2002年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
资料：中国人民大学2002年基础英语真题
中国人民大学2002年研究生入学考试英语语言文学题库招生专业：英语语言文学考试科目：基础英语英文写作考试时间：1月27日上午考题编号：329一、基础英语(8o%)I. V ocabulary and Written Expressions (10%)Directions: Write in the blank the letter of the item which best completes each sentence.1. The high rate of species extinctions in these environments is_______, but it is important to recognize the significance of biological diversity in all ecosystems.A. impartialB. joltingC. integratingD. converting2. Today, the railway remains the backbone of R ussia’s________, and Moscow intends to take its economic potential to the limit.A. infrastructure B structure C. discipline D. foundation3. Not getting a _______job is calamitous, but the consequences of being held up are seldom that serious.A. covetedB. prominent C worthwhile D. wicked4. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or_________, to name only a few personality gaits.A. pedagogicB. discernibleC. evaporatedD. exuberant5. Traffic _______ are less likely to irritate if you are not hungry, thirsty, hot, cold or in desperate need of a bathroom.A. stipulationsB. congestionsC. tie-upsD. norms6. The most impatient people-the ones who ________ the waiting area and complained loudly.A. probeB. gropeC. propel D prowl7. In early jazz, musicians often ________ melodies collectively, thus creating a kind of polyphony.A. improvised B agitated C. frazzled D. facilitated8. If we can accept that the world is ours to enjoy but not made for our convenience, we’ll be better able to move through it equably, more patient with the ordinary _______of life and a good companion to our fellow human beings - and to ourselves.A. evolutionB. vicissitudesC. vicinityD. validity9. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or _______ by the United States or by any State on account of sex.A. abridgedB. patronizedC. abbreviatedD. Envisaged10 US President George Bush rejected the________, fearing that cutting the use of fossils fuel would damage.A. propositionB. protocolC. hypothesisD. ProposalII. Directions: In this passage there are altogether l0 mistakes. Try to detect the mistakes and write out your corrected answer in the numbered bracket. (20 %)Despite the modem desire to be easy and casual, Americans from time to tame give thought to the language they use, to grammar, vocabulary, and official languages And, as at other issues,they divide into two parties. (1.______) The larger, which Includes everybody from the plain people to the professional writer, takes for granted that there is a fight way to use words and construct sentences and many wrong ways. The right way is believed to be clearer, simpler, more logical, and hence more likely to prevent error and confusion. Good writing is easier to be read’, it offers a pleasant combination of sound and sense. (2.______)Against this majority view is the doctrine of an opposing minority, who .make up their small number by their great world of scholarship. (3._______) They are the professional linguists who deny that there is such a thing as correctness. The language, they say, is what anybody and very body speaks. Hence there must be no interference with which they regard as a product of nature.(4._____) They advocate all attempts at guiding choice; (5.______) their governing principle is summed up in the title of a speech by a distinguishable member of the profession: “Can Native Speakers of a Language Make Mistakes?” (6.______)Within the profession of linguists there are, of course, no fighting factions, but, on this conception of language as a natural growth with which it is criminal to interfere, (7._____) they, are at one. In their arguments one finds appeals to feelings of social iniquity (all words and forms are equally good) (8.______) and individual freedom (one may do what one likes with one’ s own speech). These beliefs further suggest that the desire for correctness, the very idea of better or worse in speech, is what is left over from noble and humble times. To the linguists, change is the only rule to obey. (9.______) They consider it to be equal with life and accuse their critics for being clock-revisers, enemies of freedom, menaces to “life.” (10.______)III. Cloze Test (20%)Directions. Fill in the each of the blanks .in the following passages with one suitable word.Beijing wins 2008 GamesDELIGHT and ecstasy still could be seen on the faces of the Chinese people after the historic announcement that Beijing had been 1 the 2008 Olympics last Friday.In a secret, 2 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) chose Beijing 3 Toronto, Paris, Istanbul, and Osaka.Beijing prevailed it the second round of voting by a wide 4 - 56 votes to Beijing, 22 for Toronto, l8 for Paris and nine for Istanbul. Osaka had been 5 after getting just six votes in the first round “This will be very beneficial for China and for the rest of the world”said IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch who stepped down on Monday after 21 years as president.“This has a huge meaning for us,” said Zhang Mingeng, a real estate mogul in Beijing “It 6 a recognition of China by the international community.”The IOC victory is 7 of two major events facing China this year, each with great 8 for the future of China and its political system.In 9 , China is expected to enter the World Trade Organization (WTO) and agree to market-opening measures “Both the Olympics and the WTO symbolize a great 10 for China.” said Zhang “They are both 11 and opportunities.”“Obviously the I2 is going to be good for economic growth and job opportunities,” said Pan Yong, a taxi driver “I will take time to learn English to be a 13 to welcome thousands of foreign tourists and 14 to Beijing in 2008”“It’s an 15 for Beijing to improve 16 and public transportation Life will soon be much better in Beijing.” said Jiang Zhang a student at Beijing Language and Cultural University “The opening ceremony should be 17 something that can embody our cultural tradition.our specific ethnic features, and it should be 18 in one’s lifetime. In 2008, I’ll definitely go to the gyms and 19 for the athletes. Now I will do what I can to help the Olympics 20 well.”“We hope to be interpreters at that time to help the foreigners who come to Beijing,” said Felix Zimmermann from Germany, who studies in Beijing Language and Cultural University.IV. Reading Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: This part consists of two passages. In this part them are 10 questions to be answered. Choose the best answer to each question. (20points)Passage OneA folk culture is a small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous m custom and race, with a strong family or clay structure and highly developed rituals, Order is maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family, and interpersonal relationships are strong. Tradition is paramount, and change comes infrequently and slowly. There is relatively little division of labor into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expected to perform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes Most goods are handmade, and a subsistence economy prevails individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures, as are social classes. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modem equivalent inAnglo-America is the Amish, a German American fanning sect that renounces the products and labor saving devices of the industrial age. in Amish areas, horse-drawn buggies still serve as a local transportation device, and the faithful are not pertained to own automobiles. The Amish’ s central religious concept of Demut, “humility”, clearly reflects the weakness of individualism and social class so typical of folk cultures, and there is a corresponding strength of Amish group identity. Rarely do the Amish marry outside their sect. The religion, a variety of the Mennonite faith, provides the principal mechanism for maintaining orderBy contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and constantly changing. Relationships tend to be impersonal, and a pronounced division &labor exists, leading to the establishment of many specialized professions. Secular institutions, of control such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order, and a money-based economy prevails. “Because of these contrasts, “popular” may be viewed as clearly different from “folk”. The popular is replacing the folk in industrialize d countries and in many developing nations, Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or rune saving to use, or lends more prestige to the owner1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Two decades in modern society.(B) The influence of industrial technology.(C) The characteristics of “folk” and “popular” societies.(D) The specialization of labor in Canada and the United States.2. Which of the following is typical of folk cultures?(A) There is a money-based economy(B) Social change occurs slowly.(C) Contact with other cultures is encouraged(D) Each person develops one specialized skill.3. What does the author imply about the United States and Canada9(A) They value folk cultures.(B) They have no social classes.(C) They have popular cultures(D) They do not value individualism4. Which of the following statements about Amish beliefs does the passages support?(A) A variety of religious practices is tolerated.(B) Individualism and competition are important(C) Pre modern technology is preferred.(D) People are defined according to their class.5. Which of the following is NOT given as a reason why folk-made objects are replaced by mass-produced objects?(A) Cost.(B) Prestige.(C) Quality.