大学英语实用翻译教程Unit 3(2) 增译与减译
外国语毕业论文-简谈翻译技巧之—增译法与减译法
简谈翻译技巧之—增译法与减译法On Translation Techniques-----Amplification and OmissionHe YuLin何玉林Under the Supervision ofLiao HongSchool of Foreign Languages and CulturesPanzhihua UniversityMay 2006Contents摘要 (I)Abstract (II)Introduction (III)Chapter 1Brief Introduction (1)1.1The Definition of Translation. (1)1.2The Definition and Importance of the Two Techniques (1)Chapter 2Amplification and Omission. (3)2.1 Amplification (3)2.1.1 Structural Amplification (4)2.1.2 Semantic Amplification. (6)2.1.3 Rhetorical Amplification. (7)2.1.4 Exteriorized Amplification (7)2.1.5 Words Supplied for Syntactic Construction and Semantic Completion (8)2.1.6 Supplying the Omitted words in the Original Text in Translation (10)2.1.7 Supplying Category Words (10)2.1.8 Supplying Overlapping Words or Numerals to Express the Plural Form of Nouns (11)2.2Omission (12)2.2.1 English---Chinese Translation (13)2.2.2 Chinese---English Translation (16)Chapter3S imilarities between the Two Translation Techniques (19)Conclusion (21)Notes (22)Bibliography (23)Acknowledgement (24)摘要本文以翻译技巧------增译法和减译法为核心，详细论述了两种翻译技巧在翻译中的具体运用和作用。
大学英语三-Unit-3-Why-I-Teach课文及翻译
大学英语三-Unit-3-Why-I-Teach课文及翻译Unit 3 Why I TeachPeter G. BeidlerEvery teacher probably asks himself time and again: What are the reasons for choosing teaching as a career? Do the rewards teaching outweigh the trying comments? Answering these questions is not a simple task. Let's see what the author says.Why do you teach? My friend asked the question when I told him that I didn't want to be considered for an administrative position. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a "step up" toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power.Certainly I don't teach because teaching is easy for me. Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living: mechanic, carpenter, writer. For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession. Red-eye, because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing. Sweaty-palm, because I'm always nervous before I enter the classroom, sure that I will be found out for the fool that I am. Sinking-stomach, because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than usual.Nor do I teach because I think I know answers, or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share. Sometimes I am amazed that my students actually take notes on what I say in class!Why, then, do I teach?I teach because I like the pace of the academic calendar. June, July, and August offer an opportunity for reflection, research and writing.I teach because teaching is a profession built on change. When the material is the same, I change ——and, more important, my students change.I teach because I like the freedom to make my own mistakes, to learn my own lessons, to stimulate myself and my students. As a teacher, I'm my own boss. If I want my freshmen to learn to write by creating their own textbook, who is to say I can't? Such courses may be huge failures, but we can all learn from failures.I teach because I like to