跨文化交际复习
大学生英语跨文化交际复习题库

1.What kinds of things cannot be noticed by a fish in the sea?A) The foodB) The climate and the environmentC) The danger and the natural enemyD) The water正确答案为D2.Human beings also have hardware and software. __________ is to human beings what software is to computer. 人类也有硬件和软件A) CultureB) BodyC) ShapeD) Color正确答案为A3.American scholars Daniel Bates and Fred Plog define culture from intercultural perspective which reflects the role of _________.美国学者丹尼尔·贝茨和弗雷德·普洛格从跨文化的角度定义文化,反映了文化的作用A) perceptionn. 知觉;觉察(力);观念;(农作物的)收获B) communicationC) sensationn. 感觉;直觉;知觉;轰动D) intellectual n. 知识分子;脑力劳动者;有极高智力的人;正确答案为B4.Many of the same proverbs appear throughout the world, because all people, regardless of their culture, share common _______.许多相同的谚语出现在世界各地,因为所有人,不管他们的文化如何,都是共同的A) storiesB) languagesC) experiencesD) arts正确答案为C5.We understand two characteristics of subgroups as ________ label and temporality.我们理解亚群的两个特征为________标签和时间性A) sameB) inferior ad j. 低劣的;下级的,下等的;(位置在)下面的;C) superior 优良的;更高级的;傲慢的;D) deviant 不正常的,异常的;离经叛道的正确答案为D6.__________ refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. It means one’s sense of the culture to which one belongs.指一个人对某一特定文化或民族的归属感。
跨文化交际知识点汇总

一、跨文化交际概论1.什么是跨文化交际跨文化交际是不同文化背景的人们之间的交际. 一个层面指不同国家和民族的人们之间的交际. 另一个层面指同一个国家或民族中, 不同性别、年龄、职业、地域的人们之间的交际.2.跨文化交际的特点是什么跨文化交际主要指人与人、面对面的交际;跨文化交际中涉及很多差异性;跨文化交际容易引起冲突;跨文化交际的误解和冲突大多属于“善意的冲突〞;跨文化交际常常引起情绪上的强烈反响;跨文化交际是一种挑战,更是一种收获.3.国际汉语教师为什么要学习跨文化交际学国际汉语教师学习跨文化交际的必要性表达在:更好地理解中国文化;建立敏锐的跨文化意识;提升文化适应能力;建立开放、宽容、尊重的文化态度;提升在不同文化环境中进行汉语教学的水平;掌握培养学习者跨文化交际水平的方法和策略.4.跨文化交际主要学习内容有哪些文化与交际;价值观与文化模式;语言交际; 非语言交际;文化身份&认同;文化适应;跨文化交际的心理因素;不同领域的跨文化交际;跨文化交际水平;跨文化交际练习.二、交际与文化1.什么是文化关于文化的定义,学界至今未有统一的定论.而作为跨文化交际的学习者,我们最关心的并不是哪位学者提出的文化定义最全面、最精确,而是哪个文化定义与跨文化交际最相关,最能表达文化与跨文化交际的关系.教材推荐跨文化交际学者Brislin(2000)的文化定义:文化是大多数说同一种语言和住在一起的人们所分享的价值和观念,这些价值和观念是世代相传的而且为人们提供对日常行为的指导.2.什么是文化要素文化要素包罗万象.其中与跨文化交际关系最为密切的是历史、宗教、社会组织、语言.理解这些文化要素,有助于我们理解文化在跨文化交际中的影响和作用.3.G. Hofstede与G.J.Hofstede(2004) 提出的文化要素包括几个层次包括象征符号、英雄人物、礼仪、价值观4个层次.4.在跨文化交际领域,常用的文化分类方法有几种分别是什么有两种文化分类的方法在跨文化交际领域最为常用.一种是客观文化与主观文化.另二种是主导文化与亚文化.5.文化有什么特点呢〔1〕文化是后天习得的.〔2〕文化是共享的,并世代相传.〔3〕大局部文化是无意识的.〔4〕文化是象征的.〔5〕文化是动态的.6.什么是交际与文化的定义相似,关于交际的定义也非常丰富和复杂.教材仅推荐与跨文化交际语用领域相关的定义.即Gudykunst& Kim〔2003〕提出的关于交际的定义:交际是编码和解码的过程,但是这种编码和解码的过程并非单纯的传递和接受过程,而是包含着意义的协商和共建.7.交际的要素是什么交际是互相交往的过程,交际的全部过程包含以下要素:传送者、信息、编码、解码、媒介、反响、噪音.8.交际有什么特点〔1〕交际是象征的〔2〕交际是动态的过程〔3〕交际涉及意义的协商和共建〔4〕交际发生在意识的各个层面.〔5〕交际是特定语境中发生的.9.文化对交际有什么影响文化从两个层面影响交际:一是从文化标准的层面,二是从个人层面.文化影响着人们的感知.首先, 文化影响人们对外部刺激的选择.其次,文化影响人们对外部刺激的分类.第三,文化影响人们对外部刺激的意义联想.最后,文化影响人们对外部刺激的解释.文化的特征值是它为行为提供指南.文化影响人们的饮食行为.文化还影响人们的衣着打扮.文化影响居住方式.文化影响人们的出行方式.文化也影响了人与人交往的方式.1.什么是价值观价值观不是实际的行为, 而是关于行为的规那么;价值观是一套关于什么是真善美的标准系统;这些规那么和标准是用来判断和指导人们的行为的;价值观不是个人的爱好或倾向,而是一种集体的文化意识.2.价值观如何分类一类是终极性价值观, 它是关于生命、生存等终极目标的价值观,另一类是工具性价值观,它是关于道德和水平的价值观.3.价值观有什么特点〔1〕价值观属于深层文化.〔2〕价值观是人们的行为指南. 〔3〕价值观既是稳定的,也是变化的.〔4〕不同文化的价值观既有相同的也有不同的成分.〔5〕价值观被违背时会引起情感上的强烈反响.4.关于价值观模式的研究具有影响力的理论是哪些1.价值取向理论〔由kluckhohn与Strodtbeck提出〕2.文化尺度〔由Hofstede提出〕3.高语境文化与低语境文化〔由Hall提出〕.5.中国文化模式有什么特点〔 1〕集体主义〔2〕以家庭为中央〔3〕尊重传统〔4〕等级观念〔5〕面子观念〔6〕重视人情6.美国文化模式有什么特点〔 1〕个体主义〔2〕平等观念〔3〕强调变化和进步〔4〕物质享受〔5〕科学与技术〔6〕工作与娱乐〔7〕竞争意识四、跨文化的语言交际1概念提要:1.萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说的含义萨丕尔-沃尔有三层含义.〔1〕不同的语言以不同的方式感知和划分世界.〔2〕一个人所使用的语言结构影响他感知和理解世界的方式.〔3〕讲不同语言的人感知世界是不同的.2.语言与价值观之间是什么关系语言与文化的关系最直接的表达是语言表达了人们对世界的看法、态度和价值取向.每种语言都拥有丰富的格言、警句和俗语.这些句子往往就是价值观的表达.3.词义与文化是什么关系在语言的各要素中,词汇与文化的关系最为密切,其对跨文化交际的影响也最为突出.语言的含义不具有普遍性,它受到文化和语境的制约.不同语言和文化的人们进行跨文化交际时,可能会由于对词语含义的误解而产生交流的障碍.4.什么叫委婉语学习它有什么意义禁忌是人类社会普遍存在的文化现象, 人们对诸如生老病死、隐私等许多方面多有避讳,因此产生了大量的委婉语. 了解不同文化中的禁忌和相应的委婉语不仅可以深入理解不同文化的价值取向,也可以防止在跨文化交际中出现不必要的误会.四、跨文化的语言交际2概念提要:1.礼貌原那么包括哪些准那么〔1〕得体准那么〔2〕慷慨准那么〔3〕赞扬准那么〔4〕谦虚准那么〔5〕一致准那么〔6〕同情准那么.2.中国人的礼貌特征包括哪些〔1〕贬己尊人〔2〕称呼准那么〔3〕文雅准那么〔4〕求同准那么〔5〕德、言、行准那么.3.礼貌策略的使用受到什么因素的制约〔1〕说话人与听话人之间的权力距离〔2〕说话人与听话人之间的社会距离〔3〕言语行为的强加程度4.什么是交际风格交际风格是指说话的特点.5.在跨文化交际领域中,常见的交际风格包括哪些〔1〕直接与间接的交际风格〔2〕谦虚与自信的交际风格〔3〕归纳与演绎的交际风格五、跨文化的非语言交际概念提要:1.什么是非言语交际非言语交际不包括语言,而是包括了各种非语言的交际行为;非语言交际具有互动性,涉及信息的发出者和接受者的编码和解码过程;非言语交际是在特定情境中产生的,与语境有密切关系;非语言交际可能是有意的,也可能是无意的.2.非语言交际的功能有哪些〔 1〕传达真实的内在感情〔2〕营造交际印象〔3〕进行会话治理3.非语言交际与语言交际是什么关系非语言交际对语言信息起着重复、补充、代替、标准和否认等作用.4.体态语包括哪些人们的外貌服饰、面部表情、眼神交流、手势、姿势以及身体接触都是体态语,都参与了交际,是非语言交际的一局部.5.时间观念与文化之间有什么联系时间观念是非语言交际的重要维度, 也是价值观的表达.6.什么是单时制文化其特点是什么单时制文化中的时间是线性的,可以向前延伸到未来,向后延伸到过去.单时制文化的人们通过方案和预约来限制时间,在一段时间内只做一件事,强调准时、预约和最后期限.7.什么是多时制文化其特点是什么多时制文化并不把时间看做是线性的.多时制文化中的人认为时间围绕着生活,在同一时间内可以做多件事情.