曼昆经济学原理试题Chapter 09a

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曼昆第五版复习经济学原理试题 (1)

一、选择题：（每小题1分，共20分）1.一国的生产可能性曲线上的点表示（D）A.通货膨胀B.该国可利用的资源减少及技术水平降低C.失业或者资源没有被充分利用D.社会使用既定的生产资源所能生产商品的最大组合2.学校里一块新停车场的机会成本是（ C ）A.由此引发的所有费用B.由用于建造停车场的机器设备的折旧大小决定C. 由用于其他用途产生的最大价值决定D.由在停车场停车所需的费用来决定3.下列有关无差异曲线的特点说法正确的是（ A ）A. 无差异曲线的斜率为负值B. 同一平面中，两条无差异曲线可能会相交于一点C. 无差异曲线向右上方倾斜，并凸向原点D.离原点越远，无差异曲线代表的效用水平越小4. 如果商品A和B是替代的，则A的价格下降将造成（ D ）A.A的需求曲线向右移动B.A的需求曲线向左移动B.B的需求曲线向右移动D.B的需求曲线向左移动5.两种商品中若其中的一种价格变化时，这两种商品的购买量同时增加或减少，则这两种商品的交叉价格弹性系数为（ A ）A.负B.正C. 零D. 16.市场均衡要求（ D ）A.政府平衡供求双方的力量B.价格与数量相等C.价格保持不变D.在某一价格水平上，买者想要购买的数量恰好等于卖者想卖的数量7. 当总效用增加时，边际效用应该（ C ）A.为正值，并其值不断增加B. 为负值，并其值不断减少C.为正值，并其值不断减少D. 以上任何一种情况都有可能8.当生产函数Q=f （ L，K ）的APL为递减时，则MPL（ D ）。

A.递减且为正B.递减且为负C.为零D.上述情况都可能9.在以下四种情况中，哪一种实现了生产要素的最适组合：（ C ）A. MPK / PK<MPL/ PLB. MPK / PK>MPL / PLC. MPK / PK=MPL/ PLD. MPK / PK ≥MPL/ PL10.边际成本低于平均成本时（ B ）。

A.平均成本上升B.平均成本下降C.成本下降D.平均可变成本上升11.长期边际成本曲线呈U型的原因是（ A ）。

人大经济学考研必备：曼昆《经济学原理》(第9章)

