Lecture 5 Faulty Sentences
Lecture 15 Effective Sentences(2)《英语写作手册》丁往道编 外研社
2. Sentence fragments
Sentence Fragments =Incomplete Sentences Acceptable for emphatic purpose
E.g.: 1) The sky was overcast. A north win was blowing. It threatened to rain at any moment. A gloomy day.
Effective Sentences
1.Unity (统一) 2.Coherence (连贯) 3.Conciseness (简洁) 4.Emphasis (强调) 5.Variety (多样性)
4.Emphasis （强调）
When there is an important idea, it should be expressed with emphasis.
7. Government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.
L.
1. This is the very dictionary I have been looking for. 2. The director himself told me this news. 3. Do tell us about your recent Antarctic expedition. 4. His latest novel is by far the best he has ever written. 5. I’m so hungry that I’ll eat whatever food I can find. 6. What on earth are you talking about? 7. You can buy everything under the sun in that store. 8. I don’t like it at all. 9. Many peasants have motorcycles, not to mention /let
【全文】英语写作课PPT-第三课-sentences
Chengdu is a beautiful city. —— As you know, Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province situated in the center of “ the Land of Abundance”, is a beautiful city with many interesting places of historical significance, so I’d like to show you some of the tourist attractions such as The Thatched Cottage of Du Fu (who was a famous poet in Tang Dynasty), The Wu Hou Memorial Temple (which was built in commemoration of Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang ) and The Dujiangyan Dam (an ancient water irrigation project constructed on the Minjiang River).
(1) Loose Sentence & Periodic Sentence ➢ A. You cannot make great progress in English
without good study habits. ( loose sentence )
➢ B. Without good study habits, you cannot make
winning the Olympic gold medal according to
the newspaper reports.
英语语法教案 (Lecture 1 Sentence Structure)
Lecture 1 Sentence StructureTeaching Aims1. Systematic introduction to sentence structure2. Sufficient information of the basic clause types3. Improvement of students‟ awareness of clause elementsTeaching content1.Subject-predicate structure and sentence analysis2.Basic clause type and transformationSentence is built on the clause, sentence is not definite, but clause is. So here the sentence structure, sentence element, sentencepattern refer to those in the simple sentence, that is, theclause structure, clause element and basic clause type.1. Subject-predicate structure and sentence analysis1.1 Subject and predicateSubject is the topic of clause and the known information, and acted by the objective and substantial phrases, such asnoun phrases and pronoun phrases.Predicate is the part to illustrate the subject, the New information, and acted by verb phrases.1.2S entence analysis①predicate verb, object, complement, adverbial②predicate = operator + predicationⅰTwo ways of sentence analysis●One way is divide the predicate into verb, object, complement andadverbial. These elements together with the subject make the clause elements. 主语、谓语、宾语、补语、状语、表语、同位语●The other way is to divide predicate into two parts: the operator andthe predication. The operator is usually the auxiliary or the first auxiliary in a complex verb phrase, while the predication comprises the main verb with its complementation(object,complement or adverbial) 谓语（操作词operator +述谓成分predication）2. Basic clause type and transformationThe structure form of subject is simple; the predicate is complex and diverse.1.1B asic clause types:SVC (linking verb),SV (intransitive verb),SVO (transitive/monotransitive verb),SvoO (ditransitive verb),SVOC (complex transitive verb).Adverbial cannot be omitted; therefore, the other two basicclause types are SVO, SVOA.2.2 Transformation and amplification●The basic clause types are all narrative, affirmative, active sentences,which can be transformed to question, negative, passive sentences.The means to amplify basic clause type is:1. to add the compound sentence to it (coordination).2. to add modifiers or subordinate clause (subordination).●ExpansionThe basic clause types and their variants can also be expanded into larger grammatical units through adding modifiers at various levels this larger unit can again be expanded through coordination and subordination into compound, complex and compound-complex sentences.●Sentence: is the superlative grammar unit with two characters:①Sentence can be used independently in communication.②Sentence can express complete meaning.[1] Full Sentence: sentence includes at least one complete subject-predicate structure.Minor Sentence:[2] Full sentence can be divided into simple sentence, compoundsentence, complex sentence, compound-complex sentence. Simple sentencei)SV主谓Day dawns.ii)SLP主系表Tom‟s father is a professor.iii)SVO主谓宾Ruth understands French.iv)SVOO主谓宾宾He told us the whole story.v)SVOC主谓宾补He found George intelligent.vi)SVC主谓补He died a poor man. 他穷困而死。
大学英语写作课程Unit Five expanded sentence
4) (gold，British，the，round）coin the round British gold coin
5)（ugly，writing，the，steel，seven）desks the seven ugly steel writing desks
decribe nouns are called attributes.
