研究生英语英语阅读材料翻译分析
考研英语阅读真题解析和全文翻译
考研英语阅读真题解析和全文翻译考研英语阅读真题解析和全文翻译会讲一种语言并不意味着就理解该语言的社会和文化模式。
下面是店铺给大家准备的考研的英语阅读真题加解析和全文翻译，有兴趣的朋友可以来看一下哦!A great deal ofattention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide—the divisionof the world into the info(information) rich and the info poor. And that dividedoes exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty yearsago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces thatwork against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic。
There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide willnarrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in theinterest of business to universalize access—after all, the morepeople online, the more potential customers there are. More and moregovernments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spreadInternet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people onthe planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digitaldivide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very goodnews because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combatingworld poverty that we've ever had。
考研英语阅读真题解析和全文翻译
2009Text 1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative implication.So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. In fact, the more new things we try---the more we step outside our comfort zone---the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of The Open Mind and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth, “habit” is claimed by being[A] casual [B] familiar [C] mechanical [D] changeable.22. Brain researchers have discovered that the formation of new habit can be[A] predicted [B] regulated [C] traced [D] guided23. The word “ruts” (Line 1, paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to[A] tracks [B] series [C] characteristics [D] connections24. Dawna Markova would most probably agree that[A] ideas are born of a relaxing mind[B] innovativeness could be taught[C] decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas[D] curiosity activates creative minds25. Ryan ’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing[A] prevents new habits from being formed[B] no longer emphasizes commonness[C]maintains the inherent American thinking model[D] complies with the American belief system全文翻译：Text 1习惯是一种有趣的现象。
考研英语：阅读理解和翻译真题经典长难句解析（36）
考研英语：阅读理解和翻译真题经典长难句解析（36）71.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect," a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.。
Although it ruled that there is…, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of…有省略。
a centuries-old moral…是⾮限定性定语从句，省略了which is。
尽管最⾼法院认为，宪法并没有赋予医⽣帮助病⼈安乐死的权利，但是实践中最⾼法院⽀持“双重效果”的医疗原则。
这个⼏个世纪以来的医疗道德原则认为，如果⼀种⾏为具有双重效果--既有医治的良好效果⼜有可以预见的有害效果--为了达成良好效果，应当允许这⼀⾏为实施。
constitutional right 译为“宪法权利”；physician-assisted suicide 译为“安乐死”；double-effect 译为“双重效果”。
72.One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on..One difficulty is that….to trace…to …[语法难点]有套和从句。
考研英语阅读真题解析和全文翻译(1994-2005)
[D]. are unhappy when separated from others.
25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A]. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
考研英语阅读真题解析和全文翻译
（2005－1994）
2005 Text
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged.Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlyingassumptionthat other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense ofgrievance.But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that itisall too monkey, as well.
研究生英语阅读教程（基础级版）课文及其翻译
