应变片式电阻传感器的测量电路

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第2章 电阻应变式传感器

第2章  电阻应变式传感器


( 2 2 )
传感器原理与应用——第二章
电阻相对变化量为:
dR dL d dA R L A
若电阻丝是圆形的, 则A=πr ² 微分 ,对r
( 3 2 )
l
2r
2(r-dr)
F
l+ dl
得dA=2πr dr,则:
dA 2rdr dr 2 2 A r r
图2-1 金属丝的应变效应
• 应变式电阻传感器是目前测量力、力矩、 压力、加速度、重量 等参数应用最广泛的传感器。
传感器原理与应用——第二章
2.1 电阻应变片的基本原理 应变式传感器的核心元件是电阻应变片,它可将试件 上的应力变化转换成电阻变化。 2.1.1 应变效应 当导体或半导体在受到外界力的作用而不能产生位移
时,则会产生机械变形(它的几何形状和尺寸将
指 示 应 变 卸载
Δε
εi
加载 机械应变εR 图2-6 应变片的机械滞后
传感器原理与应用——第二章
产生原因:应变片在承受机械应变后的残余变形,使
敏感栅电阻发生少量不可逆变化;在制造或粘贴应变
片时,敏感栅受到的不适当的变形或粘结剂固化不充
分等。
机械滞后值还与应变片所承受的应变量有关,加载 时的机械应变愈大,卸载时的滞后也愈大。所以,通常 在实验之前应将试件预先加、卸载若干次,以减少因机 械滞后所产生的实验误差。
很宽的范围内均为线性关系。
传感器原理与应用——第二章
即:
R
R
K 或
K
R
R
( 14 2 )
K为金属应变片的灵敏系数。
测量结果表明,应变片的灵敏系数K恒小于线材的
灵敏系数KS。原因主要是胶层传递变形失真及横向效

电阻应变式传感器的测量电路

电阻应变式传感器的测量电路

图1 电子秤平剖图 1 台面壳体2均压框架3电阻应变片4弹性体 5补偿电阻6可调支撑脚7底座如图1所示,底座通过贴有电阻应变片的双孔型等强度弹性体梁与均压框架相接,均压框架用螺钉与壳体相联。

弹性体是应变式力传感器将力转换为应变量的关键部件。

研究结果表明,双孔梁弹性体按刚架计算比按平行梁计算精确,而且桥路输出和载荷之间的线形好、灵敏度高。

非线性和灵敏度与竖梁的长度和刚度无关。

由于采用陶材料设计制作弹性梁,其灵敏度结构系数不仅取决于弹性体结构形式和应变区的选择,而且和陶瓷材料的微结构、质量及机械强度等因素密切相关。

为此,进行了双孔梁的应力分析、抗冲击载荷分析、额定载荷计量等,并用计算机进行了有限元分析。

经模拟验证分析,选用图1a所示的双孔梁结构形式。

该梁的应力分布均匀对称,其应力最大点在弹性梁的最薄偏离两端处。

根据图1a所示的结构形式: ε=M/W.E (1)式中:ε为应变量;M为弯矩;W为抗弯模数;E为弹性模量。

对于这类应变式弹性体上的全等臂电桥,其输出电压V0和桥压V i有如下关系: V0=G F.ε.V i (2)式中:G F为应变电阻的应变系数。

将式(1)代入式(2),可得: V0=G F.M.V i/W.E (3) 对于矩形截面,W=1/6b.h2式中:b为弹性体承载面宽度;h为弹性体承载梁厚度。

由A—A剖面分析,负荷F必须由一对剪力F/2与之平衡。

若取一应变电阻进行分析,F/2对应变电阻中心点的弯距为M0: M0=F(L/2-X)/2 (4) 以式(4)代入式(3),可得: V0=3F(L/2-X)G F.V i/b.h2.E (5) 由式(5)可见,双孔梁的桥路输出和载荷F之间具有良好的线形,而且灵敏度高。

