头孢菌素类抗生素(英文PPT)Cephalosporin Antibiotics
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抗生素处方-喹诺酮类与头孢菌素类(英文PPT)Antibiotic prescribing – especially quinolones and cephal

• We all have a part to play: – targeting antibiotics to maximise benefits and minimise harms – prudent use of antibiotics to protect their benefits for future generations.
Goossens H, et al. Lancet 2005; 365: 579–87
These slides should be used in conjunction with the accompanying notes
7
Rates of MRSA on downward trend….
Source: HPA: Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance for 2009/10, September 2010
Penicillins Ce pha losporins Metronidazole & tinidazole
Te traBiblioteka cycline s Sulphonamides & trimethoprim All other antibacterial drugs
Macrolides Quinolones
2
These slides should be used in conjunction with the accompanying notes
3
What this is about?
• It’s NOT about not prescribing antibiotics!!!!! Antibiotics are life saving in some circumstances and reduce significant morbidity often
Goossens H, et al. Lancet 2005; 365: 579–87
These slides should be used in conjunction with the accompanying notes
7
Rates of MRSA on downward trend….
Source: HPA: Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance for 2009/10, September 2010
Penicillins Ce pha losporins Metronidazole & tinidazole
Te traBiblioteka cycline s Sulphonamides & trimethoprim All other antibacterial drugs
Macrolides Quinolones
2
These slides should be used in conjunction with the accompanying notes
3
What this is about?
• It’s NOT about not prescribing antibiotics!!!!! Antibiotics are life saving in some circumstances and reduce significant morbidity often
青霉素和头孢菌素PPT课件

天然青霉素 半合成青霉素
6-氨基青霉烷酸
penicillin G 青霉素G
天然青霉素的代表,又称苄青霉素,青霉 菌培养液中提取,酸性,钠盐,粉末稳定, 易被酸、碱、热和重金属离子破坏。
Penicillin G
主要用于G+球菌所致轻症感染 四、单环类 monobactam 肺炎球菌感染(大叶性肺炎、支气管炎、脓胸)
④ 临用时新鲜配制 如破伤风、白喉、气性坏疽
各代头孢菌素的特点比较 Penicillin·adverse reaction
青霉素 ·不良反应
氟氯西林(flucloxacillin)
Penicillin·adverse reaction 青霉素 ·不良反应
过敏性休克的预防
⑤ 避免饥饿状态下用药 ⑥ 避免局部应用 ⑦ 用药后留诊观察半小时 ⑧ 随时作好抢救准备
Penicillin·adverse reaction 青霉素 ·不良反应
过敏性休克的急救
① 首要措施:立即注射肾上腺素0.5~ 1mg
② 抗过敏:H1受体阻断药,糖皮质激素 ③ 支持疗法:改善呼吸/改善循环
Penicillin·adverse reaction 青霉素 ·不良反应
2.赫氏反应 (Herxheimer reaction) 大剂量治疗梅毒、钩端螺旋体感染 时可使症状加重。 “寒战 高热”