(D) Convenience.Passage TwoTelevision has transformed politics in the United States by changing the way in which information is disseminated, by altering political campaigns, and by changi ng citizens’ patterns of response to politics. By giving citizens independent access to the candidates, television diminished the role of political parry in the selection of the major party candidates. By centering politics on the person of the candidates, television accelerated the citizen’s focus on character rather than issues.Television has altered the forms of political communication as well. The messages on which most of us rely on are briefer than they once were. The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians and lasting 11/2 to 2 hours, which characterized, ad nineteenth-century political discourse, has given way to the 30-second advertisement and the 10 second “sound bite: in broadcast news. Increasingly the audience for speeches is not that standing in front of the politician but rather the viewing audience who will hear and see a snippet of the speech on the news.In these abbreviated forms, much of what constituted the traditional political discourse of earlier ages has been lost. In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issues in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others. In snippets, politicians assert but do not argue.Because television is an intimate medium, speaking through it required a changed political style that was more conversational, personal, and visual than that of the old-style stump speech. Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words: Schools teach us to analyze words and print. However, in a word in which polities is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills.R ecognizing the power of television’s pictures, politicians craft televised, staged events, called pseudo-events, designed to attract media coverage Much of the political activity we see on television, news has been crafted by politicians, their speechwriters, and their public relationsadvisers for televised consumption Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements6. What is the mare point of the passage?(A) Citizens in the United States are now more reformed about political issues because of television coverage.(B) Citizens m the United States prefer to see politicians on television instead of in person(C) Polities in the United States has become substantially more controversial since the introduction of television.(D) Politics m the United States has been significantly changed by television.7. It can be inferred that before the introduction of television, political parties(A) had more influence over the selection of political candidates.(B) spent more money to promote their political candidates.(C) attracted more members.(D) received more money8. According to the passage, as compared with televised speeches, traditional political discourse was more successful at(A) allowing news coverage of political candidates(B) placing political issues within a historical context(C) making politics seem more intimate to citizens(D) providing detailed information about candidate’s private behavior.9. The author states that “politicians asset but do not argue” (line 18) in order to suggest that politician(A) make claims without providing reasons for the claims.(B) make stronger positions on issues than in the past.(C) enjoy explaining the issues to broadcaster(D) dislike having to explain their own positions on issues” to citizens.10. Which of the following statements is supported by. the passage?(A) Political presentations today are more like advertisements than in the past.(B) Politicians today tend to be more familiar with the views of citizens than in the past(C) Citizens today are less informed about a politician’s character than in the past.(D) Political speeches today focus more on details about issues than in the past.Section BDirections: Give a brief answer to each of the questions listed at the end of the following passage. (10 points)The Irresponsibility That Spreads AIDSFrom NEW YORK TIMESALAN Z. MAYERThe Centers for Disease control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that more than 650,000 people in the United States are HIV positive, with at least 40,000 people newly infected every year. In a recent study, 40 percent of sexually active HIV patients did not inform a sex partner about their condition.Despite the new drug therapies being developed, the of the AIDS epidemic is not m sight. Prevention is as important as enter. In the following essay, the author, who is HIV positive, shedsprovocative yet necessary light on an important way, to slow the spread of this deadly virus.NEARL Y three years ago I tested positive for HIV. Since then I have discovered a support system that steadfastly refuses to encourage responsible behavior, and a society whose silence ensures the continued spread of this disease.Most HIV-positive people I have encountered do not voluntarily disclose their status to potential partners. Indeed, even people in long-term relationships lie about their status. These are the realities of HIV transmission today.The people I am talking about are the nothing like Nushawn Williams, the drug dealer who is believed to have infected numerous people in New York State. They did not grow up in ghettos surrounded by street gangs. They come from stable homes in safe neighborhoods They went to high school and college and graduate school.They remain silent because it is difficult to tell the truth, and because their friends and community support them in their silence. Their doctors, psychiatrists, even the .AIDS organizations they call for help, offer comfort and sympathy but don’t necessarily encourage them to tell the truth.We are more than 15 years into the AIDS epidemic, and I have been asked my status by prospective partners only twice Since testing positive, I’ve made a point of disclosing my status to any potential partner, all but one told me I was the first person to do so. Each believed that if he practiced safe sex, there would be no need to know.I practiced safe sex. There is no such thing as safe sex, only levels of risk that one must choose. In making that choice, a partner’s HIV stares is the critical piece of information.Leading advocacy groups have perpetuated the culture of irresponsibility. Last year when I called the hot line for Gay Men’s Health Crisis, one of the nation’s leading AIDS service agencies, I was advised to “experiment”-informing some partners of my HIV status while remaining silent with others. In this way I could decide which was more comfortable for me.The CDC will only “suggest that you might want to consider informing your partner,” a hot-line counselor told me. Counselors at the San Francisco AIDS Foundation said it was their job to dispense information, not moral or ethical recommendations, and, again, that I must do what makes me feel-comfortable.We are not talking about comfortable here. We are talking about life and death.The emphasis on the indiv idual’s right, without an equally strong emphasis on the individual’s responsibility, is wrong and is a direct cause of the spread of this disease.Groups such as the Gay Men’s Health Crisis claim they cannot dictate behavior. But that is all the more reason that ADIS organizations have a responsibility to encourage people who are HIV positive to do what is right.For year the AIDS community has rallied around the battle cry “Silenco=Death.” What it has failed to realize is that silence comes in many forms and that all are lethal.Questions:1 What are the main reasons that caused AIDS to spread so quickly nowadays from the point of view of the author, a HIV positive? Give examples to specify your views.2. What measures does the human beings have to take to cope with the problem according to the author? And then what do you think should be done to protect people from being infected by that terrible disease?二、英文写作(20%)V. Writing (20%)Discuss the challenges and opportunities that China is facing with its entry into of the World Trade Organization (Your essay should contain no less than 800 words).参考答案中国人民大学2002年研究生入学考题库库招生专业：英语语言文学考试科目：基础英语英文写作一、基础英语(8o%)I. V ocabulary and Written Expressions (10%)Directions: Write in the blank the letter of the item which best completes each sentence.1. The high rate of species extinctions in these environments is____A___, but it is important to recognize the significance of biological diversity in all ecosystems.A. impartialB. joltingC. integratingD. converting2. Today, the railway remains the backbone of Russia’s___A_____, and Moscow intends to take its economic potential to the limit.A. infrastructure B structure C. discipline D. foundation3. Not getting a _____C__job is calamitous, but the consequences of being held up are seldom that serious.A. covetedB. prominent C worthwhile D. wicked4. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or____D_____, to name only a few personality gaits.A. pedagogicB. discernibleC. evaporatedD. exuberant5. Traffic ____B___ are less likely to irritate if you are not hungry, thirsty, hot, cold or in desperate need of a bathroom.A. stipulationsB. congestionsC. tie-upsD. norms6. The most impatient people-the ones who ____D____ the waiting area and complained loudly.A. probeB. gropeC. propel D prowl7. In early jazz, musicians often ___A_____ melodies collectively, thus creating a kind of polyphony.A. improvised B agitated C. frazzled D. facilitated8. If we can accept that the world is our s to enjoy but not made for our convenience, we’ll be better able to move through it equably, more patient with the ordinary ____B___of life and a good companion to our fellow human beings - and to ourselves.A. evolutionB. vicissitudesC. vicinityD. validity9. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or ___A____ by the United States or by any State on account of sex.A. abridgedB. patronizedC. abbreviatedD. Envisaged10 US President George Bush rejected the____B____, fearing that cutting the use of fossils fuel would damage.A. propositionB. protocolC. hypothesisD. ProposalII. Directions: In this passage there are altogether l0 mistakes. Try to detect the mistakes and write out your corrected answer in the numbered bracket. (20 %)Despite the modem desire to be easy and casual, Americans from time to tame give thought to the language they use, to grammar, vocabulary, and official languages And, as at other issues, they divide into two parties. (1.______) The larger, which Includes everybody from the plain people to the professional writer, takes for granted that there is a fight way to use words and construct sentences and many wrong ways. The right way is believed to be clearer, simpler, more logical, and hence more likely to prevent error and confusion. Good writing is easier to be read’, it offers a pleasant combination of sound and sense. (2.