工作常常被打断,方案也常改变.身处多时制文化中的人,维系人际关系和谐远比遵守时间重要.8.人们对于空间的利用与文化之间有什么联系空间利用也是非语言交际的重要内容.空间利用方式表达了特定文化中人际关系的特点.六、文化适应概念提要:1.文化适应策略有哪些同化、别离、融合以及边缘化.2.文化适应是一个复杂、动态的开展过程.短期旅居者的跨文化适应过程分为哪几个阶段蜜月期、挫折期、恢复期和适应期.3.焦虑处理理论认为什么因素影响跨文化适应个体性格因素、社会支持、性别、民族、处理文化适问题的策略等.4.什么是文化休克文化休克是一种因失去了熟悉的社会交往符号而产生的心理焦虑.5.应对文化休克可采取什么策略应对呢广交朋友,建立良好人际关系;学习目的国的语言;了解目的文化的知识;做自己感兴趣的事情;参加社会文化活动;改变自己的思维.6.什么是文化适应假说第二语言教学领域的学者很早注意到了文化适应与第二语言学习的关系.Schuman(1986跟出了文化适应假说〞.他认为, 学习者只有适应了第二文化以后才能习得第二语言,文化适应的程度决定第二语言学习的程度.7.Schuman(198觎出的社会距离的概念是什么社会距离指的是学习者的原有文化与目的语文化之间的差异程度.七、跨文化的人际交往概念提要:1.人际关系与文化的联系表达在哪几方面不同文化间的朋友关系、人情关系、工作关系、与陌生人之间的关系都受到文化的影响.2.交往习俗与文化之间有什么联系在社会交往中,人们需要遵循社交礼仪和规那么,而这些规那么会因文化而异.一种文化中得体、礼貌的规那么到了另一种文化中可能是不得体的,甚至还造成了冒犯.了解不同文化的社交习俗和礼仪,对提升跨文化交际的有效性和得体性是非常有必要的.3.公共礼仪与文化之间有什么联系遵守公共秩序和礼仪是现代人的基本素养,也是一个国家文明程度的表达. 在跨文化交往中,了解和遵守不同文化的公共礼仪非常重要.不遵守公共礼仪会给人留下负面的印象,甚至引起跨文化交往中的冲突.八、跨文化人际交际的心理与态度概念提要:1.什么是刻板印象刻板印象又作成见〞与谊型观念〞,是指一个群体成员特征的概括性看法.2.刻板印象有什么特点〔1〕刻板印象是人们正常思维的一局部.〔2〕刻板印象是文化的一局部.〔3〕刻板印象的最大局限是以偏概全,无视个体差异.3.如何克服刻板印象〔1〕意识到刻板印象的存在.〔2〕改变懒惰和简化的思维习惯.〔3〕扩大与不同文化的人的接触范围.〔4〕试图寻找充分的证据和例外的情况.〔5〕对于来自其他文化的个人的行为的描述,应采用表达性语言,而不是对这一文化群体进行评价和简单概括.4.什么是偏见偏见是对一个群体的成员建立在错误而僵化的概括根底上的负面感情5.如何克服偏见〔1〕坦诚面对自己的偏见.〔2〕扩大与不同文化的人的接触范围.〔3〕参加课程学习和培训.〔4〕在交际中防止使用带有偏见或歧视色彩的表达方式,特别是对弱势群体要注意使用委婉而礼貌的称呼.6.什么是种族中央种族中央指的是在思考和评价别的文化时,把自己的文化放在一切事物的中央位置,并且以自己文化的框架作为衡量的标准.7.什么是文化相对主义文化相对主义是与种族中央主义相对的概念.它最早由美国著名人类学家弗朗兹博厄斯所倡导.其包括两个方面的内容.第一, 每种文化都有自己长期形成的独特历史, 其形态并无上下之分;第二,任何一个民族都有自己的社会思想、世界观和道德观,人们不应该用自己的一套标准来衡量其它民族的文化.。
跨文化交际期末考试复习题

跨文化交际期末考试复习题Define the following items:1.intercultural communication: is simply defined as interpersonal communication between people from different cultural background.2.interethnic communication: refers to communication between people of the same race but different ethnic backgrounds.3.verbal communication:communication done both orally and in written language.4.nonverbal communication: involves all nonverbal stimuli i n a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver.4. Monochronic time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.5. Polychronic time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once.6. ethnocentrism :the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.7. stereotypes:refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed groupmembership.针对目标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断。
跨文化交际复习考试题及答案

T 1 As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline, its history is only about fifty years. 作为一种现象,跨文化传播已经存在了数千年。然而,作为一门学科,它的历史只有大约五十年。
F6.We can address Jason Douglas, who is a lawyer, as Lawyer Douglas. 我们可以解决杰森道格拉斯,他是个律师,律师道格拉斯。
F_7.Chinese hospitality toward the westerners is always greatly appreciated. 中国人对西方人的热情好客是非常赞赏的。
T 4 Culture can be seen as shared knowledge ,what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given 约定的 特定的 culture. 文化可以被看作是一种共享的知识,人们需要知道的是在一个特定的文化中扮演适当的行为
T_4.Ranks in the armed forces like Captain, Colonel can be used as titles. 上校,上校,上校,可以用作头衔
F_5.Westerners can understand what Uncle policeman or P.L.A. Uncle means. 西方人能够理解警察叔叔和解放军叔叔的手段。
T_2、Don’t take offence-getting the form of address ”wrong” is rarely intended to be offensive. 不要拿“错误”的形式来攻击,这是很难得的进攻
跨文化交际复习

题型:1、填空15个2、名词解释25分5个3、论述(理论举例)30分2个4、分析应用题30分3个小问题基本概念类:要求掌握定义,能够举例1、交际交际是一种符号活动,它是一个动态的编译码过程,当交际者把意义赋予语言或非语言符号时,就产生了交际,交际受制于文化心理等多种因素,不一定以主观意识为转移。
2、文化一个群体(可以是国家,也可以是民族、企业、家庭)在一定时期内形成的思想、理念、行为、风俗、习惯、代表人物,及由这个群体整体意识所辐射出来的一切活动,就是文化。
3、跨文化交际跨文化交际是指具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程,是指因文化感知能力和符号系统明显不同而足以改变交际结果的人们之间的交际。
从对外汉语专业的角度,“跨文化交际”的概念可以这样界定:在特定的交际情景中,具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言(母语或目的语)进行的口语交际。
4、跨文化交际学是一门运用众多学科的相关理论和方法来研究不同文化背景的人们进行交际时交际行为、交际过程、交际规律、和交际过程中所产生的种种现象的原因,以及如何达到有效交际的交叉性和应用型的学科。
5、言语交际言语交际是指至少两个人之间进行的、以人际交往为目的的言语行为。
是一个说与听的互动过程,其成功与否,取决于交际双方是否能理解对方的语义。
言语交际就是通过语言来表达我们内心想法并告知给对方的一种方式。
6、非言语交际非语言交际是在特定的情景或语境中使用非语言行为交流和理解信息的过程。
即非语言交际是通过使用不属于语言范畴的方法来传递信息、表达思想的过程,其交际方式包括了眼神、表情、身势、手势、体距、沉默、服饰、时空利用、副语言等。
7、影响交际的因素影响跨文化交际的因素包括心理因素和环境因素。
心理因素又分为积极心理因素和消极心理因素,积极的心理因素对跨文化交际起着促进作用,在交际中主体应当具备平等意识,双方应当具备宽容意思和顺应意识;消极的心理因素对跨文化交际有着阻碍作用,消极因素包括定式和认知偏见、民族中心主义、偏见和普遍性假设。
跨文化交际

