小学英语基础知识汇总

第一章名词一、名词可分为：1.专有名词和普通名词 2.可数名词和不可数名词1.专有名词和普通名词1专有名词：是指特定的人、地方、事物、机构的专有名称;开头的字母必须大写;如：Tom, Martin, Shenzhen, Hong Kong, China, Sunday, October, Chinese等;2普通名词：是指不属于特定的人名、地名、事物、概念的名词都是普通名词;它分为四类：个体名词、集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词;①个体名词：用来表示单个的人或事物;如：hospital, policeman, house, tree, cat, dog等;②集体名词：用来表示一群人或一些事物的总称;如：family, class, group, people, police, army等;③物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质;如：water, air, tea, sugar, butter, rice等;④抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质或其他抽象概念;如：happiness, health, life, manners, love等;2.可数名词和不可数名词1可数名词：一般地说,个体名词和集体名词是可以计数的,所以称之为可数名词,有单数和复数形式;如：a city---two cities a bird---three birds a book---ten books可数名词复数形式的构成：①规则变化：②不规则变化：英语里有一部分名词的复试形式是不规则的;a改变元音字母,发音也随之发生变化;如：man---men woman---women policewoman---policewomen postman---postmen policeman---policemenfoot---feet tooth---teeth goose---geese注意：man和woman用作定语时,也有单复数变化;如：a man teacher---two men teachers a woman nurse---three women nurses b有些名词单数和复数相同;如：a sheep---two sheep a fish---three fish a deer---two deer an aircraft---four aircraftc有些名词通常以复数形式出现,如：scissors剪刀trousers裤子clothes衣服glasses眼镜shorts短裤d表示“某国人”的名词单数和复数形式因习惯不同而有不同的形式;这类词通常分为三类;·单数和复数相同：如：a Japanese---two Japanese a Chinese---two Chinese·词尾加s：如：a German---two Germans an American---two Americans·变man为men：如：an Englishman---two Englishmen an Frenchwoman---two Frenchwomene其他形式;如：a child---two children an ox---three oxen a mouse---four mice2不可数名词：物质名词和抽象名词一般是不可数的,所以称之为不可数名词;如：water, milk, oil, soil, ink, bread, juice等; 它们通常只有单数形式;但是在具体的情况下也可以用作可数名词;如：food---foods各种食物fruit---fruits各种水果tea---teas各种茶叶gas---gases各种气味如果需要表示名词的具体数量时,可用以下的短语写：a glass of juice a piece of paper a slice of bread a bottle of oila box of …… a bowl of …… a dish of …… a pair of ……a kind of …… a kilo of …… a kilogram of …… a basket of ……a bag of …… a full of …… a basin of …… a cup of ……a packet of …… a lot of ……而有些物质名词和抽象名词的单复数含义不同,如：people人民/人们peoples民族water水waters海/潮水paper纸papers报纸/试卷/文件custom习惯customs海关time时间times次数/倍/时代brain头脑brains脑力/智力arm胳膊arms武器snow 雪snows积雪cloth布clothes衣服第二章冠词冠词分为：1.定冠词the 2.不定冠词a, an一、定冠词the的用法：1.特指某些人或某些事物；冠词的基本用法2.用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前；3.用在某些形容词前,表示某一类人；4.用在姓氏复数形式前,表示“全家人”或“夫妇俩”;5.用来表示前面已提到过的人和事；6.指双方都知道的人和事；7.世界上独一无二的事物；8.用在江河、湖海等专有名词前；9.用在序数词和最高级的前面；10.用在乐器前面球类前不加；11.在单数的可数名词前；I have a book.The book is interesting.I see a boy. The boy is Tony.I like playing the piano.12.用在某些固定的词组中;如：in the tree, on the tree, in the morning ,in the afternoon, in the evening, in the hat, look the same, go to the cinema, go to the zoo, go to the classroom二、不定冠词a和an的用法：不定冠词：不定冠词表示“一个或一”;不定冠词a用于辅音音素开头的单数可数名词前,an用于以元音音素开头的单词可数名词前;泛指某一类人或事物;表示数量有“一”的意思,但语气没有one强烈;如：a book, a pen, a boy, a girl, a worker, an arm, an apple, an orange, an hour, an egg以字母U开头的单词,U的发音为/ju:/时,前面要用冠词a,发元音为音音素的单词,前面要用冠词an;如：a useful book一本有用的书,a university一所大学,an umbrella, an hour, an ugly boy, an honest child, an interesting story三、不用冠词的地方：1. 