Whupping (whipping/Beating) Fat AlbertBy Rudolph Giuliani[1] My father was an excellent (perfect, wonderful) boxer. His poor eyesight prevented him from becoming the prizefighter (warrior/ knight) he wanted to be, but at 6 feet and a lean 150 pounds, he was fast and tough. He understood the sport and would describe fights to me in great detail, explaining the strategies and techniques of the great fighters, men like (such as) Sugar Ray Robinson, Joe Louis, Willie Pep, Rocky Marciano, and Jersey Joe Walcott.[2] In boxing, he said, the most important skill was to stay (be) calm. This was the best lesson my father ever taught me—stay calm, especially when those (people) around you are uneasy or troubled (upset). The one who stays unruffled has a great advantage in being able to help others, to control the situation, to fix it. The fighter who loses his cool (calmness) the first time he's hit will end up flat on his back on the canvas. If he remains calm, even while he's being hit, he can look for opportunities to hit back. (knock down->out knock out)[3] The lesson came in handy (turned out/ proved to be useful). My Uncle Willie was a New Y ork City police officer. Long after he retired, he always wore a jacket and, usually, a tie. He was a shy (silent/ timid) man who kept to himself (silent), and he'd spend his off hours reading the paper under the tree in front of our house. Next door lived another family, and the father was also a cop. For some reason, my uncle disliked him—perhaps he'd been nasty or unfair to Uncle Willie. Anyway, this guy (man/ fellow) had a son named Albert, a big fat kid, two years older than me—I was about 5 and he was 7. Albert took advantage of his size to intimidate (frighten) the other kids. He'd knock them down and roll (sit) on them.[4] My uncle used to read Spring 3100, the in-house police magazine. I loved looking at it—still do, in fact. I would pore over (study sth. carefully) Uncle Willie's copy, but only for so long—my uncle would always take the magazine back. One day he was sitting alone under the tree and my mother was nowhere in sight. He called me over. A copy of Spring 3100 was by his side.[5] "Y ou want this magazine, right?"[6] "Y es," I replied.[7] "Y ou want it to keep?"[8] "Sure!'[9] "Beat up Albert, and I'll give you the magazine."[10] "What do you mean?"[11] Uncle Willie said, "Look, your father's been teaching you to box. Throw a couple of jabs like your old man showed you and Albert will start crying—he's a fat slob and bullies are never as tough (strong/ powerful) as they seem."[12] I was reluctant, because Albert was much heavier than I was. But Uncle Willie showed me the magazine and let me hold it, before taking it back and repeating that it would be mine as soon asI got (made) Albert to cry uncle.[13] A little while (moment) later, Uncle Willie was sitting in his usual chair, when (suddenly) I saw Albert up to his usual tricks, pushing some kids around, all of them smaller than he. I don't remember exactly how it (fighting) started. All I know is that I found myself in a fight with him, just the two of us.[14] I started jabbing at his face—boom, boom, boom, exactly as I'd been taught—and they (jabs) were landing, nearly all of them. Albert never laid a hand on me—or if he did, I didn't notice.His nose started bleeding, a shiner was rising (swelling) nicely (noticeably), and finally he started to cry. Then he turned and ran home (ad.).[15] I went home, too, and told my mother. She slapped me hard (heavily) across the face. "Apologize right now, and I'm going to tell your father tonight. He's going to give you a real beating."[16] "I don't want to apologize," I mumbled. "He started it." For that I got a second slap.