______)Against this majority view is the doctrine of an opposing minority, who .make up their small number by their great world of scholarship. (3._______) They are the professional linguists who deny that there is such a thing as correctness. The language, they say, is what anybody and very body speaks. Hence there must be no interference with which they regard as a product of nature.(4._____) They advocate all attempts at guiding choice; (5.______) their governing principle is summed up in the title of a speech by a distinguishable member of the profession: “Can Native Speakers of a L anguage Make Mistakes?” (6.______)Within the profession of linguists there are, of course, no fighting factions, but, on this conception of language as a natural growth with which it is criminal to interfere, (7._____) they, are at one. In their arguments one finds appeals to feelings of social iniquity (all words and forms are equally good) (8.______) and individual freedom (one may do what one likes with one’ s own speech). These beliefs further suggest that the desire for correctness, the very idea of better or worse in speech, is what is left over from noble and humble times. To the linguists, change is the only rule to obey. (9.______) They consider it to be equal with life and accuse their critics for being clock-revisers, enemies of freedom, menaces to “life.” (10.______)参考答案1. as at other issues---------as on other issues2. it ( ) offers a pleasant combination-----------and it offers a pleasant combinatin3.who make up their small number-----------who makes up their small number4.interference with ( ) which they regard as a product of nature-----------interference with language which they regard as a product of nature5.attempts at guiding choice----------attempts on guiding choice6.a distinguishable member----------a distinguished member7.there are, of course, no fighting factions---------there are, of course, fighting factions8.feelings of social iniquity-------------------feelings of social equity9.one may do what one likes ( ) with one’s own speech------------one may do what one likes to with one’s own speech10.accuse their critics for being clock-reviser----------accuse their critics of being clock-reviserIII. Cloze Test (20%)Directions. Fill in the each of the blanks .in the following passages with one suitable word.Beijing wins 2008 GamesDELIGHT and ecstasy still could be seen on the faces of the Chinese people after the historic announcement that Beijing had been 1 the 2008 Olympics last Friday.In a secret, 2 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) chose Beijing 3 Toronto, Paris, Istanbul, and Osaka.Beijing prevailed it the second round of voting by a wide 4 - 56 votes to Beijing, 22 for Toronto, l8 for Paris and nine for Istanbul. Osaka had been 5 after getting just six votes in the first round “This will be very beneficial for China and for the rest of the world”said IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch who stepped down on Monday after 21 years as president.“This has a huge meaning for us,” said Zhang Mingeng, a real estate mogul in Beijing “It 6 a recognition of China by the international community.”The IOC victory is 7 of two major events facing China this year, each with great 8 for the future of China and its political system.In 9 , China is expected to enter the World Trade Organization (WTO) and agree to market-opening measures “Both the Olympics and the WTO symbolize a great 10 for China.” said Zhang “They are both 11 and opportunities.”“Obviously the I2 is going to be good for economic growth and job opportunities,” said Pan Yong, a taxi driver “I will take time to learn English to be a 13 to welcome thousands of foreign tourists and 14 to Beijing in 2008”“It’s an 15 for Beijing to improve 16 and public transportation Life will soon be much better in Beijing.” said Jiang Zhang a student at Beijing Language and Cultural University “The opening ceremony should be 17 something that can embody our cultural tradition. our specific ethnic features, and it should be 18 in one’s lifetime. In 2008, I’ll definitely go to the gyms and 19 for the athletes. Now I will do what I can to help the Olympics 20 well.”“We hope to be interpreters at that time to help the foreigners who come to Beijing,” s aid Felix Zimmermann from Germany, who studies in Beijing Language and Cultural University.参考答案1.awarded2.ballot3.over4.gap5.eliminated6.is7.one8.importance9.November10.gift11.challenges12.Olympics13.volunteer14.athletes15.opportunity16.environment17.made18.remembered19.cheer20.runningIV. Reading Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: This part consists of two passages. In this part them are 10 questions to be answered. Choose the best answer to each question. (20points)Passage OneA folk culture is a small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous m custom and race, with a strong family or clay structure and highly developed rituals, Order is maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family, and interpersonal relationships are strong. Tradition is paramount, and change comes infrequently and slowly. There is relatively little division of labor into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expected to perform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes Most goods are handmade, and a subsistence economy prevails individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures, as are social classes. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modem equivalent inAnglo-America is the Amish, a German American fanning sect that renounces the products and labor saving devices of the industrial age. in Amish areas, horse-drawn buggies still serve as a local transportation device, and the faithful are not pertained to own automobiles. The Amish’ s central religious concept of Demut, “humility”, clearly reflects the weakness of individualism and social class so typical of folk cultures, and there is a corresponding strength of Amish group identity. Rarely do the Amish marry outside their sect. The religion, a variety of the Mennonite faith, provides the principal mechanism for maintaining orderBy contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and constantly changing. Relationships tend to be impersonal, and a pronounced division &labor exists, leading to the establishment of many specialized professions. Secular institutions, of control such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order, and a money-based econ omy prevails. “Because of these contrasts, “popular” may be viewed as clearly different from “folk”. The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many developing nations, Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or rune saving to use, or lends more prestige to the owner1. What does the passage mainly discuss?------------------- C(A) Two decades in modern society.(B) The influence of industrial technology.(C) The characteristics of “folk” and “popular” societies.(D) The specialization of labor in Canada and the United States.2. Which of the following is typical of folk cultures?--------------------B(A) There is a money-based economy(B) Social change occurs slowly.(C) Contact with other cultures is encouraged(D) Each person develops one specialized skill.。
(NEW)中国人民大学外国语学院《816英语语言学与英语教学》历年考研真题及详解
目 录2007年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2006年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2005年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2004年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2003年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2002年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解2007年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解I. Fill in the blanks with the right linguistic concepts (10 points). 1.Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the ______ it is associated with. 2. ______ s a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix of a longer form already present in the language. For example，the verb edit was formed from editor by dropping the supposed derivational suffix -or. 3.Some morphemes like –ish,-ness，-ly，-dis，trans-.un- are never words by themselves but are always parts of words. These affixes are ______ morphemes. 4. ______ an be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. 5. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, which is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening，writing and reading. The lager is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors. 6. H.P.Grice believes that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle. According to the maximum of ______: Do not say what you believe to be false or for which you lack evidence. In other words，speak truthfully; do not lie. 7. ______ proposes that every speaker knows a set of principals which apply to all languages and also a set of parameters that can vary from one language to another, but only within certain limits. 8. ______ refers to varieties of a language used by individual speakers，with peculiarities of pronunciation，grammar and vocabulary. In fact，no two speakers speak exactly the same dialect. Each speaker has certain characteristic features of his own in his way of speaking. 9.According to ______ period hypothesis，in child development there is a period during which language can be acquired more easily than at any other time. The period lasts until puberty (around age 12 or 13 years), and is due to biological development.10. ______ refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.答案：I. 1. meaning2.Back-formation3.bound4.Pragmaticsngue6.quality7. Generative Grammar8.Idiolect9.Critical10.CohesionII. Give short answer to the following questions (10 points)I. Explain criterion-referenced and norm-referenced language tests.