英语写作 笔记缩写
笔记 口译常用缩写
(Note-taking: Useful Signs and Abbreviations)1．常用笔记符号：符号信息意义箭头符号↑上升；提高；增强；上涨；增长；扩大；起飞；升空；提拔；晋升（grow, expand, develop, rise, go up, increase , ascend, launch, skyrocket[使...上升], soar, appreciation[增值], promote[促进], upwards）↓下降；下沉；降低；滑坡；轰炸；减少；恶化；降职；削减/裁减（drop to, bomb, jump, go down, descend, decrease, deteriorate, depreciation[贬值], reduce, downwards）↗上扬；渐渐好转（become better and better）↘下挫；不断亏损（become worse and worse）→出口；去；向前；出国；前往；运往；导致；发展成为… （export to, enter, arrive in/at, present to, result in, send to, transmit to, lead to, export to, cause）←回顾；从前；进口；倒退；来自；源于（come from, originate from, receive from, go back to, import from）例如：café ← French意为: café源自于法语数学符号+ 增加；补充；除此之外另外(furthermore, in addition to, with, and, besides, etc)—减少；删除；缺乏（minus, lack）×表示“不对的，错的，坏的，不好的，臭名昭著的”（incorrect, wrong, bad, inappropriate, notorious）> 超过，大于，胜过，优于（more than, bigger than, surpass, better than, superior to）< 小于，不足，次于，逊色（fewer than, less than, worse than, inferior to）= 等于符号（equal) 在听力笔记中相当于“与…一样”（equal to, the same as)，另外可以表示“是…的对手“（a ri-val, a competitor)等意思。
雅思写作常用的缩写有哪些
雅思写作常用的缩写有哪些在雅思写作考试中，我们可以通过一些简写的方式来避免错误的出现。
很多考生对于全称可能没有特别大的把握，这个时候我们就可以通过简称来表达自己想要说的内容。
接下来小编为大家总结了一些在雅思写作中比较常见的一些缩写形式，一起来了解一下。
雅思写作常用的缩写有哪些雅思写作可以用缩写吗如下：缩写形式在非正式文章、书目提要、个人笔记及私人购货单中频繁出现.缩写是一种非正规的拼写形式，不宜在作文中广泛应用。
个人笔记或购货单中的“10 lbs flour"，在作文中应写出它的全称‘ten pounds of flour"。
再如书目提要中的“ALD”在文章中应将其全名写出“Oxfond Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English".但有些缩略语例外，它们常在文章中使用。
雅思写作可以用缩写吗?这些缩略语大体有以下几类，1)某些称呼语某些表示先生、太太、女士等称呼语常用缩写形式如，Mr,Smith 史密斯先生，Mrs.Jones琼斯夫人，Ms.Jacob雅各布女士，Dr.Ding T博士，St.John圣约翰。
其它的表示头衔的称呼语多写出其全称。
如,Pre-sident Reagan里根总统，Professor Wang汪教授，Senator Smith史密斯参议员，Dean Li。
刘主任，Chairman Li李主席等。
2)某些放在名字后面，表示学位和庭地位的用语某些表示学位和庭地位的用语放在具体的名字后时，常用缩略形式。
如，Howard Rubin,Ph.D,哲学博士粗华德·督宾声mith Hall,M.D,医学博士史密斯.霍尔，Robert Nissen，D,D,S.(Doctor of Dental Surgery)H腔外科博士罗伯特·尼森，John Amith,M.A.文学硕士约翰·史密斯;T omas Johnson,B,A.文学学士托马斯·约翰赴sHenry Ford,Jr(Junior)小亨利.福特。
笔记常用符号及缩略语
一、常用符号（一）数学符号+表示“加上”、“另外”、“除此之外”or “多”（plus, and, in addition to 或者many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc.）++(+2) 表示“多”的比较级：more+3 表示“多”的最高级：most－表示“减去”or “缺乏/少”（minus, lack, in short of/ in shortage of etc或者little, few）×表示“错误”、“失误”和“坏”的概念（wrong/incorrect，something bad，notorious，negative, etc.）√表示“对的”、“好的”、“积极的”（correct, good, positive, affirmative）> 表示“多于”或者“超过”（bigger/larger/greate r/more than/better than, surpass, superior to, etc.）< 表示“少于”或者“不如”、“逊色”（less/smaller/fewer than, worse than, inferior to, etc.）≥表示“大于或等于”、“不少于”（more than or equal to, no less than）≤表示“小于或等于”、“不多于”（less than or equal to, no more than）= 表示“同等”、“相当于”(means，that is to say，in other words，the same as，be equal to, etc.)也表示“对手”概念(a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc.)≠表示“不同”概念(be different from, etc. )表示“无敌”概念(matchless, peerless, etc.)≈表示“大约”概念(about/around，approximately, or so，etc.) Є表示“属于”（belong to）( ) 表示“在......之间”(among, within, etc. )( 和)都可以表示并列/ 表示“否定”，“消除”等概念(cross out, eliminate, etc.)∵“由于”、“因为”、“幸亏”（because, due to, thanks to, as, owing to）∴“所以”、“因此”、“结果是”（so, therefore, as a result, consequently）⊥表示“在……基础上”（based on）,或者“影响”、“效果”、“压力”“负担”（influence, effect,impact, pressure, stress, burden, load）E 数学符号表示总值（total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. ）（二）标点符号: 表示各种各样“说”或“想”的动词：say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, express, think, etc.表示“问题”或“疑问”：question，issue，doubt例如：台湾问题：tw? 也可表示“问”（ask）·(dot) 这个“·”点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样“·d”表示yesterday, “·y”表示last year, “·2m”表示two months ago。
