer mounted package of dimensions .750 inches square. Each of these packages had a companion prototyping board, with prototype components that operated in the 500 MHz to 1 GHz range.During the development of the single-chip packages described above, it became clear that irrespective of the quality of the design of any given single-chip package, the package imposed significant electrical performance constraints on the chips because of residual parasitic inductance and capacitance, and on the circuit boards and the resulting signal processor systems because of the large amount of real estate consumed by the packages (package areas were 15-60 times the areas of the chips themselves). The solution to these electrical and mechanical problems was the complete elimination of the IC package, and a conversion to multichip packaging approaches such as hybrids and multichip modules (MCMs), which may be thought of as microminiature circuit boards, on which bare integrated circuits are installed and connected to extremely narrow traces on the surface of and buried within the MCM. In 1987 the Mayo SPPDG began investigating several potentially viable MCM technologies for use in the packaging of multiple bare chips (die) on the same microminiature circuit board (ie., MCM) substrate. Based on past experiences with cofired ceramic single chip packages, as well as with many advanced printed circuit board technologies (similar to what is now referred to as MCM-Laminate), it appeared that the MCM-Deposited (MCM-D) technology offered the most promising option for high clock rate signal processor systems. A two-step process was undertaken to evaluate the new MCM technologies. First, MCMs with passive interconnect line structures were designed and fabricated. These first experimental MCMs became known as passive test coupons, with each serving as the characterization vehicle for one of the MCM technologies. The second step was the design of active circuit demonstration modules using high performance GaAs chips. The very first MCM designed at Mayo was a combined passive/active vehicle; it was fabricated in 1988 (Figure EP-5).Figure EP-5Mayo's First MCM Design(Thin Film Process)The technology chosen for this first experimental coupon was a thin film, copper/polyimide, multilayer MCM-D process, which was at that time a state of the art fabrication process with five metal layers, with 1 mil line widths and the ability to support up to three 50 ohm, controlled impedance signal layers. This initial test coupon was characterized at frequencies up to 26 GHz. This coupon also contained eight bare GaAs die, with operational clock rates up to 1 GHz. This same approach was employed with many other subsequent MCM vendors and fabrication processes. A "standard passive coupon" design emerged from this work over a period of several years, so that the same structures could be implemented in each MCM technology, allowing comparisons and trade-offs to be made among the various MCM technologie。
【精品毕设】机电专业论文英文文献及其中文译文
毕业论文外文文献翻译译文题目:INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY外文资料翻译资料来源：文章名：INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY 《Digital Image Processing》书刊名：作者：Y. Torres J. J. Pavón I. Nieto and J. A.Rodríguez章节：2.4 INTEGRATION OF MACHINERYINTEGRATION OF MACHINERY （From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY）ABSTRACT Machinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable resultthis article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outlineand the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration ofmachinery technology present situation has analyzed the integration of machinerytechnology trend of development. Key word：integration of machinery ，technology，present situation ，productt，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development 0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development impelleddifferent discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage has caused the projectdomain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineeringdomain because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapiddevelopment and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinerycaused the mechanical industry the technical structure the product organizationthe function and the constitution the production method and the management systemhas had the huge change caused the industrial production to enter into quottheintegration of machineryquot by quotthe machinery electrificationquot for the characteristicdevelopment phase. 1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in theorganization new owner function the power function in the information processingfunction and the control function introduces the electronic technology unifies thesystem the mechanism and the computerization design and the software whichconstitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has becomeone to have until now own system new discipline not only develops along with thescience and technology but also entrusts with the new content .But its basiccharacteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from thesystem viewpoint synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanicaltechnology microelectronic technology automatic control technology computertechnology information technology sensing observation and control technologyelectric power electronic technology connection technology information conversiontechnology as well as software programming technology according to the systemfunction goal and the optimized organization goal reasonable disposition and thelayout various functions unit in multi-purpose high grade redundant reliable inthe low energy consumption significance realize the specific function value andcauses the overall system optimization the systems engineering technology .From thisproduces functional system then becomes an integration of machinery systematic orthe integration of machinery product. Therefore quotintegration of machineryquot