答案：Tests can be categorized into two major groups: norm-referenced tests and criterion-referenced tests. These two tests differ in their intended purposes, the way in which content is selected, and the scoring process which defines how the test results must be interpreted.A test that measures student knowledge and understanding in relation to specific standards or performance objectives is called criterion-referenced testing (CRT). It measures students’ performance in relation to standards, not in relation to other students; all students may earn the highest grade if all meet the established performance criteria. CRTs report how well students are doing relative to a pre-determined performance level on a specified set of educational goals or outcomes included in the school, district, or state curriculum.A test designed to measure and compare individual students’performances or text results to those of an appropriate peer group (that is,norm group) at the classroom, local or, national level is called norm-referenced testing (NRT). Students with the best performance on a given assessment receive the highest grades. It is generally used to help teachers select students for different ability level reading or mathematics instructional groups.2. Explain the seven types of meaning and use examples to illustrate your ideas.答案：The seven types of meaning were first postulated by G. Leech. They are respectively illustrated as follows:(1) Conceptual meaning, which refers to logical, cognitive, or denotative content. This type of meaning is “denotative” in that it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to. It overlaps to a large extent to the concept of reference, but Leech also uses the short form “sense” for the same indication. So Leech’s conceptual meaning contains two parts: sense and reference.(2) Connotative meaning, what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to. It refers to some additional, especially emotive, meaning.(3) Social meaning, referring to what is communicated of the social circumstances of language use.(4) Affective meaning, which refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.(5) Reflected meaning, which refers to what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression.(6) Collocative meaning, what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.The five types of meanings from (2) to (6) are collectively known as Associative meaning in the sense that an elementary associationist theory of mental connections is enough to explain their use.(7) Thematic meaning, what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis. It is more peripheral since it is only determined by the order of the words in a sentence and the different prominence they each receive.III. Read the following passage carefully and then state your own position concerning the use of knowing some linguistics. (10 points) One famous scholar says that language is an interesting subject to study on its own right, for the simple reason that everybody uses it every day. It is unbelievable that we know very little about something we are so familiar with. Just a few questions will arouse our interest in language. Why should we call the thing we sit on chair? Can’t we call chair table and table chair? How is it that children don’t seem to make a big effort in learning their first language while we adults have to work very hard to learn a second language? Why can we talk about yesterday and last year while cats and dogs never seem to make noises about their past experience? Do you think we can think as clearly without language as with language? Does language determine what we think or thought determines what we say? These questions make us curious about language and linguistics can satisfy our curiosity. To seek the answer to any of these questions is a good reason for studying linguistics.答案：Language is essential to human beings; it plays a central role in our lives as individual and social beings. We have to be fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, or we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity. Therefore, there is every necessity to study language. And Linguistics serves as a way for us to learn more about language, and to explain some phenomena which we have taken granted for but which in fact is quite interesting or puzzling. For example, with the help of linguistics, people could explain why we call the thing we sit on a “chair”but not a “cat” or “dog”, or why we can talk about yesterday and even tomorrow while animals can not. These two kinds of phenomena are all attributed to the design features of language which make it unique from and advantageous over animal languages. The linguists have found that human language is arbitrary because there is no “natural” connection between a linguistic and its meaning. What’s more, human language has also the property of displacement which enables the language users to talk about things and events not present in the immediate environment.Linguistics does not only try to explain the phenomena of language itself, but also try to study the interrelation between it and other aspects of the whole human society. Thus, we have sociolinguistics, which studies the relation of language with society, and which tries to clear out the relationship of language to the society and culture; psycholinguistics, which aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when we use language, how we as infants acquire our mother tongue, how we memorize, and how we process the information we receive in the course of communication; applied linguistics, which relates some findings in linguistic studies to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability, foreignlanguage teachings.Of course, the present linguistic studies can not explain adequately all the phenomena concerned with language, for example, whether it is language determines culture or that culture determines language. Even with the theories which seem to work well on certain aspects of language we should not stay satisfied; for the theory is now accepted as true only because it haven’t been proved wrong.2006年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解I. Fill in the blanks with the right linguistic concepts (22 points).1. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as (1) and (2) . The former refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing.2. (3) grammars attempt to tell what is in the language, while (4) grammars tell people what should be in the language. Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described.3. (5) studies how the speech sounds are made, transmitted, and received, and (6) studies the rules governing the structure, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.4. Words which have different meanings but are written differently and sound alike are called (7) .5. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is (8) and performance.6. There are two fields of morphology: the study of (9) and the study of (10) .7. “The world is like a stage” is an example of (11) , and “All theworld is a stage” is an example o-f (12) . They are often used in analyzing features of literary language.8. (13) studies meaning in language, (14) s about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences, and (15) is concerned with the internal organization of words. They are all among the main branches of linguistics.9. (16) is the study of the language-processing mechanisms. It is concerned with the storage, comprehension, production and acquisition of language; (17) , on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. They both belong to branches of macrolinguistics.10. The part of linguistics that studies the language of literature is called (18) . It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.11. Children frequently say tooths and mouses, instead of teeth and mice. These are examples of (19) .12. (20) is a relatively complex form of compounding in which a new word is formed by joining the initial part of one word and the final part of another word.For example, the English word smog is made from (21) and (22) .答案：(1) langue (2) parole (3) descriptive (4) prescriptive (5) phonetics(6) phonology (7) homophones (8) competence (9) inflectional (10) lexical/derivational (11) simile (12) metaphor (13) semantics(14) syntax(15) morphology (16) psycholinguistics (17) sociolinguistics (18) stylistics(19) overgeneralization (20) blending (21) smoke (22) fogII. Give brief definitions of the following terms (18 points).1. Phoneme2. CALL3. IC analysis4. Linguistic relativity5. Silent period6. Gradable antonym答案：1. Phoneme. It refers to the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language. For example, in English, /p/ is described as a phoneme.2. CALL. It is the abbreviation of computer-assisted language learning, which refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language. In this kind of CALL programs, the computer leads the student through a learning task step-by-step, asking questions to check comprehension. Depending on the student’s response, the computer gives the student further practice or progresses to new material.3. IC analysis. IC analysis (immediate constituent analysis) refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(orphrases),which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached. In practice, for the sake of convenience, we usually stop at the level of word.4. Linguistic relativity. This is one of two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. It states that similarity between languages is relative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world is. For example, not every language has the same set of words for the colors; in Spanish there is no word that corresponds to the English meaning of “blue”.5. Silent period. It refers to a period in the initial phase of the language acquisition process, during which children acquiring a new language in natural settings are silent and concentrate on comprehension. And they may respond, if necessary, only in a non-verbal way or by making use of a set of memorized phrases. This phenomenon is also observed when we see how children acquire their mother tongue.6. Gradable antonym. Gradable antonyms are antonyms that are gradable because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair. For example, cold and warm constitute a pair of gradable antonyms.III. Give Short answers to the following questions (40 points):1. In what ways do people cooperate in their conversations?答案：In daily conversations people do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them, and according to Grice, they seem to observe willingly or unwillingly certain principle, which is called “cooperativeprinciple”: “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs，by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”. Under this principle, there are four maxims, namely, Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner.2. How is the illocutionary act different from the perlocutionary act?