[17] Albert was still crying, and I begrudgingly (reluctantly) said, "I'm sorry, Albert." My mother made (forced) us (to) shake hands and ordered me to stay in for the rest of the day. I glanced at my uncle, and thought, at least he could give me the darn magazine. But I didn't give him up. I just went slowly up to my room. About 20 minutes later, his daughter, my cousin (/=nephew/ niece) Evangeline, came up. She was carrying his copy of Spring 3100. "My dad wanted you to have this," she said. "Since you have to stay in all day." I looked out the window. Uncle Willie was still there, under his tree, and he gave me a nod—as much for keeping my mouth shut, I knew, as for whipping Albert.[18] My father came home that evening, and my mother told him what had happened. I could hear them (talk) talking in the room next door. It was his fault, my mother said, for teaching me to box. He should give me a licking (beating) I'd never forget. My father came up to me, but before he could adopt (~ed child) a suitable face (expression) of disapproval, he blurted, "You whipped Albert? God almighty (mighty=powerful)! He's two years older than you, and 25 pounds heavier!" (mighty=powerful)[19] Standing up to bullies might sound like a glib call to be macho (brave), but the truth is it takes a toll on you. One of the best reasons to let bullies know you won't back down (withdraw/ retreat) from a fight is so (difficult) that it doesn't get to (express) that point (meaning). That's not just a theory—there were many times (cases/ often) in my administration when an early confrontation led to far less fighting (struggle) down the road (in the direction). Here's an example. At about 8:40 p. m. on Wednesday, July 17, 1996, TWA Flight 800 crashed into the Atlantic Ocean just off (away from) Long Island. All 230 on board the Paris-bound 747, which had taken off from Kennedy International Airport, were killed. My community response team and I got to the scene (site)(scenery) within an hour and set up an assistance (help) center at the Ramada Plaza Hotel near the airport to provide aid (help) and counseling (comfort) to family members. [boarding school][20] When we got (arrived) there, the first thing we tried to do was (to) obtain (get) the manifest so (that) we could be sure who had been on the plane. Airlines are required by law to compile a complete list of passengers on international flights, including full names, passport information, and emergency phone contact numbers. This information is supposed (thought to (=should) be made available within three hours of any crash. In this case, by 11:30 p. m., TWA said 229 people were aboard. By noon the next day, they were saying the number was 228. Later in the afternoon, they put the number at 230. I repeatedly demanded an accurate passenger list from TWA but was given every excuse why the airline couldn't produce one. I sensed (felt) something was up (was happening) when I received a call about 4 a. m. from the CEO of the airline, Jeffrey Erickson, from a plane heading for Kennedy. I told him that I needed the manifest. He said we would talk when he got to New Y ork, that he wanted to "liaise" (contact) with me. I don't agree to liaise with people I haven't met. But then I thought, well, maybe I shouldn't be so judgmental (subjunctive) based on the use of one word.[21] By the next day, I was exasperated. I felt we were getting the runaround. When Ericksonfinally showed up (appeared), he addressed the families and the press at Kennedy Airport, and spoke for under (less than) a minute. He refused to take a single question. He added nothing to what we already knew; there was certainly nothing to liaise about.