口服用第三代
➢ 头孢克肟 (cefixime) ➢头孢他美 (cefetamet) ➢头孢布烯 (ceftibuten) ➢头孢地尼 (cefdinir) ➢头孢特仑 (ceferam) ➢头孢泊肟 (cefpodoxime)
四、第四代头孢菌素
❖常用药
头孢吡肟(cefepime) 头孢匹罗(cefpirome)
头孢菌素抗菌药物PPT演示课件

对G+活性与头孢唑啉相似、对除脆弱拟 杆菌外的多数G+厌氧菌有较好抗菌作用、 对部分大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌等G-菌 有良好抗菌活性
临床应 用
敏感菌所致的各位感染、包括细 敏感菌所致的血流、皮肤、软组织、骨、 菌性脑膜炎、围手术期预防推荐 关节等感染及盆腔炎性疾病等 用药
耐药性
艰难梭菌、脆弱拟杆菌耐药、沙 雷菌属大多耐药、铜铝、弯曲杆 菌完全耐药、不动杆菌对本品敏 感性差
五代 ++
2020/3/11
+++++ +
——
++++
26
抗菌谱的比较
MRSA G+菌
G-菌
第一代头孢菌素
第二代头孢菌素
第三代头孢菌素
第四代头孢菌素
第五代头孢菌素
假单胞菌
厌氧菌
头孢 孟多
头孢他啶/头孢哌酮
注:对厌氧菌有一定活性,但不单独使用
非典型
2020/3/11
27
临床药物选择
产β-内酰胺 酶感染品种选
餐后生物利用度>空腹、牛奶影响利 用度、嚼碎后效价↓
头孢呋辛>头孢克洛>头孢氨苄
敏感菌所致呼吸道、耳道、皮肤、软组织、泌尿道等轻中度感染
沙雷菌属、不动杆菌属、铜铝假单 胞菌耐药
血清病样反应较其他多、胃肠道反 应
口服250mg、q8h
下呼吸道可增加至500mg、bid、单 纯性尿路感染125mg
2020/3/11
腔、骨关节、中枢等感染
耐药性 耐药性严重、MRSA耐药、肠球菌 属、肠杆菌属、鲍曼不动杆菌等通 常耐药、铜绿、脆弱拟杆菌、艰难 梭菌耐药,洋葱、嗜麦芽高度耐药
头孢类抗生素 ppt课件

PPT课件
25
HO-EPCP“柳暗花明”。HO-EPCP是生产头孢哌、哌拉西 林的生要原料。头孢哌酮在经过生产工艺的改进之后,产 量得到了提高,随着其使用量逐渐增加,对HO-EPCP的需 求也相应被拉动。哌拉西林是青霉素的衍生物,与他唑巴 坦(β-内酰胺酶抑制剂)配合使用可以有效地治疗临床中比 较难以治愈的医源性肺炎,由于该药有独特疗效,其仍具 有较好的市场。
PPT课件
3
主要特点
头孢类药物可分布于身体各个部位,因此各个组织器官发 生了感染,只要致病菌对头孢敏感都可以选用它。它是一 种杀菌剂,浓度足够的话可以把细菌杀死,而不像四环素、 红霉素、氯霉素那些抑菌剂,常规剂量下主要起抑制细菌 生长的作用。因此头孢类药物可以用于比较危重的感染。 优点一:头孢菌素的抗菌谱比较广,头孢菌素无论是对部 分革兰氏阳性菌还是革兰氏阴性菌都有较好的抗菌作用。 (用革兰氏染色液对细菌进行染色,细菌染成紫蓝色的是 阳性菌,染成殷红色的是阴性菌)也就是说对临床中各个 科室如内科、外科、妇产科、皮肤科多数常见的致病菌, 头孢菌素往往都有一定的抗菌活性,因此在临床上应用甚 广。
PPT课件
16
使用原则
原则一
不能滥用 由于头孢菌素染,有发烧,不管 它是什么样的感染,立即就用头孢菌素。特别是3代头孢, 在我们国家生产量很大,价钱又相当便宜,因此,过去滥 用很普遍。最近的5年,我国已出现了不少3代头孢已经难 以治的大肠杆菌、肺炎杆菌等阴性菌,这些细菌产生的超 广谱β-内酰胺酶,能破坏头孢菌素产生耐药。在上海耐3 代头孢的细菌如大肠杆菌、肺炎杆菌的比例已经占到 10%-40%。大量滥用头孢菌素,结果把这类药物本来具有 的良好抗菌作用大大减弱,这些耐药菌引起的感染在临床 上就很难处理了
抗生素基本知识(英文PPT)The ABC′s of Antibiotics

9 macrolides 2 streptogramins 3 dihydrofolate
reductase inhibitors 1 oxazolidinone 5.5 quinolones
Inhibition of Cell Cell Wall Synthesis
Vancomycin, teicoplanin Beta-lactams Monobactams Carbapenems
The ABC’s of Antibiotics
Lourdes Irizarry, MD Associate Professor of Medicine Albuquerque VAMC & UNM SOM
Antibiotic brands
50 penicillins 71 cephalosporins 12 tetracyclines 8 aminoglycosides 1 monobactam 3 carbapenems
Gram. (+)
Gram. (-)
Ceftazidime Ceftriaxone Cefotaxime Ceftizoxime
-
+++ MSSA, MSSE,
PRSTP
Not Enterococcus
+++
Not ideal for Staph.
