武汉大学研究生英语课文Unit1、3翻译

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研究生综合英语3 unit 1, 2,3,7,8 原文+译文+重点【辛辛苦苦总结的期末资料】

研究生综合英语3 unit 1, 2,3,7,8 原文+译文+重点【辛辛苦苦总结的期末资料】

1.Unit OneA Question of Degree对学位的质疑Perhaps we should rethink an idea fast becoming an undisputed premise of American life that a college degree is necessary(and perhaps even a sufficient) precondition for success.I do not wish to quarrel with the assumptions made about the benefits of orthodox education.I want only to expose its false god:the four-year, all-purpose,degree-granting college,aimed at the so-called college-age population and by now almost universally accepted as the stepping-stone to“meaningful”and “better”jobs.What is wrong with the current college/work cycle can be seen in the following anomalies:we are selling college to the youth of American as a take-off pad for the material good life.College is literally advertised and packaged as a means for getting more money through“better”jobs at the same time that Harvard graduates are taking jobs as taxi drivers.This situation is perversion of the true spirit of a university,a perversion of a humane social ethic and,at bottom,a patent fraud.To take the last point first,the economy simply is not geared to guaranteeing these presumptive “better”jobs;the colleges are not geared to training for such jobs;and the ethical propriety of the entire enterprise is very questionable.We are by definition(rather than by analysis)establishing two kinds of work:work labeled“better”because it has a degree requirement tagged to it and nondegree work,which,through this logic, becomes automatically“low level”.This process is also destroying our universities.The“practical curriculum”must become paramount;the students must become servants of big business and big government.Under these conditions the university can no longer be an independent source of scientific and philosophic truth-seeking and moral criticism.Finally,and most important,we are destroying the spirit of youth by making college compulsory at adolescence,when it may be least congruent with emotional and physical needs;and we are denying college as an optional and continuing experience later in life,when it might be most congruent with intellectual and recreational needs.Let me propose an important step to reverse these trends and thus help restore freedom and dignity to both our colleges and our workplaces.We should outlaw employment discrimination based on college degrees.This would simply be another facet of our“equal-opportunity”policy and would add college degrees to sex,age, race,religion and ethnic group as inherently unfair bases for employment selection.People would,wherever possible,demonstrate their capacities on the job.Where that proved impractical,outside tests could still serve.The medical boards,bar exams,mechanical,mathematical and verbal aptitude tests might still be used by various enterprises.The burden of proof of their legitimacy,however,would remain with the using agencies.So too would the costs.Where the colleges were best equipped to impart a necessary skill they would do so,but only where it would be natural to the main thrust of a university endeavor.The need for this rethinking and for this type of legislation may best be illustrated by a case study.Joe V.is a typical liberal-arts graduate,fired by imagination art and literature.He took a job with a large New York City Bank,where he had the opportunity to enter the“assistant manager training program”.The trainees rotated among different bank departments to gain technical know-how and experience and also received classroom instruction,including some sessions on“how to write a business letter.”The program was virtually restricted to college graduates. At the end of the line,the trainees became assistant bank managers:a position consisting largely of giving simple advice to bank customers and a modest amount of supervision of employees.Joe searched for some connection between the job and the training program,on the one hand,and his college-whetted appetites and skills on the other.He found nothing.In giving Joe preference for the training program,the bank had bypassed a few enthusiastic aspirants already dedicated to a banking career and daily demonstrating their competence in closely related jobs.After questioning his superiors about the system,Joe could only conclude that the“top brass”had some very diffuse and not-too-well–researched or even well-thought-out conceptions about college men. The executives admitted that a college degree did not of itself ensure the motivation or the verbal or social skills needed.Nor were they about what skills were most desirable for their increasing diverse branches.Yet they clung to the college prerequisite.Business allows the colleges to act as recruiting,screening and training agencies for them because it saves money and time.Why colleges allow themselves to act as servicing agents may not be as apparent.One reason may be that colleges are increasingly becoming conventional bureaucracies.It is inevitable,therefore,that they should respond to the first and unchallenged law of bureaucracy:expand!The more that college’s can persuade outside institutions to restrict employment in favor of theirclientele,the stronger is the college’s hold and attraction.This rational becomes even clearer when we understand that the budgets of public universities hang on the number of students“serviced”.Seen from this perspective,then,it is perhaps easier to understand why such matters as“university independence”or“the propriety”of using the public bankroll to support enterprises that are expected to make private profits, can be dismissed.Conflict of interest is difficult to discern when the interests involved are your own.What is equally questionable is whether a college degree,as such,is proper evidence that new skills that are truly needed will be delivered.A friend who works for Manpower Training Program feels that there is a clear divide between actual job needs and college-degree requirements.One of her chief frustration is the knowledge that many persons with ability to do paraprofessional mental-health work are lost to jobs they could hold with pleasure and profit because the training program also require a two-year associate art degree.Obviously,society can and does manipulate job status.I hope that we can manipulate it in favor of the greatest number of people.More energy