曼昆经济学原理试题Chapter 02a
经济学原理曼昆2-精品文档
本章将探索这些问题的答案： In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
经济学家的两种角色是什么？怎样区别它们？ What are economists’ two roles? How do they differ? 什么是模型？经济学家怎么使用它们？ What are models? How do economists use them? 循环流程图的构成要素有哪些？流程图想要表达什么概念？ What are the elements of the Circular-Flow Diagram? What concepts does the diagram illustrate?
macroeconomics? Between positive and normative?
1
作为科学家和作为政策顾问的经济学家
经济学家的两种角色/作用：
1. 2.
作为科学家：他们试图解释世界（explain the world）
作为政策顾问：他们尝试改善（改进）世界（improve it）
25,000
40,000 50,000
250
100 0
2,500
4,000 5,000
生产可能性边界：举例
图中 各点 A
B
产量
电脑 小麦
小麦 (吨 ) 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 0
E D
C
500
400
0
1,000
C
D E
250
100 0
2,500
4,000 5,000
曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》第6版课后习题详解(1~2章)
曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》第6版课后习题详解第一篇导言第1章经济学十大原理一、概念题1.稀缺性稀缺性是指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供给总是不足的，也就是资源的有限性与人类的欲望无限性之间的矛盾。
2.经济学经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。
其中微观经济学是以单个经济主体为研究对象，研究单个经济主体面对既定资源约束时如何进行选择的科学；宏观经济学则以整个国民经济为研究对象，主要着眼于经济总量的研究。
3.效率效率是指人们在实践活动中的产出与投入比值或者是效益与成本比值，比值大效率高，比值小效率低。
它与产出或收益大小成正比，与投入或成本成反比。
4.平等平等是指人与人的利益关系及利益关系的原则、制度、做法、行为等都合乎社会发展的需要，即经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。
它是一个历史范畴，按其所产生的社会历史条件和社会性质的不同而不同，不存在永恒的公平；它也是一个客观范畴，尽管在不同的社会形态中内涵不同对其的理解不同，但都是社会存在的反映，具有客观性。
5.机会成本机会成本是指将一种资源用于某种用途，而未用于其他用途所放弃的最大预期收益。
其存在的前提条件是：①资源是稀缺的；②资源具有多种用途；③资源的投向不受限制。
6.理性人理性人是指系统而有目的地尽最大努力去实现其目标的人，是经济研究中所假设的、在一定条件下具有典型理性行为的经济活动主体。
7.边际变动边际变动是指对行动计划的微小增量调整。
8.激励激励是指引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。
9.市场经济市场经济是指由家庭和企业在市场上的相互交易决定资源配置的经济，而资源配置实际上就是决定社会生产什么、生产多少、如何生产以及为谁生产的过程。
10.产权产权是指个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力，也可以理解为人们对其所交易东西的所有权，即人们在交易活动中使自己或他人在经济利益上受益或受损的权力。
曼昆哈佛大学经济学原理第二章PPT精品文档37页
Every field of study has its own terminology
Mathematics
integrals axioms
vector spaces
torts
Law
Promissory estoppel
venues
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Uses two approaches: Descriptive (reporting facts, etc.) Analytical (abstract reasoning)
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Scientific Method
Uses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates.
Develops theories, collects, and analyzes data to prove the theories.
Demand
Deadweight loss
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Economics trains you to. . . .