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《电阻应变式传感器》课件

《电阻应变式传感器》课件
薄膜电阻应变式传感器利用薄膜材料制作,具有高灵敏度、低热误差等特点;微型电阻应变式传感器则具有体积 小、重量轻、易于集成等优点,常用于微机电系统等领域。
03
电阻应变式传感器的测量电路
直流电桥测量电路
优点
简单、可靠、稳定性好。
缺点
对温度变化敏感,需要采取温度 补偿措施。
交流电桥测量电路
优点
对直流电源的稳定性要求较低,可以减小电源波动对测量结 果的影响。
在工业生产过程中,电阻应变式压力传感器被广泛应 用于压力控制、流量控制等场合,如气瓶压力监测、 管道压力监测等。
汽车行业
汽车发动机、气瓶、刹车系统等都需要用到压力传感 器,来监测和控制各种气体和液体的压力。
位移传感器的应用实例
自动化生产线
在自动化生产线上,位移传感器被用来检测和控制系 统中的物体位置,如机器人手臂的定位、传送带的物 体位置检测等。
电阻应变式传感器
目 录
• 电阻应变式传感器简介 • 电阻应变式传感器的类型与特性 • 电阻应变式传感器的测量电路 • 电阻应变式传感器的误差来源与补偿方法 • 电阻应变式传感器的应用实例
01
电阻应变式传感器简介
定义与工作原理
定义
电阻应变式传感器是一种将应变转换为电阻变化的传感器,通过测量电阻的变 化来测量受力状态。
总结词
半导体应变式传感器具有高灵敏度、 低温度系数和良好的线性等优点。
详细描述
半导体应变式传感器利用半导体的压 阻效应,即当半导体受到外力作用时 ,其电阻值会发生变化。这种传感器 常用于测量加速度、压力和振动等物 理量。
陶瓷电阻应变式传感器
总结词
陶瓷电阻应变式传感器具有耐高温、耐 腐蚀、高绝缘性和良好的稳定性等特点 。

应变片式传感器-习题

应变片式传感器-习题
2 ,
, 3 0 , 4 0
1 R 1 U U K U sr 电桥输出 sc sr 2 R 2
▲若R1,R2产生ΔR的绝对值相等,符号相同 时,即 1 , 2 则Usc=0,电桥无输出, 两工作臂的作用互相抵消。 22
③四臂工作
此方法简单易行,能在较大温度范围内进行补偿。缺点 是三个条件不易满足,尤其是条件③。在某些测试条件 16 下,温度场梯度较大,R1和R2很难处于相同温度点。
若此时有应变作用,只会引起电阻R1发生变化,R2 不承受应变。故由前式可得输出电压为
根据被测试件承受应变的情况,可以不另加专门的补偿 块,而是将补偿片贴在被测试件上,这样既能起到温度 补偿作用,又能提高输出的灵敏度,如图所示的贴法。
13
测量应变时,使用两个应变片,一片贴在被测试件 的表面,图中R1称为工作应变片。另一片贴在与被测试 件材料相同的补偿块上,图中R2,称为补偿应变片。
R2 R1
补偿应变片粘贴示意图
14
当被测试件不承受应变时, R1 和 R2 处于同一温度 场,调整电桥参数,可使电桥输出电压为零,即
U SC AR1R4 R2 R3 0
20
上式为电桥加减特性表达式。
电桥输出公式讨论: ①单臂工作 只有一只电阻 R 产生ΔR 变化时, 电桥输出电压
U sc 1 R 1 U sr K U sr 4 R 4
21
②双臂工作 ▲设R1产生正ΔR 的变化,R2产生负ΔR的变 化,且变化的绝对值相等; 即 1 ,
l R S
两边取对数,得
ln R ln ln l ln S
等式两边取微分,得
dR d dl dS R l S