跨文化交际复习题Translation1.Intercultural communication: 跨文化交际2.Intracultural communication: 主流文化背景下的亚文化交际3.negative transfer of culture: 文化的负迁移municative channel: 交际渠道5.value orientation: 价值取向1)verbal communication: 语言交际①oral form②written form2)non-verbal communication: 非语言交际①body behavior②space and distance③time④silence6.time orientation: 时间取向7.past time and future time orientation: 过去取向与未来取向8.geographical context: 地域环境9.cultural diversity: 文化多元性10.non-verbal communication: 非语言交际11.aesthetic orientation: 审美取向12.cultural equivalence: 文化的等同petitive spirit: 竞争意识14.psychological context: 心里语境/ 环境15.group vs individual orientation: 集体取向vs 个人取向16.inductive vs deductive: 归纳法vs 演绎法17.oneness vs dividedness between man and Nature: 天人合一vs 天人分离18.encoding vs decoding: 编码vs 译码19.ingredients of communication: 交际的要素20.message or behavioral source: 信息源或行为源21.sub-culture: 亚文化22.ethnic culture: 民族文化/ 伦理文化23.stereotypes: 文化定势24.high context culture: 强交际文化环境25.low context culture:弱交际文化环境26.context of situation: 语言环境27.psychological context: 心理环境28.seeking of change vs seeking of stability: 求变vs 求稳29.innately good vs innately evil: 人性本善vs 人性本恶30.interactions rules: 交往规则31.interpretation norms: 解释范围32.ethnocentrism: 民族中心主义municative distance: 交际距离34.spatial setting: 空间场合35.temporal setting: 时间场合36.instrumental type: 工具型37.affective type: 情感型38.parataxis vs hypotaxis: 意合vs 形合39.pragmatic transfer: 语用迁移40.pragmatic failure: 交际失误41.cooperative principle: 合作原则42.politeness principle: 文明原则43.positive face and negative face: 积极面对和消极面对44.gender communication culture: 性别交际文化45.generation communication culture: 代交际文化46.professional communication culture: 职业交际文化47.proxemic behavior: 体距行为48.multicultural communication: 多元文化交际49.globalization vs glocalization: 全球化vs 全球语境下的本土化50.interethnic communication: 跨种族交际True or False1. Usually, the husband serves the cocktails and the wife clears the dishes from the table.—T2. Frequent guests often help the host and the hostess with the daily activities of the family.—T3. The guest may say a short prayer of thanks before dinner begins.—F4. A woman should not have a sustained conversation with a man in a public place in American subways.—T5. Men usually extend their hands and shake hands with women when they meet for the first time.—F6. If a woman invites a man for a date, it is usually “dutch treat”.—T7. In the United Sates, men and women can date a variety of people respectively.—T8. If you are thinking as much of others as of yourself, you won’t made mistakes that annoy others.—T9. It is not proper to talk with another person in a language unfamiliar to the rest.—T10. At the end of a speech it is sufficient to make a very slight bow without saying anything.—T11. In the United States, people find silence uncomfortable, except when it occurs between close friends.—T12. Americans think it is not very good to have acquaintance with members of the opposite sex.—F13. In the United States setting a date to get together must be done quite a few days in advance.—F14. American people like to drink tea very much after meals.—F15. American people have little concern for social rank.—T16. In conversation people never use each other’s titles.—F17. If you meet a stranger in the West and ask him the way, you should say “Hello, can you tell me the way to the bus station?”.—F18. Supposed you are asked to make a speech, you should address the listeners as “Gentlemen and Ladies” or “Mrs. and Mr.”—F19. In the West, it is not normal for a man to shake hands.—F20. The British don’t normally shake hands when taking leave unless someone is leaving for a fair length of time.—T21. While giving a lesson to your students if you want to go to the “W.C”, you say “I am sorry.”—F22. When you speak you must try to keep the tone light, casual and natural.—T23. The person who extends an invitation is usually expected to pay, though there is no definite answer to the question of who pays.—F24. When you didn’t follow the speaker, it is not polite for you to say “Repeat your words, will you?” to hi m.—T25. When invited to a party or dinner, it is very common for the guest to take bottles of drink there and give them to the host or hostess on arrival.—T26. When the dinner or party is over, you may take leave or say goodbye to the host or hostess as quickly as you can.—F27. When taking a taxi in the West, you have to tip the driver.—T28.The person who makes a call is usually the one to end the conversation on the phone.—F29. Flowers are very lovely and beautiful; you may carry any flowers when taking planes.—F30. It is necessary for you to do shopping with a basket at the supermarket in the West, before you enter the supermarket.