Think in terms of alternatives. Evaluate the cost of individual and
曼昆微观经济学第二章课后答案
第二章像经济学家一样思考复习题1．经济学如何像一门科学?答：经济学家努力以科学家的客观态度来探讨经济问题。
用科学的方法提出理论、收集资料，并分析这些资料以努力证明或否定他们提出的理论来研究社会。
经济学家研究经济的过程和方法与自然科学的科学家研究自然是一样的。
所以说经济学也是一门科学。
2．为什么经济学家要做出假设?答：假设可以使解释这个世界更为容易。
对不同的问题作出不同的假设，略去对问题的答案没有实质影响的因素，突出实质性的内容，使我们可以集中进行思考。
3．经济模型应该准确地描述现实吗?答：经济模型不需要准确地描述现实。
所有的模型都是建立在假设的基础上的，它们忽略掉了大量不会对研究结果有实质性影响的细节，向我们说明什么是真正重要的。
模型是为了增进我们对现实的理解而简化了现实。
4．说出你的家庭参与要素市场的一种方式，以及参与产品市场的一种方式。
答：略。
5．举出一种没有包括在简单的循环流量图中的经济关系。
答：略。
6．画出并解释一个生产牛奶与点心的经济的生产可能性边界。
如果一场瘟疫使该经济中的一半奶牛死亡，这条生产可能性边界会发生怎样的变动?答：假设在正常情况下，将可能得到的所有资源用于生产点心，可以生产300 千克，如果全用于生产牛奶，可以生产1 000 升。
L1 表示正常情况下该经济的生产可能性边界。
如果一场疾病造成该经济一半的奶牛死亡，生产可能性边界会向内移，即L2 线。
因为在生产率不变的情况下，可用于生产点心和牛奶的经济资源减少了。
5图2—1 生产可能性边界7．用生产可能性边界描述“效率”的思想。
答：如果经济可以利用它所得到的全部稀缺资源，就可以说这种结果是有效率的。
曼昆经济学原理复习资料
1Q4Why should policy makers think about incentives?Policymakers need to think about incentives so they can understand how people will respond to the policies they put in place. The text's example of seat belts shows that policy actions can have quite unintended consequences. If incentives matter a lot, they may lead to a very different type of policy; for example, some economists have suggested putting knives in steering columns so that people will drive much more carefully! While this suggestion is silly, it highlights the importance of incentives.Q6what does the invisible hand of the marketplace do?The "invisible hand" of the marketplace represents the idea that even though individuals and firms are all acting in their own self-interest, prices and the marketplace guide them to do what is good for society as a whole.2Q1How is economics like a science?Economics is like a science because economists use the scientific method. They devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories about how the world works. Economists use theory and observation like other scientists, but they are limited in their ability to runcontrolled experiments. Instead, they must rely on natural experiments.Q5 Use a production possibilities frontier to describe the idea of “efficiency”? The idea of efficiency is that an outcome is efficient if the economy is getting all it can from the scarce resources it has available. In terms of the production possibilities frontier, an efficient point is a point on the frontier, such as point A in Figure 4. A point inside the frontier, such as point B, is inefficient since more of one good could be produced without reducing the production of another good. Q7What is the difference between a positive and a normative statement? Give an example of that.Positive statements are descriptive and make a claim about how the world is, while normative statements are prescriptive and make a claim about how the world ought to be. Here is an example. Positive: A rapid growth rate of money is the cause of inflation. Normative: The government should keep the growth rate of money low. 3Q1 Explain how absolute advantage and comparative advantage differ.Absolute advantage reflects a comparison of the productivity of one person, firm, or nation to that of another, while comparative advantage is based on the relative opportunity costs of the persons, firms, or nations. While a person, firm, or nation may have an absolute advantage in producing every good, they can't have a comparative advantage in every good.Q4Will a nation tend to export or import goods to Question2.A nation will export goods for which it has a comparative advantage because it has a smaller opportunity cost of producing those goods. As a result, citizens of all nations are able to consume quantities of goods that are outside their production possibilities frontiers.4Q5Propeye’s income declines, and as a result, he buys more spinach. Is spinach an inferior or a normal goods? What happens to Popeye’s demand curve for spinach? Since Popeye buys more spinach when his income falls, spinach is an inferior good for him. Since he buys more spinach, but the price of spinach is unchanged, his demand curve for spinach shifts out as a result of the decrease in his income. Q8 Dose a change in producers’ technology lead to a movement along the supply curve? Does a change in price lead to a movement along the supply curve or a shift in the supply curve?A change in producers' technology leads to a shift in the supply curve. A change in price leads to a movement along the supply curve.Q9 Define the equilibrium of a market. Describe the forces that move a market towards its equilibrium.The equilibrium of a market is the point at which the quantity demanded is equalto quantity supplied. If the price is above the equilibrium price, sellers want to sell more than buyers want to buy, so there is a surplus. Sellers try to increase their sales by cutting prices. That continues until they reach the equilibrium price. If the price is below the equilibrium price, buyers want to buy more than sellers want to sell, so there is a shortage. Sellers can raise their price without losing customers. That continues until they reach the equilibrium price.Q11 Describe the role of prices in