ask questions that students must struggle to answer. The world is full of right answers to bad questions. While teaching, I sometimes find good questions.I teach because I enjoy finding ways of getting myself and my students out of the ivory tower and into the real world. I once taught a course called "Self-Reliance in a Technological Society." My 15 students read Emerson, Thoreau, and Huxley. They kept diaries. They wrote term papers.But we also set up a corporation, borrowed money, purchased a run-down house and practiced self-reliance by renovating it. At the end of the semester, we would the house, repaid our loan, paid or taxes, and distributed the profits among the group.So teaching gives me pace, and variety, and challenge, and the opportunity to keep on learning.I have left out, however, the most important reasons why I teach.One is Vicky. My first doctoral student, Vicky was an energetic student who labored at her dissertation on a little-known 14th century poet. She wrote articles and sent them off to learned journals. She did it all herself, with an occasional nudge from me. But I was there when she finished her dissertation,learned that her articles were accepted, got a job and won a fellowship to Harvard working on a book developing ideas she'd first had as my student.Another reason is George, who started as an engineering student, then switched to English because he decided he liked people better than things.There is Jeanne, who left college, but was brought back by her classmates because they wanted her to see the end of the self-reliance house project. I was here when she came back. I was there when she told me that she later became interested in the urban poor and went on to become a civil rights lawyer.There is Jacqui, a cleaning woman who knows more by intuition than most of us learn by analysis. Jacqui has decided to finish high school and go to college.These are the real reasons I teach, these people who grow and change in front of me. Being a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay begins to breathe.A "promotion" out of teaching would give me money and power. But I have money. I get paid to do what I enjoy: reading, talking with people, and asking question like, "What is the point of being rich?"And I have power. I have the power to nudge, to fan sparks, to suggest books, to point out a pathway. What other power matters?But teaching offers something besides money and power: it offers love.Not only the love of learning and of books and ideas, but also the love that a teacher feels for that rare student who walks into a teacher's life and begins to breathe. Perhaps love is the wrong word: magic might be better.I teach because, being around people who are beginning to breathe, I occasionally find myself catching my breath with them.我为何教书你为什么教书呢？当我告诉我的朋友我不想做任何行政职务时，他向我提出了这个问题。
现代大学英语精读3(第二版)翻译unit1 2 3 5
现代大学英语英语精读3（第二版）翻译一单元1 他对他的研究如此专心致志，从来没有过很快就要退休的念头。
He is so devotedto his research that it never occurs to him that he will soon have to retire.2 很多人都曾说过，如果没有有效的制约，我们都有滥用权力的倾向。