should be spent in trying to upgrade the dignity of all socially useful work and to eliminate the use of human beings for any work that proves to be truly destructive of the human spirit. Outlawing the use of degrees as prerequisites for virtually every job that our media portray as“better”should carry us a long step toward a healthier society.Among other things,there is far more evidence that work can make college meaningful than that college can make work meaningful.My concern about this degree/work cycle might be far less acute;however,if everyone caught up in the system were having a good time.But we seem to be generating a college population that oscillates between apathy and hostility.One of the major reasons for this joylessness in our university life is that the students see themselves as prisoners of economic necessity.They have bought the media message about better jobs,and so they do their time.But the promised land of“better”job is, on the one hand,not materializing,and on the other hand the students is by now socialized to find such“better”jobs distasteful even if they were to materialize.One of the major improvements that could result from the proposed legislation against degree requirements for employments would be a new stocktaking on the part of all our educational pulsory schools,for example,would understand that the basic skills for work and family life in our society would have to be compressed into those years of schooling.Colleges and universities,on the other hand,might be encouraged to be unrestricted,as continuous and as open as possible.They would be released from the pressures of ensuring economic survival through a practical curriculum.They might best be modeled after museums.Hours would be extensive,fees minimal,and services available to anyone ready to comply with course-by-course demands.College under these circumstances would have a clearly understood focus,which might well be the traditional one of serving as gathering place for those persons who want to search for philosophic and scientific“truths”.This proposal should help our universities rid themselves of some strange and gratuitous practices.For example,the university would no longer have to organize itself into hierarchical levels:B.A.,M.A.,PH.D.There would simply be courses of greater and lesser complexity in each of the disciplines.In this way graduate education might be more rationally understood and accepted for what it is——more education.The new freedom might also relieve colleges of the growing practice of instituting extensive“work programs,”“internships”and“independence study”programs.The very names of these enterprises are tacit admissions that the campus itself is not necessary for many genuinely educational experiences.But,along with “external degree”programs,they seem to pronounce that whatever one has learned in life by whatever diverse and interesting routes cannot be recognized as increasing one’s dignity,worth,usefulness or self-enjoyment until it is converted into degree credits.The legislation I propose would offer a more rational order of priorities.It would help recapture the genuine and variegated dignity of workplace along with the genuine and more specialized dignity of the university.It would help restore to people of all ages and inclinations a sense of their own basic worth and offer them as many roads as possible to reach Rome.Vocabulary1.What look like generous hire-purchase terms are fundamentally just encouragement to the customer to spend his very last penny.【at bottom】2.A lot of viewers complain that there is too much crime and needless sex and violence on TV.【gratuitous无端的】3.I read a brief extract of Erving Goffman's new detective novel on the train and it has rather aroused my appetite for mysteries.【whetted引起】4.The article simply records the political changes of the last year,but it doesn't offer an honest appraisal of the government's achievements.【stocktaking评价估量】st week the city government warned that it would consider legislation to forbid smoking in public places.【outlaw不合法】6.Is it not something of an oddity to have a President of one political persuasion and a Prime Minister of another.【anomaly异常】7.These bigger companies have the money,but they don't always have the expertise to get the job done right.【know-how技能】8.As a member of the club,you must abide by its rules and regulations,otherwise you'll be punished severely.【comply with遵照,遵守】9.Asked whether she would like to work with Jack in my office,Mary replied"No" with obvious distaste.【patent显然的】10.There are many priorities,but reducing the budget deficit as soon as possible is more important than anything else.【paramount最高的】1.What monstrous perversion扭曲of the human spirit leads a sniper to open fire on a bus carrying children2.His writing is so diffuse冗长,obscure and overwrought that it is difficult to make out what it is he is trying to say3.We were in a hurry so we decided to bypass忽略Canterbury because we knew there'd be a lot of traffic there.4.The office director insisted that there was no question as to the propriety合适ofhow the benevolent funds were raised.5.Hector has been trying to get his job upgraded升级for years,but management won't because they'd have to pay him more.6.As a moody young adolescent,Mandy oscillates波动between joyous enthusiasm and melodramatic despair,most especially when it comes to boys.7·How successful they were would hang on坚持下去the speed with which the product could be distributed to the shops.8.Judging by the books sold,this young writer seems to have a strong hold over the reading public.9.If I were you,I would never allow my daughter to attend a such apathy冷漠exists among both the students and teachers.10.She rose,came up to me and said:“Could you provide me with a clear rationale 解释for taking this course of action"2.Unit Two The Middle Class中产阶级The middle class is distinguishable more by its earnestness and psychic insecurity than by its middle income.I have known some very rich people who remain stubbornly middle-class,which is to say they remain terrified at what others think of them,and to avoid criticism are obsessed with doing everything right.The middle class is the place where table manners assume an awful importance...The middle class,always anxious about offending,is the main market for"mouthwashes," and if it disappeared the whole"deodorant"business would fall to the ground.中产阶级有另别于其他阶级的特征是他们一本正经的生活态度和缺乏安全感的精神状态,而不是他们的中等收入。