第2章 电阻应变式传感器

第2章 电阻应变式传感器
2
F
3.2.2 位移传感器
R4 R3 U0 R1 E R2 R1 R2 F
图2.11 应变片式线位移传感器
U
3.2.4 压力传感器
0
= k U ε = kU
3l 4 Eb h
2
F
3.2.3 加速度传感器
作业: 作业:
1. 什么叫电阻式传感器?什么是电阻应变效应? 什么叫电阻式传感器?什么是电阻应变效应? 2. 电阻应变式传感器的工作原理? 电阻应变式传感器的工作原理? 3. 作出桥式测量电路图,并推导直流电桥平衡条件, 作出桥式测量电路图,并推导直流电桥平衡条件, 以及不对称电桥的输出电压变化. 以及不对称电桥的输出电压变化.
3.2 应用
3.2.1 应变式测力与荷重传感器
kU F U 0 = 2 (1 + ) AE
图2.8 受力圆柱上应变片的粘贴
图2.9 受力薄臂环上应变片的粘贴
U
0
= k U ε = kU
1 .092 R bδ E
2
F
图2.10 受力等强度梁应变片的粘贴
U
0
= k U ε = kU
6l E b0 h
1
Z3 = Z 2Z 4
z1 z3 = z 2 z 4
φ1 + φ3 = φ2 + φ4

(R1 + jX1)(R3 + jX3 ) = (R2 + jX2 )(R4 + jX4 )
2.2 电桥的调平衡
在应变片工作之前必须进行电桥的平衡调节. 在应变片工作之前必须进行电桥的平衡调节.对于直流 电桥可采用串联或并联电位器法, 电桥可采用串联或并联电位器法,对于交流电桥一般采用阻 容调平衡法. 容调平衡法.

应变电阻式传感器

应变电阻式传感器

tk
0.8
l0 v
(3-17)
式中: l0——应变片基长; v——应变波速。
若取l0=20mm, v=5000 m/s,则tk=3.2×10-6 s。
第3章 应变式传感器
3.4 电阻应变片的测量电路
电阻应变式传感器的测量电路常采用电桥电路 可以分为直流电桥或交流电桥。 桥的作用:将应变片产生的应变而引起的电阻变化量 △R转 换成电压变化量 △mV或电流变化量 △I 输出。
第3章 应变式传感器
3.3 电阻应变片的特性
弹性敏感元件 +电阻应变片⇒ 电阻应变式传感器 3.3.1
物体在外力作用下而改变原来尺寸或形状的现象称为变形, 而当外力去掉后物体又能完全恢复其原来的尺寸和形状,这种 变形称为弹性变形。 具有弹性变形特性的物体称为弹性元件。
弹性元件在应变片测量技术中占有极其重要的地位。它首 先把力、力矩或压力变换成相应的应变或位移,然后传递给粘 贴在弹性元件上的应变片,通过应变片将力、力矩或压力转换 成相应的电阻值。 弹性元件的基本特性有:
第3章 应变式传感器
3.4.1
1. 直流电桥平衡条件 电桥电路如图3-9所示,图中E为电源电压,R1、R2、R3及 R4为桥臂电阻,RL为负载电阻。 当RL→∞时,电桥输出电压为
Uo
E
R1 R1 R2
R3 R3 R4
(3-34)
第3章 应变式传感器
R1 A
R3
B
Io
R2
C
R4 D

RL Uo -
对变化ΔR/R。理论和实验表明,在一定应变范围内ΔR/R与εt的
R R
Kt
式中, εt为应变片的轴向应变。
(3-16)

