语言学第七章讲义

语言学内容讲义 Chapter Seven Pragmatics

Chapter Eight PragmaticsTeaching aims: enable the students to have a better understanding of pragmatics andpragmatic theoriesFocal points: the difference between pragmatics and semantics; speech act theory; the cooperative principle and its four maxims Teaching difficulties: speech act theory; the theory of conversational implicatureTeaching procedures：The outline of the chapter:1 Introduction to pragmatics1.1 Definition of pragmatics1.1.1 Context1.1.2 Meaning in use or context1.1.3 concept1.2 Dissimilarity between Semantics and Pragmatics2 Theories2.1. Speech act theory proposed by Austin2.1. 1 Origin of Austin’s theory2.1. 2 What is speech act2.1. 3 Key arguments in his theory2.2 Grice’s theory: The theory of conversational implicature2.2.1 Origin of Grice’s theory P1902.2.2 implicature P1912.2.3 Key arguments in his theoryChapter Eight Pragmatics Teaching aims: enable the students to have a better understanding of pragmatics andpragmatic theoriesFocal points: the difference between pragmatics and semantics; speech act theory; the cooperative principle and its four maxims Teaching difficulties: speech act theory; the theory of conversational implicatureTeaching procedures：1 Introduction to pragmatics1.1 Definition of pragmaticsPragmatics refers to the study of the use of language in communication, particularly the relationships between sentences and the contexts and situations in which they are used.Pragmatics is the study of the aspects of meaning and language use that are dependent on the speaker, the addressee and other features of the context of utterance.Pragmatics studies how people comprehend and produce a communicative act or speech act in a concrete speech situation which is usually a conversation (hence *conversation analysis).1.1.1 ContextIt would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning without considering the context of language use. Context determines the speaker’s use of language and also the hearer’s interpretation of what is said to him.According to Jack Richards context is the broader social situation in which a linguistic item is used. Context includes the background knowledge,i.e., knowledge of the world, knowledgespecific in the situation of communication, as well as knowledge of the language we use.1.1.2 Meaning in use or contextMeaning in use is referred to asspeaker’s meaning, utterance meaning,or contextual meaning. It differs from the kinds of meaning we studied in semantics in that its interpretation depends more on who the speaker of the sentence is, who the hear is, when and where it is used. In a word ,it depends more on the context.In other words , meaning in use is based on sentence meaning, but it is the realization of sentence meaning in a context of situation, which means something more than the conceptual meaning or literal meanning. Let’s take the following famous English advertisements for example, think not only about what the words might mean, but also about what the advertiser intended them to mean. In fact the advertisers mean to advertise products for them.Good to the last drop．滴滴香浓，意犹未尽。

语言学教程Chapter7精要

Bronislaw Malinowski: 1. The meaning of a word greatly depends
upon its occurrence in a given context. 2. Language functions as a link in human
activity, a mode of action.
Loan words in Japanese, Chinese, English.
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Loan words
肥皂剧、卡通、布丁、苹果派、雀巢、耐克、因特网、KTV、E-MAIL
Typhoon, gongfu, etc.
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netspeak
滴(的、地)
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“2006年中国主流报纸十大流行语”
和谐社会、社会主义新农村、青藏铁路、自主创新、社会主义荣辱观（八荣八耻）、中非合作论坛、长征精神、消费税、非物质文化遗产、倒扁
文博会、文化创意产业、孔子、原生态、百家讲坛、于丹、潜规则、易中天、草根文化、恶搞
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people who claim to be users of the same language do not speak the language in the same manner.
Varieties related to the user are normally known as dialects and varieties related to use as registers.
what end”
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《英语语言学导论》(第四版)课件Chapter 7 Pragmatics

1) the relationships between linguistic forms; 2) the relationships between linguistic forms and entities in the
world; 3) the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of
Contents
1 Introduction to Pragmatics 2 Deixis and Reference
3 Speech Acts 4 Pragmatic Presupposition
5 The Cooperative Principle and Implicature
6
Apply PP to teaching in future Politeness
7.2.6 Social deixis
the encoding of social distinctions, or the use of deictic expressions to indicate social status of the interlocutors
● honorifics e.g. tu/vous (in French) du/sie (in German) nǐ/nín (in Chinese)
--- the addressees being audio-visually present during the utterances to be able to understand these expressions
e.g. I like that one, not this one.
7.2 Deixis and reference