武汉大学研究生英语教材全文翻译of_unit_2_3_4_5_7

武汉大学研究生英语教材全文翻译of_unit_2_3_4_5_7

Final Version of TranslationUnit two1.为什么我们与来自其它文化的人们的交流总是充满了误会、让人感到沮丧呢?令很多人奇怪的是,即使怀着良好的愿望、使用自己认为是友好的方式,甚至有互利的可能性,也似乎都不足以保证交流的成功。

有时候,出现排斥现象正是因为一方所属的文化群体团体是“不同”的。

在这个国际舞台发生重大变化的时刻,探讨为什么尝试交流的结果却令人失望的原因是必要的,这些原因实际上是跨文化交流中的绊脚石。

2.相似性的假设为什么误解或反对会产生呢?这个问题的一个回答就是,大部分的人天真地认为世界上的人有足够的相似之处,可以让我们成功地交流信息或感受,解决共同关注的一些问题,加强商业关系,或者只是产生我们所希望产生的印象。

所有的人都会生儿育女,组成家庭或社会,发展一种语言以及适应他们周围环境的这种倾向特别具有欺骗性,因为它带来了一种期望,这种期望就是这些行为的形式以及围绕这些行动的态度与价值观念将是相似的。

相信“人就是人”和“我们内在本质是相似的,”这让人感到心安理得,但是下定决心去寻找证据却只会令人失望。

3.力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望,研究者发现脸部的某些看得见的形状,即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而紧缩的肌肉组合,我们人类各成员都是一样的。

但是这似乎无济于事,只要我们意识到一个人生长的文化决定了这种情感是否会表露或压抑,决定了在何种场合和多大的程度上会表露或压抑。

带来这种情绪感受的情形也因文化而异,例如:由于崇拜的文化信仰不同,一个心爱的人死亡可能带来欢乐、悲哀或其他情感。

4.因为似乎没有普遍的人性可以作为自动理解的基础,所以我们必须把每交往当作个别案例来处理,寻求任何共同的认知和交流方法并以此作为出发点。

如果我们认识到我们受文化的约束,受文化的改变,那么我们就会受这一现实:因为各自不同,我们确实不太清楚其他人“是”什么样的。

研究生英语教材课文翻译1-6单元

研究生英语教材课文翻译1-6单元
sed Blake of chea ng. Blake had vowed to avenge the insult to his honour. But thanks to the wise advice of a man they both respected, they apologised to each other, and soon seemed to have got over their disagreement. But s ome slight resentment and bi erness remained. and it was feared that the strain of con nued isola on and roug h weather might affect their nerves, though, needless to say, their friends had no idea how serious the consequen ces would be.
“整整一个礼拜,风暴困住了那座灯塔,”他开始说。 “咆啸的大海波涛汹涌,海浪拍打着岩石,轰然作响。岸上的人们十分担心在那儿工作的两个人。他 们俩是多年的挚友,但在两三个礼拜前,他们在乡村酒店里玩牌时吵了一架。马丁指责布莱克打牌时耍赖, 布莱克则发誓要对侮辱他人格的不实之辞进行报复。多亏一位他们俩都尊敬的人好言相劝,他们才互相道 了歉,并以乎很快地结束了他们之间的不快。不过各自心里还有些怨恨。因此,人们担心长时间与世隔绝 所造成的极度紧张和恶劣的天气会使他们俩神经过敏,尽管两人的朋友们不消说还根本没意识到后果会有
多么严重。” 'Fi y years ago to-night, no light appeared in the tower, and only at two o'clock in the morning did the beam