电阻应变式传感器实验


③ 用实验仪音频振荡器输出频率为 5KHZ/2Vp-p激励电压,必须从LV插 口输出,作为交流电桥供桥电压。
④ 用示波器的“CH1”接相敏检波器的调制信号输入端“4”,“CH2”接相敏检波器的载波 信号输入端“5”,调整移相器,使其两信号的波形同相,若此时系统输出不为零,重新反 复调整w1,w2及移相器,以确保系统输出为零,且移相器的输出与相敏检波器的输入信号 同相。
R1 R2 R3 R4
R5
RX
R6
R7
RW1
RW2
C
2)差分放大器电路单元
差动放大器也是一个电路模块,它是由集成运算放大器组成的增益可调的 交直流放大器。可以接成同向、反相放大器,增益可达1~100倍。差动放大 器就其功能来说,是放大两个输入信号之差。由于它在电路和性能方面有着 许多的优点,因此成为集成运放的主要组成单元。此差动放大器模块主要由 运放OP-07组成,它的电路原理如图所示:
3、电阻应变式传感器的用途与特点
主要用于:能转化成形变的各种非电物理量的检测,如力、压力、加速 度、力矩、重量等,在机械加工、计量、建筑测量等行业应用十分广泛。其主 要特点是:① 结构简单,使用方便,性能稳定、可靠;② 灵敏度高,频率
响应特性好,适合于静态、动态测量. ③ 环境适应性好,应用领域广泛。
⑤在应变传感器的托盘上放置一只砝码(20克),读取数显表数值,依次增加砝 码和读取相应的数显表值,直到160-200g砝码加完。记下实验结果填入表,关 闭电源。
⑥ 根据实验测量结果,计算出全桥灵敏度S,并作出V—X关系曲线。
重量 交流全桥 (克)
20 40 60 100 120 140 160 180 200



实验一--应变式传感器

实验一应变式传感器一、应变片单臂电桥性能实验〔一〕、实验目的:了解电阻应变片的工作原理与应用并掌握应变片测量电路。

〔二〕、基本原理:电阻应变式传感器是在弹性元件上通过特定工艺粘贴电阻应变片来组成。

一种利用电阻材料的应变效应将工程结构件的内部变形转换为电阻变化的传感器。

此类传感器主要是通过一定的机械装置将被测量转化成弹性元件的变形,然后由电阻应变片将弹性元件的变形转换成电阻的变化,再通过测量电路将电阻的变化转换成电压或电流变化信号输出。

它可用于能转化成变形的各种非电物理量的检测,如力、压力、加速度、力矩、重量等,在机械加工、计量、建筑测量等行业应用十分广泛。

1、应变片的电阻应变效应所谓电阻应变效应是指具有规则外形的金属导体或半导体材料在外力作用下产生应变而其电阻值也会产生相应地改变,这一物理现象称为“电阻应变效应”。

以圆柱形导体为例:设其长为:L、半径为r、材料的电阻率为ρ时,根据电阻的定义式得〔1—1〕当导体因某种原因产生应变时,其长度L、截面积A和电阻率ρ的变化为dL、dA、dρ相应的电阻变化为dR。

对式〔1—1〕全微分得电阻变化率 dR/R为:〔1—2〕式中:dL/L为导体的轴向应变量εL; dr/r为导体的横向应变量εr由材料力学得:εL= - μεr (1—3)式中:μ为材料的泊松比,大多数金属材料的泊松比为左右;负号表示两者的变化方向相反。

将式〔1—3〕代入式〔1—2〕得:〔1—4〕式〔1—4〕说明电阻应变效应主要取决于它的几何应变〔几何效应〕和本身特有的导电性能〔压阻效应〕。

2、应变灵敏度它是指电阻应变片在单位应变作用下所产生的电阻的相对变化量。

(1)、金属导体的应变灵敏度K:主要取决于其几何效应;可取〔1—5〕其灵敏度系数为:K=金属导体在受到应变作用时将产生电阻的变化,拉伸时电阻增大,压缩时电阻减小,且与其轴向应变成正比。