人大经济学考研必备：曼昆《经济学原理》（第9章）第九章应用：国际贸易通过比较没有国际贸易时的国内价格和世界价格，可以确定自由贸易的影响。

国内价格低表明，该国在生产这种物品上有比较优势，而且将成为出口者。

国内价格高表明，世界其他国家在生产这种物品上有比较优势，而且该国将成为进口者。

当一国允许贸易并成为一种物品的出口者时，该物品的生产者状况变好，而该物品的消费者状况变坏。

当一国允许贸易并成为一种物品的进口者时，该物品的生产者状况变坏，而该物品的消费者状况变好。

但是这两种情况下，贸易的好处大于损失。

关税——进口的税——是市场接近于没有贸易时存在的均衡，因此，减少了贸易的好处。

虽然国内生产者的状况变好，而且政府增加了收入，但是消费者的损失大于这些好处。

d和f区域是关税带来的无谓损失。

进口配额的影响与关税类似。

但是，在进口配额时，进口许可证持有者得到了有关税时政府得到的收入(图中的蓝色区域)，但是消费者的损失大于这些好处。

有各种配额限制贸易论：保护工作岗位，保卫国家安全，有助于幼稚产业，防止不公平竞争以及对外国的贸易限制做出反应。

尽管这些观点在某些情况下有某些优点，但经济学家相信，自由贸易通常是一种更好的政策。

第十章外部性第一节外部性和市场无效率所谓使市场最适合量，是考虑到外部性的影响之后的。

我们说，市场达到了所谓的均衡点的时候，有的时候可能并没有把外部性的因素考虑进去，比如我们家的那个橡胶厂，肯定没有把污染的因素考虑进去。

它的所谓的均衡，是建立在我们环境的污染这个基础之上的。

它的外部性是负的。

比如技术溢出(发明创新)，它的外部性是正的。

外部性：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。

正外部性;负外部性。

外部性的内在化：改变激励，以使人们考虑到自己行为的外部效应。

总之：政府可能对有负外部性的物品征税和对有正外部性的物品补助来把外部性内在化。

正外部性的例子：技术溢出。

对待技术溢出的方法：1. 政府旨在促进技术进步行业的经济干预——产业政策。

曼昆《宏观经济学》(第6、7版)课后习题详解(第9章经济波动导论)

第4篇经济周期理论：短期中的经济第9章经济波动导论课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

一、概念题1．奥肯定律（Okun ’s law ）答：奥肯定律是表示失业率与实际国民收入增长率之间关系的经验统计规律，由美国经济学家奥肯在20世纪60年代初提出。

其主要内容是：失业率每高于自然失业率1个百分点，实际GDP 将低于潜在GDP 2个百分点。

奥肯定律的一个重要结论是：实际GDP 必须保持与潜在GDP 同样快的增长，以防止失业率的上升。

如果政府想让失业率下降，那么，该经济社会的实际GDP 的增长必须快于潜在GDP 的增长。

根据奥肯的研究，在美国，失业率每下降1%，实际国民收入增长2%。

但应该指出的是：①奥肯定律表明了失业率与实际国民收入增长率之间是反方向变动的关系；②两者的数量关系1∶2是一个平均数，在不同的时期，这一比率并不完全相同；③这一规律适用于经济没有实现充分就业时的情况。