[22] On behalf of the families of the passengers—and with an eye toward future disasters—I decided to make my anger known. On several national shows and on all the local channels, I criticized TWA for caring more about covering (hiding) itself than promptly notifying (informing) suffering family members. On Friday, I recorded my weekly WABC radio show from the Ramada and said, "The upper management of TWA incompetently handled (delt with) the notification process for the families. That continues to be exacerbated (worse) by their not telling the truth about what happened."[23] Three months later, Erickson resigned (sign + nature->signature). But that wasn't the point (key). In a city the size of New Y ork, disasters are inevitable (=unavoidable). I wanted leaders of companies involved in any future disaster to understand just what was expected of them—clear, honest, timely communication. By refusing to keep quiet about TWA's behavior, I made sure (granter) the consequences of putting corporate needs ahead of human suffering were understood. (1, 388 words).OUT THE AUTHORRudolph William Louis "Rudy" Giuliani III (born May 28, 1944) served as the Mayor of New Y ork from January 1, 1994 through December 31, 2001.EXERCISESI . Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the following statements.1. Rudolph Giuliani's father was _____.A. a successful boxing prizefighterB. able to win fights with techniquesC. very tall and strongD. well informed of boxing2. The strategies and techniques of a great fighter that Rudolph Giuliani learned from his father _____.A. were soon practicedB. were later used when he grew upC. didn't work for GiulianiD. were made into theory by Giuliani3. Uncle Willie didn't like their neighboring policeman probably because _____.A. he often abused childrenB. he was unfair while executing the lawC. he had treated Uncle Willie unfairlyD. he was a crazy and unreasonable man4. What made Giuliani decide to beat Albert?A. Albert took advantage of his size to bully other kids.B. Albert used to intimidate Giuliani.C. Giuliani didn't like him.D. Giuliani wanted to keep a police magazine.5. In the fighting between Giuliani and Albert, Albert _____.A. lost his control the first time he was hitB. missed almost all his targetsC. ended up flat on his backD. never had any chance to use his hands6. After Giuliani's father was told about the fighting he _____.A. was very excitedB. gave Giuliani a real beatingC. didn't believe itD. kissed his son as an encouragement7. The theory of standing up to bullies _____.A. took a heavy toll in Giuliani's later lifeB. became a very useful strategy in Giuliani's lifeC. led to far less fighting in Giuliani's later lifeD. helped him win in his running for the mayor8. Giuliani criticized TWA company for _____.A. being unable to provide an accurate passenger listB. planning to liaise with GiulianiC. its covering of itselfD. its CEO's be lated showing up9. The most important reason for Erickson's resignation is that _____.A. he lied to the public about the truth of his companyB. as a CEO he didn't live up to the expectations of the publicC. his company was involved in a disaster in which too many people were killedD. as a CEO he was incompetent in dealing with their business partners10. Giuliani disclosed the TWA's misconduct because he wanted to tell the companies that _____.A. they must pay price if they care about their company' interests more than human injuries and lossB. they will