笔记中英语缩写
一、缩写词：Abbreviations in Note takingUse only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.1．Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references.S = sumf = frequencyLeave out periods in standard abbreviations.cf = comparee.g. = exampledept = departmentUse only the first syllable of a word.pol = politicsdem = democracylib = liberalcap = capitalismUse entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.pres = presentationsubj = subjectind = individualcons = conservativeEliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation.assoc = associatebiol = biologyinfo = informationach = achievementchem = chemistrymax = maximumintro = introductionconc = concentrationmin = minimumrep = repetitionOmit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.ppd = preparedprblm = problemestmt = estimatebkgd = backgroundgvt = governmentUse an apostrophe in place of letters.am't = amountcont'd = continuedgov't = governmenteducat'l = educationalForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.chpts = chaptersegs = examplesfs = frequenciesintros = introductionsUse g to represent ing endings.ckg = checkingestg = establishingdecrg = decreasingexptg = experimentingSpell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand.Leave out unimportant words.Leave out the words a and the.If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is usedagain. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.& = andw/ = withw/o = withoutvs = against= therefore= = is or equal2. Use technical symbols where applicable. zb = German, for exampleibid = Latin, the same worko = degreesH2O = waterMore reference:Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:+ plus// parallelUse standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:eg exampleIT dept Information Technology departmentUK United KingdomUse only the first syllable of a word. Examples:mar marketingcus customercli clientUse the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples: subj subjectbudg budgetind individualTo distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of theword, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:tech'gy technologygen'ion generalisationdel'y deliveryUse just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples:assoc associatedach achievementinfo informationOmit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples:bkgd backgroundmvmt movementprblm problemForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviatedword by adding 's.' Examples:custs customersfs frequencies/s ratiosUse 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples: decrg decreasingckg checkingestblg establishingSpell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:inbutaskeyLeave out unimportant verbs. Examples:iswaswereLeave out unnecessary articles. Examples:aantheIf a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example:January Advertising Campaign Budget JACBUse symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:@ at2 to4 for& andw/ withw/o withoutvs againstCreate your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects.Other Symbols and Abbreviationsas a result of / consequences of <---> resulting in --->and / also +equal to / same as =following ffmost importantly *less than <greater than >especially esp.（编辑：）参考/waiyu/2008/1208/a rticle_75680.html一、缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。