coveringquottechnologyquot and quotproductquot two aspects .Only is the integration of machinerytechnology is based on the above community technology organic fusion one kind ofcomprehensivetechnology but is not mechanical technical the microelectronictechnology as well as other new technical simple combination pieces together .Thisis the integration of machinery and the machinery adds the machinery electrificationwhich the electricity forms in the concept basic difference .The mechanicalengineering technology has the merely technical to develop the machineryelectrification still was the traditional machinery its main function still wasreplaces with the enlargement physical strength .But after develops the integrationof machinery micro electron installment besides may substitute for certainmechanical parts the original function but also can entrust with many new functionslike the automatic detection the automatic reduction information demonstrate therecord the automatic control and the control automatic diagnosis and the protectionautomatically and so on .Not only namely the integration of machinery product ishumans hand and body extending humans sense organ and the brains look has theintellectualized characteristic is the integration of machinery and the machineryelectrification distinguishes in the function essence. 2. Integration of machinery development condition integration of machinerydevelopment may divide into 3 stages roughly.20th century 60s before for the firststage this stage is called the initial stage .In this time the people determinationnot on own initiative uses the electronic technology the preliminary achievement toconsummate the mechanical product the performance .Specially in Second World Warperiod the war has stimulated the mechanical product and the electronic technologyunion these mechanical and electrical union military technology postwar transferscivilly to postwar economical restoration positive function .Developed and thedevelopment at that time generally speaking also is at the spontaneouscondition .Because at that time the electronic technology development not yetachieved certain level mechanical technical and electronic technology union alsonot impossible widespread and thorough development already developed the productwas also unable to promote massively. The 20th century 7080 ages for the second stagemay be called the vigorous development stage .This time the computer technologythe control technology the communication development has laid the technology basefor the integration of machinery development . Large-scale ultra large scaleintegrated circuit and microcomputer swift and violent development has provided thefull material base for the integration of machinery development .This timecharacteristic is :①A mechatronics word first generally is accepted in Japanprobably obtains the quite widespread acknowledgment to 1980s last stages in theworldwide scale ②The integration of machinery technology and the product obtainedthe enormous development ③The various countries start to the integration ofmachinery technology and the product give the very big attention and the support.1990s later periods started the integration of machinery technology the new stagewhich makes great strides forward to the intellectualized direction the integrationof machinery enters the thorough development time .At the same time optics thecommunication and so on entered the integration of machinery processes thetechnology also zhan to appear tiny in the integration of machinery the footappeared the light integration of machinery and the micro integration of machineryand so on the new branch On the other hand to the integration ofmachinery systemmodeling design the analysis and the integrated method the integration ofmachinery discipline system and the trend of development has all conducted thethorough research .At the same time because the hugeprogress which domains and so on artificial intelligence technology neural networktechnology and optical fiber technology obtain opened the development vast worldfor the integration of machinery technology .These research will urge theintegration of machinery further to establish the integrity the foundation and formsthe integrity gradually the scientific system. Our country is only then starts fromthe beginning of 1980s in this aspect to study with the application .The State Councilhad been established the integration of machinery leading group and lists as quot863plansquot this technology .When formulated quot95quot the plan and in 2010 developed thesummary had considered fully on international the influence which and possiblybrought from this about the integration of machinery technology developmenttrend .Many universities colleges and institutes the development facility and somelarge and middle scale enterprises have done the massive work to this technicaldevelopment and the application does not yield certain result but and so on theadvanced countries compared with Japan still has the suitable disparity. 3. Integration of machinery trend of development integrations of machinery arethe collection machinery the electron optics the control the computer theinformation and so on the multi-disciplinary overlapping syntheses its developmentand the progress rely on and promote the correlation technology development and theprogress .Therefore the integration of machinery main development direction is asfollows: 3.1 Intellectualized intellectualizations are 21st century integration ofmachinery technological development important development directions .Theartificial intelligence obtains day by day in the integration of machineryconstructors research takes the robot and the numerical control engine bedintellectualization is the important application .Here said quottheintellectualizationquot is to the machine behavior description is in the control theoryfoundation the absorption artificial intelligence the operations research thecomputer science the fuzzy mathematics the psychology the physiology and the