—F31. When you dislike the price, you may say“ Sorry, the price is very high.”—F32. If you receive an invitation to a conference, you needn’t reply to it unless you attend it.—F33. For every meeting, there is an opening ceremony and closing ceremony.—F34.Dinner talks are necessary for a formal conference.—T35. Usually a dinner party will be given to the guests after signing a contract. And only the person who signs the contract will present himself.—F36. When signing a contract the assistants from both parties will sign the contract.—T37. In an opening ceremony it is polite to invite some top officer to make a speech.—FChoice1. In America it is considered better to be invited to a person’s house.2. Flowers are not provided in hotels because flowers are too expensive.3. Standing around chatting with one another is the answer to best describe Americans behavior at parties.4. Not to stay too long in one place is the basic rule at a party in America.5. You should move from group to group meeting people if you are alone at a party.6. The best way for women to meet men is in group.7. In the West it is customary for a man to raise his hat slightly off his head when he meets with a girl or a woman.8. An invitation to come to the home for a meal or a longer visit is usually given by the hostess.9. Some invitations bear the letters “R.S.V.P” That means reply as soon as possible.10. If you are waiting for someone in his room, it is all right for you to pick up a newspaper or magazine from the table to read.11. If you find it absolutely necessary to spit, go into a lavatory.12. When a man is with a lady, he usually walks behind her except when for instance, they got off a train , want to open a heavy door , try to find a table in a restaurant. 13. In the western countries when you give something to a person or receive something from a person, you should use one hand only-usually the right hand.14. That a married woman servant is called Mrs. So-and-so is a failure of communication.15. If you eat at a restaurant, you have to give the waiter a tip. You say“Thank you” and put the tip into the waiter’ hand.16. When two persons of the same sex shake hands, the older one puts his( or her) hand out first.17. That you introduce a married woman to an unmarried woman is wrong when you introduce two persons.18. You will spoil the dinner by arriving late because you will both make the other guests unhappy and make the dishes tasteless.19. A woman (not the hostess) should never rise when she is being introduced.20. As a guest at the dinner table you will not feel doubtful about which seat you should take because there is no order of importance of seats.21. If you do not enjoy the party, you must still say something to please your hostess.22. One day, when an American lady accidentally bumped into Wei Lin. Lady: I’m terribly sorry. Wei: That’ all right.23. At a bus stop, Man: Excuse me, do you know which bus to catch for London Road, please? Woman: Sorry, I’ve no idea. Man: Oh.24. Li had something to tell the manager, Mr. Smith, so he went to his place, entering the room and said” Can I have a word with you, Mr. Smith?”25. If you are attending a family gathering and would like to know what the familial relationship is between one member and another, you may ask”Is her your…?”26. When introduced to an older professor or to a friend’s parents, you would say” Hi! Glad to know you.”27. When introducing yourself to someone you don’t know at a party, you would say”Hi, I’m…”28. Jack phones Xiao Song’s office.Jack: Hello, I’d like to speak to Song Hua, please. Song: This is Song Hua speaking.29. Mr. Green’s secretary, Pat Kent, went to the airport to meet Mr. Barnes for her boss. Miss Kent: Excuse me, would you be Mr. Barnes?Q & A1. What have contributed to increased international contacts?A: New technology, growth in the world’s population, and shifts in the global economic arena have contributed to increased international contacts.2. What are the characteristics of culture?A: Culture is learned, transmitted from generation to generation, based on symbols, subject to change, integrated, ethnocentric and adaptive.3. What is interracial communication?A: Interracial communication occurs when the source and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races.4. What