试析英语谚语中的性别歧视
试述英语语言中的性别歧视现象
试述英语语言中的性别歧视现象1. 引言1.1 性别歧视的定义Overall, gender discrimination in English language is a pervasive issue that has far-reaching implications for how individuals are perceived and treated based on their gender. It is important to recognize these biases and work towards creating a more inclusive and equitable language environment that respects and values individuals of all genders.1.2 英语语言中的性别歧视One prominent aspect of gender discrimination in language is the phenomenon of male dominance or male-centric language. This is evident in the prevalence of masculine terms being used as the default or generic form, while feminine equivalents are often added as an afterthought or considered secondary. For example, terms like "manpower" or "mankind" are frequently used to refer to all individuals, regardless of gender, thereby marginalizing women and reinforcing gender stereotypes.2. 正文2.1 语言中的男性优先现象Language reflects and influences societal beliefs and norms, including those related to gender. In the English language, there is a pervasive male-centric bias known as the "male as norm" phenomenon. This phenomenon positions men as the default or standard, while women are seen as the deviation from this norm.2.2 语言中的女性贬低现象语言中的女性贬低现象是指在英语语言中存在一些词语或短语，它们贬低女性或将女性视为弱势群体。
英汉谚语中的性别歧视
试论英汉谚语中的性别歧视摘要本文以女性主义为视角，通过语言中的精华即谚语，更为真实地表现了社会习俗及价值观念，分析了谚语中的性别歧视现象，并运用对比法从各个方面探讨了性别歧视的形成，具有广泛的代表性和极强的说服性。
文章旨在从谚语比较中揭示出语言中对女性的歧视，提醒人们消除语言中的性别歧视现象。
关键词：英汉谚语社会习俗性别歧视中图分类号：h059 文献标识码：a人是语言的使用者与创造者，而自从有了人类，就存在了性别差异，它是人类社会的一个基本特征。
从这个意义上来说，人类的语言中包含了非常丰富的两性意识，语言一直都在如实地反映着现实社会，并在其发展过程中将性别意识贯穿于我们人类语言发展的全过程。
谚语可以说是人类语言中的精华，是语言的一个重要部分，它把人类的文化内涵进行精炼，成为浓缩民族文化内容的载体，从侧面表现了各个民族的思维方式、价值观念和心理特征等，所以通过谚语来探索性别歧视具有极强的说服力。
一关于性别语言性别语言的差异应该是人类语言差异的最原始的形式，语言与性别问题在20世纪初才真正开始引起相关学者的兴趣，男女在语言使用上的差异成为大家关注的话题。
对英语性别歧视现象的研究，很多学者采取的是一种客观科学、实事求是的态度，真实地表现了社会和语言的发展规律，从中叙说了英语中歧视女性和男性的现象。
我国学者一开始对这方面的研究集中在性别差异上，随着西方女权主义运动的发展，根据我国民族文化的特点，逐渐把重点放在了交际策略、话语风格等方面。
1 有关性别性别一词由sex和gender表示，其中sex指的是生理性别，gender 指的是社会性别，其标志或者说特点是以社会地位和社会角色为基础的男女，突出性别的文化特征及各种意义。
因此，gender所涉及的社会、文化作用和意义是我们讨论的内容。
语言是一种特殊的社会现象，通过语言能够反映出人类特有的社会关系。
在这种社会关系中，男性与女性由于各个方面的差异具有不同的做事方式和言语特点。
英语谚语中的性别歧视
英语谚语中的性别歧视英语中有许多谚语反映了女性性格的弱点和传统对女性的要求。
这里有一些例子来说明它们。
(1)女人是脆弱的frailty , thy name is woman.(脆弱啊，你的名字是女人。
)woman is made to weep. (女人生性爱流泪。
)a woman and a glass are ever in danger. (女人易毁，玻璃易碎。
)a woman is the weaker vessel. (女人是易碎的器皿。
)it is no more pity to see a woman weep than to see agoose go bare foot. (女人哭如鹅光脚走路，根本不值得可怜。
)(2)女人是多变的a woman is a weather cock. (女人是风向标。
)a winter weather and women’s thoughts change oft.(秋天的云，女人的心—变化莫测。
)women are wavering as the wind. (女人心思犹如风之多变。
)t here’s nothing sooner dry than women’s tears.没有什么比女人的眼泪干得更快。
)(3)女人是喧闹饶舌的a woman’s tongue is the last thing about her thatdies.where there are women and geese, there wants nonoise. (哪有鹅和女人，哪不缺喧闹声)foxes are all tail and women are all tongue.three women and a goose make a market. (三个女人一只鹅，市场里面闹哄哄。
)a woman’s tongue wags like a lamb’s tail. (女人饶舌如同羔羊摆尾。
英语谚语中的性别歧视探源
英语谚语中的性别歧视探源
性别歧视在英语谚语中是一种普遍存在的现象，它把男性和女性当作有不同标准的两个完全不同的类别。
由此，一些谚语中出现了对女性的歧视性言论，如：“男子汉大丈夫”、“妇
女家务劳动”等。
要追溯这种歧视的根源，必须从历史上寻找答案。
从历史上看，男女的角色定位一直是不平等的。
在古代，女性被视为家庭的守护者，无权参与政治和决策，甚至不允许拥有财产。