语言学第七章知识点总结

语言学第七章知识点总结Language is an essential part of a given culture. It is an indispensable carrier of culture. It is regarded as a mirror of society.In primitive culture, the meaning of a word greatly depended on its occurrence in a given context.Firth-Context of Situation -illustrate the close relationship between language use and its co-occurrence factors.1.The relevant features of the participants, persons, and personalitiesThe verbal action of the participants; the non-verbal action of the participant2.The relevant objects3.The effects of the verbal actionSpeech CommunityIt refers to a group of people share the same rules of speaking and one linguistic variety as well.Sapir-Whorf HypothesisOur language helps mould our way of thinking. Different languages may probably express speakers' unique ways of understanding the world.nguage may determine our thinking patterns2.Similarity between languages is relative. For two different speech communities, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse of their conceptualization of the world will beThis hypothesis has a strong version and a weak version The strong version: It refers to the claim that the original hypothesis makes, emphasizing the decisive role of language as the shaper of our thinking patterns.The weak version: It is a modified type of its original theory, suggesting that there is a correlation between language, culture and thought, but the cross-cultural differences thus produced in our ways of thinking are relative, rather than categorial.If a language has two basic color terms, it is identified as staying in the first stage of evolution.Modla-warm color mili-cold color3 objectives for us to teach culture in our language class* to get the students familiar with cultural differences* to get the students transcend their own culture and see things as the members of the target culture will* to emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroompractices.Women Register-Robin Lakoff1.Women use more fancy color terms such as "mauve, beige"2.Women use less powerful curse words.3.Women use more intensifiers such as "terrible, awful"4.Women use more tag questions5.Women use more statement questions. "Dinners will be ready at 5 o'clock?"6.Women's linguistic behavior is more indirect and more polite*It is not language itself but women's place in society that makes people linguistically behave in that way Communicative CompetenceIt refers to a language user's grammatical knowledge of syntax, morphology, phonology and the like, as well as social knowledge about how and when to use utterances appropriately.。

语言学概论,讲义第七章语言的书写符号——文字

第七章语言的属性符号──文字教学目的与要求：了解文字的性质和作用，区别文字和语言、文字和书面语的关系；明确文字的形式和文字的类型；了解文字的起源、文字的演变和关于文字发展规律的不同观点；了解汉字的特点、汉字的演变过程的造字法，明确汉字改革的任务第一节文字概说一、文字的性质和作用1、文字的性质：文字是语言“写”和“看”的符号形式，文字是“符号的符号”，是语言的书写符号2、文字的作用★（1）弥补了语音的时空局限（2）保存了人类的宝贵经验（3）是语言学习的重要工具，促进了语言的发展二、文字和语言的关系1、文字是在语言的基础上产生的，是记录语言的工具，而不是语言本身2、文字的特点和语言的特点有一定的关系三、文字和书面语（1）文字：文字是语言的书写符号，文字并不等同于书面语（2）书面语：是用文字符号记录的语言形式，只是一种符号或者一种工具第二节文字的形式和类型一、文字的形式字符就是文字的符号的总称，是文字的最基本单位1、单纯字符和复合字符（1）单纯字符：不能再分解的字符。

如：十、人（2）复合字符：由单纯字符组合而成的字符，也包括有单纯字符和复合字符在组合而成的字符。

如：张2、意符、声符和记号（1）意符：文字系统中的字符跟文字所代表的语言单位在意义上有联系的字符（2）声符：在语音上有联系的字符（3）记号：跟语音、意义都没有联系的字符二、文字的类型1、划分文字类型的标准根据字符跟语言单位的语义还是语音相联系，文字分为表意文字、表音文字和意音文字。

2、表音文字：全部字符都是音符的文字。

也叫拼音文字。

如：阿拉伯文字、希腊文字3、表意文字：实际上指音义结合层的各级语言单位，理论上可以包括“语素、词语、词组、句子”四级。

4、意音文字：一部分字符是意符，一部分字符是音符的文字。

因为它们原来都是词语文字，只表意，不表音，后来才发展出表音符号来。

如：汉语的“其”字。

第三节文字的起源和演变一、文字的起源文字起源于图画和契刻。

语言学第七章chapter-7-1Meaning ppt

• woman: [human], [female], [adult]
connotative meaning: 内涵意义
• Connotative refers to some additional, especially emotive meaning. • Woman: housewife, cry, fragile…… • Pig: fat, lazy, dirty, greedy……. • The difference between politician and statesman, for example, is connotative in that the former is derogatory while the latter is favorable.
reflecWhat is communicated through association with an other sense of the same expression.
• Comforter ( 圣灵，安慰者) [comfort] • Intercourse, cock • Bottom up
collocative meaning: 搭配意义
What is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.
Color terms 绿色食品，绿色通道，白色恋歌，红色旅游猫步，秋波，
• Word – thing
• Many words in the language have no referents in the real world. • Abstract entities • Imagined entities • Entities not at now and here

语言学教程Chapter Seven

• • • • • •
Some examples: fever Bill Animal (expect….) Praise Japan (thanks)
• Sub-culture: Texas Macho
1.2 (7.1.1)The heritage concerning the study of language and culture
• 从英汉关于狗的习语看中西文化差异 • 根据Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis • Love me, love my dog.
• Chinese: character, linear thought pattern, human-centered, 意合语 • I got up at 6, went to class at eight, had lunch at 12, took a nap, studied in the classroom, went to bed at 10….. • 总用人 I , we 做主语 • 病了，没去。 Ill, not go. • English corner; • Four-character idioms; poem
• In Hopi, there is something very special about its grammar. • One of the features that separate it from other languages is that it does not use the same means to express time, and hence is called as a “timeless language”(没有时间的语言). • Do not recognize time as a linear dimension. • Hopi verbs do not have tenses of time and no concept of speed. • He runs fast.----- He very runs.