lose in the competition with their rivals if they put their needs ahead of human sufferingC. serious consequences will follow if they don't corporate with the city's government in a disasterD. companies will suffer a lot if they don't communicate with the public honestly and timelyII. VocabularyRead the following sentences and decide which of the four choices below each sentence is closest in meaning to the underlined word.1. Traditionally it is a peaceful event, without confrontation between police and what they describe as the hippy convoy.A. connectionB. exchangeC. fightD. interaction2. Tom Landry is one of the most successful football coaches in National Football League history, and he was known for his unruffled manner and fierce competitiveness.A. calmB. braveC. politeD. mild (climate<->weather)3. At the auction, he offered ridiculously low bids and intimidated other would-be buyers so that he could buy back the farm at an extremely low price.A. betrayedB. frightenedC. gatheredD. cheated (deceive)4. After the boss announced that he would move the company to Los Angeles, all the employees begrudgingly accepted the plan as they were afraid of losing the job.A. presently (timely/ in time/ promptly)B. reasonablyC. willinglyD. reluctantly5. People with ADHD have difficulty keeping their minds on one thing; they may run into thestreet without looking, blurt out inappropriate comments in class, and interrupt conversations.A. utter (->utterance)B. conductC. makeD. crush6. An attendant Labor press officer mumbled: "We're shameless, aren't we?" [(1)vt.: attend a meeting/ a class; (2)vi.: attend to sb.; flight attendant]A. claimedB. acknowledgedC. proposed (suggest)D. muttered7. During the congressional elections of 1866, Johnson campaigned for his Reconstruction Program (project), but his efforts hurt his cause (事业) more than they helped. This exasperated him into heated (激烈) and undignified arguments. (congress->Capitol)A. hitB. beatC. angeredD. stirred8. One primary intervention therefore was for me to liaise regularly with the ward so that Mrs. Allen was fully informed about the situation. (well-informed<->ill-informed; inform sb of sth.)A. negotiateB. contactC. imposeD. stimulate (stimuli and response)9. Difficult market conditions were exacerbated when Korean tanners entered the UK and New Zealand raw material markets, driving up prices.A. deterioratedB. (alter<->)changedC. (go to sb’s relief/ relieve sb./ rescue sb./ relief->relievedD. solved (a problem; answer a question)10. Thus all material to be shown will have been compiled in the knowledge that it would be made available.A. verifiedB. sortedC. extractedD. (A is ~ of B and C. ) composedB. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.take a toll on end up pore over slap bullylose one's cool be up come in handy strategy promptly1. Human-made structures also take a toll (bring heavy losses) on migrants. Skyscrapers and radio towers have caused the deaths of hundreds of thousands of migrating birds. (migrate->migrant; emigrate<->immigrate)2. Amanda stayed calm at the moment and didn't lose her cool (n.).3. We both like driving it so much that we end up using it all the time.4. We should remember from Mayhew's account (description) that the boots also come in handy (prove to/ turn out to be useful) for kicking policemen and other traditional foes (夙敌) of the costers.5. In his lunch breaks Doisneau pored over books on photography, and at weekends he set off (start out) alone with a heavy wooden camera and tripod to capture the first of the "personal" photographs that would be the basis (base) of his life's work.6. Last night the woman, who did not wish to be named, said: "I'm really (fury->)furious, I'd just love to slap him on (the) his nasty face."7. I could tell by the look (expression) on his face that something was up (was happening).8. Essential (important) information on the progress of the project is conveyed throughout its duration and any enforced changes are notified promptly (timely/ in time).9. This use of a series of releasers, one after the other, is a strategy frequently employed (used) in communication.10. He wasn't, in fact, a very nice (good) boy, a bully and rather stupid.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage candidly and choose the hest answer from the four choices given .for each blank.New Y ork City has a highly centralized municipal (urban<->rural) government. The mayor, chosen by a citywide electorate for a four-year term, has wide 1 powers. The mayor has a leadership role in budget-making, authority to organize and reorganize administrative agencies and to 2 and remove their heads, a strong veto (否决权), and all powers not specifically otherwise granted. The comptroller (审计官) , elected on a citywide basis for a four-year term, recommends financial policies and advises the mayor and the city council in the preparation of the 3 .There are nine major administrative agencies, called administrations. The police and fire departments are not 4 as administrations, but are also principal (major) agencies. Certain important city agencies include the board of education, the board of higher education, the health and hospitals corporation, and the housing authority. 5 two major agencies are bi-state or regional in character (nature): the Port Authority of New Y ork and New Jersey, which controls airports and interstate buses, and the Transportation Authority, which controls subway and bus operations in the city and railroad service in New Y ork and Connecticut.Legislative authority is 6 by the city council, made up of 51 members, who are elected from 7 districts for four-year terms. The 8 officer is the public advocate, chosen for a four-year term by a citywide electorate. The advocate can vote only to 9 . The most powerful member of the council is the speaker (spokesman), who is chosen by a 10 of the members and appoints the heads of the various council committees. The council introduces and legislates all laws and approves the budget; it can override a mayoral veto by a vote of two-thirds of all the members.1. A. productive B. manipulative C. speculative D. executive2. A. appoint B. fire C. arrange D. offer3. A. economy B. budget C. revenue D. expense4. A. included B. undertaken C. classified D. called5. A. At last B. As usual C. In addition (=besides) D. After all6. A. grabbed B. guarded C graded D. granted7. A. personal B. individual C. private D. single8. A. presidential B. practicing C. presiding D. present9. A. break a tie B. make a decision C. draw a conclusion D. give a summary10. A. minimum B. maximum C. minority D. majorityIV. TranslationPut the following parts into Chinese.1. The one who stays unruffled has a great advantage in being able to help others, to control the situation, to fix it. The fighter who loses his cool the first time he's hit will end up flat on his back on the canvas.能够保持冷静的人占据很大优势。
研究生英语阅读考试中的翻译
（2）1. The single, long a stock figure in stories, songs and personal ads, was traditionally someone at the margins of society: a figure of fun, pity or awe.这些单身人士过去一直是故事、歌曲和个人广告中的常见人物，传统上这些人处在社会的边缘：滑稽有趣、让人怜悯或令人敬畏。