古代社会的性别歧视，也深深地影响了当今社会。
英语谚语中出现的性别歧视，也是受到历史社会环境的影响。
另外，性别歧视在英语谚语中还有另外一个重要原因，那就是宗教的影响。
教认为女性是“罪恶的”，男性就是“正义的”，从而给女性带来了很大的歧视，这种歧视也在英语谚语中有所体现。
从以上分析可以看出，性别歧视在英语谚语中的根源在于历史社会环境和宗教影响，这种歧视对女性的影响十分深远，也给当今社会造成了很大的不良影响。
因此，要想解决这一问题，必须加强性别平等意识的普及教育，并从历史和宗教的角度探讨性别歧视的根源。
只有通过努力，才能实现真正的男女平等。
英语语言性别歧视现象及其文化内涵
英语语言性别歧视现象及其文化内涵
英语语言中存在着一些性别歧视现象，这些现象反映了一定的文化内涵。
本文将介绍一些常见的英语语言性别歧视现象，并探讨其背后的文化内涵。
英语中的一些成语和俗语也存在性别歧视。
“man up”（挺起胸膛，勇敢面对困难）这个短语暗示了男性应该勇敢坚强，而女性则被认为需要依赖他人。
类似地，一些关于知识和技能的短语中含有性别刻板印象，比如“fight like a girl”（像女孩子一样去战斗）这个短语被用来贬低男性在竞争中的表现。
这些成语和俗语不仅歧视了某一性别，也对整个社会形成了一种不公正的认知和价值观。
英语中的一些语法规则和用法也体现出性别歧视。
使用“he”作为第三人称单数代词时，这种用法默认性别为男性，而使用“she”时，则默认性别为女性。
这种用法暗示了男性在社会中的优先地位。
一些形容词和名词的性别化也体现了性别歧视，比如“handsome”（英俊的）和“pretty”（漂亮的）这两个词分别用来形容男性和女性。
这些英语语言中的性别歧视现象反映了相应文化内涵。
在很多社会中，男性被认为具有更高的社会地位和更强大的权力，而女性则被期望扮演支持者和依附者的角色。
这种思维方式在英语语言中得到了体现，导致了一些性别偏见的词汇、表达方式和用法。
随着社会的进步和性别平等意识的提高，人们逐渐开始反思和纠正这些性别歧视的语言现象。
一些人试图使用更中性的代词，比如“they”代替“he”或“she”，以避免性别歧视。
一些不含性别偏见的称呼也被提出并逐渐被接受和使用，比如“flight attendant”（航班服务员）代替“stewardess”。
浅谈汉英谚语中的性别歧视现象
浅谈汉英谚语中的性别歧视现象语言源于社会,又反映着社会。
它的存在和发展与人们的社会观念息息相关。
在绝大多数的情况下都是男人占据绝对的主导地位,而妇女一直是受歧视的对象。
在社会政治、经济乃至家庭生活中,女性大多处于从属地位,这种现象不可避免地会在语言中体现出来。
谚语,作为人类智慧的结晶、语言简洁的代表,能深刻而言简意赅地反映人们的价值观、世界观,其中也包括对女性的歧视倾向。
本文试图对汉英两种语言谚语中体现出来的性别歧视现象进行分类例证,分析探讨其产生原因及异同,以提醒人们重视谚语中的性别歧视,并自觉摒弃这些谚语。
为方便分析,本文对这些谚语进行了归类。
1 关于女性外表等特征的谚语汉英两种语言中都有对女性某些特点进行夸大的谚语,比如女性大多更喜欢与人交流,于是汉语中有“女人长舌”、“三个女人一台戏”之类的谚语。
在英语中也有诸如“Women have long tongues”和“Three women and a goose make a market”之类的谚语。
中国人说:“女为悦己者容”,似乎没有男人的欣赏女人就无心穿衣打扮了。
女性爱美的天性在英文中也有体现,其中不乏贬低的成分。
比如“Every woman would rather be beautiful than good”和“A man is successful,while a woman is sexy”等。
女性脆弱爱哭的特性也往往被放大。
汉语中有“女人是水做的”这样的表述,而英语中有“Woman is made to weep”; “Nothing dries so fast as a woman’s tears”及“Glasses and lasses are brittle ware”等。
甚至莎士比亚也曾说:“Frailty,thy name is woman”。
关于女性的智力,汉语中有熟知的“头发长,见识短”,而英文中有“Only when an ass climbs a ladder,we may find wisdom in women”。
语言性别歧视在英汉谚语中的表现
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语言性别歧视Biblioteka 英汉谚语中的表现 沈道娟
（ 南京航空航天大学金城学院 外语系 江苏南京 ２ ５ ） ６ １１ １
璺 从 这 角， 合从 ： Ｊ 谚语 一视 结 谚语词 找 的 实 从言 又可以细分为恶毒、善变和脆弱。 典中 到 具体 例， 第一，恶毒。 在英汉语言中，有一些用来形容女性的恶毒，尤 在英汉谚语中的表现形式．说明 语言性别 歧视的普遍性。 其以英语谚语居多，这明显带有性别歧视。例如， “ ｏ ｅ ｅｈ Ｗ ｍ ｎ ｒｔ ａ ｅ Ｌ 键 词 Ｊ 歧视；英沉谚语；表现形式 天 性别 ｓａ ｓ ｆｔ ” （ ｎ ｅ Ｓｎ ｒ ｏ ａ 女人是撒旦设下的陷阱） “ ｍ ｎ ｒｔ ｖ’ ； Ｗｏ ｅ ｅｈ ｄ ｉ ａ ｅ ｅ ｌ Ｓ ｎｔ （ ｅ ” 女人是万恶之源） “ ｈｒ ｉ ｏ ｅｉ Ｏ ｄ ｓ ｅ ｅ ｉ ｓ ； Ｔ ｅ ｎ ｖ ｓ ・ ｖｌ ｅ ｓ ｄ ｉ ｈ ａａｈ ｄ ” Ｓａ 引言 人类社会对女性的性别歧视是一种非常普遍的现象，它不仅表 （ 恶魔当中女人最坏） Ｎ ｔｉ ａｒ ｓ ｏ ｅｈｎ ｌ ｙ ｈａ ａｄ ；“ ｏ ｎ ｇ ｅ ｗ ｒ ｔ ａ ＇ ｅｒ ｎ ｈｇ ｅ ｓ ａａ ｄｓ ｔ 现在社会生活的各个方面，而且也凸现于语言和语言的使用中。谚 ｂｇａ’ ｕ ｅ （ ｅｇ ｓ ｒ ” 女人的心和乞丐的钱包一样，糟糕透顶） 汉语谚 ｒ ｓ ｐ 。
现女人常被拿来 比喻成动物。鹅是一种禽类，常与妇女的世界联系 理状况的影响； 一些从社会角度来说 ， 男人总是有一种天生的自负， 在一起。一般说来， 多话的”鹅沿着村 子的 “ 小路边走边大声叫 ， 愿意保护女人的软弱，不愿赞美女人的勇 。而女人们在这样的情 喊 敢 就像群体生活中那些爱喋喋不休、恶意中伤、爱扯是非 的 女人。但 况下，也乐于依赖男人的保护， 但这种希望却常常落空，因为男人 是高谈阔论、搬弄是非、无＿生有的行为男女皆有，而谚语中却没 们往往不如他们表现出来的那么强大，因此女人们很失落。这使得 中 有出现男性的词语 ， 这充分表现了谚语中对女性的歧视 。 注重感情体验，情感丰富细腻的女人们只好暗 自 垂泪 ，而这时男人 （ 二）社会角色地位类。自古以来，女性就一直处于被压迫、 反而嘲笑她们软弱。 被欺凌的社会底层 。在英汉文化中甚至都有将女性比作食物饮料之 （ 四）才智类 。在各国历史上，社会曾经剥夺了女性平等接受 类的谚语表达，如 “ ｉ ｏ ａ ｉ ｏｔ ｉ ｅ ｓｉ ａｅ ｎ ” 教育的机会，不允许她们与男人一样精明能干，反过来却一直认为 Ａｆ ｒ ｍ ｗ ｔ ｕｖ ｔ ｋ ｐｌｄ ｅ ａ ｎ ｈ ｒ ｉｌｅ ｌ ｗ ｗ ｕ ｉ （ 美女无德，淡酒一杯 ） 汉语中的 “ 。 秀色可餐”反映出女性低下 女性无知识， 缺乏学习的天分。 男性一方面鼓吹“ 女子无才便是德” ． 