market economies.Prices play a vital role in market economies because they bring markets into equilibrium. If the price is different from its equilibrium level, quantity supplied and quantity demanded are not equal. The resulting surplus or shortage leads suppliers to adjust the price until equilibrium is restored. Prices thus serve as signals that guide economic decisions and allocate scarce resources.5Q2 List and explain the four determinants of the price elasticity of demand discussed in the chapter.The determinants of the price elasticity of demand include how available close substitutes are, whether the good is a necessity or a luxury, how broadly defined the market is, and the time horizon. Luxury goods have greater price elastic ties than necessities, goods with close substitutes have greater elastic ties, goods in more narrowly defined markets have greater elastic ties, and the elasticity of demand is higher the longer the time horizon.Q4 On a supply-and-demand diagram, show equilibrium price, equilibrium quantity, and the total revenue received by producers.Figure 1 presents a supply-and-demand diagram, showing equilibrium price, equilibrium quantity, and the total revenue received by producers. Total revenue equals the equilibrium price times the equilibrium quantity, which is the area of the rectangle shown in the figure.Figure 16Q2Which causes a shortage of a good—a price ceiling or a price floor? Which causes a surplus?A shortage of a good arises when there is a binding price ceiling. A surplus of a good arises when there is a binding price floor.Q6How does a tax on a good affect the price paid by buyers, and the quantity sold?A tax on a good raises the price buyers pay, lowers the price sellers receive, and reduces the quantity sold.Q7What determines how the burden of a tax is divided between buyers and sellers? Why?The burden of a tax is divided between buyers and sellers depending on the elasticity of demand and supply. Elasticity represents the willingness of buyers or sellers to leave the market, which in turns depends on their alternatives. When a good is taxed, the side of the market with fewer good alternatives cannot easily leave the market and thus bears more of the burden of the tax.7Q1Explain how buyer’s willingness to pay, consumer’surplus, and the demand curve are related.Buyers' willingness to pay, consumer surplus, and the demand curve are all closely related. The height of the demand curve represents the willingness to pay of the buyers. Consumer surplus is the area below the demand curve and above the price, which equals each buyer's willingness to pay less the price of the good.Q2 Explain how seller’s costs, producer’s surplus, and the supply curve are related.Sellers' costs, producer surplus, and the supply curve are all closely related. The height of the supply curve represents the costs of the sellers. Producer surplus is the area below the price and above the supply curve, which equals the price minus each sellers' costs.Figure 413Q2 Give an example of an opportunity cost that accountant might not count as a cost. Why would the accountant ignore the cost?An accountant would not count the owner’s opportunity cost of alternative employment as an accounting cost. An example is given in the text in which Helen runs a cookie business, but she could instead work as a computer programmer. Because she's working in her cookie factory, she gives up the opportunity to earn $100 per hour as a computer programmer. The accountant ignores this opportunity cost because no money flow occurs. But the cost is relevant to Helen's decision to run the cookie factory.Q3What is marginal product, and what does it means if it is diminishing? Marginal product is the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input. Diminishing marginal product means that the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases.Q8Defind economies of scale and explain why they might arise. Define diseconomiesof scale and explain why then might arise.Economies of scale exist when long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases, which occurs because of specialization among workers. Diseconomies of scale exist when long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases, which occurs because of coordination problems inherent in a large organization.14Q2Draw the cost curves for a typical firm. For a given price, explain how the firm chooses the level of output that maximizes profit. Figure 2 shows the cost curves for a typical firm. For a given price (such as P*), the level of output that maximizes profit is the output where marginal cost equals price (Q*), as long as price is greater than average variable cost at that point (in the short run), or greater than average total cost (in the long run).Figure 2Q6 Does a firm’s price equal marginal cost in the short run, in the long run, or both? Explain.The firm's price equals the minimum of average total cost only in the long run.In the short run, price may be greater than average total cost, in which case the firm is making profits, or price may be