英文文献讲解
Angew 英文文献讲解
（一）Nb2O5的知识
Nb2O5分为三种TT-Nb2O5 （六方晶系）：最不稳定的相 T-Nb2O5 （正交晶系） H-Nb2O5 （单斜晶系）：最稳定的相
五、结论
在照射时，TT型Nb2O5（001）晶面的Lewis酸性位点可以 与局部高浓度的溶液中的有机分子结合，提供了高效的光 成矿作用的场所，这解释了本篇研究的最高光解速率。再 次描述了依靠形状的酸和光催化特性。这篇文章将会引起 对Nb2O5光催化特性的兴趣。
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
(001) Surface
姓名：*** 导师：*** 2015.5.28
主要内容
一、研究背景 二、文献摘要 三、实验部分 四、光催化活性表征 五、结论
一、研究背景
（一）研究现状
目前寻找低碳和洁净能源是人们关注的热点，尤其是太阳能产氢，细 化学品制造，净化水方面的研究。
J. Am.Chem.Soc.2009, 131, 12540–12541.
纳米颗粒的半导体氧化物如TiO2，ZnO等展现了很强的表面催化性能。
J.Am.Chem.Soc.2010,132,6679-668
另外，球状纳米颗粒有很高的比表面积，但是在富含缺陷的非平面 的表面上高的电子-空穴的重组有时是一个问题。
Mater.Lett. 2001, 49, 277–281；J. Phys.Chem.C 2008,112,14064–14074；Appl. Catal. B 2008, 82, 219–224.
英文文献讲解评分标准表
英文文献讲解评分标准表Alright, here's a sample of a grading criteria sheetfor English literature presentations, written in an informal and varied style:---。
When grading English literature presentations, there are a few key things we look for. First off, clarity of expression. We want to hear ideas explained in a way that's easy to understand, without too much jargon or complicated language. Simple, yet effective communication is key.Next, depth of analysis. A good presentation digs into the text, exploring themes, characters, and plot devices. It doesn't just skim the surface but goes deep, providing insights that make us see the work in a new way.Visual aids and organization are also important. Awell-structured presentation with relevant slides orhandouts helps keep the audience engaged. It shows that the speaker has planned their talk and knows how to present information in a logical, easy-to-follow manner.Creativity and originality are always a plus. It's great to hear fresh perspectives on familiar texts. When a speaker brings something new to the conversation, it keeps things interesting and opens up new avenues for discussion.Finally, we look for enthusiasm and confidence. A speaker who's passionate about the.。
英文摘要讲解ppt课件
英文摘要讲解
METHODS（方法）
④Forty consecutive patients had 40 device implantations (32 with the CardioSeal implant and 8 with the Amplatzer device). ⑤ The patients were assessed with echocardiography, chest radiography and electrocardiography before the procedure and at 1, 6 and 12 months.（32个患者植入CardioSeal封堵器，8个患 者植入Amplatzer 封堵器，在术前1，6个月和12个月对患者进行 前超声心动图、胸片和心电图检查）
和结论(conclusion)。
2、非结构式摘要：段落不明，给编辑、审稿、阅读 和计算机处理带来诸多不便 。
5
摘要的格式及要求
摘要篇幅国际标准化组织建议不少于250个词,最 多不超过500个词;美国化学文献和医学文摘规定在 300个词以内,而学术会议常要求500个词;根据CSTA 中国科学技术期刊文献数据库英文版的要求,文摘长度 以50~150词为宜。一般来讲,摘要的长短基本取决于 文章的长度及其所排版的位置,摘要的长度一般占文章 长度的3%~5%,但在排版的时候绝不应超过版面的 2/3。
2、信息型：用来报道论文的研究目的、方法、 结果和结论。实质上，它是整篇论文的高度浓缩。
4
摘要的格式及要求
摘要格式 1、结构式摘要：包含目的、设计、地点、对象、处
理、主要测定项目、结果、结论8项，或者其中的5项， 4项。据统计，目前世 界上60%以上的生物医学期刊采 用结构式摘要,我国医学类刊物以及其他一些科技期刊 也已相继采用了结构式摘要，其中大部分为以温哥华 IMRAD格式范畴写作的四层次结构,包括目的 (objective)、方法(methods)、结果(results)
专业英语文献阅读
专业英语文献阅读专业英语文献阅读在学术研究中扮演着重要的角色，它不仅可以帮助我们了解最新的研究进展，还能够提升我们自身的学术水平。
然而，对于许多非英语母语的研究者来说，阅读英语文献可能会成为一种挑战。