is interethnic communication?A: Ethnic groups usually form their own communities in a country or culture.5. What are elements of intercultural communication?A: The interacting elements fall into four general groupings: perception, verbal processes, nonverbal processes, and contextural elements.6. What is perception?A: Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data ina way that enables us to make sense of our world.7. What factors influence human perception?A: Physical factor, environmental factor, and cultural factor influence human perception.8. Why do we say beliefs are important in intercultural communication?A: Belief systems are significant to the study of intercultural communication because they are at the core of our thoughts and actions, and they affect our conscious and unconscious minds, as well as the manner in which we communicate.9. What is value?A: Value is a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts.10. What is cultural value?A: Cultural values tend to permeate a culture and are derived from the large philosophical issues that are part of culture’s milieu.11. What are dominant American cultural patterns?A: Individualism, equality, materialism, science and technology, process and change, work and leisure, and competition.12. What are Hofstede’s value dimensions?A: Individualism—collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance and masculinity and femininity.13. What do cultures differ in their attitudes towards?A: Individualism and collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, masculinity and femininity, human nature, the perception of nature, time, activity, relationships, context, formality and informality, and assertiveness and interpersonal harmony.14. What is world view?A: World view is a culture’s orientation toward God, humanity, nature, questions of existence, the universe and cosmos, life, death, sickness, and other philosophicalissues that influence how its members perceive their world.15. What are religious similarities?A: Sacred writings, authority, traditional rituals, speculation and ethics.16. What are the five main religions of the world?A: Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism.17. What different meanings toward life in five religions?A: Christianity—love, Judaism—order, Islam—authority, Hinduism—wisdom and Buddhism—suffering.18. Why is language important?A: Because we employ words to relate to the past, we use words to exercise some control over the present, and use words to form images of the future.19. What is the relation between language and culture?A: It is impossible to separate our use of language from our culture. In its most basic sense, language is a set of symbols and the rules for combining those symbols that are used and understood by a large community of people.20. What are the problems of the translation in linguistic equivalence?A: V ocabulary or lexical equivalence, idiomatic and slang equivalence, grammatical-syntactical equivalence, experiential-cultural equivalence and conceptual equivalence.21. What is nonverbal communication?A: Nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.22. Why is nonverbal communication important?A: We make important judgments and decisions about others based on their nonverbal behavior. We use the actions of others to learn about their emotional states.23. What are the functions of nonverbal communication?A: To repeat, to complement, to substitute for a verbal action, to regulate and to contradict a communication event.24. What are nonverbal messages are communicated by means of?A: Body behavior, space and distance, time, and silence.。
跨文化交际复习资料1

跨文化交际复习资料1跨文化交际复习资料第一章跨文化交际概述1 在文化学研究领域,通常把文化分为主流文化和亚文化。
2 文化的特征:交际的符号性、民族的选择性。
观念的整合性和动态的可变性。
3. 交际的本质属性:有意识行为和无意识行为、编码过程和解码过程以及语法规则和语用规则。
4. 除语言之外,人类在长期的社会实践中还创造了许多交际工具,主要有以下三大类:文字、盲文和手语、旗语、灯语和号语。
5. 跨文化交际的概念和要点:跨文化交际是指在特定的交际环境中,具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言(母语或目的语)进行的口语交际。
主要包括四个要点:A. 双方必须来自不同的文化背景B. 双方必须使用同一种语言交际C. 交际双方进行的是实时的口语交际D. 交际双方进行的是直接的语言交际第二章文化背景与跨文化交际6.从跨文化交际的现实情况来看,影响交际的制约因素主要集中在三个方面:价值观念(文化特质的深层结构)、民族性格(文化特质的外化表现)、自然环境(文化特质的历史缘由)态度7. 态度由认知、情感和意动三个范畴构成。
8. 态度具有四个功能:功力实现功能、自我防御功能、价值表现功能和课题认知功能9. 直觉的整体性是整体思维的第一个特点,东方人以直觉的整体性和和谐的辩证性著称于世。
10. 民族中心主义:某个民族把自己当做世界的中心,把本民族的文化当做对待其他民族的参照系,它以自己的文化标准来衡量其他民族的行为,并把自己的文化与其他文化对立起来。