Many people have observed that without effective checks we all have a tendency to abuse our power.3 有些国家拒绝卷入这一争端，而且他们对外国的干涉非常反感。
some countries refuse to get involved in this dispute and they resent any foreign interference.4 控制沙尘暴需要大量的工作和资金。
The control of sand storms will involve a tremendous amount of work and money.5 你们用这些技术的时候，必须考虑到当地的条件。
You have to take the local conditions into consideration when you apply these technologies.6 所有的申请者都必须填好这些表格，然后邮寄50美元的报名费。
All applicantswill have to fill out these forms and mail in an application fee of 50 dollars.7 他根据对孩子们行为的观察得出结论：学习是一种自然的乐观。
Based on his observation of children’s behavior, he came to the conclusion that learning is a natural pleasure.8 在一个多民族的国家里，各民族之间的和谐需要小心处理。
大学英语 实用翻译教程3
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2.2 词汇翻译技巧
• 根据语义上和修辞上的需要增加动词、形容词、名词、副 词；增加表达名词复数的词、增加表达时态的词、增加量 词、增加概括词、增加承上启下的词。 1) Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter. 物质可以转换成能量，能量可以转化为物质。 2）It will make a man of him in the college. 在那所大学里，一定能把他造就成堂堂的男子汉。 3) He began to see things and to understand. 他开了眼界，明白了一些事理。 4）After the thunderstorm, the clouds melted away. 雷雨过后，乌云渐渐散去。
教学内容
第二章 翻译的基础知识与技巧
2.2 词汇的翻译技巧 复习概念(词语的分隔、多枝共干） 2.2.1 增词法 2.2.2 重复法 课堂练习 课后作业
教案2
2.2 词汇翻译技巧
2.2.1 增词法（英译汉）：
增词法：所谓增词法，就是在原文的基础上添加 必要的单词、词组、分句或完整句，从而使译文 在语法、语言形式上符合汉语的习惯并使译文在 文化背景、词语联想方面与原文保持一致，以达 到译文与原文在内容、形式和精神方面对等起来 的目的。这种翻译技巧叫做增词法。
2.2 词汇翻译技巧
• 根据句法上的需要1.增补原文中省略部分、2.增补表示逻 辑关系的词语、3.增补/重复同位语结构中的先行词 1)We don’t retreat，we never have and never will. 我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不后退。 2)The strongest man cannot alter the law of nature. 即使是最强有力的人也不能改变自然法则。 3)Water can be decomposed by energy, a current of electricity. 水可由能量来分解，所谓能量也就是电能
增译法与减译法（）
增译法与减译法翻译时无法一个萝卜一个坑，将原文中每一个词转换成译文中的另一个词，而应该有所增减，即有时需要在译文中增加一些原文字面上没有的词语，有时则需要将原文需要而译文显得多余的词省去不译，前者称为增译法，后者称为减译法。
不管增词还是减词，目的都是为了使译文变得更加通顺流畅，符合译入语的行文习惯。
增译法与减译法在英汉互译中运用相当广泛，一般而言，增词和减词具有互逆性，即英译汉时需增词的场合汉译英时往往需要减词；反之，英译汉时需要减词的场合汉译英时需要增词。
弥合语法差异的需要：英汉在语法上存在某些明显的差异，如英语有冠词，汉语则没有；英语多用代词，汉语虽然也用，但远不如英语那样频繁；英语介词丰富，被称为“介词的语言”，汉语则介词很少，英语中很多需要用介词的地方，汉语要么用动词来替代（注意引导学生注意在汉译英时当句中动词有多个时可以考虑能否用介词来翻译某些动词，即所谓的词类转移法，从而避免大量使用动词的汉语式句子的出现），要么不用；英语多用关联词语，汉语则少强调意念的连贯性；汉语多用助词表示各种语气用关联词语，主要靠逻辑关系来铺排句子，，英语则没有语气助词。
因此，英译汉时，可根据具体语境省略原文的冠词和某些代词、介词、关联词等，有时则可适当增加一些语气助词；汉译英则相反，多要省略原文的语气助词，而根据英语行文的需要适当增加一些冠词、代词、介词和关联词。
关于冠词英语有冠词，汉语没有冠词，因此在英译汉时往往可以将冠词省略。
例如：1)A teacher shouldhave patienc e in his work. (省略表示类别的不定冠词)2)The horse is a useful animal.(省略表示类别的定冠词)3)The earth goes aroundthe sun. （省略表示独一无二的定冠词）4) A wise man will not marry a woman who has attainm ents but no virtue.5)He left without saying a word. （不定冠词a 或an 指“一”时不省）6)Egbert said he was getting a dollar a mile. （不定冠词a 或an 指“每一”时不省）7)The childre n are of an age. （不定冠词a 或an 指“一”时不省）这些孩子们都是同岁的。
《大学英语实用翻译教程》课后习题答案(完整版)
《大学英语实用翻译教程》参考答案第二章第一节练习一：一、1．保护人类基因健康是个比较严峻的问题，但这不过是问题的一个方面而已。
2．这些是科学家和技术专家研制的机器和产品。
3．科学已成为力量的一种源泉，不只是适宜于幻想的题材了。
4．建造和装饰宫殿、教堂和寺院的款项都由经商的富户承担支付。
5．查理一世和下议院的争吵已到了紧要关头，后来内战爆发，并在白厅把斯图尔特王朝的君主送上了断头台。
6．在开辟第二战场之前，美国步兵精神饱满，营养充足，还没有在战斗中受过创伤。
练习二：一、1．已经拟就一张至今已教过的所有动词的表。
2．每天从全国各地传来各行各业取得伟大成就的消息。
