翻译第二讲
第二讲直译与意译
It may or may not closely follow the form or organization of the original text.
Confucianism holds that one should give up one's life, if necessary, either passively or actively, for the sake of upholding the cardinal moral values of ren and yi.
“三纲”即“君为臣纲”、“父为子纲”、 “夫为妻纲 ”
the three cardinal guides : ruler guides subject father guides son husband guides wife
rén (仁). Rén is the virtue of perfectly fulfilling one's responsibilities toward others, most often translated as "benevolence" or "humaneness";
Kong Qiu (孔丘), as Confucius is commonly known, is a combination of his surname (孔) and his given name (丘), and he was also known as Zhong Ni (仲尼), which is his
第二讲 翻译定义标准语义翻译
第二讲：翻译的定义及标准、语义翻译（2）一．什么是翻译？---翻译是一门艺术，是语言艺术的再创作。
如果把写作比成自由舞蹈，翻译就是带着手铐脚镣在跳舞，而且还要跳得优美。
---翻译是技能，再现原文信息时，为避免信息的损失，力戒欠额翻译（undertranslation）和过载翻译(overtranslation)，译者要采用增词，减词，引申，并句和分句等技巧。
---翻译是在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现源语的信息，首先是意义对等，其次是文体对等。
二．翻译的教学标准《高等学校英语专业高年级英语教学大纲》规定，英汉翻译的评估项目标为：A．忠实：“原文信息全部传达，语气和文体风格与原文相一致”60%B．通顺：“断句恰当，句式正确，选词妥贴”40%三．翻译技巧（2）：语义翻译（2）---翻译时应当注意词义的褒贬。
翻译时，必须正确理解原作者的基本立场和观点，然后选用适当的语言手段译出。
原文中词语的褒贬意义，要根据上下文恰如其分地表达出来，即使有些词语孤立起来看似乎是中性的。
Eg.As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication.She is a demanding teacher, yet she’s very kind to her students.John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well.Hitler pursued an aggressive policy after he seized power.四．翻译练习（2）I. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the choice of words.1.She is fidgety and restless.2.All the inventors have a restless mind.3.They incited him to go into further investigation.4.The plotters incited the soldiers to rise against their officers.5.The general has the reputation of being courageous.6.He was an honest man, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation.II. Improve the following translations based on the principle of faithfulness and fluency.1.I have read your articles. I expected to meet an older man.我拜读过你的文章，我期望可以找到一个年纪稍长的人。
3翻译第二讲--翻译标准(理论归纳性较强,后面英汉对照部分可用)
History of Argument “案本---求真---神似---化境” 案本---求真---神似---化境” 案本---求真---神似---化境
严复“ 严复“信、达、雅” 林语堂“ 林语堂“忠、顺、美” 梁实秋、 宁错务顺” 梁实秋、赵景琛 “宁错务顺” 鲁迅“宁信不顺” 鲁迅“宁信不顺” 瞿秋白“信顺统一” 瞿秋白“信顺统一” 傅雷“形似神似” 傅雷“形似神似” 钱钟书“入化境界” 钱钟书“入化境界”
■言内意义是语言符号之间的关系，它具体体现在语音、词汇、句法和 言内意义是语言符号之间的关系，它具体体现在语音、词汇、 语篇等层次。语音层次主要包括各种音韵（如头韵、元音迭韵、和声、 语篇等层次。语音层次主要包括各种音韵（如头韵、元音迭韵、和声、 押韵）、格律及重读等方面；词汇层次有谐音双关、一语双叙等； ）、格律及重读等方面 押韵）、格律及重读等方面；词汇层次有谐音双关、一语双叙等；句法 层次有组合关系、排比、倒装等；篇章则有句式的变化、 层次有组合关系、排比、倒装等；篇章则有句式的变化、段落的安排和 衔接、 衔接、粘连等
余光中“变通的艺术” 余光中“变通的艺术”
“翻译如婚姻，是一种两相妥协的艺术。譬 翻译如婚姻，是一种两相妥协的艺术。 翻译如婚姻 如英文译成中文，既不能西风压倒东风， 如英文译成中文，既不能西风压倒东风， 变成洋腔洋调的中文， 变成洋腔洋调的中文，也不许东风压倒西 变成油腔滑调的中文， 风，变成油腔滑调的中文，则东西之间势 必相互妥协，以求‘两全之计’ 必相互妥协，以求‘两全之计’。至于妥 协到什么程度，以及哪一方应该多让一步， 协到什么程度，以及哪一方应该多让一步， 神而明之，变通之道， 神而明之，变通之道，就要看每一位译者 自己的修养了。 自己的修养了。”
Pound’s version: THE JEWEL STAIRS’ GRIEVANCE The jeweled steps are already quite white with dew, It is so late that the dew soaks my gauze stockings, And I let down the crystal curtain And watch the moon through the clear autumn. BY Rihaku
第二讲翻译学的基本概念