第三章社会环境与跨文化交际11. 有效的环境不仅依赖于对文化背景的认识,也依赖于对社会环境的认识,而社会环境对交际来说实际上是广义的“交际背景”12. 交际背景主要包括三个要素:交际者:社会地位是决定交际的重要情景因素交际目的:可分为文化型、职业型专业型普通型交际场景:最重要的是物理场景(分时间场景和空间场景)13. 社会角色就是某一特定社会群体对某一特定社会身份的行为的期望,人们社会交往从方式到内容都在不同程度上取决于人们的角色关系。
跨文化交际期末复习资料知识点总结详细

Intercultural communication in English1. Globalization (what & why)1)Dictionary: to organize or establish worldwide2)Wiki: Globalization refers to the increasingly global relationships of culture, people andeconomic activity.3)Globalization refers to the establishment of a world economy, in which national borders arebecoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere, do business in a global market.4)Globalization refers to “time-spaces compression”. That is, the way in which the worldappears to be getting smaller. (Reasons: the increasing global mobility of people; the impact of new electronic media on human communications)5)At the same time, people all over the world are faced with the same environmental issuesthat affect all cultures.6)Global instability stems from clashes between cultures as humankind createscatastrophes(灾难) that are far worse than natural disasters.7)Culture interdependence: people from different cultures attempt to get along with eachother and try to decrease conflicts.Driving force: technology, particularly telecommunications, computers2. Culture1)People who are raised or live in a particular place probably speak the same language, holdmany of the same values, and communicate in similar ways.2)the group of people who share the same ancestry3)commodities or products that are internationally exported and imported4) a particular way to satisfy our human needs. Maslow: physiological, safety, belongingness,esteem, self-actualization5)The coherent learned, shared view of a group of people about life’s concerns that rankswhat is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate and dictates behavior.6)Culture is coherent, learned, the view of a group of people, ranks what is important,furnishes attitudes2.1 elements of communication1)Context: the interrelated conditions of communication(aspects: physical settings, historical,psychological, culture)2)Participants: the participants in communication play the roles of sender and receiver,sometimes of the messages simultaneously.3)Messages: elements: meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding.4)Channels: a channel is both the route traveled by the message and the means oftransportation.5)Noise: noise is any stimulus, external or internal to the participants, that interferes with thesharing of meaning. They include: external noise, internal noise, semantic noise6)Feedback: some kind of verbal or nonverbal response3. Different lands, different friendships1)European: friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relations, and isdifferently related to family life.2)American: a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring.3)French: F is one to one relationship that demands a keen awareness of the other person’sintellect, temperament and particular interests; friends generally are of the same sex;disagreement and argument are the breath of live; compartmentalized (a man play chess with a friend for years without knowing his political opinion)4)Germany: F is much more articulately a matter of feeling; friends are brought to the family;disagreement on any subject that matters to both is a tragedy.5)English: F is based on shared activity, and are formed outside the family circle.4. Comparing and contrasting culturesFrederick:Human nature orientation; man-nature orientation; time orientation; activity orientation; social orientationKluckhohns and Strodtbeck:Human nature; relationship of man to nature; sense of time; activity; social relationships4.1Cultural dimensions (Geert Hofstede)Individualism versus collectivismUncertainty avoidancePower distanceMasculinity versus femininityLong-term versus short-term orientation5. High & low context culturesAdding: from wikipediaLow context culture and the contrasting "high context culture" are terms presented by the anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his book Beyond Culture. Low context culture refers to a culture’s tendency not to cater towards in-groups. An "in-group" is defined by the authors as being a discrete group having similar experiences and expectations, from which, in turn, inferences are drawn. Low