3．城乡之间的差别依然存在。
4．那一年，建立了旨在促进研究和试验的英国航空学会。
5．这里出版的报纸谴责侵略者屠杀大批无辜人民。
6．凡是成功的科学家常常把注意力集中在他发现尚未得到满意解答的问题上。
练习三：1．所有植物组织和动物组织主要由碳化合物、水和少量的矿物质组成。
2．他们并不认为有必要提供学生经常使用的名词化规则和构造使役句的规则。
3．各种族集团的文化特性、民间传说、神话和信仰都是根据文化进化规律起源于每一个集团的内部。
4．个别国家的科学努力可能将由跨国机构来进行统一和协调。
5．解放前，这个城市的垃圾和苍蝇一向无人过问，结果经常发生地方性病疫。
6．他是美国印第安人作家、演讲家和争取印第安人权利运动的活动家。
第二章第二节练习一：一、1．我原先以为这部机器不过是一种没有什么价值的玩具。
2．第二天一早，饱饱地吃了一顿早餐之后，他们便动身了。
3．你愿意别人如何待你，你就应该如何待别人。
4．这部打印机真是物美价廉。
5．我七岁时就会织毛衣。
6．钢铁制品常常涂上油漆以免生锈。
二、1．He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.2．Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved.3．The ear is the organ which is used for hearing. The nose is used for smelling. And the tongue is used for tasting.4. Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.5．As it was getting quite dark, we decided to stop at that temple for the night.6．Internet is so convenient that we can find any information with the click of the mouse.练习二：一、1．勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；感情过度，即成溺爱；俭约过度，即成贪婪。
大学英语教材第三册翻译
大学英语教材第三册翻译第一篇：Unit 1: SocietyIntroduction:In this unit, we will focus on the topic of society. We will explore various aspects of society, such as social relationships, cultural differences, and social issues. Through translation exercises, we will enhance our understanding of these concepts and develop our translation skills.Translation Exercise 1: Social RelationshipsTranslate the following passage from Chinese to English:社会是一个复杂的网络，由各种社会关系所构成。
这些关系包括家庭关系、友谊关系以及商业关系等等。
一个人的社会关系直接影响着他的生活和幸福感。
Translation Exercise 2: Cultural DifferencesTranslate the following passage from English to Chinese:Cultural differences can be observed in many aspects of life, including language, customs, and traditions. It is important to respect and appreciate these differences, as they contribute to the richness and diversity of our world.Translation Exercise 3: Social IssuesTranslate the following passage from Chinese to English:社会问题是我们必须面对和解决的挑战。
现代大学英语精读3Unit2课文翻译及课文知识重点
Book3 Unit21.show off弄2.Let ’s say比方3.get up a show安排一演出4.right out理解地；底5.run down an alley沿⋯跑下去6.go broke破7.give credit8.fool around游手好9.hardware store五金店10.liven up使⋯有生气11.make sb look like a fool 使 sb 看起来很傻12.just the same完整一；仍旧；只管13.be intimate with与⋯十分密14.take charge of掌管15.slip off溜出去16.get word得悉；悉17.get hold of找到；获得；抓住18.have sb licked打 sb19.thick with sb与⋯好友善20.call it quits停止（争，争执，比）21.show up露面22.a couple of shots少许（几口）23.down and out困落魄的24.slap it on the table的一声把sth扔到桌子上25.You bet确实，自然，必定26.hush it up27.lead down into a valley通往；通向28.strick out on one ’s own独立做strick sth out除strick out to/into/for sth朝特定的方向定行29.be ashamed of惭愧30.dirt road泥路，土路31.grand marshal指32.strike v.sb 印象；工；撞；使生某种感情strike fear into people ’s heartssb 于⋯状strick blindn. 工on strick好运（一次，一回）；（运气）忽然来，有时生Eg： That was a wonderful stroke of luck.33.remember vremember sb/sth得；起（ remember of ）remember that得remember doing得做remember sb doing sth得某人做remember to do sth得去做remember how/why/whatbe remembered for be remembered as 因⋯而被念因⋯被34.credit n.，信；学分光荣属于⋯，功于⋯；give sb credit for sth把sth功于sb⋯增光的人（物）sb be a credit to sth35.cover v.覆盖；掩饰；占地面；走一段距离；包含；掩（事）n.from cover to cover底地，从到尾36. sympathize with=sympathy for = be sympathetic to sb怜悯37. go out of mindgo over仔go off走开出；爆炸go on持；go along行某象；活go into；研究go under破go for合用于；喜go in for追赶；从事；参加考go after追求；法获得go with与⋯搭配；go together相当；go about sth着手做38. for my taste不是我的口胃；不是我喜的型；就我的体来看39.see to it保证see sb through sth足以持sb的sth40.culture lag文化落差41.object to doing反做 sthTranslation1.他的包含了全部共同感趣的重要。