的社会地位，她们如同盘中的食物一样，充当着一种 “ 软弱被动 ” 而当女子循规蹈矩之后，又骂女人头发长见识短，妇人的建议没人 的性别角色 。 类似的英语谚语有： “ ａ ｆｓａ ｏｈｏ 重视，她们在家庭事务中毫无发言权。另一方面在责怪她们没有主 Ａ ｍ ｎｏ ｒ ｉｗ ｒ ｆａ ｔｗ ｓ ｔ ｗｍｎ ｆｏ ” （ ｏ ａ ｏ ｇｌ ｄ 稻草男儿低得上金玉女子 ） “ ａ ， ｏ ａ ａｄ 见和能力的同时，又批判她们坏事，损坏男人的威信。事实上，男 ： Ｍｎ ｗ ｍ ｎ ｎ ｄｖ ｅｈ ｅ ｅｒｓ ｆｏ ｐｒｏ ” （ ｅｉ ｒｔ ｇｅ ｃｍ ａｓｎ 男人 、女人和魔鬼，三个等 子这种矛盾的言论体现 了男人们需要女人愚昧无知，以衬托他们的 ｉ ｒ ｄ ｅｏ ａ ｅ ｉ 级分贵贱） ；类似的汉语谚语包括：“ 娶到的媳妇买到的马，由人骑 博学多才， 满足他们的优越感 。 例如， “ ｏｇ ａ ， ｈｒｗｔ Ｍ ｒ Ｌ ｎ ｉ ｓｏ － ｏｅ ｈｒ ｔ ／ ｉ 来由人打” 兄弟如手足，妻子如衣服” “ ：“ ； 夫贵妻荣，母凭子贵” ｈ ｉｔａ ｗ ｔ Ｗｏ ｎｈｖ Ｉｎ ａｒ ｎ ｏｔ ｒｉ ” （ ； ａ ｈｎ ． ｍａ ａ ｅｏｇｈｉａｄｓ ｒｂａ ｓ 女人头发长， ｒ ｉ ， ｈ ｎ
英语谚语中的性别歧视研究
摘要语言与性别研究一直是语言学家关注的重要课题，国内外诸多的语言学家都对语言中性别歧视这一现象进行了深入研究。
语言是现实社会的一面镜子，能够真实地反映这种社会习俗及价值观念，而作为语言中的精华——谚语更是浓缩了文化的内涵。
本文以女权主义为视角，侧重于对性别歧视在英语谚语中的现象进行研究。
本文首先结合国内外学者对语言中性别歧视这一现象的研究，并结合这些研究探讨英语谚语中性别歧视现象，指出谚语与性别歧视的含义与特点；再从性格、言行、才智、婚嫁、地位等五个方面指出性别歧视在英语谚语中的具体表现；然后从历史、社会、文化三个不同的角度分析了性别歧视在英语谚语中形成的根源，通过对谚语的分析揭示语言中对女性的歧视，从而提高人们关于性别歧视的意识，帮助人们减少，继而消除在日常生活以及语言中的性别歧视现象；最后指出性别歧视在英语谚语中的发展趋势。
关键词：英语谚语；性别歧视；表现；根源；发展趋势ABSTRACTThe language research in relation to gender has remained on the important topic in linguistics. Lots of linguists who show interest in this field have done many deep and profound researches. Language, a mirror of the real world, could give us a reflection of social customs and values. And the proverbs, the essence of language, are actually a concentration of culture. The thesis aims at specializing in sex discrimination reflected in the English proverbs from the feminist perspective.Combined with some researches on sexism in English proverbs by scholars home and abroad, the thesis firstly points out the meanings and features of proverbs and sexism. And then the thesis explains the manifestations of sexism through a study of the proverbs applied in English from five aspects: character, words and deeds, ability and wisdom, marriage and social status. Then the thesis has also investigated into the causes of sexism from three aspects: history, culture, society. Through the research on English proverbs, the thesis tries to reveal the sex bias against women in language, and find out solutions to help people reduce and eliminate the sexism in the daily expressions. Finally, the thesis points out the development trend of sexism in English proverbs. Keywords：English proverbs; sexism; manifestation; causes; development trendContents1. Introduction (1)2. Definitions of proverb and sexism (4)2.1 Definition of proverb (4)2.1.1 Meaning of proverb (4)2.1.2 Features of proverb (4)2.2 Definition of sexism (6)2.2.1 Meaning of sexism (6)2.2.2 Features of sexism (6)3. Manifestations of sexism in English proverbs (7)3.1 Manifestations of sexism in the proverbs about character (7)3.2 Manifestations of sexism in the proverbs about words and deeds (8)3.3 Manifestations of sexism in the proverbs about ability and wisdom (8)3.4 Manifestations of sexism in the proverbs about marriage (9)3.5 Manifestations of sexism in the proverbs about social status (10)4. Causes of sexism in the English proverbs (11)4.1 Historical reasons (11)4.2 Cultural origin (11)4.3 Social factors (12)5. Development trend of sexism in the English proverbs (14)6. Conclusion (15)Acknowledgements (16)References (17)1. IntroductionAmerican linguist Edward Spair once said: “Language is a guide to social reality.”