本文将就专业英语文献阅读进行讨论，并分享一些提高阅读能力的方法。
首先，要提高英语文献阅读的效率和质量，最基本的要求是具备扎实的英语基础。
这包括对英语语法、词汇、句型等方面有一定的了解。
同时，熟悉学术英语的特点也是必不可少的，比如常用的学术词汇、写作风格等。
只有具备了这些基础知识，才能更好地理解文献内容，把握作者的观点和论证。
其次，要善于利用工具和资源来辅助阅读。
现在有许多在线词典和翻译工具可以帮助我们随时查阅生词的意思，或者翻译不懂的句子。
此外，一些学术搜索引擎和数据库也是我们获取文献信息的重要途径。
通过这些工具和资源，我们可以更快地找到我们需要的文献，提高阅读效率。
再者，要注重阅读策略的培养。
在阅读英语文献时，我们可以采取一些策略来帮助我们更好地理解文本。
比如，可以先快速浏览全文，把握文章的结构和主要内容；然后再仔细阅读每一段落，理清作者的论证逻辑；最后，可以总结文章的主旨和亮点，加深对文献的理解和记忆。
此外，要多加练习和积累经验。
阅读英语文献是一个技能活动，需要不断地练习和积累经验才能提高。
可以选择一些感兴趣的主题或领域，多读一些相关的文献，逐渐提升阅读能力。
同时，可以参加一些学术讨论或研讨会，和他人交流和分享自己的阅读体会，从中获取更多的启发和经验。
总的来说，专业英语文献阅读对于学术研究者来说是一项必备的技能。
通过不断地学习和练习，我们可以提高自己的阅读能力，更好地理解和运用英语文献，为自己的学术研究打下坚实的基础。
希望以上提到的一些方法和建议能够对大家有所帮助，让我们在英语文献的海洋中畅游自如。
中英文文献翻译—离合器工作原理
附录How Clutches WorkIf you drive a manual transmission car, you may be surprised to find out that it has more than one clutch. And it turns out that folks with automatic transmission cars have clutches, too. In fact, there are clutches in many things you probably see or use every day: Many cordless drills have a clutch, chain saws have a centrifugal clutch and even some yo-yos have a clutch.CIn!cp I山g?e CgIIeL入D!g?Lg山 o\ cgL 2poM!u? cIn!cp Iocg!!ou. eee 山oLe cIn!cp !山g?e2In this article, you'll learn why you need a clutch, how the clutch in your car works and find out some interesting, and perhaps surprising, places where clutches can be found. Clutches are useful in devices that have two rotating shafts. In these devices, one of the shafts is typically driven by a motor or pulley, and the other shaft drives another device. In a drill, for instance, one shaft is driven by a motor and the other drives a drill chuck. The clutch connects the two shafts so that they can either be locked together and spin at the same speed,or be decoupled and spin at different speeds.In a car,you need a clutch because the engine spins all the time,but the car's wheels do not. In order for a car to stop without killing the engine, the wheels need to be disconnectedf rom the engine somehow. The clutch allows us to smoothly engage a spinning engine to a non-spinning transmission by controlling the slippage between them.To understand how a clutch works, it helps to know a little bit about friction, which is a measure of how hard it is to slide one object over another. Friction is caused by the peaks and valleys that are part of every surface -- even very smooth surfaces still have microscopic peaks and valleys. The larger these peaks and valleys are, the harder it is to slide the object. You can learn more about friction in How Brakes Work.A clutch works because of friction between a clutch plate and a flywheel. We'll look at how these parts work together in the next section.Fly Wheels,Clutch Plates and FrictionIn a car’s clutch, a flywheel connects to the engine, and a clutch plate connects to the transmission. You can see what this looks like in the figure below.When your foot is off the