Chapter 7 Language change⏹Sound change⏹Morphological and syntactic change⏹V ocabulary changeMorphological and syntactic change⏹Change in “agreement” rule⏹Change in negation rule⏹Process of simplification⏹Loss of inflectionsV ocabulary change⏹Addition of new words⏹Loss of words⏹Changes in the meaning of wordsAddition of new words⏹coinage(创新词)⏹clipped words(缩略词)⏹blending(紧缩法)⏹acronyms(词首字母缩略词)⏹back-formation(逆构词法)⏹functional shift⏹borrowingCoinage----A new word can be coined outright to fit some purpose, e.g.⏹walkman⏹Kodak⏹Xerox⏹Ford⏹Benz⏹ToyotaClipped words----The abbreviation of longer words or phrases, e.g.⏹gym—gymnasium⏹memo—memorandum⏹disco—discotheque⏹fridge—refrigeratorBlending----A blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words, e.g.⏹smog—smoke + fog⏹motel—motor + hotel⏹camcorder—camera + recorderAcronyms----Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words, e.g.⏹CBS---- Columbia Broad casting system⏹ISBN----International Standard Book Number⏹WTO WHO PLA AIDS UNESCO APEC OPEC CAD SARSBack-formation----New words may be coined from already existing words by “subtracting” an affix thought to be part of the old word.⏹edit ← editor⏹hawk ← hawker⏹beg ← beggar⏹baby-sit ← baby-sitterFunctional shift----Words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes, e.g.⏹Noun→verb: to knee, to bug, to tape, to brake…⏹Verb→noun: a hold, a flyby, a reject, a retreat…⏹Adj.→verb: to cool, to narrow, to dim, to slow…⏹Adj.→noun: a daily, a Christian, the rich, the impossible…Borrowing⏹----When different cultures come into contact, words are often borrowed from one language to another. The following are some of the loan words in English (see more in P100-101).⏹Latin bonus education exit⏹German beer waltz quartz⏹Chinese tea kowtow sampan⏹Russian sputnik commissar vodka⏹Arabic zero algebra alcoholLoss of words⏹Words can be lost from a language as time goes by. The following words, taken from Romeo and Juliet, have faded out of the English language.⏹Beseem →to be suitable⏹Wot →to know⏹Gyve → a fetter⏹Wherefore →whyChanges in the meaning of words⏹Widening of meaning⏹Narrowing of meaning⏹Meaning shiftWidening of meaning⏹Holiday: [+specific] holy day[+general] any rest day⏹Tail: [+specific] tail of a horse[+general] tail of any animalOther examples: virtue, quarantine, companionNarrowing of meaning⏹hound: any doga special kind of dog⏹girl: young person of either sexyoung people of female sex⏹deer: any animala particular kind of animal⏹meat: foodedible part of an animal⏹corn: graina particular grainOther examples: knight, wifeMeaning shift⏹inn: a small, old hotel or pubwell-known, nice hotel⏹nice: ignorant (1000 years ago)good, fine⏹lust: pleasurewith negative and sexual overtones⏹silly: happynaïve, foolishOther example: gay, CadillacSome recent trends⏹Moving towards greater informality⏹The influence of American English⏹The influence of science and technologyThe influence of science and technology⏹Space travel⏹Computer and internet language⏹EcologyCauses of the language change⏹The rapid development of science and technology;⏹More and more women have taken up activities formerly reserved for men, more neutral job titles have been created;⏹“ Economy of memory” results in grammar simplification;⏹Regularization of exceptional plural forms provides another example for analogical change.Causes of Lexical Change1. PoliticsGround Zero, Osamaniac, Blairism, CIS, Hamas, Tamil Tiger2. Science and TechnologyDVD, PDA, squark, hacker, cursor3. Economic DevelopmentBushnomics, Blairnomics, Blairnomicsdownsize, human resource, electronic commerce4. Social lifeYuppies, DINK, SOHO, physically challenged,5. Environmentbio-diversity, ecosystem, ecocide, green consumer, green speech, tree houses, twigloo, intensive farming, pesticide6. Health and Fitnessmad cow disease, bird flu, foot and mouth disease, SAD, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)7. Other Aspects: extreme skiing, bungee jumping, hydrospeeding。

语言学第七章讲义

语言学内容讲义 Chapter Seven Pragmatics

语言学教程Chapter7精要

《英语语言学导论》(第四版)课件Chapter 7 Pragmatics

语言学第七章知识点总结

语言学概论,讲义第七章 语言的书写符号——文字

语言学第七章chapter-7-1Meaning ppt

语言学教程Chapter Seven

语言学第七章讲义

语言学概论,讲义第七章语言的书写符号——文字