抽象名词、物质名词和单个构成的专有名词国名、任命等前一般不用冠词;如：Chocolate is made of cocoa.2. 表示月份、星期、季节的名词前通常不用冠词;如：Sunday is the first day of a week.3. 可数名词的复数形式或不可数名词表示一般意义,而不特指具体的人或事物时,不与冠词连用;如：Women are usually more careful than men. Beef is more expensive than pork. Horses run much faster than sheep.4. 名词前已有this, that, these those, my, your, whose, some, any, no, each, every等代词时,不用冠词;如：My school is far from here. Whose are these clothes What will you do this week5. 表示球类、棋类、三餐、学科、语言的名词前不用冠词;如：Football is a very popular sport in the world. I like playing chess. He is good at Chinese and English.6. 在表示节日的名词前通常不用冠词;如：The Children’s Day in on June the first. Chinese New Year is coming soon.注：表示传统节日的名词前需要加冠词;如：The Spring Festival is the most important festival in China.7. 某些短语中不用冠词;如：on foot, by plane, by train, at night, at noon.8. 在有些名词前加定冠词和不定冠词的意思不同;如：in the class在班上in the bed在床里in class在课堂上in bed卧床There is no school tomorrow.明天我们不上学第三章代词英语中的代词可分为：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词等;一、人称代词：人称代词是指表示“你、我、他、她、它你们、我们、他们、它们”的代词;人称代词还有单数和复数之分,见下表：人称代词的主格做主语,人称代词的宾格作宾语;如：He works in the factory. I work on the farm. He likes her. We love them.、二、物主代词物主代词是表示“你的,我的,他的,她的,它的,你们的,我们的,他们的,它们的”的代词; 物主代词分为：形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词;见下表：三、反身代词：反身代词是指表示“我自己,你自己,他/她/它自己,我们自己,你们自己,他们/她们/它们自己”等的代词;见下表：四、指示代词：指示代词是指表示“这个this,那个that,这些these,那些those”的代词;见下表：除此之外,在小学阶段出现的指示代词还有so, same, it,等; 的用法：打电话时,常用that 询问对方是谁,用this 介绍自己是谁;It 的用法比较多;1说话人不知道对方是谁可以说：Who’s that It’s Li. 2指时间：What’s the time It is five.3指天气：What’s the weather like It is cold. 4指前面提到的事情：What’s is this It is a book.的用法：same 的意思是“一样的,相同的”常与the 连用;如：They are in the same class.的用法：so 也可以用作指示代词;如：—Can you mend the broken clock —Sorry, I don’t t hink so.五 、疑问代词：疑问代词和疑问副词它们都用来引导特殊疑问句;他们都叫做疑问词;疑问代词有who, whose, what, which 等;How, when, where 他们是疑问副词; 1. who 是主格,和whom 相对应,用于疑问句;如：Who’s the girl over there Who are they2. whose 兼有名词和形容词的性质;如：Whose is this pen Whose pen is this3. What 内容丰富,即可单独使用,也可和一些名词组成词组使用;如：What are you doing They are writing poems. Whatcolour is your new dress What’s your name 4. which 用来指人或物;如：Which one do you like best Which of you will go with me你们那一位愿意和我去六、六、不定代词：不定代词：不指明代替任何特定名词的代词;它具有计量作用,表示不同的数量概念;如：some any no every others all both somebody anyone nobody another each one someone anybody noone everybody much few little something anything nothing everything many a few a little a lotsome和any表示“一些”;Some通常用于肯定句,any用于否定句和疑问句;如：There are some cups on the table. Have you any stamps 遇到“Would you like…”句型,要用some,如：Would you like some teaa few少许,少数；few少数,几乎没有用于否定；都用于修饰可数名词;a little少许,少数；little少数,几乎没有用于否定；都用于修饰不可数名词;much和many的意思是“许多,大量”,much修饰或指代不可数名词,many修饰或指代可数名词;much还可以用在比较级前面;如：She