context cultures, such as Germany or the United States make much less extensive use of such similar experiences and expectations to communicate. Much more is explained through words or verbalization, instead of the context.High context culture and the contrasting "low context culture" are terms presented by the anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his 1976 book Beyond Culture. It refers to a culture's tendency to use high context messages over low context messages in routine communication. This choice of communication styles translates into a culture that will cater to in-groups, an in-group being a group that has similar experiences and expectations, from which inferences are drawn. In a high context culture, many things are left unsaid, letting the culture explain. Words and word choice become very important in higher context communication, since a few words can communicate a complex message very effectively to an in-group (but less effectively outside that group), while in a lower context culture, the communicator needs to be much more explicit and the value of a single word is less important.6. How is language related to culture?1)Culture and language are intertwined and shape each other.2)Culture influences language by way of symbols and rules for using those symbols, as well asour perceptions of the universe.3)All languages have social questions and information questions. The meaning comes out ofthe context, the cultural usage.4)Language reflects cultural values.5)Sometimes different cultures use identical words that have rather different meanings. Theresults can be humorous, annoying, or costly, depending on the circumstances.6)Even if two people from different cultures can speak a common language, they maymisinterpret the cultural signals.7)To summarize, in the culture itself, language-and-culture is embedded in cultural products,practices, perspectives, communities, and persons. One reflects the other, and they are best seem as joined. Language , as a product of culture, is infused with culture.7. The sapir-whort hypothesis8. Nonverbal communication (what)Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless,(mostly visual) messages between people. Messages can be communicated through gestures and touch, by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye contact. Nonverbal messages could also be communicated through material exponential; meaning, objects or artifacts (such as clothing, hairstyles or architecture). Speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, rate, pitch, volume, and speaking style, as well prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation, and stress. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the physical layout of a page. However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on face-to-face interaction, where it can be classified into three principal areas: environmental conditions where communication takes place, physical characteristics of the communicators, and behaviors of communicators during interaction.I.e. voices, handshakes, hand gestures, eyes movement, face expressions (smile, laugh),touching behaviorIt is governed by culture.Functions: repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating, and contradicting.9. Social timethe peculiarities of the Past-Present-Future in social processes, and their unbreakable connection.10. Improving intercultural communication1)To begin with your own culture, regardless of what that culture might be.2)To identify those attitudes, prejudices, and opinions that we all carry around and that biasthe way the world appears to us.3)To learn to recognize your communication style.Advices:1)Both parties involved in intercultural communication should seek a common language andattempt to understand cultural differences in using the language.2)To develop empathy - be able to see things from the point of view of others so that we canbetter know and adjust to the other people.3)To be flexible when deciding on how to present yourself to another person.。
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跨文化交际复习文件排版存档编号:[UYTR-OUPT28-KBNTL98-UYNN208]题型:1、填空 15个 2、名词解释25分5个 3、论述(理论举例)30分2个 4、分析应用题 30分 3个小问题基本概念类:要求掌握定义,能够举例1、交际交际是一种符号活动,它是一个动态的编译码过程,当交际者把意义赋予语言或非语言符号时,就产生了交际,交际受制于文化心理等多种因素,不一定以主观意识为转移。
2、文化一个群体(可以是国家,也可以是民族、企业、家庭)在一定时期内形成的思想、理念、行为、风俗、习惯、代表人物,及由这个群体整体意识所辐射出来的一切活动,就是文化。