Not Enterococcus
++
Not ideal for Staph.
– Ex: Beta-lactamase production
Alteration of the antibiotic target site(s)
– Ex: Abnormal PBPs
头孢克洛产品介绍 ppt课件

头孢克 洛
PPT课件
1
第一代头孢
代表药物:头孢噻吩、头孢唑啉、头孢氨苄、头孢拉 定、头孢羟氨苄
特点: 1、抗菌谱:对G+菌有效,作用>第2 、3代头孢;部 分G-菌有效 2、对β-内酰胺酶稳定性较差,小于第2、3代头孢 3、对肾脏有一定毒性 4、过敏反应
PPT课件
2
第二代头孢
代表药物:头孢孟多,头孢呋新,头孢克洛 特点: ①抗菌谱:对G+菌作用<第1代头孢,G-菌作用较
PPT课件
36
一、碳青霉烯类
泰能:亚胺培南/西司他丁(脱氢肽酶抑 制剂)
缺点:不能口服,在体内易 特点:广谱、强被效脱、氢耐肽酶酶、水毒解性失低活,与脱 临床应用:G+/氢G-肽的酶需抑氧制和药厌西氧司菌他及丁MR制SA成所
致重症感染 复方制剂可防止水解失活。
PPT课件
37
二、头霉素类
头孢西丁、头孢美唑 抗菌谱及抗菌活性= 第二代头孢菌素 对β-内酰胺酶高度稳定 一定抗厌氧菌作用 用于盆腔、腹腔和妇科的需氧/厌氧菌混
PPT课件
24
O R1 C NH
O
S CH3
N
CH3
青霉素类
COOH
O R1 C
NH
S
7
头孢菌素类
N
3
O
R2
COO-
PPT课件
25
青霉素是第一个用于临床的抗生素,发现 于1929年;
1945年发现了头孢菌素; 上世纪六十及七十年代,分别发展了半合 成青霉素和头孢菌素类抗生素。
(6-氨基青霉烷酸) (6-APA)
及临床应用特点,并各举一例 5、简述泰能、克拉维酸的作用特点
PPT课件
1
第一代头孢
代表药物:头孢噻吩、头孢唑啉、头孢氨苄、头孢拉 定、头孢羟氨苄
特点: 1、抗菌谱:对G+菌有效,作用>第2 、3代头孢;部 分G-菌有效 2、对β-内酰胺酶稳定性较差,小于第2、3代头孢 3、对肾脏有一定毒性 4、过敏反应
PPT课件
2
第二代头孢
代表药物:头孢孟多,头孢呋新,头孢克洛 特点: ①抗菌谱:对G+菌作用<第1代头孢,G-菌作用较
PPT课件
36
一、碳青霉烯类
泰能:亚胺培南/西司他丁(脱氢肽酶抑 制剂)
缺点:不能口服,在体内易 特点:广谱、强被效脱、氢耐肽酶酶、水毒解性失低活,与脱 临床应用:G+/氢G-肽的酶需抑氧制和药厌西氧司菌他及丁MR制SA成所
致重症感染 复方制剂可防止水解失活。
PPT课件
37
二、头霉素类
头孢西丁、头孢美唑 抗菌谱及抗菌活性= 第二代头孢菌素 对β-内酰胺酶高度稳定 一定抗厌氧菌作用 用于盆腔、腹腔和妇科的需氧/厌氧菌混
PPT课件
24
O R1 C NH
O
S CH3
N
CH3
青霉素类
COOH
O R1 C
NH
S
7
头孢菌素类
N
3
O
R2
COO-
PPT课件
25
青霉素是第一个用于临床的抗生素,发现 于1929年;
1945年发现了头孢菌素; 上世纪六十及七十年代,分别发展了半合 成青霉素和头孢菌素类抗生素。
(6-氨基青霉烷酸) (6-APA)
及临床应用特点,并各举一例 5、简述泰能、克拉维酸的作用特点
--头孢菌素类抗生素(英文PPT)Cephalosporin

Cephalosporin Antibiotics
Cephalosporin Antibiotics
G1
PO: Cephalexin, Cephradine, Cephadroxil Parenteral: Cefapirin, Cefazolin
G2
PO: Cefaclor, Loracarbef, Cefprozil, Cefuroxime Parenteral: Cefmetazole, Cefotetan, Cefonacid,
Cephalosporin Antibiotics
Transition from first generation to third generation agents reflects Broadening of the Gram (-) organism spectrum Loss of efficacy against Gram (+) organisms Greater efficacy against resistant organisms (but increased cost)
Cephalosporin Antibiotics
Classified by Generations - explosive advances First Generation
Epitomized by cefazolin Good activity against Gram(+) Modest Gram(-) activity Second Generation Increased Gram(-) activity Some active against baccillus fragilis (highly resistant anaerobe) Third Generation - cost vs. efficacy “Broad” spectrum with high penicillinase resistance Greater Gram (-) spectrum Less active than G1 against most Gram(+) More active than G1 against enterobacter Fourth Generation - Cefepime Extended range of activity compared to G3 – More Gram (+) Increased stability against b-lactamases VERY useful for Gram(-) strains resistant to G3
抗生素PPT课件(英文精品) Proper Use of Antibiotics

Points to note when taking antibiotics (1)
➢ Follow your doctor’s instruction.