Functions:
narrow down/make it specific
add more detailed descriptions e.g. 1. the cat
2. the cat in the tree 3. the fat and lazy cat Classroom activities: P58
How to place many modifiers
1) I admire Jenny’s hair. (glossy, black, long) I admire Jenny’s long black glossy hair so much. 2)一件新的漂亮的意大利的黑皮茄克 a beautiful new black Italian leather jacket。
Nouns
Her boy friends is a fashion designer. I’ll be expecting you at the school gate.
Participles
-ing forms We all like her smiling face. People are frightened by the soaring prices. This is surely an exciting and rewarding exercise. He knows many people living in that area. This book is about some scientists exploring sea animals
Lecture six sentence writing英语句子写作
S e n t e n c e W r i t i n g1. English Sentence Writing1.1 Types of Sentences1.2 Basic Sentence Patterns1.3 Expanding Basic Sentence Patterns1.4 Sentence Structure Problems 1.5 Subject-Verb Agreement1.1 Types of English Sentences＊Simple Sentence＊Compound Sentence＊Complex Sentence＊Compound-complex sentence＊Declarative Sentence＊Interrogative Sentence＊Imperative Sentence＊Exclamatory Sentence简单句：只包含一个主谓结构且各个成分均由词组构成的句子。
He knows everything about it.复杂句：某个句子成分直接由从属分句表示的句子。
He complained that what you said was not true.并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来便构成并列句。
Most of us were in the hall, the doors had been closed, and the latecomers had to wait outside.并列复杂句：包含一个或一个以上的复杂句作为并列成分的句子。
They watched television and enjoyed themselves inmensely, but we couldn't see the program because our television was broken.Do you know?The students I teach have made better grades in the past few weeks.The students would have made better grades if they had studied hard.(Simple sentence)(Complex sentence)Do you know?There aren't as many trees here asthere used to be.Did you hear about the new project?Please send my kind regards to yourparents.How it thunders! 雷打得真响啊!(Declarative sentence)(Interrogative sentence)(Imperative sentence)(Exclamatory sentence)1.2 Basic Sentence PatternsSV (subject + intransitive verb)主-动SVC ( subject + linking verb +subject complement )主-动-补SVO (subject + transitive verb +direct object)主-动-宾SVOiOd (subject + transitive verb +indirect object + direct object )主-动-宾-宾SVOC (subject + transitive verb +object + object complement)主-动-宾-补SVThe guests have arrived.Things change.There exist a variety of differentopinions on this question.P.S.There + be是倒装结构,谓语还可以是appear, come, enter, exist, happen,lie, live, occur, remain, rise, seem,stand等。
Lesson 5
Exercise 1 ,2,3 and 4
THE END
Dependent clauses
Adverbial clauses Adjective clauses Noun clauses 状语从句
形容词从句(定语从句)
名词从句
Adverbial clauses
A dependent adverb clause begins with an adverbial subordinator such as when, while, because , although, if , so that, etc.
Notice there are two possible positions for an adverbial clause: before or after the independent clause. If it comes before the independent clause, it is followed by a comma. If it comes after the independent clause, no clauses
A dependent adjective (relative) clause begins with a relative pronoun such as who, which, whose or that, or with a relative adverb such as where or when. An adjective clause functions as an adjective; that is , it modifies a noun or pronoun.
Academic English Writing
简明英语测试教程Lecture 05
N) technology O) victims
精品PPT
4.3 Matching
4.4 Information transfer
4.5 Ordering tasks
4.6 Fill-in and Cloze
4.6.1 Fill-in 4.6.2 Gap-filling
(1. to 2 affect/influence 3. Others 4. each/them
From Integrated course Book 2, Unit 1)
精品PPT
Today, I went to the ________ and bought some milk and eggs. I knew it was going to rain, but I forgot to take my ________, and ended up getting wet on the way ________.