has much water. How many pens do you haveeveryone意思是“每个人”;用作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式;如：Everyone is here today.one指代可数名词,既可以指人,也可以指物；它有复数形式ones和所有格one’s;other意思是“别的”、“其他的”;既可以指人,也可以指物,但不确指；用the other表示“两者中的另一个”;Another表示“另外的”;如：Some students like playing basketball, but other students like playing football. Bruce has two son. One is a teacher, the other is an engineer. I don’t like this pen, Please give me another one.第四章形容词和副词一、形容词的基本用法：用来修饰名词,说明事物或人的特征或性质的词;形容词一般放在名词、代词的前面;如：She is a cute girl.1.形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等词时,须放在其后;如：something important.2.表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后;只能作后置定语,修饰疑问代词what, who, whom, whose和不定代词something, anything, nothing, somebody, anybody, nobody 等;4..貌似副词的形容词有lovely, friendly, lively等;跟名词：enough time名词在enough后enough跟形容词：tall enough形容词在enough前二、副词的基本用法：副词主要修饰动词、形容词、副词或其他结构;一般表示方式、时间、率、方位、程度等;表示方式的如：happily, fast, angrily ;表示时间的如：tonight, now;表示频率的如：often, sometimes, every day;表示方位的如：home, there, here;表示程度的如：very, quite等三、形容词、副词的比较级的构成及句型：1.形容词、副词的比较级和最高级变化规律;1一般加-er,-est;如：tall---taller---tallest2以e结尾的加-r,-st;.如：late---later---latest3以辅音字母加y结尾的,把y变I加-er,-est;如：early---earlier---earliest4重读闭音节,双写末尾的辅音字母,加-er,-est;如：big---bigger---biggest2.双音节和多音节形容词、副词比较级和最高级的构成;部分双音节和多音节形容词分别在原级前加more和most构成比较级和最高级;如：important---more important---most important3.形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的常用法;比较级主要用于两者的比较;即：“形容词、副词比较级+than”这一结构表示：“比……更……”；any other+名词单数1 较级常用句型结构;如：①I’m taller than you.② Shanghai is larger than any other city in China.③ Most of people in Shenzhen are getting richer and richer形容词、副词的最高级的常用法：形容词、副词的最高级主要用于三者或三者以上的人和事进行比较;其结构是：the+形容词、副词的最高级+名词+表示范围的短语,即：表示“最……的”意思2 最高级常用句型结构;如：① The boy runs fastest in his class. ② China is one of the most beautiful countries in the world.③ Which is the cheapest, a computer, a TV set or a DVD player第五章数词数词可分为1.基数词2.序数词数词是用来表示事物的数目或顺序的词,表示“多少”的词叫做基数词；表示“第几”的词叫做序数词;一、基数词1. one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten;11-12用心记,13-19-teen结尾,20-90-ty结尾;2. 表示“几十几”21-99的基数词是由十位数和个位数之间加连“-”构成;如：26：twenty-six.3. 表示“几百几”101-999,先说“几百”后加“and”再加“末两位数”或“末位数”;其中的“百”用单数形式;如：102：one hundred and two 284：two hundred and eighty-four 1284：one thousand two hundred and eighty-four.“千”和“百”之间不加“and”4. 房间号码和电话号码要一个数字一个数字的读;二、序数词1.序数词的构成1一般在相应的基数词后加词尾-th,注意下列的特殊变化：one-first ,two-secend,three-third, five-fifth, eight-eighth, nine, ninth, twelve-twelfth2 以-ty结尾的基数词变序数词时,讲y改为I,再加eth;如：twenty-twentieth, thirty-thirtieth3 表示“几十几”或“几百几”的基数词变序数词时,只要将个位数变为序数词即可,十位数或百位数不变;如：twenty one-twenty first4 序数词的缩略式,由阿拉伯数字加上序数词最后两个字母构成;如：first-1st,second-2nd,third-3rd,fourth-4th,twelfth-20th,twenty first-21st2.序数词的用法：1序数词前要加定冠词the,在句中作定语,放在被修饰的名词前;2给东西编号时,序号在名词前用序数词,序号在名词后用基数词;三、年份、日期、时刻的读法1.