[1]. Language, a mirror of the society, loyally reflects not only a nation’s history and culture, but also beliefs and biases. Language and gender is a popular issue in the area of sociolinguistics. Sex discrimination exists in English speaking communities. Therefore, we can find sexism here and there in English.Denmark linguist O.JesPersen is the first one to study sexism from the angle of linguistics. In 1923, his book named Development and Structure of English had ever pointed out that English was the most masculine language all over the world. In 1960, as an interdisciplinary subject of linguistics and sociology, sociolinguistics formed and developed fast in USA. The d evelopment of West Women’s Libe ration and Feminism studies as well as development of sociolinguistics promoted sexist language studies to a certain extent. Some scholars thought that a kind of new linguistics about equality between men and women appeared. The linguists, Lakoff, Trudgi, KZimmerman, West, Thonle, Henle and Bolinger taken as representatives in the period between 70s and 80s, did further studies on sexism and discussed the causes of sexism in language. In his article Language and Women’s Place, Lakoff pointed out that in the world expressed by the language, the male was in the center and the female’s image was incomplete [2]. Bolinger, in his book, said that this was a phenomenon of sexism in language. Some other scholars such as Lakoff, tried to use all scientific knowledge to describe linguistics.D.Bolinger, published his books Aspects of Language in 1965 and Language: the Loaded Weapon in 1980, which provided some points for the study of sexism [3]. In 1973, koff, published his book Language and Women’s Place, which elaborated on women’ social place and sexism in language. From the end of 80s to 90s, linguists such as J.Holmes, J.Coates, D.Cameron, M.R.Key, did further studies on differences of sexist language. Their studies emphasized the forms of men and women’s terms.In our country, the study on sexist language is very late, which began from the end of 70s or the beginning of 80s. With the development of Feminist movement, Chinese scholars gradually switch their study to that of sexism. A lot of articles are published on various periodicals, such as Wang Wenchang’s Chairman or Chairperson―American Women's Movement and Reform of Language. These scholars are the first ones to discuss the influences of sexism on language, especially on English from theperspective of Western Feminist movement. In other words, they begin the study on differences of sexist language. Up to the end of 80s, compared with those studies of sexism in language in the western countries, Chinese scholars pay their attention to differences of sex. They observe and study differences of men and women’s term from the angle of intonation, tone and lexicon. Sun Rujian published his book Sex and Language[4] and Bai Jiehong published Sexist Language and Linguistics, which elaborated on the study on sexist language from the angle of social psychology and pragmatics [5]. Qin Xiubai discussed sexist language from