less than average total cost, in which case the firm is making losses. But the situation is different in the long run. If firms are making profits, other firms will enter the industry, which will lower the price of the good. If firms are making losses, they will exit the industry, which will raise the price of the good. Entry or exit continues until firms are making neither profits nor losses. At that point, price equals average total cost. 15Q3Why is monopolist’s marginal revenue less than the price of its goods? Can marginal revenue be negative? Explain.A monopolist's marginal revenue is less than the price of its product because: (1) its demand curve is the market demand curve, so (2) to increase the amount sold, the monopolist must lower the price of its good for every unit it sells. (3) This cut in prices reduces revenue on the units it was already selling.A monopolist's marginal revenue can be negative because to get purchasers to buy an additional unit of the good, the firm must reduce its price on all units of the good. The fact that it sells a greater quantity increases revenue, but the decline in price decreases revenue. The overall effect depends on the elasticity of the demand curve. If the demand curve is inelastic, marginal revenue will be negative. Q4 Draw the demand, marginal-revenue, and marginal-cost curve for a monopolist. Show the profit-maximizing level of output. Show the profit-maximizing price.Figure 1 shows the demand, marginal-revenue, and marginal-cost curves for a monopolist. The intersection of the marginal-revenue and marginal-cost curves determines the profit-maximizing level of output, Q m. The demand curve then shows the profit-maximizing price, P m.Figure 116Q1If a group of sellers could form a cartel, what quantity and price would they try to set?If a group of sellers could form a cartel, they would try to set quantity and price like a monopolist. They would set quantity at the point where marginal revenue equals marginal cost, and set price at the corresponding point on the demand curve. Q5What is the prisoners’ dilemma and what does it have to do with oligopoly? The prisoners' dilemma is a game between two people or firms that illustrates why it is difficult for opponents to cooperate even when cooperation would make themall better off. Each person or firm has a great incentive to cheat on any cooperative agreement to make himself or itself better off.17Q2 Draw a diagram of the long-run equilibrium in a monopolistically competitive market. How is price related to average total cost? How is price related to marginal cost?In Figure 2, a firm has demand curve D1 and marginal-revenue curve MR1. The firm is making profits because at quantity Q1, price (P1) is above average total cost (ATC). Those profits induce other firms to enter the industry, causing the demand curve to shift to D2 and the marginal-revenue curve to shift to MR2. The result is a decline in quantity to Q2, at which point the price (P2) equals average total cost (ATC), so profits are now zero.Figure 223Q1 Explain why an economy’s income must equal its expenditure.An economy's income must equal its expenditure, since every transaction has a buyerand a seller. Thus, expenditure by buyers must equal income by sellers.24Q2 Describe the three problems that make the consumer price index an imperfect measure of the cost of living.The three problems in the consumer price index as a measure of the cost of living are: (1) substitution bias, which arises because people substitute toward goods that have become relatively less expensive; (2) the introduction of new goods, which are not reflected quickly in the CPI; and (3) unmeasured quality change.25Q2List and describe four determinants of productivity.The four determinants of productivity are: (1) physical capital, which is the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services; (2) human capital, which consists of the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experience; (3) natural resources, which are inputs into production that are provided by nature; and (4) technological knowledge, which is society’s understanding of the best ways to produce goods and services. Questions are chosen from problems and applications.Chapter 1: Q9By specializing in each task, you and your roommate can finish the chores morequickly. If you divided each task equally, it would take you more time to cook than it would take your roommate, and it would take him more time to clean than it would take you. By specializing, you reduce the total time spent on chores. Similarly, countries can specialize and trade, making both better off. For example, suppose it takes Spanish workers less time to make clothes than French workers, and French workers can make wine more efficiently than Spanish workers. Then Spain and France can both benefit if Spanish workers produce all the clothes and French workers produce all the wine, and they exchange some wine for some clothes. Chapter 2: Q2a. Figure 6 shows a production possibilities frontier between guns and butter. It is bowed out because when