• 宁信而不顺(鲁迅语) rather to be faithful than smooth (“I’d rather be faithful than smooth”) • 神似(傅雷语) spiritual resemblance • 化境(钱钟书语)sublimation（升华） • 信、达、切(刘重德语)faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness (to the original style) • 三美: 音美, 形美, 意美(许渊冲语)the three beauties: beauty in sound, beauty in form and bea• •
选词diction 补偿compensation 视点转换shift of perspective 套译/仿译/仿拟imitation 信/忠实faithfulness/ 达/易懂intelligibility/expressiveness 通顺smoothness 流畅fluency 自然naturalness /idiomaticity(语言的表达习惯） 雅/优美elegance/gracefulness
• • • • • • • • •
东方语言Oriental languages 西方语言Occidental languages 佛经Buddhist Scriptures/sutra['su:trə] 梵语Sanskrit 鸠摩罗什Kumarajiva 泰特勒(Alexander Fraser )Tytler 奈达(Eugene A.) Nida 机器翻译machine translation(MT) 人工智能artificial intelligence(AI)
注意：英译汉中长句化短即采用分译法的 依据是：英语多用长句，汉语多用中短 句。长句化短要根据翻译实际需要为转 移。
第二讲：词汇翻译(上)
词汇翻译技巧 3.介词增减:英译汉时很多介词可以省略， 3.介词增减:英译汉时很多介词可以省略，汉译英时 介词增减
则需根据英语的行文需要增加适当的介词。 则需根据英语的行文需要增加适当的介词。
1）She was one of my colleagues at the ） university at which I taught. 她是我任教的那所大学的同事。 她是我任教的那所大学的同事。 2）I get positively angry with the ） impertinence of it and the everlastingness. 这么卤莽无礼，没完没了，真让我生气。 这么卤莽无礼，没完没了，真让我生气。 3）他已经把这事忘得一干二净了。 ）他已经把这事忘得一干二净了。 He has forgotten all about it. 4）接到信时我高兴得跳了起来。 ）接到信时我高兴得跳了起来。 I jumped with joy when I received the letter.
词汇翻译技巧 移植法 直接移植:在译文中将原文的词语原封不动地 直接移植: 挪用过来。如“卡拉 厅”、KTV包房 、“BP 挪用过来。 卡拉OK厅 、 包房”、 卡拉 包房 唱盘”、 光片 光片”、 发了一份 发了一份e-mail”、 机”、“CD唱盘 、“X光片 、“发了一份 、 唱盘 、 “进入 进入WTO”、“Word文件”、“如何执行 进入 、 文 、 如何执行 Windows 2000的应用程序”、“股票ABC”、 2000的应用程序 的应用程序”、“股票 股票ABC”、 NBA、CIA、IBM、IQ、EQ等等，汉语短语或句 等等， 、 、 、 、 等等 子中夹杂的这些英语单词就是直接移植过来的。 子中夹杂的这些英语单词就是直接移植过来的。 直接移植似乎多应用于科技翻译和新闻媒体 文学翻译则少见。 中，文学翻译则少见。
高口翻译第二讲转译法
翻译第二讲：转译法英语和汉语的区别：英语：印欧语系，一个句子只能有一个动词。
汉语：汉藏语系，一个句子中可以有多个动词。
英译汉一、翻译成汉语中的动词：1.名词转动词a. 由动词派生出的名词∙That merchant sold tiger bones at a profit.∙Rockets have found application in universe exploration.b. 含有动作意味的名词（在记叙、描写文体中出现较多)∙The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.∙The company now has offices in Beijing and Shanghai, and more growth is planned for 2008.c.英语中有些加后缀-er的名词的名词。
∙The old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doings.∙Although a relative newcomer to the world of luxury products, China is now experiencing a fast expansion.注意：英语名词译成汉语动词时，修饰该名词的形容词往往转译成汉语副词。
∙He took a brief, restless nap.∙She turned worrying glances toward the distance.2.介词转译成动词∙Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.∙“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.3.形容词转译成动词∙It was a very informative meeting.∙He is not very mindful of personal gains and losses.二、翻译成汉语中的名词：1．名词派生的动词：∙Most satellites are designed to burn up after completing their missions.∙Continuous fighting has mainly characterized their relationship.注意：英语动词译成汉语名词时，修饰该动词的副词往往转译成形容词∙The film “The Sound of Music” impressed him deeply.∙The President had prepared carefully for his journey.2. 有些英语被动式句子中的动词，可以译成“受（遭）到……+名词”、“予（加）以+名词”这类结构。
第二讲：汉译英的特点与翻译
他妻子拿着一个盘子走过去，他连一句话也没跟她 说。 He said no word to his wife as she passed with a plate.
看到这惨状，大家立即陷入了恐慌。 译文1. On seeing this miserable scene, people got panic-stricken very soon. 译文2. At the sight of this miserable scene, people was seized with panic/overwhelmed by panic/great terror, or people were thrown in panic. 译文3. The sight of this miserable scene threw people in panic.