答案：An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. Thus, if someone says “Morning”, we can ask questions like “What did he mean?” and the answer could be “He offered a greeting.”A perlocutionary act, however, is the effect of the utterance. By telling somebody something the speaker may change the opinion of the hearer on something, or mislead him, or surprise him, or induce him to do something, and so on. Therefore, the perlocutionary act of the saying “Morning” could be to keep friendly relations with the hearer.3. Why did Chomsky make the distinction between deep and Surface structures?答案：In generative grammar, deep structure is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence, the underlying level of structural organization which specifies all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted. On the other hand, surface structure is the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the input to the phonological component of the grammar, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure we articulate and hear.According to Chomsky, it is necessary to make the distinction, since it ishelpful to differentiate and analyze syntactic structures such as “John is easy to please” and “John is eager to please”, and also to disambiguate structures like “the shooting of the hunters”. More importantly, it reflects two of the stages of how the language is processed through the generative grammar: the deep structure, which an underlying structure, has to be transformed to the surface structure via a set of transformational rules.4.What are the major concerns of pragmatics?答案：Pragmatics is the study of the language in use. It is mainly about how speakers use language appropriately and effectively in accordance with a given context. It is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). It has more to do with participants of communication and context in which communication takes place. Hence the study of speaker meaning, that of contextual meaning, of what is unsaid but communicated.5. For the system of transitivity, Halliday identified six kinds of process, each with different types of participants. List four of the processes and comment on the effectiveness of such classification.答案：For the system of transitivity, Halliday has identified six kinds of process, and four of them are material process, relational process, behavioral process, and mental process.Such a classification has a lot to do with the systemic-functional approach of grammar interpretation. The classification of the system of transitivity helps reveal the functions of the components in relation to the whole clause; it is an interpretation of grammar in terms of ideationalfunction. These six types of process have divided up the semantic system of ideational function, by showing the various ways of language to react on the material world around us, and make sense of their experience of what goes on around them and inside them, or in other words, to perform the ideational function.IV. Answer the following questions, citing examples to support your ideas (40 points).1. What are the seven functions of human language?答案：According to Hu Zhuanglin, language has at least seven functions, and they are illustrated as follows:1) Informative function. It means that language is the instrument of thought and language serves an informational function when used to tell something. It is also called ideational function in the framework of functional grammar. The declarative sentences such as “This is a book.” are the typical illustration of this function.2) Interpersonal function. The interpersonal function means people can use language to establish and maintain their status in a society. It is the most important sociological use of language. In the framework of functional grammar, this function is concerned with interaction between the addresser and addressee in the discourse situation and the addresser's attitude toward what he speaks or writes about. For example, the ways in which people address others and refer to themselves (such as Dear Sir, Dear Professor, Johnny, yours, your obedient servant) indicate the various grades of interpersonal relations.3) Performative function. The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies. The kind of language employed in performative verbal acts is usually quite formal and even ritualized. The performative function can extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religious occasions. For example, in Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives.4) Emotive function. The emotive function is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something. It is a means of getting rid of the nervous energy when people are under stress, for example, swear words, obscenities, involuntary verbal reactions to beautiful art or scenery; conventional words/phrases, for example. God, My, Damn it, Wow, Ugh, Ow, etc.5) Phatic communion. The phatic communion refers to the social interaction of language. People always use some small, seemingly meaningless expressions such as Good morning, God bless you, Nice day, etc., to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without any factual content.6) Recreational function. The recreational function means people use language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a baby’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting.7) Metalingual function. The metalingual function refers to the fact that people can use language to talk about itself. For example, I can use the word “book” to talk about a book, and I can also use the expression “the word book” to talk about the sign “b-o-o-k” itself.2. What are the major types of semantic Changes?答案：There are mainly three kinds of semantic changes, namely, broadening, narrowing, and meaning shift. Class shift and folk etymology also contribute to change in meaning (1) BroadeningBroadening is a process to extend or elevate the meaning from its originally specific sense to a relatively general one．For instance，the word holiday used to mean“holy day”in religious English. Today it means“a day for rest”regardless of its religious nature.(2) NarrowingContrary to broadening，the original meaning of a word can be narrowed or restricted to a specific sense．A typical example is the word meat which originally meant "food". In the course of time, the range of meaning was narrowed to mean specifically "the flesh of animals used as food".(3) Meaning shiftAll semantic changes involve meaning shift．Yet, in its narrow sense, meaning shift refers to the change of meaning, which has nothing to do with generalization or restriction. What makes the meaning of a word different isits departure from its original domain as a result of its metaphorical usage. For instance，the word bead originally means “prayer”, but later it refers to “the prayer bead”, the visible manifestation of a prayer, finally “small, ball-shaped piece of glass, metal or wood”.(4) Class shiftBy shifting the word class one can change the meaning of a word from a concrete entity or notion to a process or attribution. This process of word formation is also known as zero-derivation, or conversion. The word engineer as a noun means “a person trained in a branch of engineering”, but it means “to act as an engineer” or “to plan, to maneuver” when used as a verb.(5) Folk etymologyIt refers to a change in form of a word or phrase resulting from an incorrect popular notion of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous. As a result of this modification，the word sparrowgrass in English derived from asparagus; the Spanish cucaracha changed into English cockroach．V. Translate the following into Chinese (30 points). Suppose that John Smith, happily married to Mary Smith, addresses his wife as “Mary, Smith, how many times have I asked you not to flip through the TV channels?” There would be reason to took beyond the words for the “meaning” of this unusual form of address. Mr. Smith may address his wife as “Mary Smith” to show his exasperation, as in this example. By addressing her as “Mary Smith” instead of the usual “Mary”, he conveys frustration and annoyance. His choice of name thus “means” that he is exasperated. Contrast the tone of that Sentence With a similar one in whichJohn Smith addressed Mary Smith as “dear”. The level of meaning that conveys the language user’s feelings, including his attitude or evaluation in shaping his use of language is Called affective meaning or emotive meaning. It is largely a parasitic category in the sense that to express our emotions we depend on the mediation of other categories of meaning as conceptual, connotative or social. For example, nigger, originally a word denoting a certain race, has virtually become a term of abuse or contempt; and a similar development has occurred with part of the political vocabulary, such as fascist.【参考译文】假设约翰·史密斯开心地娶了玛丽小姐后却这样称呼他的妻子：“玛丽·史密斯，我告诉过你多少次了，换台时不要老那么快！”撇开字面意思，这不寻常的称呼的出现是有理由的。
2002年中国人民大学考博英语真题试卷(精选)(题后含答案及解析)
2002年中国人民大学考博英语真题试卷（精选）(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English Translation 6. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．He seemed reluctant to send his troops in an effort to discourage the______peasants.A．animatedB．rebelliousC．creasedD．impassive正确答案：B解析：本题意为“他似乎不太愿意用他的军队去阻止起义的农民”。
rebellious 的意思是“反叛的，反抗的”，如：a rebellious behaviour(反叛行为)。
其他三项animated“活泼的，生动的”，creased“有折痕的”，impassive“冷漠的”都不符合题意，因此正确答案为B。
2．The company will______to its agreement, no matter how costly the process may be.A．retainB．alterC．abandonD．adhere正确答案：D解析：本题意为“该公司将信守协议，不论这一过程的代价有多大”。
adhere 的意思是“坚持”，与to构成常用词组，如：I will adhere to this opinion until contrary facts appear．(如果没有相反的事实，我将坚持我的意见。
)其他三项retain“保持，保留”，alter“改变”，abandon“放弃，遗弃”都与题意不符，因此D项为正确答案。
3．The drug store at the corner of our street sells aspirins and______penicillin prescriptions.A．dispensesB．disposesC．dispersesD．dispatches正确答案：B解析：本题意为“街角上的药店出售阿斯匹林和处方盘尼西林”。
陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》（考研真题精选选择题）【圣才出品】