研究生英语第一课课后翻译

研究生英语第一课课后翻译

研究生英语第一课课后翻译第一篇:研究生英语第一课课后翻译有时候,在工作中重要的倒是能否处理好人际关系而不是有多大的才能。

人际关系就是一种善于听取别人意见体察别人的需要虚心接受批评的能力。

善于处理人际关系的人敢于承认错误,敢于承担自己的责任,这是对待错误的一种成熟和负责任的态度。

这就是为什么许多平平庸庸的公司雇员在大调整中保住了位置,而有才能的人反而下岗。

因为他们很注意处理各方面的关系,所以八面玲珑,到处有缘。

而人际关系差的人往往不能处理好批评。

碰到错误,他们首先想到自己,拒不承认自己有错,或情绪低落或大发雷霆,成为有刺的人,难以相处。

Sometimes it is interpersonal skills rather than professional skills that really counts in your career.Interpersonal skills are nothing but the ability to be good listener, to be sensitive toward other‟s needs, to take criticism well.People with skill in social relations admit their mistakes, and take their share of blame, which is a mature and responsible way to handle an error.That‟s why many mediocre employees survive violent corporate upheavals while people of great talent are being laid off.Sensitive in their dealings with others, they are well liked everywhere.People with poor interpersonal skills have trouble taking criticism.When confronted with a mistake, they let their ego get in the way.They deny responsibility and became moody or angry.They mark themselves as “prickly”.Every so often, it is one’s interpersonal skills rather than his capabilities that matter in his work.Interpersonal skills are the ability to listen to others, observe others’needs, and be open to criticisms.An interpersonally skilful person never fails to admit his mistakes and shoulder his responsibilities, since he has a mature andresponsible attitude toward mistakes.That is why in a company’s personnel reshuffle many employees with mediocre capabilities are allowed to stay while some talented people get dismissed.The former are careful to deal with people all around them, so they are popular with everyone and favored everywhere.In contrast, those with poor interpersonal skills cannot cope well with criticisms from others.When they get things wrong, they tend to put themselves first and deny their mistakes, or they feel depressed or fly into a temper, as unapproachable as a hedgehog.第二篇:研究生英语课后翻译unit3The plane arcs softly into its final descent at Hong Kong International Airport.Below, Victoria Harbor, and the silent rhythms of countless ships.Beyond, sloping mountains fence in a breathtaking city view that seems to stretch forever.This is no ordinary airport.This is no ordinary city.An elderly man passes by wearing pajamas, bearing a brightly feathered bird singing merrily in its cage.Professional gather at a roadside kitchen for noodles, congee and shrimp.Incense from s tiny Taoist temple drifts into the pounding beat of rock music pouring out of a discotheque.A ferry travels on the nearby water regularly, taking passengers to an isolated island 40 minutes away, where Buddhist temples and tiny fishing villages dot the landscape, Hong Kong.Here, 161 km south of the Tropic of Cancer, beats the pulse of Southeast Asia’s heart.Where East greets We st, and past colors present.飞机轻轻地进入香港国际机场做最后的下降。

(完整word版)武汉大学研究生英语课文Unit1、3翻译

(完整word版)武汉大学研究生英语课文Unit1、3翻译

Unit 1 跨文化交流中的绊脚石1.为什么我们与来自其他文化的人们的交流总是充满了误会,让人感到沮丧呢?令很多人奇怪的是,即使怀着良好的愿望、使用自己认为是友好的方式,甚至有互利的可能性,也似乎都不足以保证交流的成功.有时候,出现排斥现象正是因为一方所属的文化群体团体是“不同"的。

在这个国际舞台发生重大变化的时刻,探讨为什么尝试交流的结果却令人失望的原因是必要的,这些原因实际上是跨文化交流中的绊脚石。

2.相似性的假设为什么误解或反对会产生呢?这个问题的一个回答就是,大部分的人天真地认为世界上的人有足够的相似之处,可以让我们成功地交流信息或感受,解决共同关注的一些问题,加强商业关系,或者只是产生我们所希望产生的印象。