➢ Take the drugs on the right time at the right dose.
➢ If you miss one dose, take it as soon as you remember but never take a double dose.
Always consult your doctor for the use of antibiotics.
FAQ If I have fever, do I always need an antibiotic?
Fever is a common symptom for infections and not necessarily caused by bacterial infection.
抗生素PPT课件(英文精品) Proper Use of Antibiotics
Antibiotics
Antibiotics ≠ Anti-inflammatory drugs
Antibiotics ≠Panacea
Are there any risks for the use of antibiotics?
diarrhoea
Side effects of Antibiotics (2)
Allergic reaction - rash - itchiness - breathlessness
Antibiotic resistant bacteria
Predispose to the emergences of antibiotics resistant bacteria.
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IM/IV use only, adjust dose as a function of creatinine clearance with 80% excreted renally unchanged, 86% protein bound
1st Generation Cephalosporins
OH
HH
N
S
H2N
O
N
O
C H3
C O2H
Indications: UTI, pharyngitis and tonsillitis due to group A b-hemolytic Streptococcus, skin and skin structure infections.
Gram(+) aerobic bacteria - limited Gram(-)
Oral use only, 10% protein bound, >90% excreted renally unchanged
One of the Top 200
Indications: Oral - Respiratory tract infections, Otitis media, skin and skin structure infections, Bone infections, GU infections, UTI;
N N
N
H
N
S
O O
N
SN
N
CO2H
S CH3
Cefazolin - Ancef®, Kefzol®, Zolicef®
Indications: Respiratory tract infections, GU infections, skin and skin structure infections, Biliary tract infections, bone and joint infections, Septicemia, endocarditits; pre-, post- or intraoperative prophylaxis. Used for staph or strep infection in patients with mild hypersensitivity to penicillins! NOT for meningitis (can’t cross BBB).
Deactivated Cephalosporin
1st Generation Cephalosporins
HH
N
S
H2N
O
N
O
CH3
CO2H
Cephalexin - Keflex®, Biocef®, Keftab®
Partial hydrogenation
HH
N
S
H2N
O
N
O
C H3
C O2H
G2
PO: Cefaclor, Loracarbef, Cefprozil, Cefuroxime Parenteral: Cefmetazole, Cefotetan, Cefonacid,
Cefamandol, Cefoxitin
G3
PO: Cefpodoxime, Cefixime, Cefdinir, Ceftitbuten Parenteral: Cefotaxime, Ceftizoxime, Ceftriaxone,
CO2H
O
Methicillin substitute.