……
A) acting B) assuming C) comprehensive D) cooperative E) entire F)
especially G) forward H) images I) information J) offers K) projects
L) respectively M) role
2 ___
C. because it was one he and Richard had learnt at school 3 ___
D. Peter looked outside
4 ___
E. He recognized the tune
5 ___
F. and it seemed deserted
Lecture 5 Faulty Sentences
• Parallel phrases • a. To walk in the rain and to smell bread baking are two of my greatest pleasures. (Infinitive Phrases) • b. She has traveled by land, by sea, and by air. (Prepositional Phrases) • c. John passes his time doing crossword puzzles and building model airplanes. (Participle Phrases) • d. Buying a car and beginning her job were the next steps in her life. (Gerund Phrases动名词)
• Faulty: Approaching the village, a vast expanse of farmland could be seen. • Revised: Approaching the village, we could see a vast expanse of farmland. • Dangling: Swimming at the lake, a rock cut Jim's foot. • Revised: Swimming at the lake, Jim cut his foot on a rock. • Or: When Jim was swimming at the lake, he cut his foot on a rock. • Dangling: Getting out of bed, the tile floor was so cold that Maria shivered all over. • Revised: Getting out of bed, Maria found the tile floor so cold that she shivered all over. • Or: When Maria got out of bed, the tile floor was so cold that she shivered all over.
Effective Sentences Reference
Exercise 1: The following sentences are not that unified and coherent. Try to improve them.1. Bernard Shaw was one of the best-known playwrights (in the west / in the 20th century).2. I lost some important documents and found them three days later. The police had helped me. (…and found them three days later with the help of the police.)3. We entered the shop, and a saleswoman greeted us, and all kinds of shoes were on the shelves, and the prices were quite reasonable, and a lot of customers were buying them. (We entered the shop and were greeted by a saleswoman. Because of the great variety and reasonable prices of the shoes, a lot of customers were buying them.)4. I will go to the lecture, for I like his (the lecturer’s) poems.5. To tell my friend the good news the letter was posted at once. (To tell my friend the good news I posted the letter at once.)6. He nearly finished reading ten books during the vacation. (He finished reading nearly ten books during the vacation.)Exercise 2: Revise the following sentences in order to make them concise.1. We planned to meet just before sunrise in the morning very early.2. It seemed to his friends that his attitude was of a puzzling nature.3. There are a number of students who want to join the drama club.4. At the present time I am taking the course of World History and in addition to a course in geography too.5. The plane circled around the airport for about ten minutes or so and then disappeared and could no longer be seen.Exercise 3: Rewrite the following passage, giving the sentences some variety in length and structure.I got up a little later than usual on Sunday morning. I washed and had a quick breakfast. Then I started going to town to buy the dictionary recommended by the teacher. At the school gate I saw Li Ping. I asked him if he was going to town too, and he said that he was. So we decided to go together. All the buses were crowded. We had to wait for a long time at the bus stop before we could get on a bus. An hour later we got off the bus at a busy street. There were three bookstores there. We went to the first one and didn’t find the dictionary. Then we went to the second one and the shop assistant said that the dictionary was sold out. I finally bought the dictionary at the third bookstore. After that Li Ping and I went to other stores and bought various things. We returned to school just in time for lunch.(Getting up a little later than unual on Sunday morning, after a quick wash and breakfast, I started going to town to buy the dictionary recommended by the teacher. At the school gate I saw Li Ping. Knowing we were headed to the same direction, both of us decided to go together. After waiting for a long time, we finally managed to get on a bus which took us to a busy street an hour later. Three bookstores are there. Failing to get the dictionary from the first two stores, we luckily bought one at the third bookstore. After that Li Ping and I went to other stores and bought various things. In time did we return to school for lunch. ) (Based on different purposes, in different tones.)。
英语写作Lecture 3
Sentence Fragment
a sentence fragment is a part of a sentence; it is a group of words not complete in itself
Sentence Fragment
Fragments That Do Not Contain a Subject or a Verb I opened the door. Expecting to see my brother standing on the porch. I opened the door, expecting to see my brother standing on the porch. I opened the door. I was expecting to see my brother standing on the porch. Fragments That Contain a Subject and a Verb but Do Not Express a Complete Thought Donald was checking his trap. He saw an enormous black bear. While Donald was checking his trap. He saw an enormous black bear.