2. Once upon a time, people who lived alone tended to be those on either side of marriage —twenty-something professionals or widowed senior citizens.以前独自生活的人都是一些处在婚姻生活之两端的人们—20多岁的专业人员或寡居的老人。
3. As the sages would say, we are all ultimately alone. But an increasing number of Europeans are choosing to be so at an ever earlier age. This isn’t the stuff of gloomy philosophical meditations, but a fact of Europe’s new economic landscape, embraced by demographers, real-estate developers and ad executives alike.正如圣人们所言，我们最终都将是单独一人。
但是越来越多的欧洲人在很年轻的时候就决定过独身生活。
这不是悲观的人生思考，而是欧洲经济新气象，受到人口学家、房地产发展商广告商这类人的普遍欢迎。
研究生英语阅读教程 提高级 部分翻译
Lesson 11.昨日发生的恐怖主义活动使美国人的生活暗淡无光，在他们的生活中留下了印迹，并永远地改变了他们的生活。
2.佛罗里达州立大学创伤心理学教授查尔斯·费格里说：“我们得学一学其它许多国家曾经经历过的东西，那就是从文化上和在全国范围内来应对恐惧。
”他还说：“我们正在体验恐惧是怎样起作用的。
”3.美国是一个一向以开放自豪甚至洋洋得意的国家，在这里，人们可以独自在美国国会大楼里闲庭信步，而现在，恐怖袭击很有可能迫使美国人处处小心，惶惶不可终日。
其实我们很大程度上已经是这样了。
许多政府大楼的前门装设的金属探测器已然成为一道风景线，大部分的办公大楼里也必备保安。
4.报复有很大的危险，会引发和在中东及北爱尔兰一样的紧张的暴力和反暴力的恶性攀升。
与那些不得不在暴力中学习如何生存的国家不同，“我们是新手”曾在南斯拉夫训练过创伤急救队的项目负责人费格里博士说：“我所担心的是惩罚，报复，种族主义和排斥少数民族的举动会过于偏激，适得其反。
”5.对于恐怖主义的恐惧会使美国人接受比现在更多的来自政府的监控，例如在运动竞赛场上高架的摄象机。
哈佛大学法学院教授威廉姆斯·斯汤资说：“经过目前这些事件，我们将发现，无论是公众’还是法庭，都会在更大程度上接受某些警察的策略。
”Lesson 51.戴维先到一步，事后他气愤地向我发难说当他告诉领班准备和谁一起吃饭时，领班的语气骤然逆转。
一瞬间就从“这是个什么人？”变成“这边有请，先生。
”当我们赶到时，拍照的人已经在饭店外忙个不停了。
戴维开始嘲笑我是伦敦这家高级饭店里的知名人物。
这时，我俩向屋内望去并同时看到了我们的偶像。
2.我的生活中——与维多利亚一起的生活中——一件美好的事情就是有时那些让我在见面之前紧张不安，在见面时张口结舌的人，最终却成为我的朋友。
3.他们非常慷慨：我在意大利见到埃尔顿的那个下午，几乎他所做的第一件事就是把他们在法国南部的住处提供给维多利亚和我以便我们一旦需要远离烦乱的生活时有个落脚的地方。
新编研究生英语阅读-Unit5课文翻译及分析(西农适用)
Poverty, Development and Environment文章逻辑：一开始开篇点题提出观点：发展中国家地区的农村居民相当依赖自然资源来维持生计，并且随着人口在增加而资源在减少，人口和资源就产生了一种不可持续的矛盾。
而且随着人们对自然资源的开发，自然资源日益匮乏，其中就有红树林，珊瑚礁和热带雨林三个例子，然后最后再提出建议如何改善贫困地区的人们的生活，如何帮助其脱贫。
文章中关系：这里面的关系是：农业生产产值为GDP的增加贡献了最多的部分，而产业结构中农业独大，制造业工业不强，导致农业生产效率低，并且制造业不发达无法提供足够就业岗位让贫穷地区的人民去从事非农就业。
然后发展，其实就是对应的经济发展嘛，经济发展缓慢，所以农业利用效率不高，所以一方面人们很贫穷，而贫穷又没法去从事非农就业，只能从事农业，而由于农业生产过度依赖自然资源，所以又对自然资源造成极大的压力，效率又不高，农业产值在国民经济产值占比高。
然后就是这种循环，原因还是农业生产效率低，又缺少制造业产业链行业，经济发展缓慢，所以最后提出建议，要加大基础设施，卫生医疗和教育的投资，人力资本投资，解决人们对无法便捷获得贷款、交易成本贵，不能从事制造业的问题，提高制造业在国民经济中的占比，提高农业效率。
文章结构：第1段—第2段：introduction，说明了全文的背景：发展中国家地区的农村居民相当依赖自然资源维持生计，而人口增加和资源减少就产生了一种不可持续的矛盾；第3段—第7段：current situation，一开始说明发展中国家的主要生态系统包括红树林，珊瑚礁和热带雨林已经开始消亡，然后分别介绍红树林，珊瑚礁和热带雨林流域的现状及其原有的功能；第8段—第12段：suggestions，针对前面说明的现状，提出可行的两种建议，可以直接对贫困地区的人们进行补偿以避免开发，其次是针对贫困地区进行投资，聚焦长期结构性提升贫困地区的基础设施和人力资本情况；第一段：提出本文的主题：发展中国家的人口直接依赖自然资源，并且农业产值在GDP中占有相当大的比重，绝大部分劳动力也是从事农业资源型活动，但是随着人口越来越多和资源越来越少，这样产生了矛盾。
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禁止在公共场所吸烟据一项世界卫生组织最新估计，目前全世界约有1.1亿吸烟者。
这个数字正稳步上升，并有望在2025年上升到约16.4亿。
世界卫生组织估计，如果吸烟不被削减，那么到2030年每年将有约1000万人因此死亡。
如果目前的吸烟趋势继续下去，烟草有望成为全球死亡的首要原因，造成的死亡人数超过艾滋病，难产，汽车事故，杀人和自杀的总和。
而且这些影响远远超过吸烟者自身。
那些被动地暴露于烟雾环境中的人，也就是那些置身于有人吸烟的公共场合中的无辜的“旁观者”，他们不仅危害他们自己，而且危害他们周围的所有人。
由于这个原因，在公共场合出台一条吸烟禁令，引起了足够的重视。
因此在公共场合禁止吸烟的禁令将会被采纳。
Estimation n. 估计；尊重cut down v. 削减；砍倒；杀死；删节；胜过tobacco n. 烟草，烟叶；烟草制品；抽烟maternal mortality 产妇死亡率，母性死亡率；母死率passively adv. 被动地；顺从地stance n. 立场；姿态；位置；准备击球姿势move for 提议要求由于烟草行业规模庞大,且会影响几乎所有在美国居住的人。
烟草业所遵循的规章必须非常仔细地审查和实施。
减少美国各地的烟草消费是许多组织的宗旨,如美国肺健康协会。
有人认为:吸烟和吸烟相关的伤害应该对美国每年超过四十万人的死亡负责。
除了这些生命的无价损失,吸烟还花费了“美国每年在医保费用和损失生产力方面大约972亿美元”。
它对87%的肺癌病例负有直接责任并导致了大多数肺气肿和慢性支气管炎。
所以实际上,美国肺脏协会提出了一个规则和指导方针,由此可以实现控制全美烟草行业的广告生产制造及分配布局等方面。
生词：scrutinized 详细检查的审核的 Implemented 实施执行应用的Infliction 施加处罚刑罚 Approximately 大约近似于近于emphysema 肺气肿 chronic 慢性的长期的bronchitis 支气管炎 manipulate 操纵操作篡改巧妙的处理几年前，Koop/Kessler烟草和公共卫生咨询委员会向公众提出了一些关于香烟烟雾的摄入量的建议。
这个委员会提出了表明吸烟是对健康非常有害的一些事实。
此外，烟草制品业和家总检查部提出了“建议决议”, 如果烟草企业想要继续销售他们的产品，就必须遵循一些规则。
因此由美国肺脏协会建立了烟草咨询委员会，其主要功能是评估未来的烟草广告。
烟草咨询委员因此得以管控烟草业的香烟广告，ALA也提出一些它认为应适用未来的烟草产品广告和市场营销活动的指导原则。
这些指导原则大多与Koop/Kessler委员会对烟草咨询委员会的具体建议相一致且更加详细。