Cephapirin - Cefadyl®
Comparatively resistant to Staph. penicillinase
Generally all are inactivated by b-lactamases
1st Generation Cephalosporins
and skin structure infections, Osteomyelitis, UTI,
N
H
N
S
S
Septicemia, pre-, post- or intraoperative prophylaxis
O
N
O
O CH3
IV/IM use only, 50% protein bound, 70% excreted renally unchanged
头孢菌素类抗生素(英文PPT) Cephalosporin Antibiotics
Cephalosporin Antibiotics
Cephalosporin Antibiotics
G1
PO: Cephalexin, Cephradine, Cephadroxil Parenteral: Cefapirin, Cefazolin
Ceftazidime, Cefaperazone
G4 - Cefepime
Cephalosporin Deactivation
H ROCHN
H S
H
ROCHN
Esterase
H S
N
O
O
N
OH
O
CO2H
O
CO2H
H ROCHN
H S
Spontaneous Lactonization
N O
O O
Oral use only, 20% protein bound, >90% excreted renally unchanged
Prolonged half-life allows once-a-day dosing
C e fa d ro x il - D u ric e f®
Indications: Respiratory tract infections, skin
Parenteral – Septicemia; pre-, post- or intraoperative prophylaxis
Oral or IV/IM use, 17% protein bound, >90% excreted renally unchanged
Generally all are inactivated by b-lactamases
C e p h ra d in e - V e lo s e f®
Indications: Respiratory tract infections, Otitis media, skin and skin structure infections, Bone
infections, Gram (-) UTI. Used for staph or strep infection in patients with mild hypersensitivity to penicillins!
1st Generation Cephalosporins
OH
HH
N
S
H2N
O
N
O
C H3
C O2H
Indications: UTI, pharyngitis and tonsillitis due to group A b-hemolytic Streptococcus, skin and skin structure infections.
Gram(+) aerobic bacteria - limited Gram(-)
Oral use only, 10% protein bound, >90% excreted renally unchanged
One of the Top 200
Indications: Oral - Respiratory tract infections, Otitis media, skin and skin structure infections, Bone infections, GU infections, UTI;
N N
N
H
N
S
O O
N
SN
N
CO2H
S CH3
Cefazolin - Ancef®, Kefzol®, Zolicef®
Indications: Respiratory tract infections, GU infections, skin and skin structure infections, Biliary tract infections, bone and joint infections, Septicemia, endocarditits; pre-, post- or intraoperative prophylaxis. Used for staph or strep infection in patients with mild hypersensitivity to penicillins! NOT for meningitis (can’t cross BBB).
Deactivated Cephalosporin
1st Generation Cephalosporins
HH
N
S
H2N
O
N
O
CH3
CO2H
Cephalexin - Keflex®, Biocef®, Keftab®
Partial hydrogenation
HH
N
S
H2N
O
N
O
C H3
C O2H
G2
PO: Cefaclor, Loracarbef, Cefprozil, Cefuroxime Parenteral: Cefmetazole, Cefotetan, Cefonacid,
Cefamandol, Cefoxitin
G3
PO: Cefpodoxime, Cefixime, Cefdinir, Ceftitbuten Parenteral: Cefotaxime, Ceftizoxime, Ceftriaxone,
CO2H
O
Methicillin substitute.
Cephapirin - Cefadyl®
Comparatively resistant to Staph. penicillinase
Generally all are inactivated by b-lactamases
1st Generation Cephalosporins
and skin structure infections, Osteomyelitis, UTI,
N
H
N
S
S
Septicemia, pre-, post- or intraoperative prophylaxis
O
N
O
O CH3
IV/IM use only, 50% protein bound, 70% excreted renally unchanged
头孢菌素类抗生素(英文PPT) Cephalosporin Antibiotics
Cephalosporin Antibiotics
Cephalosporin Antibiotics
G1
PO: Cephalexin, Cephradine, Cephadroxil Parenteral: Cefapirin, Cefazolin
Ceftazidime, Cefaperazone
G4 - Cefepime
Cephalosporin Deactivation
H ROCHN
H S
H
ROCHN
Esterase
H S
N
O
O
N
OH
O
CO2H
O
CO2H
H ROCHN
H S
Spontaneous Lactonization
N O
O O
Oral use only, 20% protein bound, >90% excreted renally unchanged
Prolonged half-life allows once-a-day dosing
C e fa d ro x il - D u ric e f®
Indications: Respiratory tract infections, skin
Parenteral – Septicemia; pre-, post- or intraoperative prophylaxis
Oral or IV/IM use, 17% protein bound, >90% excreted renally unchanged
Generally all are inactivated by b-lactamases
C e p h ra d in e - V e lo s e f®
Indications: Respiratory tract infections, Otitis media, skin and skin structure infections, Bone
infections, Gram (-) UTI. Used for staph or strep infection in patients with mild hypersensitivity to penicillins!