陈新仁《英语语⾔学实⽤教程》（考研真题精选选择题）【圣才出品】⼆、选择题1.The maxim of_____requires that a participant’s contribution be relevant to the conversation.（对外经贸⼤学2015研）A.quantityB.qualityC.mannerD.relation【答案】D【解析】在语⾔学中，The Cooperative Principles(合作原则)包括：Quantity Maxim(数量准则)；Quality Maxim(质量准则)；Relation Maxim(关系准则)；MannerMaxim(⽅式准则)。
其中关系准则要求说话要贴切，要有关联(be relevant)，不答⾮所问。
因此答案选D。
2.Derivational morpheme contrasts sharply with inflectional morpheme in that the former changes the_____while the latter does not.（北⼆外2017研）A.meaningB.word classC.formD.speech sound【答案】B【解析】morpheme语素，分为⾃由语素和粘着语素，其中粘着语素包括词根和词缀两种类型，词缀分为派⽣词缀（derivational affixes）和屈折词缀（inflectional affixes）。
派⽣词缀粘附在词根语素上构成新词，也即增加了新的词汇义内容或改变了词的类别归属。
屈折词缀只能改变⼀个词的形式，不能构成新词。
也即屈折词缀增加的是表⽰句法范畴的意义，并且总是不改变词的类别归属。
即两者重要区别在于是否改变了词的类别，故B为正确答案。
3.“Wife”,which used to refer to any woman,stands for“a married woman”in modern English.This phenomenon is knownas_____.（西安交⼤2008研）A.semantic shiftB.semantic broadeningC.semantic elevationD.semantic narrowing【答案】D【解析】词义缩⼩是指原来的词义缩⼩或被限制到某个明确的意义上。
2003年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2003年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解Ⅰ.Linguistics (20 points)1. What is acoustic phonetics?答案：Acoustic phonetics is a technical area of linguistics. It is the study of sound waves made by the human vocal organs for communication.2. What is register? Use an example to illustrate your idea.答案：There are many social constraints that come into play in controlling which variety from the linguistic repertoire of a speaker is to be used on a particular occasion. The type of language that is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. The register is determined by three social variables: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse. For example, an appropriate language to an academic lecture in a college should be formal and polite, which is called register.3. Is there a general trend in language change? Cite examples to support your idea. 答案：There are some recent trends in language change. Firstly, language moves towards greater informality. A London bus notice says, “Please do not speak to the driver while he is driving.” Years ago, this would have been: “Passengers are required not to communicate with the driver while the vehicle is in notion.”Secondly, the influence of American English can be seen. Though petrol, autumn, lift and pavement have not surrendered to gasoline, fall, elevator and sidewalk, words like teenager and commuter have now become well established in British English. Thirdly, English is also influenced by science and technology. As science and technology develop, new words and expressions have been coined one after another, such as space suit and moonscape in space travel, and program and input in computer and internet language.4. Is American English superior to African English? Why or why not?答案：American English is not superior to African English. As different branches of English, African English and American English are equal. Similar as they are, they are influenced by their respective cultural context and thus form respective systems of pronunciation, words and even grammar.。
中国人民大学英美文学、英美文化2002真题
中国人民大学2002年研究生入学考试试题招生专业：英语语言文学考试科目：英美文学英美文化考试时间：1月28日上午考试编号：532一、英美文学（55%）Ⅰ. Explain briefly the following terms; mention an author or a literary work that may be associated with each of the terms defined. (12%)1. “Trilogy of Desire”2. allegory3. transcendentalism4. terza rima5. ballad6. free verseⅡ. Place the following works in their proper century; indicate whether each is a poem, a play, a novel, etc, and give the full name of the author. (20%)1. The Vicar of Wakefield2. Nature3. The Sound and the Fury4. Measure for Measure5. The Canterbury Tales6. The Forsyte Sagea7. Innocents Abroad8. North of Boston9. The Rainbow10. The Wild Honey SuckleⅢ. Identify the following quotations by giving the title of each work and the full name of its author, and explain the implications of the underlined parts. (12%)1. Sunset and evening star,And one clear call for me!And may there be no moaning of the bar,When I put out to sea,But such a tide as moving seems asleep,Too full for sound and foam,When that which drew from out the boundless deepTurns again home.Twilight and evening bell,And after that the dark!And may there be no sadness of farewell,When I embark;For though from out our boume of Time and PlaceThe flood may bear me far,I hope to see my Pilot face to faceWhen I have crossed the bar.2. The heart that feels not now is dead; the blood of his children will curse his cowardice, who shrinks back at a time when a little might have saved the whole, and made them happy. I love the man that can smile in trouble, that can gather strength from distress, and grow brave by reflection. ’Tis the business of little minds to shrink; but he whose heart is firm, and whose conscience approves his conduct, will pursue his principles unto death. My own line seasoning is to myself as straight and clear as a ray of light. Not all the treasures of the world, so far as I believe, could have induced me to support an offensive war, for I think it murder; but if a thief breaks into my house, burns and destroys my property, and kills or threatens to kill me, or those that are in it, and to “bind me in all cases whatsoever” to his absolute will, am I to suffer it? What signifies it to me, whether he who does it is a king or a common man; my countryman or not my countryman; whether it be done by an individual villain, or an army of them? If we reason to the root of things we shall find no difference; neither can any just cause be assigned why we should punish in the one case and pardon in the other. Let them call me rebel, and welcome, I feel no concern from it; but I should suffer the misery of devils, were I to make a whore of my soul by swearing allegiance to one whose character is that of a sottish, stupid, stubborn, worthless, brutish man. I conceive likewise a horrid idea in receiving mercy from a being, who at the last day shall be shrieking to the rocks and mountains to cover him, and fleeing with terror from the orphan, the widow, and the slain of America.3. Lady Sneer. The paragraphs, you say, Mr. Snake, were all inserted?Snake. They were, madam; and I copied them myself in a feigned hand, there can be no suspicion whence they came.Lady Sneer. Did you circulate the report of Lady Britle’s intrigue with Captain Boastall?Snake. That’s in as fine a train as your ladyship could wish. In the common course of things, I think it must reach Mrs. Clackitt’s ears within four-and-twenty hours; and then, you know, the business is as good as done.Lady Sneer. Why, truly, Mrs. Clackitt has a very pretty talent, and a great deal of industry.Snake. True, madam, and has been tolerably successful in her day. To my knowledge, she has been the cause of six matches being broken off, and three sons being disinherited; of four forced elopements, and as many close confinements; nine separate maintenances, and two divorces. Nay, I have more than once traced her causing a , in the Town and Country te e t a te e t ∧∧--`Magazine when the parties, perhaps, had never seen each other’s face before m the course of their lives.4. Beside an irrigation ditch a preacher labored and the people cried. And the preacher paced like a tiger, whipping the people with his voice, and they groveled and whined on the ground. He calculated them, gauged them, played on them, and when they were all squirming on the ground he stooped down and of his great strength he picked each one up in his arms and shouted, Take ’em, Christ! And threw each one in the water. And when they were all in, waist deep in the water, and looking with frightened eyes at the master, he knelt down on the bank and he prayed for them and he prayed that all men and women might grovel and whine on the ground. Men andwomen, dripping, clothes sticking, tight, watched; then gurgling and sloshing in their shoes they waked back to the camp, to the tents, and they talked softly in wonder:We been saved, they said. We’re washed white as snow. We won’t never sin again.And the children, frightened and wet, whispered together:We been saved. We won’t sin no more.Wisht I knowed what all the sins was, so I could do ‘em.The emigrant people looked humbly for pleasure on the roads.Ⅵ. Read the following passages and answer the related questions. (11%)1. Canto I1Oh, thou! In Hellas deemed of heavenly birth,Muse! Formed or fabled at the minstrel’s will!Since shamed full oft by later lyres on earth,Mine dares not call thee from thy vaunted rill;Yes! Signed o’er Delphi’s long-deserted shrine,Where, save that feeble fountain, all is still;Nor mote my shell awake the weary NineTo grace so plain a tale-this lowly lay of mine.2Whilome in Albion’s isle there dwelt a youth,Who ne in virtue’s ways did take delight;But spent his days in riot most uncouth,And vexed with mirth the drowsy ear of Night.Ah, me! In sooth he was a shameless wight,Sore given to revel and ungodly glee;Few earthly things found favor in his sightSave concubines and carnal companie,And flaunting wassailers of high and low degree.(1) Discuss Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, from which the above lines are quoted. Is the poem a mere travelogue? What are the unique features that you perceive in it?(2) What are some of its qualities that, upon its publication in 1812, made Byron at one stroke the best known and most talked about English poet?2. “Now what’s your point of view?” she asked of her aunt. “When you criticize everything here you should have a point of view. Yours doesn’t seem to be American--you thought everything over there so disagreeable. When I have mine; it’s thoroughly American!”