所有的人都会生儿育女,组成家庭或社会,发展一种语言以及适应他们周围环境的这种倾向特别具有欺骗性,因为它带来了一种期望,这种期望就是这些行为的形式以及围绕这些行为的态度与价值观念将是相似的。

相信“人就是人"和“我们内在本质是相似的",这让人感到心安理得,但是下定决心去寻找证据却只会令人失望.3.力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望,研究者发现脸部的某些看得见的形状,即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而紧缩的肌肉组合,我们人类各成员都是一样的。

但是这似乎无济于事,只要我们意识到一个人生长的文化决定了这种情感是否会表露或压抑,决定了在何种场合和多大的程度上会表露或压抑。

带来这种情绪感受的情形也因文化而异,例如:由于崇拜的文化信仰不同,一个心爱的人死亡可能带来欢乐、悲哀或其他情感。

4.因为似乎没有普遍的人性可以作为自动理解的基础,所以我们必须把每次交往当作个别案例来处理,寻求任何共同的认知和交流方法并以此作为出发点.如果我们认识到我们受文化的约束,受文化的改变,那么我们就会接受这一现实:因为各自不同,我们确实不太清楚其他人“是”什么样的。

研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译(1)

研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译(1)

You need to help them indentify you as a prospective “key player〞.你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。

Trait 1: The selfless collaborator特征1:无私的合作者John Fetzer, career consultant and chemist, first suggested this trait,职业参谋和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。

which has already been written about a great deal.It deserves repeating because it is the single most public difference between academia and industry.它之所以值得被反复谈及,是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差异。

“It's teamwork,〞says Fetzer.“这里需要合作,〞费策尔说,“The business environment is less lone-wolf and competitive.“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗,争强好胜,so signs of being collaborative and selfless stand out.所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。

You just can't succeed in an industry environment without this mindset.〞在企业环境中,没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。

〞Many postdocs and grad students have a tough time showing that they can make this transition许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。

武大研究生英语教材课后翻译汉译英

武大研究生英语教材课后翻译汉译英

武⼤研究⽣英语教材课后翻译汉译英1.中国和欧洲是两⼤战略⼒量,肩负推动全球经济发展、促进⼈类⽂明进步、维护世界和平的崇⾼使命,双⽅正在形成不断放⼤的战略交集。

中国是最⼤的新兴市场国家,欧盟是最⼤的发达经济体,"最⼤"与"最⼤"交融,⼀切都有可能,"新兴"与"发达"携⼿,优势就会倍增,中欧在新兴和发达经济体合作中可以成为典范。

China and Europe are two major strategic forces. We both undertake the lofty mission of promoting global economy, advancing human civilization and progress and safeguarding world peace. The two sides are expanding their converging strategic interests. China is the largest emerging market and the EU the largest developed economy. Nothing is impossible when the two "largests" converge.And strength will be multiplied if the "emerging" meets the "developed".China-EU cooperation may serve as a fine example of that between the emerging and developed economies.2.近40年的中欧关系,已由⼀棵⼩苗长成枝繁叶茂的⼤树,这棵树上挂满了累累果实。

武汉大学研究生英语unit1、3、4、5、7原文及译文.doc

武汉大学研究生英语unit1、3、4、5、7原文及译文.doc

Unit One stumbling blocks in interculturalcommunication跨文化交流中的绊脚石1.为什么我们与来自其它文化的人们的交流总是充满了误会、让人感到沮丧呢?令很多人奇怪的是,即使怀着良好的愿望、使用自己认为是友好的方式,甚至有互利的可能性,也似乎都不足以保证交流的成功。

有时候,出现排斥现象正是因为一方所属的文化群体团体是“不同” 的。

在这个国际舞台发生重大变化的时刻,探讨为什么尝试交流的结果却令人失望的原因是必要的,这些原因实际上是跨文化交流中的绊脚石。

2.相似性的假设为什么误解或反对会产生呢?这个问题的一个回答就是,大部分的人天真地认为世界上的人有足够的相似之处,可以让我们成功地交流信息或感受,解决共同关注的一些问题,加强商业关系,或者只是产生我们所希望产生的印象。

所有的人都会生儿育女,组成家庭或社会,发展一种语言以及适应他们周围环境的这种倾向特别具有欺骗性,因为它带来了一种期望,这种期望就是这些行为的形式以及围绕这些行动的态度与价值观念将是相似的。