the angle of history, society and culture, and provided a new angle of studying sexist language for us in her article published on Modern Foreign Languages [6]. Kong Qingcheng objectively analyzed a phenomenon of sexism existing both in English and Chinese in his article [7]. Zhuang Hecheng, a very famous linguist who published Sexism in English Lexicon, discussed sexism in English from the aspect of lexicon [8]. Chen Lin published her article Sexism in English Advertisement to put sexism into a different aspect to study its character. The field of these researches is broader than before, which makes other linguists grasp the relationship between language and sexism more accurately [9].The proverb, a special form of language, is a kind of idiom. It is very popular among the people, and contains very deep implication in sentences. It is also a kind of folk literature. The proverb is human being’s crystal of wisdom, and embodiment of concise language. The proverb is alwa ys iconically compared to “clea r mirror of a nation”and “living fossil of language” by linguists. Among the researches of sexism in English proverbs, linguists mostly study the definition of sexism and proverb, sexism reflected in proverbs, its origin and tendency. In 2000, Xu Zhixng, Li Lifang and Li Liming wrote an essay Sexism in English Proverbs. They said that people put women at a very low position, and linked them with some bad habits [10]. For instance, they thought women were very stupid and loved to gossip. In their essay, they also talked about tendency of sexism in English language. Then A Probe into the Causes of Sexism in English Proverbs was written by Yang Qing, Yu Xiangyue in 2003. They put a lot of emphasis on the causes of sexism. Their paper probed into the causes of sexism from the three aspects: historical reasons, cultural origin and social factors. It was thought that the phenomenon indirectly reflected women’s social status in different periods of social development and had close relations with women’s status and its changes [11]. In 2005, Zhang Lin, Liu Wanqiu published an article Sex Discrimination in English Proverbs, which analyzed the phenomenon of sex discrimination in English proverbs in the five aspects of character, words and deeds, ability and wisdom, marriageand social status; it also discussed the root of the phenomenon from the angle of social linguistics [12]. Rong Nannan, a postgraduate of Heilongjiang University, wrote a thesis for the Degree of Master of Arts entitled Sexism in Chinese and English Proverbs in 2007. The thesis aimed at specializing in sex discrimination reflected in both English and Chinese proverbs from the feminist perspective. The thesis probed into the phenomenon through a comparative study of the proverbs applied in both languages from different aspects [13].This essay from one aspect—English proverbs analyzes sexism and finds out its origin. However, in this aspect, the researches made by scholars home and abroad are not very rich and profound. Therefore, this thesis aims at studying sexism in English proverbs, and understanding the values and philosophy of life of people from English-speaking countries, which