The main idea is expressed at or near the end, and it is not grammatically complete until the end is reached. The workers here are mostly diligent, though not all. The workers here are mostly, though not all, diligent. He will go abroad if he has enough money. If he has enough money, he will go abroad.
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• Faulty: James is a man of great creativity and who is considerate. • Revised: James is a man of creativity and consideration. • Or: James is creative and considerate.
• 2. Misplaced Modifiers • Misplaced modifiers fail to describe the words the writer intended them to describe, and often confuse the meaning of a sentence. • Faulty: I nearly earned a hundred dollars last week. (You missed the chance of earning a hundred dollars?) • Revised: I earned nearly a hundred dollars last week. (You earned a little under a hundred dollars） • Faulty: Tom shouted at the howling dog in his underwear. (Was the dog dressed in his underwear?) • Revised: Tom, in his underwear, shouted at the howling dog. (It was Tom who was in his underwear.)
• Parallel phrases • a. To walk in the rain and to smell bread baking are two of my greatest pleasures. (Infinitive Phrases) • b. She has traveled by land, by sea, and by air. (Prepositional Phrases) • c. John passes his time doing crossword puzzles and building model airplanes. (Participle Phrases) • d. Buying a car and beginning her job were the next steps in her life. (Gerund Phrases动名词)
• 3. Dangling Modifiers • A dangling modifier is a phrase or an elliptical clause (a clause without a subject or verb or both) that is illogically separated from the word it modifies. Thus it appears disconnected from the rest of the sentence. • -ing Phrase • Dangling: Watching the parade, my wallet was stolen. • Revised: While I was watching the parade, my wallet was stolen. • Faulty: Going through a red light, the traffic police on duty stopped him. • Revised: Going through a red light, he was stopped by the traffic police on duty.
• Faulty: Approaching the village, a vast expanse of farmland could be seen. • Revised: Approaching the village, we could see a vast expanse of farmland. • Dangling: Swimming at the lake, a rock cut Jim's foot. • Revised: Swimming at the lake, Jim cut his foot on a rock. • Or: When Jim was swimming at the lake, he cut his foot on a rock. • Dangling: Getting out of bed, the tile floor was so cold that Maria shivered all over. • Revised: Gettቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱng out of bed, Maria found the tile floor so cold that she shivered all over. • Or: When Maria got out of bed, the tile floor was so cold that she shivered all over.
• Faulty: Either they obey the manager or get fired. • Revised: Either they obey the manager or they get fired. • Or: They either obey the manager or get fired. • Faulty: Kevin is a dutiful son, an excellent student, and is the best hurdler. • Revised: Kevin is a dutiful son, an excellent student, and an award winning hurdler.
• Faulty: Petroleum is used not only to make fuels but also in plastics. • Revised: Petroleum is used not only in fuels but also in plastics. • Faulty: To chew carefully and eating slowly are necessary for good digestion. • Revised: To chew carefully and to eat slowly are necessary for good digestion. • Or: Chewing carefully and eating slowly are necessary for good digestion. • Faulty: The boy denied that he had entered the house and he had taken the money. • Revised: The boy denied that he had entered the house and that he had taken the money. • Faulty: Whether drunk or when he was sober, he liked to pick a fight. • Revised: Whether drunk or sober, he liked to pick a fight. • Faulty: Betty plays tennis like a pro and swimming like a fish. • Revised: Betty plays tennis like a pro and swims like a fish.
Faulty Sentence
• 1. Faulty Parallelism • Parallelism means that two or more similar ideas are expressed by similar grammatical forms. If these similar ideas are not expressed in identical grammatical forms, they are regarded as faulty parallelism. • Parallel Sentence: • Knowing how to study and learning how to budget time are important for college students. • Unparallel Sentence: • Knowing how to study and to learn to budget time are important for college students.
• Parallel ideas can be linked by coordinate conjunctions like and, but, for, or, yet, and nor; besides, they can also be joined by correlative conjunctions (Coordinate conjunctions used in pairs) like both ... and, not only ... but also, either ... or, neither ... nor, and whether ... or. • In parallel structures, the items being joined must be balanced word for word, phrase for phrase, or clause for clause. • Parallel words • a. Mary and Tom won the tennis trophy. (Nouns) • b. The fans clapped and screamed for more. (Verbs) • c. People begin to feel faceless and insignificant. (Adjectives) • d. Late for the dance, Ruth dressed hastily and carelessly. (Adverbs)