相信“人就是人”和“我们在本质是相似的,”这让人感到心安理得,但是下定决心去寻找证据却只会令人失望。

3.力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望,研究者发现脸部的某些看得见的形状,即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而紧缩的肌肉组合 ,我们人类各成员都是一样的。

但是这似乎无济于事,只要我们意识到一个人生长的文化决定了这种情感是否会表露或压抑,决定了在何种场合和多大的程度上会表露或压抑。

带来这种情绪感受的情形也因文化而异,例如:由于崇拜的文化信仰不同,一个心爱的人死亡可能带来欢乐、悲哀或其他情感。

4.因为似乎没有普遍的人性可以作为自动理解的基础,所以我们必须把每交往当作个别案例来处理,寻求任何共同的认知和交流方法并以此作为出发点。

如果我们认识到我们受文化的约束,受文化的改变,那么我们就会受这一现实:因为各自不同,我们确实不太清楚其他人“是”什么样的。

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Unit 1 跨文化交流中的绊脚石1.为什么我们与来自其他文化的人们的交流总是充满了误会,让人感到沮丧呢?令很多人奇怪的是,即使怀着良好的愿望、使用自己认为是友好的方式,甚至有互利的可能性,也似乎都不足以保证交流的成功。

有时候,出现排斥现象正是因为一方所属的文化群体团体是“不同”的。

在这个国际舞台发生重大变化的时刻,探讨为什么尝试交流的结果却令人失望的原因是必要的,这些原因实际上是跨文化交流中的绊脚石。

2.相似性的假设为什么误解或反对会产生呢?这个问题的一个回答就是,大部分的人天真地认为世界上的人有足够的相似之处,可以让我们成功地交流信息或感受,解决共同关注的一些问题,加强商业关系,或者只是产生我们所希望产生的印象。

所有的人都会生儿育女,组成家庭或社会,发展一种语言以及适应他们周围环境的这种倾向特别具有欺骗性,因为它带来了一种期望,这种期望就是这些行为的形式以及围绕这些行为的态度与价值观念将是相似的。

相信“人就是人”和“我们内在本质是相似的”,这让人感到心安理得,但是下定决心去寻找证据却只会令人失望。

3.力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望,研究者发现脸部的某些看得见的形状,即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而紧缩的肌肉组合,我们人类各成员都是一样的。