pedal, the springs push the pressure plate against the clutch disc, which in turn presses against the flywheel. This locks the engine to the transmission input shaft, causing them to spin at the same speed.Pressure plateThe amount of force the clutch can hold depends on the friction between the clutch plate and the flywheel, and how much force the spring puts on the pressure plate. The friction force in the clutch works just like the blocks described in the friction section of How Brakes Work, except that the spring presses on the clutch plate instead of weight pressing the block into the ground.W h en the clutch pedal is pressed, a cable or hydraulic piston pushes on the release fork, which presses the throw-out bearing against the middle of the diaphragm spring. As the middle of the diaphragm spring is pushed in, a series of pins near the outside of the spring causes the spring to pull the pressure plate away from the clutch disc (see below). This r eleases the clutch from the spinning engine.Common ProblemsFrom the 1950s to the 1970s, you could count on getting between 50,000 and 70,000 miles from your car's clutch. Clutches can now last for more than 80,000 miles if you use them gently and maintain them well. If not cared for, clutches can start to break down at 35,000 miles. Trucks that are consistently overloaded or that frequently tow heavy loads can also have problems with relatively new clutches.Photo courtesy Carolina MustangClutch plateThe clutch only wears while the clutch disc and the flywheel are spinning at different speeds. When they are locked together, the friction material is held tightly against the flywheel, and they spin in sync. It's only when the clutch disc is slipping against the flywheel that wearing occurs. So, if you are the type of driver who slips the clutch a lot, you'll wear out your clutch a lot faster.Sometimes the problem is not with slipping, but with sticking. If your clutch won't release properly, it will continue to turn the input shaft. This can cause grinding, or completely p revent your car from going into gear. Some common reasons a clutch may stick are: Broken or stretched clutch cable - The cable needs the right amount of tension to push and pull effectively.Leaky or defective slave and/or master clutch cylinders - Leaks keep the cylinders from building the necessary amount of pressure.Air in the hydraulic line - Air affects the hydraulics by taking up space the fluid needs to build pressure.Misadjusted linkage - When your foot hits the pedal, the linkage transmits the wrong amount of force.Mismatched clutch components - Not all aftermarket parts work with your clutch.depress fully. If you have to press hard on the pedal, there may be something wrong. Sticking or binding in the pedal linkage, cable, cross shaft, or pivot ball are common causes. S o metimes a blockage or worn seals in the hydraulic system