Predominantly 显著地，主要的 Propose 提议Merchandising 买卖 Campaign 活动Recommendation 推荐，推荐规范 In concord with 一致，和谐Specific 具体的ALA对烟草行业最有影响力的方面之一是对所有与烟草有关的广告及其产品定下的准则。
ALA已经提出，所有的烟草视觉性广告，例如广告牌，杂志等，只应有黑色和白色，而且只显示产品包装，而不是产品本身。
同时广告也不应包含任何道具或场景才不会吸引18岁以下的青年。
由ALA支持的Koop/Kessler咨询委员会旨在禁止烟草产品的广告，销售以及推广，这样做主要针对18岁以下的人群。
由Koop/Kessler咨询委员进行的调查表明有很多杂志在全国范围内赢得了相当数量的少年的喜爱。
这也让那些接受在他们的杂志内容中描绘烟草广告的出版商们被要求进行年度读者的研究来确定18岁以下的读者人数比例。
因此这些出版物的18岁以下的读者是不能超过15％，否则不接受烟草广告或烟草营销推广活动的公告。
和很多抽烟的人的想法相反，吸烟不是个人的私事。
吸烟对周围人的身体健康有着非常强有力的影响。
在经过最开始的抵触之后，大众现在在积极的追求禁止在公共场合吸烟，包括香烟产品的广告和促销。
单词：guideline n. 指导方针参考tobacco n. 烟草，烟叶；烟草制品；抽烟billboard n. 广告牌；布告板props vt. 支撑；维持 n. 支柱；支持者promotion n. 提升，[劳经] 晋升；推销，促销；促进；发扬，振兴intend for 希望有或接到；打算成为……notion n. 概念；见解；打算portray vt. 描绘；扮演resistance n. 阻力；电阻；抵抗；反抗；抵抗力户外的死亡在城市附近的公路上你看到的大部分死的动物是狗,或一些猫。
在农村外，形形色色色的死者都很奇怪;这些都是野生动物。
从车窗看到它们成为碎片,唤起我对旱獭獾、臭鼬、田鼠、蛇等,有时是鹿的神秘残骸的记忆。
它总是一种奇怪的震惊,部分是突然涌出的悲伤,部分是不负责任的惊愕。
看到死在公路上的动物是令人震惊的。
愤怒的不仅仅是因为位置，在任何地方这种不可见的死亡都是不恰当的。
在户外，你不希望看到死去的动物。
动物的孤独的在某处死去，这是很自然的。
但看到它们死在了公路就是错误的。
在任何地方看到它们都是错误的。
这世界上的一切都会死,但是我们只知道把它作为一种抽象。
如果你站在中间,或山坡的边上,仔细看看周围,几乎所有你能看到的都是死亡的过程,大多数在你看到它们时已经死很久。
如果没有这些不断更新和替换发生在你眼前,整个地方将变成石头,站在你的脚下。
Woodchuck n旱獭 Badger n 獾Skunk n 臭鼬 Vole n 田鼠Queer adj 奇怪的 Upwelling n 上涌Unaccountable adj 不负责任的 Astounding adj 令人震惊的有一些生物似乎永远都不会死亡，他们只是简单的消失在自己的子孙后代当中，单细胞生物即是如此，一个细胞分裂为两个，两个分裂为四个，如此一直进行下去，一段时间之后，最初的细胞便不见了踪影，除了遗传变异之外这样的过程并不应该被当做是死亡过程，而相当于最初的细胞又重新生存了一遍，粘液菌的循环似乎确实有死亡的片段出现，而那些枯槁的组织以及子实体，自然而然的成为了发育中的动物的瞬态组织，浮游生物的配子母细胞通过共用这种组织器官来使自己进行增生。
据说地球上在任何时刻都有数十亿的昆虫存活着，以人类的标准来衡量，大部分昆虫的生命都很短暂，有人估计在每温带平方英里的上空有2500万种不同种类的昆虫，在向上延伸数千英里的柱形区域中，分布着飘来飘去的向大气一样的浮游生物层，他们安静的死去，有一些被吃掉了，有一些在飞行轨迹上坠落并死去，数以吨计的他们围绕着地球，当他们死去的时候，便被悄无声息的除去了。
有谁曾经在某些被所有即将死亡的鸟类明确规定迎接死亡的地方看见死去的鸟类么？一只死去的鸟类是很不协调的，它的出现要比一只毫无征兆出现的或者的鸟类更能令人吃惊，他会被人们当做是出现了异常情况的征兆。
鸟类会在某些东西后面，或者某些东西下面迎接自己的死亡，但它们不会在自己飞翔的时候死去。
生词： mutation 遗传突变 Slime mold 粘液菌Withered 枯槁的 Fruiting body 子实体Transient tissue 瞬态组织 Free-swimming 浮游生物Gametocytes 配子母细胞 Temperate square mile 温带平方英里动物似乎有一种本能，孤独并且隐秘的走向死亡。
即使是最庞大、最显眼的动物也会及时的找到一种隐藏自己的方法。
如果一头大象失足死在了一个空旷的地方，象群不会让它留在那；其他大象将抬起尸体，把它从一个地方抬到另一个地方，最终将他放在一个无法解释的适合的地方。
当大象在空旷的地方遇到其他大象的骨架时，它们会用一种沉重的仪式有条不紊拿起这些骨头并将它们分散到附近几英亩的土地上。
这是自然的奇迹。
每时每刻地球上的生命都在消亡，每时每刻，在同样的空间里新生命又会使我们炫目，在每个清晨和每个春天。
可我们只看到了零零散散的树桩，看到了十月里的苍蝇在避暑别墅挣扎，看到了高速路旁的尸体。
我的一生都为我后院中的松鼠感到窘迫，它们无处不在，无时不在，但是我从来没在任何地方看到一只死去的松鼠。
恰好跟我推测的一样。
如果地球是另一个样子，所有的死亡都暴露在光天化日之下，人们眼睁睁的看着死亡降临，我们将永远不可能忘掉这一幕。
我们可以用某种方法在大部分时间忘掉它，或者把它当成一场要事故来避免回忆。
但是这确实让死亡的过程比实际情况更异常，以至当我们自己要死亡时，我们会更难面对死亡。
herd n.兽群 inexplicably adv.无法解释的skeleton n.骨架 methodically adv.有条理的ponderous adj.沉闷地 marvel n.奇迹dazzle v.使目眩 odd adj.零散的porch n.门廊 exceptional adj.异常的在人类自己身上，我们尽可能的遵守着自然的法则。
当精细打印的出生公布告诉我们我们有了后代的时候，讣告页告诉我们，我们正在从这页纸的边缘一点点消失，但是我们并没有了解这一规模有多么的巨大。
在地球上我们有30亿人口，所有这些人终其一生，都一定会一步步的死亡。
每年我们超过5千万这样大的死亡人数的发生都是相对保密的，我们真正知道的仅仅是我们自己家人或者朋友们的死亡。
我们把大量死亡这样的事件看成是非自然事件，是不正常情况，是一种暴力行为，在我们看来他是和其余的自然死亡相分离而不同的。
我们用低沉的声音谈及我们的死亡，尽管这种可见死亡是死有其因的，是不可避免的，我们仍会说，我们被疾病或者暴力所击垮。
我们用花给死者送行，我们悲伤，我们举行仪式，我们分撒骨灰，我们没有意识到剩下的30亿人也在同样的一步步走向死亡。
死亡者的肉体，骨骼，灵魂所有的东西都将被大地吸收而消失，这些却没有被暂时的幸存者所意识到。
从现在开始的半个世纪内，我们的后代将会增加不止一倍。
随着如此多人的不断死亡，很难想象我们怎样才能继续保持着那个秘密。
我们将不得不放弃死亡是大灾难，是可憎的，或者是可以避免的，甚至是奇怪的这样的观念。
我们需要去了解更多关于健在者的生命轮回，了解我们和这个过程的关系。
每一件看起来似真的的事物都似乎是对死去事物的替代，从细胞到细胞。
这其中可能有一些是符合认识同步的，符合我们最终都会一起以最好的陪伴死去的信息。
Conform to 符合，遵照； Obituary adj讣告的，死亡的；n讣告；die away 消失，衰弱； finer adj出色的，好的；Enormity n巨大；暴行；极恶； mortality n死亡数，死亡率；必死性，必死的命运；anomalies n异常现象，反常现象；不规则的东西，异常的人；struck down v.打垮，击倒；outrages n愤怒，愤慨；暴行；侮辱vt凌辱，强奸；对…施暴行；激起愤怒；send off 寄出；派遣；给…送行；grieve vt使悲伤，使苦恼；vi悲痛，哀悼；recognition n识别；承认，认出；重视；赞誉；Multitude n群众；多数； catastrophe n大灾难；大祸；惨败；detestable adj. 可憎的，可恶的；嫌恶的； come alive 活跃起来；看上去像真的；in trade for 交换； synchrony n陪伴Sample one都市化和社会的退化我国的快速都市化进程引起了许多社会衰退问题。