most of the economy’s resources are being used to produce butter, the frontier is steep and when most of the economy’s resources are being used to produce guns, the frontier is very flat. When the economy is producing a lot of guns, workers and machines best suited to making butter are being used to make guns, so each unit of guns given up yields a large increase in the production of butter. Thus, the production possibilities frontier is flat. When the economy is producing a lot of butter, workers and machines best suited to making guns are being used to make butter, so each unit of guns given up yields a small increase in the production of butter. Thus, the production possibilities frontier is steep.b. Point A is impossible for the economy to achieve; it is outside theproduction possibilities frontier. Point B is feasible but inefficient because it’s inside the production possibilities frontier.Figure 6c. The Hawks might choose a point like H, with many guns and not much butter. The Doves might choose a point like D, with a lot of butter and few guns.d. If both Hawks and Doves reduced their desired quantity of guns by the same amount, the Hawks would get a bigger peace dividend because the production possibilities frontier is much steeper at point H than at point D. As a result, the reduction of a given number of guns, starting at point H, leads to a much larger increase in the quantity of butter produced than when starting at point D. Chapter 3: Q4a. Since a Canadian worker can make either two cars a year or 30 bushels of wheat, the opportunity cost of a car is 15 bushels of wheat. Similarly, the opportunity cost of a bushel of wheat is 1/15 of a car. The opportunity costs are the reciprocals of each other.b. See Figure 4. If all 10 million workers produce two cars each, they produce a total of 20 million cars, which is the vertical intercept of the productionpossibilities frontier. If all 10 million workers produce 30 bushels of wheat each, they produce a total of 300 million bushels, which is the horizontal intercept of the production possibilities frontier. Since the tradeoff between cars and wheat is always the same, the production possibilities frontier is a straight line.If Canada chooses to consume 10 million cars, it will need 5 million workers devoted to car production. That leaves 5 million workers to produce wheat, who will produce a total of 150 million bushels (5 million workers times 30 bushels per worker). This is shown as point A on Figure 4.c. If the United States buys 10 million cars from Canada and Canada continues to consume 10 million cars, then Canada will need to produce a total of 20 million cars. So Canada will be producing at the vertical intercept of the production possibilities frontier. But if Canada gets 20 bushels of wheat per car, it will be able to consume 200 million bushels of wheat, along with the 10 million cars. This is shown as point B in the figure. Canada should accept the deal because it gets the same number of cars and 50 million more bushes of wheat.Figure 4Chapter 4: Q1a. Cold weather damages the orange crop, reducing the supply of oranges. Thiscan be seen in Figure 6 as a shift to the left in the supply curve for oranges. The new equilibrium price is higher than the old equilibrium price.b. People often travel to the Caribbean from New England to escape cold weather, so demand for Caribbean hotel rooms is high in the winter. In the summer, fewer people travel to the Caribbean, since northern climes are more pleasant. The result, as shown in Figure 7, is a shift to the left in the demand curve. The equilibrium price of Caribbean hotel rooms is thus lower in the summer than in the winter, as the figure shows.Figure 6a Figure 7bc. When a war breaks out in the Middle East, many markets are affected. Since much oil production takes place there, the war disrupts oil supplies, shifting the supply curve for gasoline to the left, as shown in Figure 8. The result is a rise in the equilibrium price of gasoline. With a higher price for gasoline, the cost of operating a gas-guzzling automobile, like a Cadillac, will increase. As a result, the demand for used Cadillacs will decline, as people in the market for cars will not find Cadillacs as attractive. In addition, some people who already own Cadillacs will try to sell them. The result is that the demand curve for used Cadillacs shifts to the left, while the supply curve shifts to the right, as shownin Figure 9. The result is a decline in the equilibrium price of used Cadillacs.Figure 8c Figure 9cChapter 5: Q2a. For business travelers, the price elasticity of demand when the price of tickets rises from $200 to $250 is [(2,000 - 1,900)/1,950]/[(250 - 200)/225] = 0.05/0.22 = 0.23. For vacationers, the price elasticity of demand when the price of tickets rises from $200 to $250 is [(800 - 600)/700] / [(250 - 200)/225] = 0.29/0.22 = 1.32.b. The price elasticity of demand for vacationers is higher than the elasticity for business travelers because vacationers can choose more easily a different mode of transportation (like driving or