can also cause a hard clutch. Another problem associated with clutches is a worn throw-out bearing, sometimes called a clutch release bearing. This bearing applies force to the fingers of the spinning pressure plate to release the clutch.If you hear a rumbling sound when the clutch engages,you might have a problem with the throw-out.Types of ClutchesThere are many other types of clutches in your car and in your garage.An automatic transmission contains several clutches. These clutches engage and disengage various sets of planetary gears. Each clutch is put into motion using pressurized hydraulic fluid. When the pressure drops, springs cause the clutch to release. Evenly spacedridges, called splines, line the inside and outside of the clutch to lock into the gears and the clutch housing. You can read more about these clutches in How Automatic Transmissions Work.An air conditioning, compressor in a car has an electromagnetic clutch. This allows the compressor to shut off even while the engine is running. When current flows through a magnetic coil in the clutch, the clutch engages. As soon as the current stops, such as when you turn off your air conditioning, the clutch disengages.Most cars that have an engine-driven cooling fan have a thermostatically controlled viscous clutch -- the temperature of the fluid actually drives the clutch. This clutch is positioned at the hub of the fan, in the airflow coming through the radiator. This type of clutch is a lot like the viscous coupling sometimes found in all-wheel drive cars. The fluid in the clutch gets thicker as it heats up, causing the fan to spin faster to catch up with the engine rotation. When the car is cold, the fluid in the clutch remains cold and the fan spins s lowly, allowing the engine to quickly warm up to its proper operating temperature.Many cars have limited slip differentials or viscous couplings, both of which use clutches to help increase traction. When your car turns, one wheel spins faster than the other, which makes the car hard to handle. The slip differential makes up for that with the help of its clutch. When one wheel spins faster than the others, the clutch engages to slow it down and match the other three. Driving over puddles of water or patches of ice can also spin your wheels. You can learn more about differentials and viscous couplings in How Differentials Work.Gas-powered chain saws and weed eaters have centrifugal clutches, so that the chains or strings can stop spinning without you having to turn off the engine. These clutches work automatically through the use of centrifugal force. The input is connected to the engine crankshaft. The output can drive a chain, belt or shaft. As the rotations per minute increase, w eighted arms swing out and force the clutch to engage. Centrifugal clutches are also often found in lawn mowers, go-karts, mopeds and mini-bikes. Even some yo-yos are m anufactured with centrifugal clutches.C lu tches are valuable and necessary to a number of applications. For more information on clutches and related topics, check out the links on the following page.离合器工作原理如果您驾驶手动变速箱的汽车，您可能会惊讶地发现，它有一个以上的离合器。