但是这似乎无济于事,只要我们意识到一个人生长的文化决定了这种情感是否会表露或压抑,决定了在何种场合和多大的程度上会表露或压抑。

带来这种情绪感受的情形也因文化而异,例如:由于崇拜的文化信仰不同,一个心爱的人死亡可能带来欢乐、悲哀或其他情感。

4.因为似乎没有普遍的人性可以作为自动理解的基础,所以我们必须把每次交往当作个别案例来处理,寻求任何共同的认知和交流方法并以此作为出发点。

如果我们认识到我们受文化的约束,受文化的改变,那么我们就会接受这一现实:因为各自不同,我们确实不太清楚其他人“是”什么样的。

5.相似性的光环严重阻碍了不同文化间的成功交流。

来自具有明显的区别的文化的代表们见面时,他们都身着西装,讲英语,使用相同的招呼礼仪,这种表面上的相同有很大的迷惑性。

这就像认为纽约、东京和德黑兰都是一样的,原因是它们彼此都具有现代化的城市的表象。

因为没有警觉可能存在的差异和没有学习生活的新规则的需要,从一个城市去另一个城市人将会立刻陷入困境,甚至在完成诸如行人、司机之类的简单角色时也会如此。

6.相信相似性的神话比设想存在差异更让人觉得舒服,因为后者要求试探性的设想和行为并且乐意接受由于“不知”而产生的焦虑。

然而,只有设想存在着差异时,才可能会去调整反应和解释,以适合“眼前发生的事情”。

否则,很可能错误的解读符号和异自我民族为中心去判断眼前的情形。

7.正如一个学习英语的人所表达的那样,相似性的假设这个绊脚石是一个“麻烦”,不仅仅是对于来访的外国人,就连这个外国人接触的东道国的人也都是这个问题。

本国居民可能会被灌输有这种期望:既然外国人穿着合适,并且能说一些本国话,那么他或她也有同样的非语言的准则、想法和感觉。

这样一来,点头、微笑和肯定的话语很可能会被自信地诠释为他们已经告知、帮助和取悦了外国人。

然而,很有可能的是,外国人实际上不大懂语言的和非语言的内容,仅仅只是出于礼貌显示出兴趣或者尽量不使主人感到尴尬而没有说出心中疑问。

8.语言差异第二个绊脚石显而易见,几乎不用说了,这就是语言。

词汇、语法、俗语、俚语、方言等等都会造成金牛困难,但是艰难地使用一种新语言的人至少会意识到语言上的麻烦。

更糟糕的问题是死死抱住新语言中一个词汇或短语的一种意义,而不顾隐含义和语境。

词义多变的现象,尤其再加上了语调起伏和音调元素,就更难以掌握,以至于常常被置之不理。

这个问题之所以简单的翻译外文单词更糟糕,是因为每个人都以为自己理解外语。

赫鲁晓夫的名言“我们将要埋葬你”便是全国性误解的经典例句。

甚至“是”或“不是”这两个词都可能造成麻烦。

当一个日本人被问到“你不想要喝点茶吗?”他(或她)听出了句子的字面意思,然后回答“不”,意思是他想要。

其实“是的,我不想要”也许是一个更好的回答,因为这种前后矛盾的回答方式可以暗示主人这之中可能存在误解。

当然,在一些文化中,拒绝主人前两次提供的茶点是礼貌的行为。

但是,许多外国客人最终会感到饥饿,因为他们的美国主人从不主动第三次提供茶点——另外一种“不”就意味着“是”的情况。

9.非语言的误解绝大多数外国访问者认为学习语言,对他们理解的唯一障碍,但实际上这只是个开始。

第三个绊脚石是非语言的误解。

来自不同文化背景的人们生活在不同的感官现实中,他们的视觉、听觉、感觉和嗅觉只关注于那些对他们有意义的或是重要的事物。

他们只提炼出那些适合他们认可的个人世界的东西,然后按照他们自身文化为参考系来加以解释。

例如:一个沙特阿拉伯人会用抚平他的头发这种非语言的信号来表达他喜欢一个女孩,而对于一个美国女孩而言,这只是一个不代表任何信息的普通的紧张的手势罢了。

10.由于缺乏对常见的手势、姿态和身体其他运动这样一类易于观察到的非语言符号和象征的正确理解,阻碍了正常的交流。

但是,有可能学习了解这些可观察的信息,通常是通过非正式的而不正式的途径学习了解。

更困难的是如何正确理解那些远未意识到的其他文化中含蓄的准则,例如对时空关系的处理和尊重礼节的点点滴滴。

11.先入为主和程序化思维的现象第四个绊脚石是先入为主的观念和程序化思维现象。

如果我们对日本人先有了“难以理解的”成见,那么我们就会如此地解释始终挂在日本人脸上的不合时宜的微笑。

阿拉伯人“易激动的”程序化形象,会导致美国学生与他们保持距离,或是当一群活泼的热闹的来自中东地区的人们聚集在一起时,美国学生甚至会提醒当局当心。

如果一位教授认为来自印度尼西亚、墨西哥和一些其他国家的每名学生都“爱讨价还价”,那么可能会不公平地把这些国际学生的迟疑或请求理解为他们试图利用优先对待。

12.程序化思维有助于做到欧尼斯特贝克尔所说的易焦虑的人类必须做到的事情,即通过使世界变得可预知来减少未知的威胁,在眼前展现一个可预知的,给个人确定方向的世界,这的确是文化的基本功能之一。