年份：四位数通常分两组来读;如：1998读nineteen ninety-eight.但是2000-2009年不断开读;如：2008读two thousand and eight.2.日期、世纪用序数词表示;如：May 时刻有两种读法：一是直接读数字,先说钟点数,后说分钟数;这种读法英语叫做顺读法;二是先说分钟数,后说钟点数;用介词past表示几点过几分不超过半小时或用to表示几点差几分超过半小时还差多少分钟到下一个钟点;这种读法英语叫做倒读法;①整点：如：4：00 four o’clock②半点：如：4：30 half past four/four thirty③不到半点如：2：05 five past two ④超过半点：如：3：45 a quarter to four第六章介词一、表示时间的介词：1. at常用于表示钟点、夜里、中午的词之前及某些词组中;如：at six o’clock在六点钟；at half past five在五点半；at night 在夜晚；at noon在中午；at sunset在傍晚；at night在夜晚；at the end of在…末；at the beginning of在…开始时；at the age of在…岁时；at the weekend在周末；at Christmas在圣诞;2. on用表示确定的时间,如：某日的上午、下午,晚上或一般节日等之前;如：on December 1st,1994在1994年12月1日；on Monday morning在星期一上午；on Christmas Day在圣诞节；on Teachers’ Day在教师节；on weekdays在平日;3. in用于年、月、季节,上午、下午、晚上、白天等名词前;如：in the morning/afternoon/evening在上午/下午/晚上；in October 在十月；in spring/summer/autumn/winter在春季/夏季/秋季/冬季;4. in表示“在……时间内”或“时间后”;如：I’ll be back in an hour.我将在一小时后回来;二、表处所方位的介词：1. at/in/on表示“在……” ：in表示“在……内”,用于内部；on意为“在……上面”,用于表面接触;表示在某地时；at后接小地方,in后接大地方;2. between/among表示“在……之间” ：between表示在两者之间；among表示在三者或三者以上之间;3. in/to/on表示“位于”：in表示在某范围之内；to表示在某范围之外；on表示“毗邻、接壤”;4. above/over/on表示“在……上面” ：above的意思是“在……之上”,“高于……”,表示相对高度,不一定是在正上方,它的反义词是below;over的意思是“在……之上”,表示垂直的上方,其反义词是under;on的意思是“在……上面”,表示与表面接触;5. by/beside/near表示“在……附近” ：by表示“就在旁边”,较near更近；beside有“近旁”,“紧靠”之意,相当于next to；near 表示“在……附近”,距离不远;6. across/through表示“穿过”,“通过” ：across和through都表示“穿过”,“通过”的意思,across表示从物体表面“穿过”,“通过”；而through则表示从内部“穿过”,“通过”;7. in/into表示“进入……内”：in表示“在……之内”,表示位置或所处,侧重状态；into意为“进入……”,表示运动或变化,侧重动作;8. on/onto表示“在/到……之上” ：on意为“在……上”,表示位置,侧重状态；onto意为“到……上”表示位置的改变;9. 另外这些介词也常用：behind在……后面；in front of在……前面；under在……下面；below在……下方；next to在……隔壁常用于表处所方位的介词词组：in the house/in the bowl/in the book/in Shenzhen/in the east of/in the front of/behind the boy/go into the soil/on the ground/on the table/on the bus/on the top of the hill/on the left/on the right/at the bus stop/at the mall/beside the door/above the window/below the light/between the camera shop and the pet shop/under the chair/near the window/next to the hospital/around the world/across the world/across the street/through Lion Land/over there/over the building三、常用介词的其他用法：1. about意为“关于”,表示内容;2. on作“关于”讲,表示论题;如：a book on radio一本关于无线电的书3. like作“像……”解,表示相似;4. into作“成为……”解,表示转变;5. in表示“穿着”,“戴着”或“用某种语言、材料”等;6. as作“作为”解,表示身份;7. with有“和……一起”,“具有”,“用某种工具”等意思;8. without表示“没有”,“无”;9. except作“除了……之外,都……”解,表示“排除”等;10. by表示“通过交通工具、手段、通讯等方式”等;如：by bus乘公共汽车；by train乘火车；by air/plane乘飞机；by ship/sea 乘船;on foot步行除外11. for表示目的、原因;12. on, over, through, by作“通过”解,表示“途径”;如：through newspapers/televisions通过报纸/电视；on/over the radio通过收音机；on TV通过电视；by telegraph通过电报13. about大约,over=more than多于,超过,below=less than少于、不足等介词表示“数量”;常用介词的其他用法表：about the story/What’s the weather like/in red dress/with the boys/by bus/by train/by plane/by ship/for supper/the legs of thedesk/look at/look for/look after/look like/get on/get off/be good at/be interested in/be late for/at breakfast/at first/at home/atnight/at school/at a party/come to/go to/pick up/play with/a lot of/a cup of/on foot四、含介词的常见固定搭配：1. 