6-5 Passable translation with some inaccuracies The translation adequately reflects most of the original passage with occasional errors of vocabulary, syntax, spelling or punctuation. The translation is, for the most part, readable. 4-3 Inadequate translation with frequent inaccuracies half, with frequent errors; in some parts, unreadable 2-1 Poor translation less than half Almost all sentences contain errors of… For the most part, unreadable
翻译实践 第二讲.ppt
What is Translation?
Not an easy question. Some of definitions
Translation, essentially, is the faithful representation, in one language, of what is written or said in another language. —Zhong Shukong A Handbook of Translation What is translation? Often, though not by any means always, it is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. —Peter Newmark A Textbook of Translation
What is Translation
…aesthetics, linguistics, rhetoric, psychology, so on and so forth.
A polyseme: the process or the product; written translation only or both written translation and interpretation.
Translation: A Long History
The Tower of Babe: in the valley of Shinar According to historians:
the earliest translation activities in China: Zhou dynasty (1100.BC); and in the west: the first traces date from 3000 BC, during the Egyptian Old Kingdom and the first translator was a Greek slave Livius Andronicus, who in about 240 B.C. put the Odyssey into Latin verse. In China
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B.
东西文化对比与翻译概论
1
文化心理： culture-loaded expressions: Dragon/owl/bull/ cat /green/gray/moon/ landlord/peasant
2
海洋性商业文化 （个体主义）v.s. 大陆性农业文化 （群体主义） 时间观念/空间观 念/对他人的态度/ 工作态度/物质追 求/婚姻/隐私
3
风俗习惯 打招呼/宴席/告辞/称呼 /数字 (2,8,6,9/4) (13)
C. 英汉思维比较与翻译
概述： 傅雷：东方人与西方人之思想方式有基本分歧， 我人重综合，重归纳，重暗示，重含蓄；西方人 则重分析，细微曲折，挖掘唯恐不尽，描写唯恐 不周… 语言与思维存在密不可分的联系。中西方思维模 式的差异，影响到语言的基本结构、用词选句。
1.What is culture?
E. Nida divided culture into : ecology, material culture, social culture, religious culture, organization, customs, concepts, gestures, habits. Including: norms, values, linguistic behavior, nonverbal behavior
3. 褒贬与曲直
英汉语都存在着对一个事物的褒贬态度，但问题 是，许多场合中，褒贬的含义并不能从字面或词 汇本身中看出来，往往要通过上下文来决定，翻 译时要尽量正确理解原文，表现真实的含义。 A:英语中有些词本身就有褒贬，汉译时相应译出。 He was a man of high renown. 译文：他是位有名望的人。（褒） His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death. 译文：他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传开来的。 （贬）
1. 直率与含蓄
西方人喜外露，中国人喜含蓄。英语经常表态在 前，叙事在后；汉语经常相反。英汉对译时，信 息中心常需做前后调整。 例如：I am very happy to receive your message of greetings. 译文：接到你的贺信，我十分高兴。 The two sides found it beneficial to have this opportunity to present to one another their views on a variety of issues. 译文：现在有机会互相介绍彼此对各种问题的观 点，对此，双方认为是有利的。
2. Relationship between language, culture and translating
Translation : inter-lingual transmission, cross-cultural transmission Bi-cultural competence, cultural awareness
2. 逻辑与感悟
英语注重运用各种有形的联结手段达到语法形式 的完整，其表现形式严密地受逻辑形式支配，句 子组织严密，层次井然扣接，以形显义； 汉语在表现形式上受意念引导，看上去概念、判 断、推理不严，句子松散，以神统形，要靠读者 自己去推理和感悟。 举例： 让世界了解中国，让中国走向世界。 Let the other people of the rest of the world know China. Let China make close contact with the rest of the world.
2. Relationship between language, culture and translating
Culture involves every aspect of life. Words only have meaning in terms of culture. Cultural awareness is very important. Language is a part of culture and can reflect /transmit culture. Biculturalism is more important than bilingualism.
3.Examples of culture-loaded expressions
离休干部： a retired cadre? retired veteran cadre 工读学校： part-time school? reformatory for juvenile delinquency? 半路出家：switch to one job one is not trained for
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1. 直率与含蓄
1. To my no small astonishment, I found the house on fire. 2. You could have come at a better time. 3. She has much more than just a pretty face. 4. I’m terribly sorry to interrupt you, but I wonder if you would be so kind as to lower your voices a little.
3. 褒贬与曲直
B： 英语中有些词义是中立的，翻译时应根据上 下文做褒贬取舍。 He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved. 译文：他是一个正直诚实的人，但不幸有某种坏 坏 名声。我相信他这个坏名声 坏名声是不该有的。（贬） 名声 坏名声 Practice: She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone.
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二 英汉文化对比
Content
文化的定义
A
Bபைடு நூலகம்
东西文化对比与翻译概论. 东西文化对比与翻译概论.
C
英汉思维比较与翻译
A. 文化的定义
1.What is culture?
Tytler: Culture is the complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man, as a member of society. Peter Newmark: culture is the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expression.
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