思维定式是过度概括的,第二手的信念,提供概念基础,在此基础上“弄清楚”我们身边发生事情,无论这些信念是否正确,是否符合实际情形。

在异国他乡,运用它们会增添我们的安全感,在心理上是必要的,只要我们无法容忍歧义,无法容忍因不能了解并处理那些超出我们理解的人或情况而感到的无助。

13.程序化思维是交流者的绊脚石,因为它有碍于对事物的客观观察。

人们会敏感地搜寻线索,引导我们的想象更接近于其他人现实。

程式化思维在自己身上不易克服,在他人身上也难以纠正,甚至会明知故犯。

程式化思维之所以难以消除是因为本民族它文化中根深蒂固,已成为神话或公理,是因为它有时使偏见合理化了。

有选择地认知那些符合已有形象的新信息的倾向,也维持并充实着这些程式化思维。

14.对其他人或人群的言论和行为进行估价、表示赞成或不赞成的倾向,是来自于不同文化和种族的人之间相互理解的第五个绊脚石,另一个阻碍。

我们总是认为自己的文化和生活方式才是正确的、恰当的和自然的,而不愿尝试去完全地领会从他人的角度所表达的想法和感受。

这种偏见妨碍人以一种开放心态去观察,而这种观察正是从他人的角度看待他们态度和行为方式所需要的。

15.在东京刚刚结束的一场研讨会上,日本教授强调了日本人民对于简朴、自然的事物怀有的一种偏爱,比如岩石、苔藓、流水,以及雾气迷蒙的景观。

之后我参观了位于京都的Katsura帝国花园。

一位年轻的日本导游在约定的时间接待了我们这支由20名等候参观的美国人组成的团队,然后就感慨道我们的运气多么好,因为今天正好赶上了多云天气。

这番话却使队员们勉强地笑了笑——他们可不期待着享受一场天然的淋浴。

导游接下来宣称,选择仲夏时节来此地观光是再合适不过了,因为此时杜鹃花刚刚凋谢,树叶还未完全变成秋天的灿烂金黄。

游客们再也忍不住大笑起来,大家都认为这位日本导游富有良好的幽默感。

我却对他迷惑的表情大为一怔,猛然意识到要不是我之前出席过那场研讨会,不然也肯定会认为今天这多云的天气不那么好,从而也会和团里其他美国游客一样,认同了这位导游的“幽默感”。

16.一旦深深地牵扯到感受和情绪时,直接评价导致的交流中止就会更加突出;而正是此时最需要通过聆听去进行理解、不应该通过价值判断的重重密障,而应该换位去观察和聆听,不然只会妨碍我们去公正的理解。

17.高度焦虑在跨文化交流的经历中,高度焦虑和紧张是很普遍的现象,这是因为不确定因素之多和个人的卷入与风险。

适度的兴奋和积极地态度可以使人满怀精力去应对挑战,但是由于适度的压力不断积累造成高度的兴奋,就会很快耗尽身体储备的能量;不论这个人是否愿意,必然会产生防备心理。

如果长期呆在国外,并且又不能降低自己的戒备心理,就难免会产生“文化休克”现象。

其结果可能会导致疾病的产生,此时身体必须要休息和恢复。

18.在跨文化对话中,交流双方都会感染到紧张情绪。

做主人的一方在于外国人交谈时感到不自在,因为他(或她)也会感到威胁,因为不了解对方的知识,经历和评价。

来访者可能会审视和排斥主人以及主人的民族和国家。

两者之中,国外人感到更大的威胁。

他们感到陌生,易受伤害,对于铺天盖地而来的大量信息,束手无策。

除非他们采取防卫措施,比如回到他们自己的群体或自我当中,剔除或忽视这种刺激,或者变得具有攻击性或抱有敌意,否则他们的自尊所受到伤害会达到不可忍受的地步。

这些防卫中的任何一种都不会带来积极有效的交流。

19.了解了上述六种绊脚石,一定会有助于避免它们。

但是,这些问题并不能轻易地回避。

对很多人来说,要想取得进步,这就需要洞察、培训,甚至有时要改变长期形成的习惯或自己珍视的信念。

然而,对全球性的相互理解和合作的需要正在不断增加,使这种努力显得极为重要。

我们能够学习别的语言,学会对非语言形式和其他的文化方面的差异见怪不怪。

我们可以培养自己在面对跨文化遭遇时,采用调查的方式,而不采用先入为主或程式化思维,去更加注意情景细节。

我们能使自己逐渐接触到差异,从而减少自己的威胁感。

通过练习有意识放松的技巧,我们还能够学会降低自己的紧张水平,避免引起防卫性反应。

Roger Harrison总结了跨文化交流者必须具备的条件:交流者不能只满足于知道和他一起工作的人有不同于他的习俗,目标和思维模式。

他必须能够通过摸索与这些完全陌生的价值,态度和情感紧密相融。

他必须能够与它们一起并在它们中间工作,在工作中既不会丧失自己的价值,也不用躲在知识竖起的隔离墙后面保护自己。

Unit 3 如何融合继亲家庭1.什么是你的方式?搅拌混合机式:这种心态认为把所有的原料放在一起搅拌混合,最后变成一种均匀的混合物。

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