楚辞英文翻译及讲解PPT课件
Yangzi Valley, South China the earliest collection of
romantic poems written by officials or nobles Local characteristics, personal features Passionate, flowery
The End
Other poems by Qu
Qu Yuan has finished 23 poems in total In three categories: 1. political lyrics政治抒情诗：《离骚》,《九
章》(The Nine Elegies)
2. lyrics in the name of odes to gods 借祭歌以
Jade weights fasten, oh! his mat divine Adorned with gems, oh! and flowers sweet. We pour pepper sauce, oh! and laurel wine An serve in orchids, oh! the spiced meat
Qu Yuan
Qu Yuan (340-278 BC) the most important Chu poet, the first great of China, the founder of the elegies of Chu. Qu Yuan “had both wide learning and a retentive memory, had an insight into political situation and was gifted with a silver tongue”.
专业英语英文 文献
专业英语英文文献
专业英语文献是指用英语撰写的学术或专业性质的文献，涵盖
各个领域的研究成果、学术论文、期刊文章、书籍、报告等。
这些
文献通常具有较高的学术水平和专业性，用于传播学术知识和研究
成果，促进学术交流和学科发展。
专业英语文献的特点包括严谨的
逻辑结构、丰富的学术术语和专业名词、精准的表达和专业化的语
言风格。
在不同学科领域，专业英语文献的写作风格和要求会有所不同。
例如，在科学领域的文献中，通常会包括研究方法、实验数据、结
果分析和结论等内容，语言严谨、精准；而在人文社科领域的文献中，可能更注重理论探讨、案例分析和学术观点的阐述，语言可能
更富有文学性和表达力。
阅读专业英语文献有助于学术研究者了解最新的研究成果和学
术观点，促进学术交流和合作。
同时，撰写专业英语文献也是学术
研究者交流学术成果、推动学科发展的重要方式。
因此，掌握有效
的英语写作技巧和学术表达能力对于从事学术研究的人来说至关重要。
总之，专业英语文献在学术交流和学科发展中扮演着重要的角色，对于学术研究者来说，阅读和撰写专业英语文献都是必不可少的能力和技能。
通过不断的学习和实践，提升自己的英语写作水平和学术表达能力，将有助于更好地参与到学术交流和学科建设中。
医学医学英文文献汇报讲解PPT培训课件
Case description
在入院前4个月，经胸超声心动图提示病人有轻中度肺动脉 高压，肺动脉收缩压大约40mmHg并且房间隔变扁。随后的 进行左、右心脏导管插入术提示PA 50/19（平均31）且其 患有非梗阻性冠状动脉疾病。尽管积极使用速尿利尿以及使 用西地那非血管扩张剂治疗,患者呼吸困难仍然继续加剧且 伴有心悸。
该病人诊疗经过十分复杂，既需要血管升压药来治疗低血压，又有逐渐恶化的 右心室功能障碍和急性肾损伤。在移植评估过程中，她决定不想再继续接受那 些试图稳定其进行性多器官功能障碍的治疗，并改为安适疗法。在撤去支持治 疗后数小时她便去世了。
2
Background
Background
肺静脉闭塞性疾病(PVOD)是一种罕见的肺动脉高血压(PAH) 病因，其肺小静脉和微静脉纤维化，逐渐导致肺动脉高压、 肺间质、胸膜水肿和右心衰。
Discussion
使用PAH特殊疗法在治疗PVOD时，因为容易引起肺动脉扩张，进而引 起肺水肿，所以需要密切的临床监测。曾有PVOD的个案报道称，一个 病人由于使用了小剂量的前列环素后死于急性肺水肿和呼吸衰竭。最近 发现,前列环素谨慎使用可以暂时改善某些PVOD患者临床和血流动力学 参数，继而可以进行肺移植手术。尽管所有种类PAH相关血管舒张治疗 都会增加PVOD患者肺水肿的风险，但另一份报告却介绍了一个病人在 使用了前列环素后发生了进行性恶化的低氧血症，但在使用了其他血管 舒张剂后，这种症状却改善了。同样，我们的病人尽管在使用了强心治 疗后仍表现为低血压并且对前列环素不耐受。如果继续使用前列环素， 那么她的心肺功能可能会处于失代偿状态甚至更糟。然而，在她大部分 住院治疗中，吸入一氧化氮和口服西地那非治疗贯穿始终。尽管有证据 表明输注前列环素可以改善某些PVOD患者病情，但是我们这个病例和 之前报道的其他病例却表明，并不是所有的PVOD患者都会从环前列腺 素治疗中获益。
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超氧化物歧化酶 SOD活性的测定 过氧化物岐化酶 POD活性的测定 丙二醛MDA 含量的测定
低温抗性实验
电导率的测定
PsG6PDH在转基因烟草耐低温中的可能作用
实验部分
植 物 表 达 载 体 的 构 建 ：
PsG6PDH
实验部分
烟草的遗传转化：
利用经典的的叶盘转化法把甜杨G6PDH基因转 入烟草，经过含Kan和Cef培养基的筛选、继代 和生根培养，得到一批转基因烟草。
感谢大家的聆听！
Published by Biotechnology letters: 21， May,2013 Factor：1.853
报告人： 专业：生物学基地 年级：2011级 日期：2014年5月11号
主要内容
1.背景介绍
2. 实验方法
3. 结果与讨论 4. 实验结论 5. 前景展望
背景介绍
低温的危害：
低温是限制植物生长，发育和分布的重要环境因素之一， 低温不但降低植物的生命合成活性，抑制正常的生理代谢 过程，而且严重时还会导致植物死亡。 低温寒害是农业、林业生产的主要自然灾害之一。