在经济实现了充分就业时，这一规律所表示的自然失业率与实际国民收入增长率之间的关系要弱得多，一般估算是1∶0.76。

2．领先指标（leading indicators ）答：领先指标是指一般先于整体经济变动的变量，可以帮助经济学家预测短期经济波动。

由于经济学家对前导指标可靠意见看法的不一致，导致经济学家给出不同的预测，其中就包括短期经济波动情况的预测。

领先指标的大幅度下降预示经济很可能会衰退，大幅度上升预示经济很可能会繁荣。

3．总需求（aggregate demand ）答：总需求是指整个经济社会在任何一个给定的价格水平下对产品和劳务的需求总量。

曼昆《经济学原理》（微观）第五版测试题库（14）（1）

曼昆《经济学原理》（微观）第五版测试题库（14）（1）Chapter 14Firms in Competitive MarketsTRUE/FALSE1. For a firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry, total revenue, marginal revenue, and average revenue are all equal.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Average revenue | Marginal rev-enueMSC: Interpretive2. For a firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry, marginal reve-nue and average revenue are equal.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Average revenue | Marginal rev-enueMSC: Interpretive3. If a firm notices that its average revenue equals the current market price, that firm must be participating in a competitive market.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Average revenueMSC: Interpretive4. A profit-maximizing firm in a competitive market will increase produc-tion when average revenue exceeds marginal cost. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Average revenueMSC: Interpretive5. Because there are many buyers and sellers in a perfectly competitive market, no one seller can influence the market price. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Competitive marketsMSC: Definitional6. Firms operating in perfectly competitive markets try to maximize prof-its.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximization929MSC: Applicative7. In competitive markets, firms that raise their prices are typically re-warded with larger profits.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Competitive marketsMSC: Interpretive8. When an individual firm in a competitive market increases its produc-tion, it is likely that the market price will fall. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Competitive marketsMSC: Interpretive9. In a competitive market, firms are unable to differentiate their product from that of other producers.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Competitive marketsMSC: Interpretive10. Firms in a competitive market are said to be price takers because there are many sellers in the market and the goods offered by the firms are very similar if not identical.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Competitive marketsMSC: Interpretive11. A firm's incentive to compare marginal revenue and marginal cost is an application of the principle that rational people think at the margin. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive12. By comparing the marginal revenue and marginal cost from each unit produced, a firm in a competitive market can determine the profit-maximizing level of production.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretiveword⽂档可⾃由复制编辑Chapter 14/Firms in Competitive Markets 931 13. Firms operating in perfectly competitive markets produce an output level where marginal revenue equals marginal cost.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Marginal revenueMSC: Applicative14. A firm is currently producing 100 units of output per day. The man-ager reports to the owner that producing the 100th unit costs the firm $5. The firm can sell the 100th unit for $4.75. The firm should continue to pro-duce 100 units in order to maximize its profits (or minimize its losses). ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Analytical15. A firm is currently producing 100 units of output per day. The man-ager reports to the owner that producing the 100th unit costs the firm $5. The firm can sell the 100th unit for $5. The firm should continue to produce 100 units in order to maximize its profits (or minimize its losses).ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Analytical16. A firm is currently producing 100 units of output per day. The man-ager reports to the owner that producing the 100th unit costs the firm $5. The firm can sell the unit for $6. The firm should produce more than 100 units in order to maximize its profits (or minimize its losses).ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Analytical17. A dairy farmer must be able to calculate sunk costs in order to deter-mine how much revenue the farm receives for the typical gallon of milk. ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Sunk costs MSC: I nterpretive18. Because nothing can be done about sunk costs, they are irrelevant to decisions about business strategy.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Sunk costs MSC: I nterpretive19. A miniature golf course is a good example of where fixed costs be-come relevant to the decision of when to open and when to close for the season.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Sunk costs MSC: I nterpretive20. A popular resort restaurant will maximize profits if it chooses to stay open during the less-crowded “off season” when its total revenues exceed its variable costs.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Sunk costs MSC: I nterpretive21. All firms maximize profits by producing an output level where marginal revenue equals marginal cost; for firms operating in perfectly competitive in-dustries, maximizing profits also means producing an output level where price equals marginal cost.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive22. A firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry will continue to op-erate in the short run but earn losses if the market price is less than that firm’s average total cost but greater than the firm’s average variable cost. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretive23. A firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry will continue to op-erate in the short run but earn losses if the market price is less than that firm’s average variable co st.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretive24. A firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry will shut down in the short run but earn losses if the market price is less than that firm’s aver-age variable cost.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretiveword⽂档可⾃由复制编辑Chapter 14/Firms in Competitive Markets 933 25. In the short run, a firm should exit the industry if its marginal cost ex-ceeds its marginal revenue.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretive26. In making a short-run profit-maximizing production decision, the firm must consider both fixed and variable cost. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive27. A firm will shut down in the short run if revenue is not sufficient to cov-er its variable costs of production.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Shut down MSC: I nterpretive28. Suppose a firm is considering producing zero units of output. We call this shutting down in the short run and exiting an industry in the long run. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Shut down MSC: I nterpretive29. Suppose a firm is considering producing zero units of output. We call this exiting an industry in the short run and shutting down in the long run. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Shut down MSC: I nterpretive30. A firm will shut down in the short run if revenue is not sufficient to cov-er all of its fixed costs of production.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Shut down MSC: I nterpretive31. The supply curve of a firm in a competitive market is the average va-riable cost curve above the minimum of marginal cost.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretive32. When a profit-maximizing firm in a competitive market experiences rising prices, it will respond with an increase in production.