is helpful for making English communications successfully.2. Definitions of proverb and sexismThe proverb, a special form of language, is a kind of idiom. The proverb is very popular among the people, and contains very deep implication in sentences. It is always iconically compared to “clea r mirror of a nation”and “living fossil of language” by linguists. “Sexism”, derived from the word “racism”,is created by American feminists. Sexism is the phenomenon resulted from physiological sex.2.1 Definition of proverb2.1.1 Meaning of proverbA proverb (from the Latin proverbium), also called a byword or nayword, is a simple and concrete saying popularly known and repeated, which expresses a truth, based on common sense or the practical experience of humanity. A proverb is a kind of folk literature. It is human being’s crystal of wisdom, and embodiment of concise language. Proverbs, as one of the varieties of English language, reflect its social customs and cultural connotations. British writer William Penn once said: “The wisdom of nation lies in their proverbs.”[12] And some people thought that proverbs were daughter of daily experiences. The proverbs are the product of cultural concepts and a mini social encyclopedia. People put a high value on proverbs, which have become an encyclopedia for people to recognize life, seek opinion of the world, and strengthen people’s will. It reflects culture, life, custom and mode of thinking. As a product in some special cultures, the proverbs, this ancient way of language manifestation, are bound to present a nation’s social life.2.1.2 Features of proverbLongman Modern English Dictionary gives a definition of “proverb” that a brief familiar maxim of folk wisdom, usually compressed in form, often involving a bold image and frequently a jingle that catches the memory. So we can see the features of proverbs as followed.(1) Originating from and circulating in non-governmental circles.The proverb is a form of folk literature, and folk literature is a kind of literature created and passed on by oral form, and continuously revised by the collective. Most of the proverbs in English are created by the majority of laboring people, but not by the minority of writers in literary, also not by the ranking officials and noblemen in luxurious saloons and theatres. As we know, lots of peasants on farms, workers in factories, hunters in woods, sailors on the sea, cooks in kitchens and housewives, etc get proverbs from manufacture and labor. In order to sum up these experiences and introduce them to descendants, they make those experiences and lesson s from their lives and fights against nature into another kind of language using words not of imposing stature but strong, capable and easy to remember. This kind of language after long time’s thinking becomes proverbs at last. The contents of proverbs are very plentiful and range over lots of aspects, particularly contain profound moral.