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别再提它了。让过去的事过去吧。
7. 增加概括词 In quality, style and reporting The Guardian is equal with The Times. 在质量、风格和报道三个方面，《卫报》和《泰晤士 报》不相上下。 8. 增加省略的动词 Industry is fortune‟s right hand, and frugality her left. 勤劳是财富的右手，节俭是她的左手。
3.2.1 英汉互译中的增译 一. 语法增译 三. 修辞增译 3.2.2 英汉互译中的减译 二.意义增译
一.语法减译
三.修辞减译
二.意义减译
Reference Key to Exercise Three
3.2
增译与减译
增译法（Amplification）：按句法或意义上的需要添加一
些必要的词语或句子成分，使译文准确、流畅、自然。 减译法（Omission）：在翻译中省去一些不符合译文语言习 惯或可有可无的表达，使译文能自然、简洁地传达原文的思 想内容。
二. 意义增译（Amplification for Semantic Purpose ）
1. 为满足译文表达清楚，符合译入语习惯的需要 1）Cambridge was founded in the 13th century. 剑桥大学创建于13世纪。 2）Maybe America didn‟t need art and inner miracles. It had so many outer ones. The USA was a big operation, very big. The more it, the less we. 或许美国并不需要艺术和内在的奇迹，因为它外在的 奇迹早就够多的了。美国本身就是一大宗投机买卖， 非常非常大。它掠夺得越多，我们剩下的也就越少。
5. 增加副词 1）Hills melt into the sky.
群山渐渐没入天际。 2）Virus thrives in humidity. 病毒在潮湿的环境中 繁殖较快。
Amplification for Grammatical Purpo Nhomakorabeae 语法增译
6. 增加语气助词 Don‟t mention it. Let bygones be bygones.
A Practical Course in English-Chinese Translation
Pre-learning Translation 1) 平等协商 2) 互利双赢
3) The mainland‟s Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits 4) Taiwan‟s Straits Exchange Foundation
Sun Moon Lake
Reference 1) equal consultations 2) mutual benefit and win-win progress 3) 海协会（海峡两岸关系协会） 4) 海基会（海峡交流基金会）
3. 翻译基本技巧（二）： 直译与意译、增译与减译 3.2 增译与减译
3.2.1
英汉互译中的增译
一.语法增译（Amplification for Grammatical Purpose ）
1. 增加量词 A good companion is better than a fortune. 一个好友胜过一笔财富。 2. 增加表示名词复数的词 You must know the properties of the instrument before you use it. 在使用这些仪器前,必须弄清它的各种性能。
Amplification for Grammatical Purpose 语法增译
2）The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of other ordinary patients. 医生从我身上得到的实践经验,会比从其他普通病人得到的多。 3）When the exploration was completed, the two astronauts on the moon would join the moonship once more. 完成勘查工作之后,登上月球上的两个宇航员便会重新回到船 舱内。
Amplification for Grammatical Purpose 语法增译
3. 增加表示时态和语态的词 In secret we met In silence I grieve 你我当年暗中相见， 我今日悲痛难言。 4. 增加名词
George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)
1) A new kind of aircraft — small, cheap, pilotless — is attracting increasing attention. 一种新型的飞机正越来越引起人们的注意——这种 飞机体积不大，价格便宜，无人驾驶。
(接前：4. 增加名词) 在翻译某些抽象名词时需要在该词后增加一个适当的 名词, 使译文更加符合中文习惯。
Amplification for Grammatical Purpose 语法增译
根据语法需要，汉译英时常增译代词、介词、连接词等。
1）增加代词 作者在小说中表达出他对祖国的爱。 The writer expresses his love for his motherland in his novels. 2）增加介词 仓库重地，不准吸烟。 Smoking is not allowed in the store-house. 3）增加连接词 实际上，并不是所有人都知道热胀冷缩的原因。 In fact, not all people know the reason why matters expand when heated and contract when cooled.