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive33. The marginal firm in a competitive market will earn zero economic profit in the long run.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Economic profitMSC: Interpretive34. A profit-maximizing firm in a competitive market will earn zero ac-counting profits in the long run.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Accounting profitMSC: Interpretive35. In the long run, when price is less than average total cost for all possi-ble levels of production, a firm in a competitive market will choose to exit (or not enter) the market.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive36. In the long run, when price is greater than average total cost, some firms in a competitive market will choose to enter the market.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive37. In the long run, a firm should exit the industry if its total costs exceed its total revenues.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive38. When a resource used in the production of a good sold in a competi-tive market is available in only limited quantities, the long-run supply curve is likely to be upward sloping.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretiveword⽂档可⾃由复制编辑Chapter 14/Firms in Competitive Markets 935 39. A firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry will continue to op-erate if it earns zero economic profits because it is likely to be earning posi-tive accounting profits.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Competitive marketsMSC: Interpretive40. A firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry will shut down in the short run if its economic profits fall to zero because it is likely to be earn-ing negative accounting profits.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Competitive marketsMSC: Interpretive41. A firm operating in a perfectly competitive market may earn positive, negative, or zero economic profit in the long run. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Long-run supply curveMSC: Interpretive42. A firm operating in a perfectly competitive market may earn positive, negative, or zero economic profit in the short run. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Long-run supply curveMSC: Interpretive43. A firm operating in a perfectly competitive market earns zero economic profit in the long run but remains in business because the firm’s revenues cover the business owners’ opportunity costs.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Zero-profit conditionMSC: Interpretive44. A competitive market will typically experience entry and exit until ac-counting profits are zero.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Zero-profit conditionMSC: Interpretive45. The long-run equilibrium in a competitive market characterized by firms with identical costs is generally characterized by firms operating at effi-cient scale.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Zero-profit conditionMSC: Interpretive46. In the long run, a competitive market with 1,000 identical firms will ex-perience an equilibrium price equal to the minimum of each firm's average total cost.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Zero-profit conditionMSC: Interpretive47. In a long-run equilibrium where firms have identical costs, it is possible that some firms in a competitive market are making a positive economic prof-it.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Zero-profit conditionMSC: Interpretive48. When economic profits are zero in equilibrium, the firm's revenue must be sufficient to cover all opportunity costs. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Zero-profit conditionMSC: Interpretive49. The short-run supply curve in a competitive market must be more elastic than the long-run supply curve.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretive50. The long-run supply curve in a competitive market is more elastic than the short-run supply curve.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Supply curveMSC: InterpretiveSHORT ANSWERword⽂档可⾃由复制编辑Chapter 14/Firms in Competitive Markets 937 1. Describe the difference between average revenue and marginal reve-nue. Why are both of these revenue measures important to a prof-it-maximizing firm?ANS:Average revenue is total revenue divided by the quantity of output. Marginal revenue is the change in total revenue from the sale of each additional unit of output. Marginal revenue is used to determine the profit-maximizing level of production, and average revenue is used to help determine the level of profits. Note that for all firms, price equals average revenue because AR=(PxQ)/Q=P. But only for a firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry does price al-so equal marginal revenue.DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competitionTOP: Price MSC: D efinitional2. List and describe the characteristics of a perfectly competitive market. ANS:There are many buyers and sellers in the market. The goods offered by the various sellers are largely the same. Firms can freely enter or exit the market. DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competitionTOP: Competitive markets MSC: D efinitional3. Why would a firm in a perfectly competitive market always choose to set its price equal to the current market price? If a firm set its price below the current market price, what effect would this have on the market?ANS:The firm could not sell any more of its product at a lower price than it could sell at the market price. As a result, it would needlessly forgo revenue if it set a price below the market price. If the firm set a higher price, it would not sell anything at all because a competitive market has many sellers who would supply the product at the market price.DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competitionTOP: Profit maximization MSC: A nalytical4. Use a graph to demonstrate the circumstances that would prevail in a competitive market where firms are earning economic profits. Can this sce-nario be maintained in the long run? Explain your answer.ANS:In a competitive market where firms are earning economic profits, new firms will have an incentive to enter the market. This entry will expand the number of firms, increase the quantity of the good supplied, and drive down pricesword ⽂档可⾃由复制编辑 and profits. Entry will cease once firms are producing the output level where price equals the minimum of the average total cost curve, meaning that eachfirm earns zero economic profits in the long run.DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximization MSC: A nalytical5. Explain how a firm in a competitive market identifies the prof-it-maximizing level of production. When should the firm raise production, and when should the firm lower production? ANS:The firm selects the level of output at which marginal revenue is equal tomarginal cost. If MR > MC, profit will increase if the firm increases Q. If MR < MC, profit will increase if the firm decreases Q. DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximization MSC: A nalytical6. News reports from the western United States occasionally report inci-dents of cattle ranchers slaughtering a large number of newborn calves and burying them in mass graves rather than transporting them to markets. As-suming that this is rational behavior by profit-maximizing "firms," explain what economic factors may influence such behavior.ANS:If the selling price is not sufficient to cover the variable cost of sending the calves to market, this (potentially emotionally upsetting) behavior makes economic sense.DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximization MSC: A nalytical。

曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解(第9章应用：国际贸易)

曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第6版）第9章应用：国际贸易课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

一、概念题1．世界价格（world price）答：世界价格也称世界市场价格，指一种物品在世界市场上交易的价格。

世界价格是由商品的国际价值决定的。

国际价值是世界市场商品交换的惟一依据，各国商品的国别价值都必须还原为国际价值，以便在国际市场上交换。

而各国商品的国别价值在多大程度上表现为国际价值，是与各国的经济技术水平、劳动强度和劳动生产率密切相关的。

一般来说，一国的经济技术水平和劳动生产率越高，其商品价值就越低于国际商品价值，若按照国际商品价值出售，就能获得较好的经济效益；相反则会在竞争中处于不利的地位。

2．关税（tariff）答：关税是指对在国外生产而在国内销售的物品征收的税。

与其他税收相比，关税有两个主要特点：第一，关税的征收对象是进出境的货物和物品；第二，关税具有涉外性，是对外贸易政策的重要手段。

征收关税的作用主要有两个方面：一是增加本国财政收入；二是保护本国的产业和国内市场。

其中以前者为目的而征收的关税称为财政关税，以后者为目的而征收的关税称为保护关税。

与任何一种物品销售税一样，关税会扭曲激励，使得稀缺资源的配置背离最优水平，使市场接近于没有贸易时的均衡，因此，减少了贸易的好处。

关税虽然使国内生产者的状况变好，而且政府增加了收入，但造成消费者的损失大于获得的这些好处。

关税造成的无谓损失具体表现为：第一，关税使国内生产者能收取的价格高于世界价格，结果，鼓励他们增加低效率地生产。

曼昆经济学原理-第九章-应用：国际贸易

A
Price with tariff
Price without tariff
0
B
Tariff
Imports with tariff
Domestic demand
Q1S Q2S
Q2D Q1D
Imports without tariff
World price
Quantity of Steel
The Effects of a Tariff...
进口配额的效应
由于配额使国内价格上升到世界价格之上，因此国内买者的状况变坏，生产者的状况变好。. 进口许可证持有者的状况变好，因为他们可以按世界价格买进商品，再以国内高价卖出，并从中获利。
进口配额的效应 ...
Price of Steel
Domestic supply
Domestic
supply
Price of Steel
பைடு நூலகம்
Domestic supply
Price with tariff
Price without tariff
0
税收收入
E
Tariff
Imports with tariff
Domestic demand
Q1S Q2S
Q2D Q1D
Imports without tariff
World price
Price of Steel
Domestic supply
征税后的生产者剩余
C
G
0
Q1S
Tariff
Imports with tariff
Domestic demand
Q2S
Q2D Q1D
Imports without tariff

曼昆《经济学原理》Chapter 09

2
Figure 1
The Equilibrium without International Trade
Price of textiles Domestic Supply
Consumer Equilibrium surplus Producer price surplus Domestic Demand 0 Equilibrium quantity Quantity of textiles
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When an economy cannot trade in world markets, the price adjusts to balance domestic supply and demand. This figure shows consumer and producer surplus in an equilibrium without international trade for the textile market in the imaginary country of Isoland.
1
The Determinants of Trade
• The equilibrium without trade