chaosdynamics and so on the new thought the new method simulate the human intelligenceenable it to have abilities and so on judgment inference logical thinkingindependent decision-making obtains the higher control goal in order to .Indeedenable the integration of machinery product to have with the human identicalintelligence is not impossible also is nonessential .But the high performancethe high speed microprocessor enable the integration of machinery product to havepreliminary intelligent or humans partial intelligences then is completelypossible and essential. In the modern manufacture process the information has become the controlmanufacture industry the determining factor moreover is the most active actuationfactor .Enhances the manufacture system information-handling capacity to become themodern manufacture science development a key point .As a result of the manufacturesystem information organization and structure multi-level makes the information thegain the integration and the fusion presents draws up the character informationmeasuremulti-dimensional as well as information organizations multi-level .In themanufacture information structural model manufacture information uniform restraintdissemination processing and magnanimous data aspects and so on manufacture knowledgelibrary management all also wait for further break through. Each kind of artificial intelligence tool and the computation intelligence methodpromoted the manufacture intelligence development in the manufacture widespreadapplication .A kind based on the biological evolution algorithm computationintelligent agent in includes thescheduling problem in the combination optimization solution area of technologyreceives the more and more universal attention hopefully completes the combinationoptimization question when the manufacture the solution speed and the solutionprecision aspect breaks through the question scale in pairs the restriction .Themanufacture intelligence also displays in: The intelligent dispatch the intelligentdesign the intelligent processing the robot study the intelligent control theintelligent craft plan the intelligent diagnosis and so on are various These question key breakthrough may form the product innovation the basicresearch system. Between 2 modern mechanical engineering front science differentscience overlapping fusion will have the new science accumulation the economicaldevelopment and societys progress has had the new request and the expectation tothe science and technology thus will form the front science .The front science alsohas solved and between the solution scientific question border area .The front sciencehas the obvious time domain the domain and the dynamic characteristic .The projectfront science distinguished in the general basic science important characteristicis it has covered the key science and technology question which the project actualappeared. Manufacture system is a complex large-scale system for satisfies the manufacturesystem agility the fast response and fast reorganization ability must profit fromthe information science the life sciences and the social sciences and so on themulti-disciplinary research results the exploration manufacture system newarchitecture the manufacture pattern and the manufacture system effectiveoperational mechanism .Makes the system optimization the organizational structureand the good movement condition is makes the system modeling the simulation andthe optimized essential target .Not only the manufacture system new architecture tomakes the enterprise the agility and may reorganize ability to the demand responseability to have the vital significance moreover to made the enterprise first floorproduction equipment the flexibility and may dynamic reorganization ability set ahigher request .The biological manufacture view more and more many is introduced themanufacture system satisfies the manufacture system new request. The study organizes and circulates method and technique of complicated systemfrom the biological phenomenon is a valid exit which will solve many hard nut tocracks that manufacturing industry face from now on currently .Imitating to livingwhat manufacturing point is mimicry living creature organ of from the organizationfrom match more from growth with from evolution etc. function structure and circulatemode of a kind of manufacturing system and manufacturing process. The manufacturing drives in the mechanism under continuously by ones ownperfect raise on organizing structure and circulating modeand thus to adapt theprocess ofwith ability for the environment .For from descend but the last productproceed together a design and make a craft rules the auto of the distance born producesystem of dynamic state reorganization and product and manufacturing the system tendautomatically excellent provided theories foundation and carry out acondition .Imitate to living a manufacturing to belong to manufacturing science andlife science ofquotthe far good luck is miscellaneous to hand overquot it will produceto the manufacturing industry for 21 centuries huge of influence .机电一体化摘要机电一体化是现代科学技术发展的必然结果本文简述了机电一体化技术的基本概要和发展背景。
自动包装机外文翻译文献
自动包装机外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)译文:药物的自动包装装置1．发明的技术领域最新的发明是一个药物包装仪器。
它能在每次使用的时候单独给予药物包装。
就好像医院和药房等使用的用于药片包装，粉末状药物包装的仪器。
更特别的是这个仪器拥有区分同一药品货架上的储存类药品：如药片，胶囊。
2. 背景技术的描述众所周知，传统的药物包装装置以种类为基础进行药品分类，并将药物吸纳在药剂容器中而且任何一个多元化的货架都与每个容器的药物有关。
这种类型的药物包装装置，根据每个货架的货架号，将所需的药物从相应的药剂容器中取出，并进行包装。
例如，日本已审核专利号1-14081公开的一种药物的自动包装装置，在该装置中的代码都被分配给各自的药剂容器，并通过操作装置上的一个操作键，将所需的药物放在预定的位置进行选择。
日本已审核专利号3-41208公开了一种片剂的供给装置，根据装置中每片的识别信息来确定位置信息，指定所需的片馈线和相应的片剂供给。
日本已审核专利号2-933837公开了一种药剂包装装置，一旦安装药剂容器，装置将读取它的医药数据并存储它的链接地址。
所以，根据每个药物的链接地址，可以达到所需的药物供应和包装的目的。
然而，在上述传统的药物包装装置中，尚未充分考虑在交换药物容器上的可操作性。
换句话说，虽然每个药物的本身的信息是很重要的，但通过使用维护屏幕会改变药物货架编号，当然它是不可能直接改变每个货架号码和相应的药剂的匹配的。
在实际情况下，作为一名药剂师，需要知道每一个架子和相应的药物之间的对应关系，而这严重的加强了操作者的负担。
此外，操作维护屏幕也是复杂的，而且往往会造成输入的错误，其结果是导致药剂师的药物的配给和包装过程变得困难。
此外，它也使药剂师难以精确地操作从相应的货架上安装或者拆卸一个药剂容器这一过程。
正式因为如此，才更需要一个能区分出现在一个区域内药物的药物包装装置，以此来说明哪些药物是附属的，哪些药物是单独使用的。