“My dear young lady,” said Mrs. Touchett, “there are as many points of view in the world as there are people of sense to take them. You may say that doesn’t make them very numerous. American? Never in the world; that’s shockingly narrow. My point of view, thank God, is personal!”Isabel thought this a better answer than she admitted; it was a tolerable description of her own manner of judging, but it would not have sounded well for her to say so. On the lips of aperson less advanced in life and less enlightened by experience than Mrs. Touchett such a declaration would savor of immodesty, even of arrogance. She risked it nevertheless in talking with Ralph, with whom she talked a great deal and with whom her conversation was of a sort that gave a large licence to extravagance. Her cousin used, as the phrase is, to chaff her; he very soon established her a reputation for treating everything as a joke, and he was not a man to neglect the privileges such a reputation conferred She accused him of an odious want of seriousness, of laughing at all things, beginning with himself. Such slender faculty of reverence as he possessed centred wholly upon his father's son, this gentleman’s weak lungs, his useless life, his fantastic mother, his friends (Lord Warburton in especial), his adopted, and his native country, his charming newfound cousin. “I keep a band of music in my ante-room,” he said once to her. “It has orders to play without stopping; it renders me two excellent services. It keeps the sounds of the world from reaching the private apartments, and it makes the world thistle that dancing’s going on within.” It was dance-music indeed that you usually heard when you came within ear-shot of Ralph’s band; the liveliest waltzes seemed to float upon the air. Isabel often found herself irritated by this perpetual fiddling; she would have liked to pass through the ante-shot as her cousin called it, and enter the private apartments, it mattered little that he had assured her they were a very dismal place; she would have been glad to undertake to sweep them and set them in order. It was but half-hospitality to let her remain outside; to punish him for which Isabel administered innumerable taps with the ferule of her straight young wit. It must be said that her wit was exercised to a large extent in self-defence, for her cousin mused himself with calling her “Columbia” and accusing her of a patriotism so heated that it scorched. He drew a caricature of her in which she was represented as a very pretty young woman dressed, on the lines of the prevailing fashion, in the folds of the national banner. Isabel's chief dread in life at this period of her development was that she should appear narrow-minded; what she feared next afterwards was that she should really be so. But she nevertheless made no scruple of abounding in her cousin's sense and pretending to for the charms of her native land. She would be as American as it pleased him to regard her, and ff he chose to laugh at her she would give him plenty of occupation. She defended England against his mother, but when Ralph sang its praises on purpose, as she said, to work her up, she found herself able to differ from him on a variety of points. In fact, the quality, of this small ripe country seemed as sweet to her as the taste of an October pear: and her satisfaction was at the root of the good spirits which enabled her to take her cousin's chaff and return it in kind. If her good humour flagged at moments it was not because she thought herself ill-used, but because she suddenly felt sorry fro Ralph. It seemed to her he was talking as a blind and had little heart in what he said.(1) The above passage is quoted from Henry James’s novel The Portrait of a Lady. Identify and explore in the novel some of the reasons why James was attacked and ridiculed during his lifetime.(2) How do you view; itch attacks and James influence on English二、英语文化（45%）Ⅰ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one proper word (10%):1. The Odyssey deals with the return of (1) after the Trojan war to his home island of Ithaca. It describes many adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage mad how finally he was reunited with Iris faithful (2) Penelope.2. Plato was by far the most important of Socrates' associates and is a perfect example of the pupil who becomes greater than his master. The __(3)__ he founded in 386 BC was a center of philosophical investigation and many of his ideas were later absorbed in __(4)__ thought.3. The year 27 BC divided the history of Roman into two periods: before then, Rome had been a republic; in that year, Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of__(5)__.4. The religions of both the Greeks and the Romans were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified--Greek Zeus with Roman__(6)__, Greek __(7)_ with Roman Venus, and so on--and their myths to be fused.5. Hebrews or Israelites had a direct influence on the civilization of the West. They conceived a religion based on belief in a single Mt-powerful __(8)__who ruled over all peoples and the entire universe. This religion of the Jews, known as __(9)__, became the basis of two later religions also of great importance: Christianity and Islam.6. Jesus taught the faithful to abandon sin and worldly concerns; to follow him and his way; to follow the moral code described in the __(10) on the __(11)__, which preached love, charity; and humility; and to believe in him and his divine mission.7. During the Middle Ages, the great rivals, besides the Church, of the British king’s authority were the powerful local chiefs, called barons, and at one stage they make King John signa document known as the __(12)__ __(13)__ by which he promised to recognize their rights.8. In the British system of government, the leader of the party with the largest number of the largest number of members returned to the House of__(14)__ during the ( 15)___ __(16)__ becomes the Prime Minister.9. In the United States, a case subject to federal jurisdiction is heard first before a federal district judge, and then appeal may be made to the __( 17)___ Court of Appeals, and finally to the __( 18)__ Court.10. In the most devastating __(19)___ onslaught ever waged against the United States on September 11, 2001, hijackers crashed two airliners into the World Trade Center, toppling its twin l l0-story towers. The deadly calamity was witnessed on televisions across the world as another plane slammed into the __(20)__, and a fourth crashed outside Pittsburgh.Ⅱ. Explain briefly the following terms (10%): 1. Herodotus 2. the Sophists3. Parthenon4. Marcus Tullius Cicero5. the Vulgate6. Angry Young Men7. IRA8. Progressivism9. Civil Rights Movements10 American studiesⅢ. State the main idea of each of the following quotations and then make a brief comment on each of them (10%):1. But putting parables aside, I am unable to understand how any one with a knowledge ofmankind can imagine that the growth of science can threaten the development of art in any of its forms, if l understand the matter at all, science and an are the obverse and reverse of Nature’s medal, the one expressing the eternal order of things, in terms of feeling, the other in terms of thought. When men no longer love nor hate; when suffering causes no pity, and the tale of great deeds ceases to thrill, when the lily of the field shall seem no longer more beautifully arrayed than Solomon in all his glory, and the awe has vanished from the snow-capped peak and deep ravine, then indeed science may have the world to itself, but it will not be because the monster has devoured art, but because one side of human nature is dead, and because men have lost the half of their ancient and present attributes.By Thomas Henry Huxley (British biologist)2. It is well that young men should begin at the beginning and occupy the most subordinate positions. Many of the leading businessmen of Pittsburgh had a serious responsibility thrust upon them. They were introduced to the broom, and spent the first hours of their business lives sweeping out the office. I notice we have janitors and janitresses now in offices, and our young men unfortunately miss that salutary branch of a business education. But if by chance the professional sweeper is absent any morning, the boy who has the genius of the future partner in him will not hesitate to try his hand at the broom. The other day a fond fashionable mother in Michigan asked a young man whether he had ever seen a young lady sweep m a room so grandly as her Priscilla He said no, he never had, and the mother was gratified beyond measure, but then said he, after a pause, “What I should like to see her do is sweep out a room.” It does not hurt the newest comer to sweep out the office if necessary. I was one of those sweepers myself.Bu Andrew Carnegie (American industrialist)3. Besides contributing to our stock of happiness, to our harmless laughter and amusement, to our scorn for falsehood and pretension, to our righteous hatred of hypocrisy, to our education in the perception of truth, our love of honest honesty, our knowledge of life, and shrewd guidance through the world, have not our humorous writers, our gay and kind week-day preachers, done much in support of that holy cause which has assembled you in this place, and which you are all abetting, --the cause of love and charity, the cause of the poor, the weak, and the unhappy; the sweet mission of love and tenderness, and peace and good will toward men? That same theme which is urged upon you by the eloquence and example of good men to whom you are delighted listeners on Sabbath days is taught in this way and according to his power by the humorous writer, the commentator on every-day life and manners.By William Makepeace Thackeray (English novelist and humorist)4. Let me make clear that what I am talking about is balance. I believe that the public interest is made up of many interests. There are many people in this great country, and you must serve all of us. You will get no argument from me if you say that, given a choice between a Western and a symphony, more people will watch the Western. I like Westerns and private eyes too--but a steady diet for the whole country is obviously not in the public interest. We all know that people would more often prefer to be entertained than stimulated or informed. But your obligations are not satisfied if you look only to popularity as a test of what to broadcast. You are not only m show business; you are free to communicate ideas as well as relaxation. You must provide a ruder rangeof choices, more diversity, more alternatives. It is not enough to cater to the nation’s whims—you must --you must also serve the nation’s needs.By Newton Minow (American statesman)Ⅳ.Answer the following questions in short essay form (15%):1. Why is America 'known as a nation of immigrants? What are the dominant majority group and the major ethnic groups that make up today's American society? And then make a comment on the relationship between them.2. Make a comment on the English reserve in terms of British national character.3. What is the American pioneering spirit? What role has this sprat played in the shaping of American culture?。