口译笔记的符号和缩略语
一、口译笔记的符号系统和缩略语语言是一个符号系统（包括文字符号）。
用各种符号作记录，概括性强、重点突出、一目了然。
学习一些常规口译笔记中经常使用的符号与缩写词是很有好处的。
在此基础上，每个人也可以形成一套自己常用的、熟悉的、有效的笔记系统。
下面归纳几种相对固定的符号和简写形式，供大家在练习和实践中参考。
（一）箭头“→”表示到达、传达：go into，arrive at，give to，send to，present to, etc. 导致、引导：lead to, result in, in the direction of, etc.“←”表示来自于：be/come from，return，receive from, etc. 追溯到：come/go back to，originate in, etc.“↑”表示上升：up/upward/rise，increase，arise，ascend, etc. 发射、起飞、升空：launch，ascend, skyrocket, etc.发展、加强、推进：develop，strengthen， promote, etc.“↓”表示向下、下降：down/downward/drop, decrease, jump, etc. 减少、恶化：reduce, deteriorate, go down, etc.（二) 数学符号“+”表示和、还有、另外、加上、多：and, in addition to, furthermore, many, lots of, etc.“－”表示减少、除去、少：minus, lack, in short of, little, few, etc.“×”表示错误、没有、反对、冲突：wrong, something bad, negative, conflict, confrontation, etc.“＞”表示大于、超过、多于：greater, larger or more than, better than, surpass, more and more, etc.“<”表示小于、不如、次于、比不上：smaller than, fewer/less than, worse than, inferior to, etc.“=”表示等于、相当于、一样：the same as，that is to say， in other words，be equal to, etc. 对手：match/rival/competitor, counterpart.“≠”表示不等于、不同：not equal to, be different from, etc.“≈”表示大约、左右：about/around，or so， approximately, etc.“∵”表示由于、因为：because, as, due to, thanks to, owing to, etc.“∴”表示所以、因此、因而、结果：so, therefore, as a result, consequently, etc.（三) 标点符号“：”表示说：say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc. 意见、观点、主意：opinion, idea, viewpoint, etc.“?”表示问题：question，issue，problem, etc.“．”点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样：“．d”表示yesterday，“．y"表示last year，“．2m”表示two months ago，“y”表示this year，“y2．”表示 two years later/in two years，“next week”，可以表示为“wk．”“（）”表示在……之间：among, within, etc.（四) 其它符号“√”表示好：right/good，famous/well-known，etc. 同意：stand up for，support， agree with somebody, certain/ affirmative, etc.“& ”表示和、与：and，together with，along with， accompany，along with，further more，etc.“☆”表示重要的、杰出的、优秀的、榜样：important， best，outstanding，brilliant，model, etc.“∥”表示结束：end，stop，halt，bring something to a standstill/stop, etc.“°”表示人、者：person, people, 如经济学家可以表示为“经°”，中国人可以表示为“中°”，etc.“⊙”表示会议、讨论、谈判：meeting, seminar, discussion, negotiation, etc.“♂”表示男人：man, male, boy, etc.“♀”表示女人：woman, female, girl, etc.“□”表示国家：country, state, nation, etc.“△”表示代表：represent, on behalf of, etc.“∽”表示交流、交换、替代、相互：exchange, mutual, each other, communication, replace, etc.（五) 缩略词英语缩写词的写法一般有以下几种：●拿掉所有元音。
笔记当中的缩写和符号
一、缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。
很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词，会对考试大有裨益。
缩略词的写法一般为四种方式：1.拿掉所有元音MKT: marketMGR: managerMSG: messageSTD: standardRCV: receive2.保留前几个字母INFO informationINS insuranceEXCH exchangeI owe you IOUIn stead of I/O3.保留开头和结尾的发音字母WK weekRM roomPL people4.根据发音R areTHO thoughTHRU through高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表缩略词原词APT ApartmentACC AccountantACDG AccordingACPT AcceptAD AdvertisementADS Address二、字母、图像Z 表示“人” people/person，因为Z 看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。
例如：日本人：JZ。
C 表示政府，统治：government，govern，希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所以就用C来表示govern, government。
governmental official 可以表示为CZ。
P 表示政治：politics, political，希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political。
那么politician 就可以表示为PZ。
E 表示总数：total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E在数学符号中表示总值。
G 表示效率：efficient, effective。
G为效率符号。
Q 表示“通货膨胀”：inflation，因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。
笔记当中的缩写和符号
一、缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。