金属导体的电阻应变灵敏度一般在2左右。

(2)、半导体的应变灵敏度:主要取决于其压阻效应;dR/R<≈dρ⁄ρ。

电阻应变式传感器


电阻应变式传感器
三、 电阻应变片的测量电路及温度补偿
(一) 测量电路
应变片把机械应变转化为有对应 关系的电阻变化后,需要将电阻的变 化转换为电压或电流的变化。由于应 变量非常小,通常采用测量电桥,将 微小的电阻变化转化为电压或电流的 变化。根据电源的不同,可将电桥分 为直流电桥和交流电桥。电桥的一般 形式如图1-7所示。
R
(1-5)
电阻应变式传感器
k0
1 2
/
,其中k0为电阻丝的灵敏系数,即单位应变所引
起的电阻的相对变化。通常把单位应变能引起的电阻值变化称为电阻丝
的灵敏系数,其物理意义是单位应变所引起的电阻相对变化量。
k0
1
2
/
可知,电阻丝的灵敏系数受两个因素的影响:
一个是应变片受力后材料几何尺寸的变化,即1+2μ,对某种材料来说
,它是一个常数;另一个是 / ,它是由电阻丝电阻率的改变而引
起的。
/
(1)对于金属材料, 是常数,并且比1+2μ小很多,往往可
以忽略不计,故 k0 1 2 。
电阻应变式传感器
(2)对于半导体材料,(dρ/ρ)/ε 的值比1+2μ大得多,电阻丝
的灵敏系数主要由电阻率相对变化所决定。 (3)大量实验也表明,在金属电阻丝拉伸比例极限内,电阻
相对变化与轴向应变成正比。通常,金属丝的灵敏系数k0为2左右, 不超过4~5,半导体应变片的灵敏系数为100~200。
半导体应变片的灵敏系数比金属电阻丝式应变片高几十倍,但 半导体材料的温度系数大,应变时非线性比较严重,使它的应用范 围受到一定的限制。
电阻应变式传感器
二、 电阻应变片的结构和特性 1. 应变片的分类与结构

应变片的测量电路

A
R2
R3
R4
R1
C
B
D
桥压
U 输出
I12
I34
惠斯登电桥测量原理
电路桥臂组成 应变片+固定电阻元件 A,C: 电桥输入端 B,D: 电桥输出端
电桥供电分直流、交流两种 早期由于直流放大器的漂移大、线性差,故大多采用交流电桥配交流放大器。现在由于新一代(如斩波稳零集成运放ICL7650)的直流运放完全克服了早期直流放大器的弱点,现在放大器大多采用直流电桥。 直流电桥和交流电桥的基本原理是相同的。为了叙述方便,下面先分析直,有: 因为P=P1=P2,M1=-M2,所以有: 采用全桥接法,既排除载荷偏心的影响,又使输出电压提高二倍
01
单击此处添加小标题
02
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03
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04
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τ
单击此处添加小标题
将得到的应变值除4计算求得到Mr。
控制惠斯登电桥性态的关系式
对于应变电桥
等臂电桥: 各个桥臂初始阻值相等 半等臂电桥: R1=R2=R’, R3=R4=R’’ , R’ 与R’’不相等.
电桥输入电压恒定时,输出电压与桥臂电阻变化率之间的关系
非线性误差分析 令
非线性部分
PART 1
若略去U2,则引入非线性误差,此相对误差:
全臂电桥(同一批四个工作片)
用于以应变片为传感元件的传感器 提高灵敏度,提高线性度,消除温度效应 四个工作片充当温度补偿片,即承受机械变形,又受环境温度的影响。
电桥灵敏度
R1 ,R4 R2, R3工作片;同时起到温度补偿 如果相临两个应变片承受大小相等/方向相反的应变:输出电压
对臂电桥(两个工作片)
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应变片式传感器的测量电路
电阻应变计可把机械量变化转换成电阻变化,但电阻变化是很小的,用一般的电子仪表很难直接检测。

例如,常规的金属应变计的灵敏系数k 值在1.8~4.8之间,机械应变在10~6000με之间,相对变化电阻
/R R k ε∆=就比较小。

例1设某被测件在额定载荷下产生的应变为1000με,粘贴的应变计阻值120R =Ω,灵敏系数2k =,则其电阻的相对变化为
6/21000100.002R R k ε-∆==⨯⨯=
电阻变化率仅为0.2%。