2002年北京外国语大学高级翻译学院816英汉互译(同声传译)考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2002年北京外国语大学高级翻译学院816英汉互译（同声传译）考研真题及详解一、将下列短文译成英语（35%）人有男女性别之分，而法律讲性别吗？我国宪法明文规定，妇女在政治、经济、文化、社会中和家庭各个方面享有与男子同等的权利。
既然男女同权、男女平权，法律应该是不讲性别的，这样才能达到男女平等，才算是真正公平。
但事实上，在法律保护妇女、社会尊重妇女、男女平等的今天，男女不平等的现象依然或多或少地存在着。
这是“男尊女卑”、女性依附男性的历史留下的“后遗症”。
所以，大家不得不面对这一个现实：在当代，尽管女性的地位已有了很大提高，但和男性相比，还是属于需要关照的弱势群体。
针对这一现象，我国现行法律对女性给予了特殊关照，有专门的《妇女权益保障法》，而在《婚姻法》、《继承法》等法律规定中也有专门的保护条款。
对于男性，则没有这样的专门保护。
从这个角度讲，法律也是讲“性别”的。
在立法中多一点女性视角，对于当代立法者更具有现实意义。
单不说现实生活中存在的男女不平等现象，就是立法者大多数是男性这个事实，便有可能使我们的法律在不知不觉中就已带上男性的印记，所以，立法者必须超出社会现有的习惯，将更多的视角投到妇女这个弱势群体上，在立法中，应多一点女性视角，对女性多一些关怀、多一些保护。
女性，是母亲，是女儿，是姐妹……在立法时多一点女性视角，并不意味着忽视男性的权益，而在于最大程度地实现男女在法律上的平等，从而实现男女在现实生活中的平等。
如果有一天，法律不再需要对女性特殊关照的性别视角，那么，男女之间，就真正地平等了。
【参考译文】People Can be Divided by Gender,but DoesLegislation Take Gender Difference into Consideration?China’s constitution stipulates in explicit terms that women shall enjoy equal rights with men in political,economic,cultural,social and family life.Since men and women enjoy the same and equal rights,legislation should not take gender difference into consideration.Only this can genuine equality between men and women be achieved.However,in fact,phenomena of inequality between men and women still more or less persists in the present society where legislation is made to protect women, women are supposed to be respected in society,and men and women are supposed to be equal.They are the“sequelae”of concepts like“male domination and female subordination”and women should depend on men,which have been passed down by history.Therefore,we have to face the reality:although women’s social status has been improved remarkably in modern society,they are still a disadvantaged group that demands more attention and care than men.In view of this phenomenon,the China’s existing legislation gives women special attention and care.There is the Law On Women’s Rights and Interests, which is specially made for women and there are articles aimed to protect women in Marriage Law and Inheritance Law.As for men,there is no such special protection.In this sense,legislation does take gender difference into consideration.To think more from women’s perspective in the process of lawmaking also hasits practical significance.The mere fact that most of the legislators are male is likely to leave male imprint on our legislation unwittingly,not to mention the inequality between men and women existing in real life.Therefore,legislators must go beyond the existing social practices and pay more attention to women,the disadvantaged group.In the process of lawmaking,more of women’s perspective should be taken into consideration and they should be cared about and protected.Women are our mothers,daughters and sisters…To pay more attention to women in the process of lawmaking does not mean to neglect men’s rights and interests,but rather to achieve equality between men and women to the uttermost extent in the legislation and to realize gender equality in real life.If one day legislation does not have to take gender difference into consideration that gives more attention and care to women,then men and women will be equal in its real sense.二、将下列单句译成英语（15%）1.革命是解放生产力，改革也是解放生产力。
2011—2014年人民大学英语专业初试真题
中国人民大学英语专业历年真题2014年815 英美文学试题A版本(由14 年试题可看到往年试题的影子。
)Ⅰ.Blankfilling.（20*1）1.TheimportanteventsintheearlypartofEnglishhistoryareRomanConquest,_____ConquestandNormanConquestinsequence,whichexertgreatinfluenceonthed evelopmentofEnglandandEnglishlanguages.(英语专业考研考点精梳与精炼第一章第一句)2.F．ScottFitzgerald’sfirstnovelis_____.3.Pionners’heroine/hero_____depictthefullyoftheAmerican……4．Hemingway’snovel_____setinSpanishCivilWar……5._____istheforemostnovelistduringtheGreatDepression.6.Beowulfisthe……7.GeoffreyChaucer’sTheCanterburyTaleswrittenin……8.ThomasMore’s_____waswritteninLatin.9.SamuelLanghorneClemenswasthepennameof_____.Ⅱ.Terms1.Sonnet2.WessexNovel3.HistoricalNovel4.PsychologicalrealismⅢ.简答1.Whydoesdramabecomeflourishingin theElizabethanPeriod？2.WhydoesIsabelleArcherdoesnotaccepttheloveofherAmericansuitorCor saandrejoinwithherhusbandandchildren?3.WhydidPrufrockhesitateallthetimewhileproposingtoaladyintheupper society?4.What’sthethemeofJohnMilton’sParadiseLost?Ⅳ.问答1.DescribeandcommentonShakespeare’sfourperiodsofdramacareer.（吴伟仁英国文学选读为三段，但罗经国新编英国文学选读上是fourperiods。
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2002年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解1. Define the following linguistic concepts. (10%)(1) synchronic linguistics答案：Synchronic linguistics: the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics (or historical linguistics; q.v.), the study of a language over a period of time.(2) cultural transmission答案：Cultural transmission: this feature refers to the fact that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. They are not biologically transmitted from generation to generation. Though the capacity for language in human beings has a genetic basis, the particular language a human being learns is a cultural fact, not a genetic one. A human being brought up in isolation simply does not acquire language, as is shown by the rare studies of children brought up by animals without human contact.(3) morphology答案：Morphology: the study of morphemes and their different forms(allomorphs), and the way they combine in word formation. For example, the English word unfriendly is formed from friend, the adjective-forming suffix –ly and the negative prefix un-.(4) register答案：Register:It is a speech variety used by a particular group of people, usually sharing the same occupation or the same interests. A particular register often distinguishes itself from other registers by having a number of distinctive words, by using words or phrases in a particular way, and sometimes by special grammatical constructions. For example, there is the register of military language, register of political language, and so on.(5) synonymy答案：Synonymy: technical name for the sameness relation. Two or more forms with very closely related meanings are synonyms, which are often, but not always, intersubstitutable in sentences. For example, in English hide and conceal in: He hid the money under the bed. He concealed the money under the bed. Often one word may be more appropriate than another in a particular situation, e.g. conceal is more formal than hide.2. Give short answers to the following questions. (10%)(1) What are the methods for the addition of new words in the English language? 答案：New words are created through the following processes:a. Invention. It is a word-formation process related to the developing economic activities. New lexical items come directly from the consumer items, their producers or their brand names, such as Coke, nylon, Kodak and others.b. Blending: It is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words; such as smog (smoke + fog), digicom (digital + computer).c. Abbreviation: The process of abbreviation refers to that a new word could be created by cutting the final part, or cutting the initial part, or cutting both the initial and final parts accordingly. Such as ad (advertisement), van (caravan), flu (influenza).d. Acronym. It is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which ahs a heavily modified headword, such as WTO, UNESCO.e. Back-formation. It refers to an abnormal type of word-formaton where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. For example, edit, is a word generated from editor.f. Analogical creation. Roughly speaking, this process is one whereby words are created in imitation of other words. For example, the appearance of the word talkathon is created on the model of marathon.g. Borrowing. It refers to the fact that English has borrowed words from other language. For example, the words cancer and tumor were borrowed from Latin.h. Derivation. New words can be created by the addition of derivational affixes, such as national, which is originated from the word nation.i. Compound. It refers to the creation of new words by joining two separate words, such as ice-cream, and sunrise.(2) When a teacher says “it’s so hot in here” during a class, what does she probably mean? Refer to the theory of pragmatics when you analyze the situation. 答案：is utterance would be semantically ambiguous if it was seen isolatedly without any context of situation. Its interpretation has to rely on the context in which it was uttered.There could be generally two types of situation in which this utterance could happen. One may be that it is summer; the teacher just came into the class and was sweating heavily. The other may be that in class the students are quite active towards the questions or problems the teacher has posed, for example, discussing in group, or debating in a large scale.According to the cooperative principle, in our conversation, in order to be cooperative, that is, to make his intentions to be known by the hearer, the speaker will try to make his conversational contribution such as is require, at the stage at which it occurs.Therefore, according to the third maxim of cooperative principle, RELATION, which says “be relevant”, the utterance could be interpreted differently as follows:In the first situation, when the students hear the teacher saying “it’s so hot in here”, they would probably assume that the teacher is obeying the cooperative principle, and what he says is relevant to the context, which is that the teacher is sweating, and maybe accompanied by fanning herself with his hand. Therefore, what the teacher means is probably that the temperature is high. What’s more, if the windows in the classroom are closed, this utterance will go further to be an implication of an request for opening the windows.In the second situation, the students would assume that the teacher should have observed the maxim of relation, since it is under normal circumstances. Given the context in which the students are discussing or debating about certain questions furiously, the hearer would tend to interpret the teacher’s utterance as: “you are discussing (or debating) so actively”, which implies a praise for the active participation of the students in class activity.。