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Chapter 9Application: International TradeTest A1. When the United States engages in international trade with China,a. it is an equal tradeoff so neither country benefits nor loses.b. China reaps economic benefits and the United States loses.c. both China and the United States reap economic benefits.d. China loses and the United States reaps economic benefits.ANSWER: c. both China and the United States reap economic benefits.TYPE: M KEY1: C OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y2. Countries usually impose restrictions on free foreign trade to protecta. domestic consumers.b. foreign consumers.c. foreign producers.d. domestic producers.ANSWER: d. domestic producers.TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y3. If a country allows trade and the domestic price of a good is higher than the world price,a. the country will become an importer of the good.b. the country will become an exporter of the good.c. the country will neither export nor import the good.d. additional information about demand is needed to determine whether the country will export orimport the good.ANSWER: a. the country will become an importer of the good.TYPE: M KEY1: C SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y4. A country has a comparative advantage in a product if the world price isa. equal to its domestic price.b. higher than its domestic price.c. lower than its domestic price.d. There is no way to tell by comparing the world price with the domestic price.ANSWER: b. higher than its domestic price.TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y5. When a country allows trade and becomes an exporter of a good,a. both domestic producers and domestic consumers are better off.b. both domestic producers and domestic consumers are worse off.c. domestic producers are better off, and domestic consumers are worse off.d. domestic producers are worse off, and domestic consumers are better off.ANSWER: c. domestic producers are better off, and domestic consumers are worse off.TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 2 RANDOM: Y96 ❖ Chapter 9/Application: International Trade6. When a country allows trade and becomes an importer of a good,a. everyone in the country benefits.b. everyone in the country loses.c. the losses of the losers exceed the gains of the winners.d. the gains of the winners exceed the losses of the losers.ANSWER: d. the gains of the winners exceed the losses of the losers.TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 2 RANDOM: Y7. When a country allows free trade,a. the domestic price will equal the world price.b. the domestic price will be lower than the world price.c. the domestic price will be greater than the world price.d. it does not matter what the world price is, the domestic price is the prevailing price. ANSWER: a. the domestic price will equal the world price.TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 2 RANDOM: YThe before-trade domestic price of pineapple in the United States is $500 per ton. The world price of pineapple is $600 per ton. The United States is a price-taker in the pineapple market.8. According to this scenario, if trade in pineapple is allowed, the price of pineapple in the United Statesa. will decrease.b. will increase.c. will be unaffected.d. could increase or decrease.ANSWER: b. will increase.TYPE: M KEY1: T SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 2 INSTRUCTION: 4 RANDOM: Y9. According to this scenario, if trade in pineapple is allowed, total well-being in the United Statesa. will decrease.b. will increase.c. will be unaffected.d. could increase or decrease.ANSWER: b. will increase.TYPE: M KEY1: T SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 2 INSTRUCTION: 4 RANDOM: YChapter 9/Application: International Trade ❖ 9710. According to the graph, Argentina woulda. export Q3– Q1 saddles.b. export Q2– Q1 saddles.c. import Q3– Q1 saddles.d. import Q3– Q2 saddles.ANSWER: a. export Q3– Q1 saddles.TYPE: M KEY1: G SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 3 GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION GRAPH: INSTRUCTION: 8 RANDOM: Y11. According to the graph, consumer surplus in Argentina after trade is equal toa. A.b. C.c. A + B.d. A + B + D.ANSWER: a. A.TYPE: M KEY1: G SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 3 GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION GRAPH: INSTRUCTION: 8 RANDOM: Y12. According to the graph, the change in total surplus in Argentina because of trade is equal toa. F.b. A + B.c. B + D.d. D + E.ANSWER: a. F.TYPE: M KEY1: G SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 3 GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION GRAPH: INSTRUCTION: 8 RANDOM: Y98 ❖ Chapter 9/Application: International Trade13. According to the graph, Spain woulda. export Q3 – Q1 barrels of oil.b. export Q2 – Q1 barrels of oil.c. import Q3– Q1 barrels of oil.d. import Q3– Q2 barrels of oil.ANSWER: c. import Q3– Q1 barrels of oil.TYPE: M KEY1: G SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 3 GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION GRAPH: INSTRUCTION: 1 RANDOM: Y14. According to the graph, producer surplus in Spain after trade would be equal toa. C.b. C + B.c. A + B + C.d. B + C + D + E.ANSWER: a. C.TYPE: M KEY1: G SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 3 GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION GRAPH: INSTRUCTION: 1 RANDOM: N15. According to the graph, producer surplus plus consumer surplus in Spain after trade is equal toa. A + B.b. A + B + C.c. B + C + D.d. A + B + C + D + E.ANSWER: d. A + B + C + D + E.TYPE: M KEY1: G SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 3 GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION GRAPH: INSTRUCTION: 1 RANDOM: NChapter 9/Application: International Trade ❖ 9916. A tariff on a product makes domestic sellersa. better off and domestic buyers better off.b. worse off and domestic buyers better off.c. better off and domestic buyers worse off.d. worse off and domestic buyers worse off.ANSWER: c. better off and domestic buyers worse off.TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 4 RANDOM: YThe United States is an importer of down pillows. The world price of these pillows is $25. The United States imposes a $10 tariff on pillows. The United States is a price-taker in the pillow market.17. As a result of the tariff the U.S. price of pillows will bea. $25 and the quantity of pillows purchased will increase.b. $35 and the quantity of pillows purchased will increase.c. $25 and the quantity of pillows purchased will decrease.d. $35 and the quantity of pillows purchased will decrease.ANSWER: d. $35 and the quantity of pillows purchased will decrease.TYPE: M KEY1: E SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 4 INSTRUCTION: 2 RANDOM: N18. In the figure shown, consumer surplus after the tariff would be equal toa. A.b. A + B.c. A + C + G.d. A + B + C + D +E + F.ANSWER: b. A + B.TYPE: M KEY1: G SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 4 GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION GRAPH: RANDOM: Y19. In the figure shown, as a result of the tariff, government tariff revenue would be equal toa. B.b. E.c. D + F.d. B + D + E + F.ANSWER: b. E.TYPE: M KEY1: G SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 4 GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION GRAPH: RANDOM: Y100 ❖ Chapter 9/Application: International Trade20. When a quota is imposed on a market thea. supply curve (above the world price) shifts to the left by the amount of the quota.b. supply curve (above the world price) shifts to the right by the amount of the quota.c. demand curve (above the world price) shifts to the right by the amount of the quota.d. demand curve (above the world price) shifts to the left by the amount of the quota. ANSWER: b. supply curve (above the world price) shifts to the right by the amount of the quota. TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 4 RANDOM: Y21. A tariff and an import quota will botha. increase the quantity of imports and raise domestic price.b. increase the quantity of imports and lower domestic price.c. reduce the quantity of imports and lower domestic price.d. reduce the quantity of imports and raise domestic price.ANSWER: d. reduce the quantity of imports and raise domestic price.TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 4 RANDOM: Y22. In the figure shown, after the quota, imports would be equal toa. Q4 minus Q1.b. Q3 minus Q2.c. Q3 minus Q2.d. Q2 minus Q1.ANSWER: b. Q3 minus Q2.TYPE: M KEY1: G SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 4 GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION GRAPH: RANDOM: Y23. In the figure shown, after the quota, deadweight loss would be equal toa. B.b. E.c. D + F.d. B + D + E + F.ANSWER: c. D + F.TYPE: M KEY1: G SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 4 GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION GRAPH: RANDOM: YChapter 9/Application: International Trade ❖ 10124. Which of the following is NOT an argument for restricting trade?a. the