(2) Abundant in content, profound with meanings, full of philosophy, providing much food for thought.English proverbs mostly express moral outlook of people, display noble moral character, and inspire people. They also become good teachers and helpful friends of people, and many people take them as their guide to action. English proverbs not only contain abundant contents, but also have their profound connotations and philosophic meanings. People who read them will get the upper brunt of soul, and receive endless experiences and edification.(3) Concise language, vivid image,easy to read.Language of English proverbs is highly condensed and concise. Only a few words can contain much plentiful content, explaining a deep principle, which make people think deeply, provide food for their thoughts, and realize many profound ideas. Due to their origination from laboring people, the language of English proverbs which has few uncommon words is very easy to understand and easy to grasp. Because the proverbs are imparted by the oral words, they are easier to spread and remember.(4) Harmonious metre, easy to speak.The reasons why the English proverbs can spread so widely, accepting their abundant content, with concise language and rich philosophy, etc, has a very important element—harmonious metre. English usually use alliteration, rhyme, or alliteration plus rhyme to increase beautiful phonetic rhyme.2.2 Definition of sexism2.2.1 Meaning of sexismAccording to Webster Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, sexism is “prejudice or discrimination based on sex; esp. discrimination against women”.While in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, sexism is defined as “unfair or unreasonable discrimination between the sexes; unreasonable maintaining of traditional sexual rules (e.g. that men are strong and women are weak)”.Therefore, sexism is a system of beliefs and practices that affirm the dominance of men over women. Apprehended by most people as “only natural”sexism pervades social relations and institutions, affecting everything from people’s domestic arrangement to their career choices. With the arrival of the feminist movement within English speaking countries, attention has been given to changing the structures which support and promote sexism within the society. One of these structures is language. Sexism in language is the phenomenon that when you use the language, it shows discrimination against women. Sexist language has been defined as “words, phrases, and expressions that unnecessarily differentiate between females and males or exclude, trivialize, or diminish either gender”. [14]2.2.2 Features of sexismSexism is a kind of discrimination, especially, against women. Thus linguistic sexism refers to the language that favors one sex, especially, the male, and diminishes the other sex, particularly the female.Sexism registers as sexist language in English. Sexist language as many people pointed out not only encodes stereotyped attitudes to women and men, but also is an example of the way that a culture or society conveys its value from one group to another and from one generation to the next. Some linguists in their essay offer examples of sexism in language and the ways in which the English language reflects a sexist culture. According to them, sexist language is any language that expresses “stereotyped attitudes and expectations or that assumes the inherent superiority of one sex over the other. Sexist language includes words, phrases, and expressions that unnecessarily differentiate between women and men or exclude, trivialize, or diminish either gender.”[14]3. Manifestations of sexism in English proverbs3.1 Manifestations of sexism in the proverbs about character(1) WeaknessWoman is made to weep. (女子生性好哭。