taking the train). Business travelers are less likely to do so since time is more important to them and their schedules are less adaptable.Chapter 6: Q2a. The imposition of a binding price floor in the cheese market is shown in Figure3. In the absence of the price floor, the price would be P1and the quantity would be Q1. With the floor set at P f, which is greater than P1, the quantity demandedis Q2, while quantity supplied is Q3, so there is a surplus of cheese in the amount Q– Q2.3b. The farmers’ complaint that their total revenue has declined is correct if demand is elastic. With elastic demand, the percentage decline in quantity would exceed the percentage rise in price, so total revenue would decline.c. If the government purchases all the surplus cheese at the price floor, producers benefit and taxpayers lose. Producers would produce quantity Q3 of cheese, and their total revenue would increase substantially. But consumers would buy only quantity Q2 of cheese, so they are in the same position as before. Taxpayers lose because they would be financing the purchase of the surplus cheese through higher taxes.Figure 3aChapter 7: Q8a. The effect of falling production costs in the market for computers results in a shift to the right in the supply curve, as shown in Figure 14. As a result, the equilibrium price of computers declines and the equilibrium quantity increases. The decline in the price of computers increases consumer surplus from area A toA +B +C + D, an increase in the amount B + C + D.Prior to the shift in supply, producer surplus was areas B + E (the area above the supply curve and below the price). After the shift in supply, producer surplus is areas E + F + G. So producer surplus changes by the amount F + G –B, which may be positive or negative. The increase in quantity increases producer surplus, while the decline in the price reduces producer surplus. Since consumer surplus rises by B + C + D and producer surplus rises by F + G – B, total surplus rises by C + D + F + G.Figure 14A Figure 15bb. Since adding machines are substitutes for computers, the decline in the price of computers means that people substitute computers for adding machines, shifting the demand for adding machines to the left, as shown in Figure 15. The result is a decline in both the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity of adding machines. Consumer surplus in the adding-machine market changes from area A + B to A + C, a net change of C – B. Producer surplus changes from area C + D + E to area E, a net loss of C + D. Adding machine producers are sad about technological advance in computers because their producer surplus declines.c. Since software and computers are complements, the decline in the price and increase in the quantity of computers means that the demand for software increases, shifting the demand for software to the right, as shown in Figure 16. The result is an increase in both the price and quantity of software. Consumer surplus in the software market changes from B + C to A + B, a net change of A – C. Producer surplus changes from E to C + D + E, an increase of C + D, so software producers should be happy about the technological progress in computers.d. Yes, this analysis helps explain why Bill Gates is one the world’s richest men, since his company produces a lot of software that is a complement with computers and there has been tremendous technological advance in computers.Figure 16Chapter 13: Q4a. The following table shows the marginal product of each hour spent fishing:Hours Fish FixedCost VariableCostTotalCostMarginalProduct0$10$0$10---11010515 102181010208324101525642810203045301025252b. Figure 7 graphs the fisherman's production function. The production function becomes flatter as the number of hours spent fishing increases, illustrating diminishing marginal product.Figure 7b Figure 8c c. The table shows the fixed cost, variable cost, and total cost of fishing.Figure 8 shows the fisherman's total-cost curve. It slopes up because catching additional fish takes additional time. The curve is convex because there are diminishing returns to fishing time?each additional hour spent fishing yields fewer additional fish.Chapter 14: Q9a. Figure 9 illustrates the situation in the U.S. textile industry. With no international trade, the market is in long-run equilibrium. Supply intersects demand at quantity Q1 and price $30, with a typical firm producing output q1.Figure 9b. The effect of imports at $25 is that the market supply curve follows the old supply curve up to a price of $25, then becomes horizontal at that price. As a result, demand exceeds domestic supply, so the country imports textiles from othercountries. The typical domestic firm now reduces its output from q1to q2, incurringlosses, since the large fixed costs imply that average total cost will be much higher than the price.c. In the long run, domestic firms will be unable to compete with foreign firms because their costs are too high. All the domestic firms will exit the industryand other countries will supply enough to satisfy the entire domestic