jobs argumentb. the efficiency argumentc. the infant-industry argumentd. the national security argumentANSWER: b. the efficiency argumentTYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 3 OBJECTIVE: 5 RANDOM: Y25. The North American Free Trade Agreementa. increased trade restrictions among Canada, Mexico and the United States.b. reduced trade restrictions among Canada, Mexico and the United States.c. eliminated tariffs on imports to North America from the rest of the world.d. reduced trade restrictions among European countries.ANSWER: b. reduced trade restrictions among Canada, Mexico and the United States.TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 3 OBJECTIVE: 5 RANDOM: Y1 ANSWER: c. both China and the United States reap economic benefits.TYPE: M KEY1: C OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y2 ANSWER: d. domestic producers.TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y3 ANSWER: a. the country will become an importer of the good.TYPE: M KEY1: C SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y4 ANSWER: b. higher than its domestic price.TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y5 ANSWER: c. domestic producers are better off, and domestic consumers are worse off.TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 2 RANDOM: Y6 ANSWER: d. the gains of the winners exceed the losses of the losers.TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 2 RANDOM: Y7 ANSWER: a. the domestic price will equal the world price.TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 2 RANDOM: Y8 ANSWER: b. will increase.TYPE: M KEY1: T SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 2 INSTRUCTION: 4 RANDOM: Y102 ❖ Chapter 9/Application: International Trade9 ANSWER: b. will increase.TYPE: M KEY1: T SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 2 INSTRUCTION: 4 RANDOM: Y10 ANSWER: a. export Q3– Q1 saddles.TYPE: M KEY1: G SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 3 GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION GRAPH: INSTRUCTION: 8 RANDOM: Y11 ANSWER: a. A.TYPE: M KEY1: G SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 3 GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION GRAPH: INSTRUCTION: 8 RANDOM: Y12 ANSWER: a. F.TYPE: M KEY1: G SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 3 GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION GRAPH: INSTRUCTION: 8 RANDOM: Y13 ANSWER: c. import Q3– Q1 barrels of oil.TYPE: M KEY1: G SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 3 GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION GRAPH: INSTRUCTION: 1 RANDOM: Y14 ANSWER: a. C.TYPE: M KEY1: G SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 3 GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION GRAPH: INSTRUCTION: 1 RANDOM: N15 ANSWER: d. A + B + C + D + E.TYPE: M KEY1: G SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 3 GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION GRAPH: INSTRUCTION: 1 RANDOM: N16 ANSWER: c. better-off and domestic buyers worse-off.TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 4 RANDOM: Y17 ANSWER: d. $35 and the quantity of pillows purchased will decrease.TYPE: M KEY1: E SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 4 INSTRUCTION: 2 RANDOM: N18 ANSWER: b. A + B.TYPE: M KEY1: G SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 4 GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION GRAPH: RANDOM: YChapter 9/Application: International Trade ❖ 103 19 ANSWER: b. E.TYPE: M KEY1: G SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 4 GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION GRAPH: RANDOM: Y20 ANSWER: b. supply curve (above the world price) shifts to the right by the amount of the quota. TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 4 RANDOM: Y21 ANSWER: d. reduce the quantity of imports and raise domestic price.TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 4 RANDOM: Y22 ANSWER: b. Q3 minus Q2.TYPE: M KEY1: G SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 4 GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION GRAPH: RANDOM: Y23 ANSWER: c. D + F.TYPE: M KEY1: G SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 4 GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION GRAPH: RANDOM: Y24 ANSWER: b. the efficiency argumentTYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 3 OBJECTIVE: 5 RANDOM: Y25 ANSWER: b. reduced trade restrictions among Canada, Mexico and the United States.TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 3 OBJECTIVE: 5 RANDOM: Y。