很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词，会对考试大有裨益。
缩略词的写法一般为四种方式：1.拿掉所有元音MKT: marketMGR: managerMSG: messageSTD: standardRCV: receive2.保留前几个字母INFO informationINS insuranceEXCH exchangeI owe you IOUIn stead of I/O3.保留开头和结尾的发音字母WK weekRM roomPL people4.根据发音R areTHO thoughTHRU through高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表缩略词原词APT ApartmentACC AccountantACDG AccordingACPT AcceptAD AdvertisementADS Address二、字母、图像Z 表示“人” people/person，因为Z 看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。
例如：日本人：JZ。
C 表示政府，统治：government，govern，希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所以就用C来表示govern, government。
governmental official 可以表示为CZ。
P 表示政治：politics, political，希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political。
那么politician 就可以表示为PZ。
E 表示总数：total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E在数学符号中表示总值。
G 表示效率：efficient, effective。
G为效率符号。
Q 表示“通货膨胀”：inflation，因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。
常用于写作或笔记的缩写语
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英语写作技巧
ABBREVIATIONS FOR NOTE-TAKING
Do not try to perfect a definite system of “shorthand.” Here we have simply brought together the various ideas we have picked up over the years. You may select one or any combination of those ideas that fit your needs.
1.Symbols. Symbols are especially helpful to students in engineering and
mathematics.
≠ does not equal ∆ change f frequency
2.Create a family of symbols.
0 organism Q individual O individuals
3.Leave out the periods in standard abbreviations.
cr = confer (Latin for compare) eg = exempli gratia (Latin for
example) dept = department NYC = New York City
e only the first syllable of a word.
pol = politics dem = democracy
lib = liberal cap = capitalism
e the entire first syllable and only the first letter of the second syllable.
subj = subject cons = conservative
tot = totalitarianism ind = individual
6.Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the beginning of a word to form easily
recognizable unit.
assoc= associate, associated ach = achievement
biol = biological info = information
intro = introduction chem = chemistry
con = concentration max = maximum
rep = repetition
7.Omit vowels from the middle of words, and retain only enough constants to provide
a recognizable skeleton of the word.
bkgd = background ppd = prepared
prblm = problem estmt = estimate
gvt = government
e an apostrophe.
gov’t= government am’t= amount
con’t= continued educat’l = educational
9.Form the plural of the symbol word or abbreviated word by adding “s”.
s = areas chaps = chapters
fs = frequencies ∆s = changes
e “g” to represent “ing” endings.
decg = decreasing ckg = checking
estg = establishing exptg = experimenting
e a dot to represent rate. A dot placed over a symbol or a word indicates the
word “rate”.
v = vibration rate f = frequency rate
12.Short words should generally be spelled out. Symbols, signs, or abbreviations for
short words will make the notes too dense with “shorthand”.
In but at for to key
13.Leave out unimportant verbs.
went came be
14.Leave out “a” and “the.”
15.If a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the lecture, initials can
be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again.
Initial writing:.....and the effect of the Modern Massachusetts will be felt.....
Subsequently: MM
e symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.
& = and w/= with w/o= without vs= against
¶。