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论《傲骨贤妻》字幕翻译中的归化和异化策略107 中西方对鬼怪认识的差异108 归化和异化策略在《红楼梦》文化负载词翻译中的应用109 探析国际贸易中的跨文化风险110 非英语专业学生学习英语的动机和策略调查111 图式理论在高中英语阅读中的运用112 电影《苔丝》的缺失——与原著《德伯家的苔丝》的比较113 对《愤怒的葡萄》中圣经原型的分析114 论英汉植物词语的文化附加义115 论模糊限制语在广告中的语用功能116 On Alice Walker’s Womanism in The Color Purple117 试析《假如明天来临》的叙事艺术118 The Analysis of the Double Character of Wuthering Heights’ Hero——Heathcliff119120 On the Disposal of Cultural Differences in the Translation121 A Reflection upon American Heroism Based on Reviews of Hollywood Movies122 奥斯卡.王尔德的美学观点及其在《道连格雷的画像》中的体现123 从《艾玛》看简奥斯汀小说中的对话运用124 提高学生说英语的兴趣和能力125 英汉新词形成因素研究126 影响中学生英语学习的心理因素分析127 鼓励性教学方法在中学英语教学中的应用128 浅谈在华跨国公司的本土化策略129 从《去吧，摩西》中的“熊”看福克纳对人性的探讨130 失败的逃亡—从《麦田守望者》中主人公的逃亡看个人意识对社会的超越131 网络语言特色分析132 论《野性的呼唤》的多重主题133 新加坡英语和英国英语比较研究134 英语毕业论文)从利益最大化的角度分析商务谈判中的报价策略135 奈达“功能对等”理论在中国电影片名英译中的运用分析136 An Analysis of Gothic Features in Poe’s The Cask of Amontillado137 中美个人理财规划的对比分析138 On the Translation of Children’s Literature in the Light of the Skopostheory:A Case Study of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer139 从电影《刮痧》看东西方文化差异140 Study of the Translation of Flower Image in Chinese Classical Poetry141 初中英语课堂教学师生互动有效性研究142 诗歌《飞鸟集》的意象评析143 论大学英语口语课外活动144 A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Address Terms145 An Interpretation of Initiation Theme in Heart of Darkness146 《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻147 Symbolic Meanings of Babel in The Dogs of Babel148 A Study on Subtitle Translation of Legal Films149 从《红字》看霍桑的道德思想观150 On the Integrative Use of Multiple Teaching Methods in Middle School English Class151 论企业对员工过度压力的管理152 从《一间自己的房间》看弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫的女性主义153 英文谚语的文化场景在中译文中的缺失与弥合154 《了不起的盖茨比》—美国梦的破灭155 毛泽东诗词中典故翻译的对比研究156 从文化角度看中美家庭教育的差异157 英文电影中俚语的翻译策略158 两种文化中不同的生存希望——以电影《肖申克的救赎》和《活着》人物命运分析为例159 跨文化视角下研究英汉民俗词语的不等值翻译160 中式英语成因之分析161 英语语言中的性别歧视162 浅谈文化差异对国际商务谈判的影响及对策163 温和的反叛者——论《小妇人》中的女性群像164 论《荆棘鸟》中的女性意识165 跨文化背景下的广告翻译技巧166 文化负迁移对翻译的影响167 高中英语写作中母语负迁移现象分析168 A Comparative Study of Inversion between English and Chinese169 中美篮球背后的青年文化170 论《看不见的人》的主人公的心理成长历程171 天鹅的涅槃——以跨文化交际的角度解读《喜福会》中母女关系172 浅析爱伦坡《乌鸦》的语音象征173 近年来汉语中英语借词的简析174 《愤怒的葡萄》中圣经的象征和隐喻175 从王尔德喜剧中的花花公子形象解读王尔德信奉的纨绔主义176 英汉基本颜色词的文化内涵对比及其翻译177 《红字》中的丁梅斯代尔和齐灵渥斯谁更“恶”？178 生命不息，奋斗不止——海明威小说中的英雄伦理观和英雄形象研究179 比较《百万英镑》和《阿Q正传》180 超音段特征对意义的影响181 中英文化差异与翻译策略182 新闻英语中的委婉语及其翻译策略183 试析英语谚语中的性别歧视184 简•奥斯汀《诺桑觉寺》中人物对爱情和婚姻的不同态度185 浅谈商标的特点及其翻译186 试论英语学习中的动机187 试究中国古诗词英译中的常用技巧—以《发如雪》为例188 A Thousand Splendid Suns: from the Perspective of Initiation Story189 企业英文简介中的概念语法隐喻分析190 以马斯洛需求层次理论分析《傲慢与偏见》中的爱情婚姻观191 试析中英婚姻生活差异及其原因192193 紫色中女人意识的觉醒194 论礼貌制约下You-attitude在英语商务信函中的用法195 跨文化交际中的中西方时间观念196 跨文化交际中英语副语言的表现和交际功能197 从《悲悼三部曲》看尤金•奥尼尔对古希腊悲剧的继承性超越198 论D.H.劳伦斯诗歌中的救赎意识199 《呼啸山庄》的哥特式传统。