demand.Chapter 15: Q4a. Figure 5 illustrates the market for groceries when there are many competing supermarkets with constant marginal cost. Output is Q C, price is P C, consumer surplus is area A, producer surplus is zero, and total surplus is area A.Figure 5aFigure 6bb. If the supermarkets merge, Figure 6 illustrates the new situation. Quantity declines from Q C to Q M and price rises to P M. Area A in Figure 5 is equal to areaB +C +D +E +F in Figure 6. Consumer surplus is now area B + C, producer surplusis area D + E, and total surplus is area B + C + D + E. Consumers transfer the amount of area D + E to producers and the deadweight loss is area F.Chapter 16: Q2a. OPEC members were trying to reach an agreement to cut production so they could raise the price.b. They were unable to agree on cutting production because each country has an incentive to cheat on any agreement. The turmoil is a decline in the price of oil because of increased production.c. OPEC would like Norway and Britain to join their cartel so they could act like a monopoly.Chapter 23: Q1a. Consumption increases because a refrigerator is a good purchased by a household. Investment increases because a house is an investment good.Consumption increases because a car is a good purchased by a household, but investment decreases because the car in Ford’s inventory had been counted as an investment good until it was sold.Consumption increases because pizza is a good purchased by a household. Government purchases increase because the government spent money to provide a goodto the public.Consumption increases because the bottle is a good purchased by a household, but net exports decrease because the bottle was imported.Investment increases because new structures and equipment were built.Chapter 24: Q4a. Since the increase in cost was considered a quality improvement, there was no increase registered in the CPI.b. The argument in favor of this is that consumers are getting a better good than before, so the price increase equals the improvement in quality. The problem is that the increased cost might exceed the value of the improvement in air quality, so consumers are worse off. In this case, it would be better for the CPI to at least partially reflect the higher cost.Chapter 25: Q4The opportunity cost of investing in capital is the loss of consumption that results from redirecting resources towards investment. Over-investment in capital is possible because of diminishing marginal returns. A country can "over-invest" in capital if people would prefer to have higher consumption spending and less future growth. The opportunity cost of investing in human capital is also the loss of consumption that is needed to provide the resources for investment. A country could "over-invest" in human capital if people were too highly educated for the。
曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》第6版课后习题详解（1~2章）
曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》第6版课后习题详解（1~2章）第一篇：曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》第6版课后习题详解(1~2章)曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》第6版课后习题详解第一篇导言第1章经济学十大原理一、概念题 1.稀缺性稀缺性是指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供给总是不足的，也就是资源的有限性与人类的欲望无限性之间的矛盾。
2.经济学经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。
其中微观经济学是以单个经济主体为研究对象，研究单个经济主体面对既定资源约束时如何进行选择的科学；宏观经济学则以整个国民经济为研究对象，主要着眼于经济总量的研究。
3.效率效率是指人们在实践活动中的产出与投入比值或者是效益与成本比值，比值大效率高，比值小效率低。
它与产出或收益大小成正比，与投入或成本成反比。
4.平等平等是指人与人的利益关系及利益关系的原则、制度、做法、行为等都合乎社会发展的需要，即经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。
它是一个历史范畴，按其所产生的社会历史条件和社会性质的不同而不同，不存在永恒的公平；它也是一个客观范畴，尽管在不同的社会形态中内涵不同对其的理解不同，但都是社会存在的反映，具有客观性。
5.机会成本机会成本是指将一种资源用于某种用途，而未用于其他用途所放弃的最大预期收益。
其存在的前提条件是：①资源是稀缺的；②资源具有多种用途；③资源的投向不受限制。
6.理性人理性人是指系统而有目的地尽最大努力去实现其目标的人，是经济研究中所假设的、在一定条件下具有典型理性行为的经济活动主体。
7.边际变动边际变动是指对行动计划的微小增量调整。
8.激励激励是指引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。
9.市场经济市场经济是指由家庭和企业在市场上的相互交易决定资源配置的经济，而资源配置实际上就是决定社会生产什么、生产多少、如何生产以及为谁生产的过程。
曼昆《经济学原理》答案解析(DOC)
第一篇导言第一章经济学十大原理复习题1．列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取舍的例子。
答：①大学毕业后，面临着是否继续深造的选择，选择继续上学攻读研究生学位，就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会；②在学习内容上也面临着很重要的权衡取舍，如果学习《经济学》，就要减少学习英语或其他专业课的时间；③对于不多的生活费的分配同样面临权衡取舍，要多买书，就要减少在吃饭、买衣服等其他方面的开支。
2．看一场电影的机会成本是什么?答：看一场电影的机会成本是在看电影的时间里做其他事情所能获得的最大收益，例如：看书、打零工。
8．为什么生产率是重要的?答：因为一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力，而对这种能力的最重要的衡量度就是生产率。
生产率越高，一国生产的物品与劳务量就越多。
9．什么是通货膨胀，什么引起了通货膨胀?答：通货膨胀是流通中货币量的增加而造成的货币贬值，由此产生经济生活中价格总水平上升。
货币量增长引起了通货膨胀。
10．短期中通货膨胀与失业如何相关?答：短期中通货膨胀与失业之间存在着权衡取舍，这是由于某些价格调整缓慢造成的。
政府为了抑制通货膨胀会减少流通中的货币量，人们可用于支出的货币数量减少了，但是商品价格在短期内是粘性的，仍居高不下，于是社会消费的商品和劳务量减少，消费量减少又引起企业解雇工人。
在短期内，对通货膨胀的抑制增加了失业量。
问题与应用3．你正计划用星期六去从事业余工作，但一个朋友请你去滑雪。
去滑雪的真实成本是什么?现在假设你已计划这天在图书馆学习，这种情况下去滑雪的成本是什么?并解释之。
答：去滑雪的真实成本是周六打工所能赚到的工资，我本可以利用这段时间去工作。
如果我本计划这天在图书馆学习，那么去滑雪的成本是在这段时间里我可以获得的知识。
5．你管理的公司在开发一种新产品过程中已经投资500万美元，但开发工作还远远没有完成。
在最近的一次会议上，你的销售人员报告说，竞争性产品的进入使你们新产品的预期销售额减少为300万美元。
曼昆经济学原理2章
大多数经济学家一致同意的主张（以及 持赞同意见经济学家所占的百分比）
租金上限降低了可得到的住房的数量和质量(93%)
关税和进口配额通常降低了总体经济福利（93%）
美国不应该限制雇主将工作外包给其他国家（90%）
美国应该取消农业补贴（85%）
如果现行的政策保持不变，在接下来的50年中社会保障基金