这样小的电阻变化,必须用专门的电路才能测量。

测量电路把微弱的电阻变化转换为电压的变化,电桥电路就是这种转换的一种最常用的方法。

2.3.1 应变电桥
电桥电路即是惠斯通电桥,其结构如图所示。

四个阻抗臂1234
,,,Z Z Z Z 以顺时针排列,AC 是电源端,工作电压为U ;BD 为输出端,输出电压为0U 。

在这个阻抗电桥的桥臂上接入应变计,就叫应变电桥。

应变电桥按不同的方式可分为不同的类型,主要有以下分类方式。

1 按工作臂分
单臂电桥:电桥的一个臂接入应变计。

双臂电桥:电桥的两个臂接入应变计。

全臂电桥:电桥的四个臂都接入应变计。

2 按电源分
按电源不同,可分为直流电桥和交流电桥。

直流电桥的电源是直流电压,其桥臂只能接入阻性元件,主要用于应变电桥的输出,不需中间放大就可直接显示的情况。

例如半导体应变计的输出灵敏度高,可采用直流应变电桥作为测量电路,直接输出并显示结果。

交流电桥的电源是交流电压,其桥臂可以是阻性(R )、感性(L )或容性(C )元件。

主要用于输出需放大的场合。

例如金属应变计的输出灵敏度较低,应采用这种交流应变电桥作为测量电路,以进一步放大输出。

3 按工作方式分
图2.3.1 电桥电路的结构
按工作方式不同,可分为平衡桥式电路和不平衡桥式电路。

平衡桥式电路又叫零位测量法,它带有调整桥臂平衡的伺服反馈机构,当仪表指示测量值时,电桥处于平衡状态。

零位测量法常用于高精度、长时间的静态应变测量。

不平衡桥式电路又称为偏差测量法,其输出的是与桥臂应变量成一定函数关系的不平衡电量,再作进一步放大和显示。

当仪表指示测量值时,电桥处于不平衡状态。

偏差测量法响应快,常用于动态应变测量。

4按桥臂关系分
按桥臂关系不同,可分为半等臂电桥和全等臂电桥。

半等臂电桥又可分为对电源端对称电桥(即1423,Z Z Z Z ==)和对输出端对称电桥(即
1234,Z Z Z Z ==)。

全等臂电桥满足1234Z Z Z Z ===,在实际测量中经常用到的是全等臂电桥和半等臂对输出端对称电桥。

5 按负载要求分
按负载要求不同,可分为电压输出桥和功率输出桥。

电压输出桥输出电压,负载L R →∞,即相当于输出端开路,输出电流00I =;而功率输出桥输出一定的电流,负载L R 较小,有输出电压0U 。

这节中,将按直流电桥和交流电桥的分类方法介绍应变电桥的输出特性,由于直流电桥的分析结果可推广到交流电桥,这里以直流电桥作为重点进行介绍。

2.3.2 直流电桥及输出特性
直流电桥的四个臂为纯电阻元件1234,,,R R R R ,如图2.3.2所示。

电源电压U ,负载电阻L R ,电桥输出电压0U ,输出电流为0I 。

电桥初始平衡条件为
1324R R R R =(或1243//R R R R =)(2.3.1)
此时电桥的输出电压00U =,输出电流00I =。

直流电桥的输出通常很小,不能用来直接驱动指示仪表,其电桥输出端接放大器的输入端,而一般放大器的输入阻抗比电桥内阻要高得多,故可认为电桥输出端为开路状态。

电桥的负载电阻L R 为无穷大,基本无电流流过00I →,只有电压输出,这样的直流电桥叫电压输出桥。

图2.3.2 直流电桥的结构
1电压输出桥的输出特性
对电压输出桥,其L R →∞,00I →,因此从ABC 半个电桥看
2
12
BC R U U R R =
+(2.3.2)
从ADC 半个电桥看
3
34
DC R U U R R =
+(2.3.3)
则输出电压为
()()
1324
01234BC CD BC DC R R R R U U U U U U R R R R -=+=-=
++(2.3.4)
由此看出,当1324R R R R =时,输出电压00U =,电桥处于平衡状态。

故把(2.3.1)叫电桥平衡条件。

在实际测量中,电桥都要预调平衡。

设电桥在测量前已调平衡,当应变电桥的四个桥臂均工作,且产生电阻变化分别为123,,R R R ∆∆∆和
4R ∆,这时输出电压与电阻变化的关系根据式(2.3.4)得到
()()()()()()
1133224411223344R R R R R R R R U U R R R R R R R R +∆+∆-+∆+∆∆=
+∆++∆+∆++∆。

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