动词+介词：look at, look for, look after, look up, look like等；get on, get off ,get on well with, get to等;2. 动词+副词+介词：catch up with, do well in等;3. be+形容词+介词：be afraid of, be angry with, be famous for, be good at, be interested in等;4. 介词+名词：at breakfast, at home, at night, at once, at school, on foot等;常见的介词以及固定搭配：look at/get on/pick up/at night/on the left/at home/look for/get off/turn on/on the right/at the cross ing/next to…/look after/get to/be good at/at first/in the street/famous for/look like/look over/turn off/ by plane play with/at noon/do well in第七章动词和时态一、动词：是表示动作和状态的词;可分为：行为动词,如：come, go等；联系动词,如：beam ,is ,are, was, were；助动词dodoes, did；情态动词cancould,many, must等;英语动词有四种形式,分别为：动词原形、第三人称单数、现在分词、动词过去式;这里动词过去分词不讲下面以四个单词为例,看看它们的基本形式;1.动词的原型：只是在一般现在时用它除she, he, it外;2.动词第三人称单数：当主语是she, he, it时,动词要发生变化;1一般在动词后加s；如：sing---sings, listen---listens2辅音字母+y结尾的动词,把y变为i再加es；如：study---studies3以字母o, s, x, sh, ch, 结尾的动词,要加es;如：do---does, go---goes3..现在分词：在动词后加ing;1一般情况下直接加ing；如：wait---waiting2以不发音的e结尾,去掉e再加ing；如：have---having, make---making同上：come, take, live, like, bake, wake, hate ,love, bite, shake, write ,close3以重度音节结尾而末尾只有一个元音字母+一个辅音字母的动词,双写这个辅音字母再加ing;如：cut---cutting, begin---beginning在小学阶段大约有以下几个单词需要双写这个辅音字母再加ingput,,cut,set,hit,let,run,swim,skip,hop,sit,clap,get,wrap,dig,regret,plan,win,begin,forget动词的过去式变化分为规则变化和不规则的变化;规则的动词见下表：要变换一个字母：改i为adrink---drank swim--swam sing--sang sit--sat give--gave begin--began ring--rang2. 只需要变换一个字母：改i为owrite--wrote ride--rode drive—drove win--won3. 只需要变换一个字母：build---built send---sent spend---spent come---came become---became fall---fell hang---hung get---got run---ran4. 有相同的字母：teach---taught think---thought fly---flew sleep---slept wake---woke catch---caught buy---boughtdraw---drew sweep---swept speak---spoke sell---sold bring---broughtthrow---threw feel---felt break---broke tell---told grow---grew stand---stood understand---understood5. 过去式与原型相同：put cut set let read hit hurt二、时态小学阶段所学的时态主要是：一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时和一般将来时;1. 一般现在时：表示现阶段经常、习惯性的动作或状态、特征、客观真理;常用的时间状语有：often, always, sometimes, usually, every day, and soon;一般现在时的构成：动词原形；当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词加-s或-es;如下：① We/They/I/You+动词原形② He/She/It+动词+s或es问句：Do/Doeshe, she, it+动词原形do…Be+主语……Yes,主语+do/does./No,主语+don’t/doesn’t答语：I am. I’m not.Yes, he/she/it is. No, he/she/it isn’t we/you/they are. we/you/they aren’t.例如：I always go to school by bike. She often gets up at five thirsty.We play basketball on the playground. Does he go to school on foot every day No, h e doesn’t.2. 