能够达到 有效率：所有资源都已经充分利用
在生产可能性边界以内的点（F）
能够达到 没有效率：一些资源没有充分利用（比如，工人失
业，厂房闲置等） 在生产可能性边界以外的点（G）
不能达到
20
生产可能性边界与机会成本
复习：机会成本是为了得到某种东西所必须放弃
的东西
沿着生产可能性边界移动意味着将资源（比如劳
多生产1单位物品的机会成本也不同， 这使生产可能性边界为曲线。
当经济中存在一些其他资源，或者机
会成本不同的资源混合时，生产可能 性边界也可能是曲线（例如，不同类 型的土地有不同的用处）。
30
生产可能性边界：一个总结 生产可能性边界表示在可得到的生产要
素与生产技术既定时，一个经济所能生 产的两种产品数量的各种组合。
增加
34
主动学习 3
参考答案
a. 当政府增加货币数量时，物价上涨 实证表述—描述了一种关系，可以通过数据来证实 或者证伪
b. 政府应该印刷更少的货币 规范表述—这是一个价值判断，不能被证实或证伪
35
主动学习 3
参考答案
c. 为刺激经济，政府应该减税 规范表述—另一个价值判断
d. 墨西哥胶卷的价格上涨会导致消费者录像租赁需 求增加 实证表述—描述一种关系 注意实证表述并不一定需要是正确的
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Chapter 2Thinking Like an EconomistTest A1. The production possibilities frontier is aa. map which shows the frontier beyond which agriculture is unprofitable.b. map which shows areas of the world in which capitalist production is now possible.c. graph that shows the various combinations of output that the economy can possibly producegiven the available resources and technology.d. graph which shows the various combinations of resources that can be used to produce a givenlevel of output.TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 3 RANDOM: Y2. Which of the following concepts is NOT illustrated by the production possibilities frontier?a. efficiencyb. opportunity costc. equityd. tradeoffs3. On the production possibilities frontier shown, which point or points are possible for this economyto produce?a. A, B, C, Db. A, B, C, Fc. A, B, C, D, E, Fd. DRANDOM: Y10 Chapter 2/Thinking Like an Economist4. On the production possibilities frontier shown, which point or points are inefficient?a. A, B, Cb. E, Fc. Bd. D5. The opportunity cost of obtaining more of one good is shown on the production possibilities frontieras thea. amount of the other good which must be given up.b. market price of the additional amount produced.c. amount of resources which must be devoted to its production.d. number of dollars which must be spent to produce it.6. A production possibilities frontier will be linear and not bowed out ifa. no tradeoffs exist.b. the tradeoff between the two goods is always at a constant rate.c. the unemployment rate is zero.d. resources are allocated efficiently.7. In the production possibilities frontier shown, the shift of the frontier from A to B was most likelycaused by which of the following?a. more capital available in the economyb. more labor available in the economyc. a general technological breakthroughRANDOM: NChapter 2/Thinking Like an Economist 11 8. In the production possibilities frontier shown, what is the opportunity cost to society of themovement from point D to point B?a. 600 pretzelsb. 800 pretzelsc. 250 pretzelsd. 100 pretzels9. In the production possibilities frontier shown, the movement from point C to point E was most likelycaused bya. an increase in society’s preference for pretzels.b. a decrease in society’s preference for potato chips.c. unemployment.d. a and b10. Which of the following would be considered a topic of study in microeconomics?a. the effect of changes in saving rates on GDPb. the impact of minimum-wage laws on employment in the fast-food industryc. the impact of monetary policy on the rate of inflationd. the effect of tax policy on the rate of economic growth11. In the graph shown, the slope of the curve between points A and B isa. –2b. –1/2c. 1/2d. 21 ANSWER: c. graph that shows the various combinations of output that the economy can possiblyproduce given the available resources and technology.TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 3 RANDOM: Y2 ANSWER: c. equityTYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 3 RANDOM: Y3 ANSWER: a. A, B, C, DTYPE: M KEY1: G SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 3 GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION INSTRUCTION: 2 RANDOM: Y12 Chapter 2/Thinking Like an Economist4 ANSWER: d. DTYPE: M KEY1: G SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 3 GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION INSTRUCTION: 2 RANDOM: Y5 ANSWER: a. amount of the other good which must be given up.TYPE: M KEY1: C SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 3 RANDOM: Y6 ANSWER: b. the tradeoff between the two goods is always at a constant rate.TYPE: M KEY1: C SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y7 ANSWER: d. technological improvement in the production of clothingTYPE: M KEY1: G SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 3 GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION INSTRUCTION: 4 RANDOM: N8 ANSWER: c. 250 pretzelsTYPE: M KEY1: G SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 3 GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION INSTRUCTION: 6 RANDOM: N9 ANSWER: c. unemployment.TYPE: M KEY1: G SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 3 GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION INSTRUCTION: 6 RANDOM: N10 ANSWER: b. the impact of minimum-wage laws on employment in the fast-food industry TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 4 RANDOM: Y11 ANSWER: b. –1/2TYPE: M KEY1: G GRAPH FORMAT: M QUESTION INSTRUCTION: 3 RANDOM: N。