3、跨文化交际跨文化交际是指具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程,是指因文化感知能力和符号系统明显不同而足以改变交际结果的人们之间的交际。
从对外专业的角度,“跨文化交际”的概念可以这样界定:在特定的交际情景中,具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言(母语或目的语)进行的口语交际。
4、跨文化交际学是一门运用众多学科的相关理论和方法来研究不同文化背景的人们进行交际时交际行为、交际过程、交际规律、和交际过程中所产生的种种现象的原因,以及如何达到有效交际的交叉性和应用型的学科。
5、言语交际言语交际是指至少两个人之间进行的、以人际交往为目的的言语行为。
是一个说与听的互动过程,其成功与否,取决于交际双方是否能理解对方的语义。
言语交际就是通过语言来表达我们内心想法并告知给对方的一种方式。
6、非言语交际非语言交际是在特定的情景或语境中使用非语言行为交流和理解信息的过程。
即非语言交际是通过使用不属于语言范畴的方法来传递信息、表达思想的过程,其交际方式包括了眼神、表情、身势、手势、体距、沉默、服饰、时空利用、副语言等。
7、影响交际的因素影响跨文化交际的因素包括心理因素和环境因素。
心理因素又分为积极心理因素和消极心理因素,积极的心理因素对跨文化交际起着促进作用,在交际中主体应当具备平等意识,双方应当具备宽容意思和顺应意识;消极的心理因素对跨文化交际有着阻碍作用,消极因素包括定式和认知偏见、民族中心主义、偏见和普遍性假设。
环境因素包括因文化本身所造成的生理环境和心理环境、社会环境、自然环境、以及具体的语言环境。
环境因素对于跨文化交际的影响无处不在。
8、跨文化交际能力跨文化交际能力可分为交际能力和跨文化能力。
交际能力包括:语言能力、语用能力和策略能力。
三者相互联系, 相互制约, 协调工作。
跨文化能力包括:对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性以及处理文化差异的灵活性,文化差异的敏感性是指文化差异的识别能力;宽容性是指对异国文化的理解和尊重;处理文化的差异的灵活性涉及两个方面,一是交际者根据对方文化的背景灵活调整自己的交际行为, 使交际取得预期效果的能力,二是处理由文化差异而引起交际冲突的能力。
9、文化休克“文化休克”是1960年美国人类学家奥博格提出来的一个概念。
文化休克又称文化震惊,是指生活在某一种文化环境中的人初次进入到另一种不熟悉的文化环境,因失去自己熟悉的所有社会交流的符号与手段所产生的思想混乱与心理上的精神紧张综合症。
即当生活在某一种文化环境中的人在试图理解或适应不同文化群体时,由于不同的文化价值观、信念和习惯。
会出现不舒服、无助以及不知所措的感觉。
10、培养跨文化交际能力的途径跨文化交际能力的培养途径就是按照一定的模式发展而来的。
构成三分模式:这一模式的跨文化交际能力包括认知、情感、行为三个层面。
认知层面包括目的语文化知识,以及对自身价值观念的意识;情感层面包括对不确定性的容忍度、灵活性、共情能力、悬置判断能力;行为层面包括解决问题的能力、建立关系的能力、在跨文化情境中完成任务的能力。
这一模式为跨文化交际能力的培养确定了方向。
行为中心模式:以跨文化交际能力培养实践为中心,其关注的焦点是交际行为或外部结果。
该模式是以具体目标为基础的,在短期内可以获得成效。
知识中心模式:以培养实践能力为关注中心的,在学校情景中比较受欢迎,这种模式强调文化知识的传授和测试。
11、语言的理性意义,感性意义语言是交流思想和感情的工具,语义也就必然包含这两方面的内容,即一是思想,就是所谓的“理性意义”,二是情感,就是所谓的“非理性意义”。
理性意义也叫逻辑意义或指称意义,是对主客观世界的认识。
在词语平面上,它是与概念相联系的那一部分语义,在句子平面上它是与判断和推理相联系的那一部分语义。
理性意义是语义的基本要素。
非理性意义是说话人的主观情绪、态度以及语体风格等方面的内容,它一般总是附着在特定的理性意义之上。
12、数字文化(1-10常见数字文化词)数字是观念和符号的结合,来自于人类对客观世界的观察以及对物质世界的认识。
汉英数字词在使用上的区别主要有:1.人名称谓中的数字词2.反映宗教信仰和历史渊源的数字词3.反映思维方式和性格的数字词4.反映审美心理的数字词5.反映生活方式的数字词6反映一些巧合事件的数字词。
一团和气、一品、一甲、一帆风顺,二龙戏珠、二泉映月、两情相悦,三皇、三甲、三教、三从,四德、四书、四大皆空,五金、五帝、五味、五色,六根、六腑、六欲,七宗罪、七情、七星,八卦、八仙、八股,九州、九流、九阴、九阳,十方、十恶、十问。
13、言语行为言语行为理论,言语行为理论是语言语用研究中的一个重要理论。
它最初是由约翰.奥斯汀在20世纪50年代提出的。
根据言语行为理论,我们说话的同时是在实施某种行为。
根据言语行为理论,说话者说话时可能同时实施三种行为:言内行为,言外行为和言后行为。
言内行为,指说话者陈述句子的表面意;言外行为,指表达语义时隐含的意图和目的;言外行为,指听话者听完话后产生的效果。
14、一元时间,多元时间霍尔根据人们利用时间的不同方式,提出一元时间(亦译为“单向记时制”)和多元时间(亦译为“多向记时制”)两大系统。
前者是一种强调日程、期限、讲究效率、倾向于做短期计划和一个时间只做一件事情的时间习惯, 而后者讲究时间使用的灵活性,倾向于做长期计划和一个时间允许做多种事情的时间习惯。
霍尔还指出包括美国、德国、瑞士等欧美国家属于一元时间国家, 而包括非洲、阿拉伯和希腊等属于多元时间家。
15、空间利用不同的群体有不同的空间观念,空间语言是跨文化交际中非语言交际的重要组成部分,它可以体现人际关系,显示社会地位,反映社会态度,具有鲜明的社会性、民族性和地域性,因而空间运用对跨文化交际产生了重要影响,主要表现在领域性、个人空间和体距、对拥挤的态度和位置安排和空间反应人们对隐私的态度等方面。
合理的空间语言更能够思维的表达和情感的交流,也能使跨文化交际进行得更为顺畅。
比如:西方人不喜欢拥挤的空间,不愿意在拥挤的小餐馆,而中国人就不同;西方人喜欢与人面对面的谈话,而中国人则觉得疏远和不自在,更喜欢坐在别人旁边。
16、接触文化,非接触文化人们在交际过程中有时候会产生身体接触,即触摸对方的行为。
根据交际过程中身体接触的多少,可以将文化划分为接触性文化和低接触性文化。
接触性文化是指人们在日常交际中身体接触较多的文化,身体接触较少的或者甚至没有接触的是低接触文化。
接触文化和非接触文化产生是受气候、范围、场合、对象、形式的影响的。
比如:在西班牙,意大利葡萄牙等国家,见面习惯亲吻朋友,有很多亲密的身体接触。
而在亚洲国家,比如日本,人们习惯见面鞠躬,很少去触摸朋友或者伙伴等,属于低接触文化的代表。
17、文化超越文化的“超越”有三重含义:1.意识到文化差异或定型的存在,但不为所束缚2.能够以开放,灵活有效的方式进行跨文化交流。
3.在跨文化交际中“生产性”地构建自我认同。
高一虹认为,文化超越的一个主要理论是基础来源于人本主义心理学家fromm的“生产性倾向”和“生产性人格”,用以表达互动双方相互增强,相得益彰的关系。
总的来说,“超越”是高于“跨越”的跨文化交际能力培养,在文化超越的概念中,文化是经验和自我认同建构的可能性,其疆界是“软的”“活的”,文化学习是整体的个人成长,并且以意识和态度作为中心简单应用。
需要论述,先说明理论,然后根据理论用实例说明。
1、中西方价值观的差异(并根据价值观的差异来解释语言观上的差异)价值观是人们对好与坏、美与丑、值与不值、干净与肮脏、正确与错误、善良与残酷、公正与不公正、得体与不得体所进行判断的标准。
价值观寓于人的思想之中,是控制行为选择的心理活动,是人们对周围的世界进行思考并使自己与之适应的活动。
中西方价值观差异的表现:(一)价值观核心之差异:个人主义与集体主义中国传统价值观是重集体轻个人。
西方价值理是以个人为本位,强调个人大于集体,在两者关系中,个人高于一切。
(二)价值观目标之差异:道义与功利中国人往往以道义为重,将个人荣辱得失放在次位,为了保全道义,必须压抑个体的自然欲求、功利欲望。
西方人的价值目标是重功利,追求个人幸福,重视道德的功利性,把道德作为实现利益的工具,即道德只是手段,利益才是目的。
(三)价值观实现之差异:求稳与求变中国人求稳,强调“天人合一”、“以和为贵”等。
西方人具有强调“主客二分”,具有很强冒险精神、独立和竞争的意识。
语言与文化是密不可分的,语言是一种社会文化现象,是社会文化的产物。
价值观作为社会文化的重要组成因素之一,对语言的形成与发展影响颇大。
语言观上的差异:由于价值观的核心的差异造成了中国崇尚和张扬“利他”价值与集体利益的语辞;而西方则语言是延伸自我,影响和改造他人的工具。
由于价值观的目标的差异造成了中国的言语观是治世的旨在通过治世达到和合;而西方的语言观是创世的,旨在创造世界。
由于价值观现实的差异造成了中国认为语言被视为是一种感情纽带,其作用是进行人际交流和表达感情;而西方则更为理性的将语言看做一种符号,一种媒介,是获得知识的手段,认识客观世界的工具,而非单纯影响人际关系的一种因素。
2、文化休克的现象及解决的方法在跨文化交际中, 文化休克现象主要表现在言语行为和非言语行为两大方面。
(一)言语行为中的文化休克在日常的言语行为中, 不同文化背景的人因文化差异而导致的文化误解和冲突并不鲜见,例如大家都很熟悉的亲属称谓上中西就存在很大的差异: 汉语中清晰地区分兄和弟、姐和妹,而英语中没有与之完全对等的词。
( 二)非言语行为中的文化休克非言语行为可能包括身势行为、手势行为、目光语行为、交谈时的身体距离、沉默语行为、声音、语调、音量、绘画、图像、衣着打扮和人体姿态实物标志等。
在跨文化交往中, 因文化差异而产生的非言语行为的冲突在世界各地时有发生,例如:看到OK 这一手势, 中国人首先想到的是零,日本人想到的是钱,美国人想到的是顺利、许可、不错等,而在希腊和巴西等国家则认为是一种卑鄙下流令人作呕的污秽行为。
解决的方法:首先,通过跨文化培训的方式了解不同背景的文化。