现在进行时：表示正在进行或发生的动作;常与这些词搭配：now, look, listen或根据上下文做题;现在进行时的构成：①I am肯定句：②He/She/It is +动词+ing③We/They/You are否定句在be动词后面加not,问句把be动词提前;例如：He is playing basketball now. They aren’t singing a song.What are they doing now3. 过去进行时：表示在过去的某一时刻正在进行或发生的动作;过去进行时的构成：①I was肯定句：②He/She/It +动词+ing③We/They/You were否定句在be动词后加not,问句把be动词提前;例如：He was walking at 6 yesterday morning.I was not walking at 6 yesterday morning. I was running.4. 一般过去时：表示过去某一时间发生的事,存在的状态或过去发生地动作;常用的时间状语有：yesterday, yesterday morning/afternoon/evening/,evening, last week/morning/Sunday/month/year/…,in 2006一般过去时没有单数和复数之分;一般过去时的构成：肯定句：主语I/we/you/she/he/it/they+动词过去式否定句：主语+didn’t+动词原形do问句：Did+主语+动词原形do例如：I walked in the street yesterday. He didn’t go to school.Tom had a big dinner last week. She ate an ice cream yesterday.Did she send emails to your sister last night No, she didn’t.5. 一般将来时：表示将要发生的动作或状态;常用的时间状语：next week/mon th/year/Sunday…,tomorrow,tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening…一般将来时的构成：肯定句：①主语I/we/you/she/he/it. They +will/shall+动词原形;②be going to+动词原形否定句：主语+will notwon’t+动词原形do主语+be not+ going to+动词原形问句：Will+主语+going to+动词原形do…Be+主语+going to+动词原形例如：Pat will go to Shenzhen next week. 注：如果句中含有will, shall, should, would, can, could, may, mast等情态动词,其后面的动词一律接动词第八章日常交际用语日常交际用语主要有以下几种：1. 打电话：Making telephone calls1 Hello、Hello This is Tom.2 Hello May/Can I sp eak to……Is that……speaking/This is ……speaking. I am afraid he is out./Hold on, please. I’ll get him./May I take a message for him2. 看病：seeing the doctor1 What’s wrong with you/What’s the matter with you/What’s your trouble2 I have got a bad cold./I have a headache./I have got a pain here./I feel bad/terrible.3. 购物：shopping1 What can I do for you/Can I help you/May I help you2 I’d like……3 How much is it/How much does it cost4 How much/How many……do you want5 What size/colour do you like6 I’ll take/have it. Here is the money.4. 问路及应答：Asking the way and responses1 Excuse me, where is the……/Excuse me. Can you tell me the way to……Excuse me. Can you tell me how can I get to……2 Go aright down this street/road. Go along the road. Turn left/right at the first/second crossing. It’s far from there. You can take the bus. It’s beside/near/between……3 I am sorry. I don’t know. I am new here. You can ask the policeman.5. 谈论天气：1 What is the weather like today/What was the weather like yesterday in Shenzhen2 It’s cold/hot/rainy. It was cool/wet/dry. It’s raining/snowing.6. 就餐：Taking meals1 What would you like What would you like to eat/drink Would you like something to eat/drink What do you want toeat/drink2 I’d like a glass of juice./I’d like some dumplings.3 Help yourself to some……4 Would you like some more……5 No, thank you.7. 致谢、道歉及应答：1 Thank you./Thanks a lot./Many thanks.2 You a re welcome./Not at all./That’s all right./It’s my pleasure./That’s OK.3 Excuse me./Sorry./I’m sorry.。