常规育种存在的不足：
育种周期长，杂交方式单一，杂交难度大等局限性， 杂交工序复杂费时，易受季节、气候、地域及水分等 多种环境因素限制。
实验部分
低温抗性试验：
取生长性状一致的野生型和转基因烟草
（1）未经15℃低温驯化：培养温度直接从25 ℃下降 到4 ℃，每隔12h观察烟草的表型变化(结果如图Fig.4.a)
（2）经15 ℃低温驯化：培养温度先降至15 ℃后缓慢
下降到-4 ℃，按0.5 ℃/h逐步降低温度，在每处理温 度下24h，观察烟草的表型变化(结果如图Fig.4.b)
背景介绍
甜杨中分离G6PDH基因
生物学分析
该基因可能编码胞质PsG6PDH 而且与基因胁迫有关
PsG6PDH的原核表达
验证了其编码框的完整性
导入烟草进行表达和分析
对其功能进行进一步鉴定
实验部分
实验部分
甜杨 高效稳定的离体培养体系的建立 总RNA的提取 基因组DNA的制备
G6PDH基因的分离和克隆
Up-regulated
结论
甜杨PsG6PDH的组成性表达，不会影响 烟草的表型生长，而且在低温胁迫下可 以提高烟草的抗寒能力。因此，可作为 植物抗寒冻遗传改良的新的外源基因。
前景展望
1.由于植物抗寒冻性状受多基因控制，因此有必要从 多基因的作用层次上来探讨植物抗寒冻的作用机制。 2.采用生物信息学技术设计甜杨G6PDH基因的突变 体，研究G6PDH突变体及其活性，以及在转基因植 物中的抗性作用。经过改造可能会获得活性更强的 G6PDH。
电解质渗透率（EL）=S1/S2
结果与讨论
A. variation of electrical conductivity of tobacco leavea after serial treatments at 25,4,0,-2,-4℃,respectively
Blow 0℃,EL of both transgenic lines was significant lower than that of WT
G6PDH基因的分离和克隆
植物表达载体的构建和遗传转化
转PsG6PDH基因烟草材料的获得
超氧化物歧化酶 SOD活性的测定 过氧化物岐化酶 POD活性的测定 丙二醛MDA 含量的测定
低温抗性实验
电导率的测定
PsG6PDH在转基因烟草耐低温中的可能作用
实验部分
低温抗性试验：
取生长性状一致的野生型和转基因烟草
含有NADP结合区（红色）和G6P结合区（蓝色）两个保守功能域，具 有多个磷酸化位点和跨膜区域，表明PsG6PDH可能作为膜受体而起作用
结果与讨论
系 统 发 生 树
实验部分
甜杨 高效稳定的离体培养体系的建立 总RNA的提取 基因组DNA的制备
G6PDH基因的分离和克隆
植物表达载体的构建和遗传转化
背景介绍
甜杨(Populus suaveolens)：属杨柳科(Salicacae)，
主要分布于大兴安岭北部及漠河一带，是研究木本 植物抗冻性及有关抗冻基因克隆的理想材料。
G6PDH(葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶)：磷酸戊糖途径的
关键性调控限速酶，其主要功能是为脂肪酸合成、 氮还原和谷胱甘肽等生物分子合成提供还原力 NADPH，也为核酸合成提供戊糖；此外，还参加 非生物逆境胁迫应答反应。因此，G6PDH 对植物 的生长发育起着非常重要的作用。
植物表达载体的构建和遗传转化
转PsG6PDH基因烟草材料的获得
超氧化物歧化酶 SOD活性的测定 过氧化物岐化酶 POD活性的测定 丙二醛MDA 含量的测定
低温抗性实验
电导率的测定
PsG6PDH在转基因烟草耐低温中的可能作用
结果与讨论
The predicted tertiary structure of PsG6PDH protein
甜杨G6PDH基因在烟草中的表达，有助于膜 保护性酶POD和SOD活性的提高及细胞膜的 稳定，进而提高了转基因烟草的耐低温能力。
实验部分
Increased transcription of cold-stress related genes in tobacco plants over-expressing PsG6PDH
结果与讨论
(b). With clod-acclimation
结果与讨论
Transgenic tobacco lines carrying poplar PsG6PDH exhibited a greater cold tolerance than WT plants源自实验部分电导率的测定：
取生长性状一致的野生型和转基因烟草，在25℃ 、4 ℃、0 ℃、-2 ℃、-4 ℃五个不同温度下分别 处理两小时，选择相同位置的叶片，用0.5mm的 打孔器打孔，选择10个小圆片置于试管中，加入 5ml去离子水，抽真空20min后，静置一小时， 用电导仪测定电导值S1。将样品沸水浴30min， 静置一小时，测定电导值S2.
实验部分
G6PDH活性的测定：荧光光学法
SOD活性的测定：NBT光化学还原法 POD活性的测定：愈创木酚法
MDA含量的测定：TBA（硫代巴比妥酸）反应法
结果与讨论
MDA POD
SOD
over-expressing
G6PDH
结果与讨论
Increased cytosolic G6PDH activity is involved in POD and SOD activity and induction of frezzing resistance in poplar cuttings.
30 days old，将植株转入土壤，在植物培养箱 中under 15%，a 16/8h light/dark photoperiod for 1 month。 Used for cold tolerance assays and gene expression analyses
实验部分
甜杨 高效稳定的离体培养体系的建立 总RNA的提取 基因组DNA的制备
Functional analysis of PsG6PDH, a cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene from Populus suaveolens, and its contribution to cold tolerance improvement in tobacco plants
（1）未经15℃低温驯化：培养温度直接从25 ℃下降 到4 ℃，每隔12h观察烟草的表型变化(结果如图Fig.4.a)
（2）经15 ℃低温驯化：培养温度先降至15 ℃后缓慢
下降到-4 ℃，按0.5 ℃/h逐步降低温度，在每处理温 度下24h，观察烟草的表型变化(结果如图Fig.4.b)
结果与讨论
(a). Without cold-acclimation