英语词汇学教程课件第5章English Lexicology 5下
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英语词汇学课件 Unit 5
Folk/popular etymology
plantar wart （足疣）：a wart on the sole of the foot (from Latin planta) → planter’s wart
5.2 Semantic features
Semantic components: an element of a word’s meaning. e.g. girl→ ‘young’, ‘female’, ‘human’ Semantic features e.g. girl: [+human, -male, -adult] boy: [+human, +male, -adult] Distinctive features e.g. [±male] (binary feature)
Four kinds of motivation Onomatopoeic motivation • Primary onomatopoeia Cuckoo, coucou, Kuckuck • Secondary onomatopoeia hiss, buzz, bleat, neigh, squeak, croak, quack, crow Bump, dump, thump
5.1.2 Motiห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ation
Relation between the word-form and the meaning Arbitrariness Conventionality Motivation: A word is motivated if its whole meaning can be ascertained from the sum of the meanings of its individual elements. opaque words & transparent words
英语词汇学课件Unit
Combining two or more words to create a new word, e.g., "eyewitness," "motherland."
Synthesis
Changing the form of a word to create a new word or expression, e.g., "run" to "ran," "walk" to "walk a walk."
Blending: Combining the sounds or parts of two words to create a new word, e.g., "smog," "break."
Prefixes and suffixes that are added to the beginning or end of words to modify their meanings or functions, e.g. "un -" in "unhappy," "- ness" in "happiness."
The rapid pace of technological advancement has greatly influenced the English vocabulary New terms related to technology, such as "cyberpunk" or "algorithm," have entered the language to describe these advancements
词汇学课件
8
Eg.
9
An example
girl n. 女孩, 姑娘, 未婚女子 女儿 女仆, 保姆 (商店的)女工作人员 [口]情人, 女友 [作定语]女... [口]女人(不拘年龄)
10
Usage
a slip of a girl 毛头姑娘, 黄毛丫头; 瘦小的小姑娘 old girl 老太婆(对妇女的昵称或蔑称, 不论年纪大 小); 老伴(对妻子的昵称) [英]女子学校的毕业生或 校友, 女毕业生 老伙计(用在母畜身上, 特别是母 马) one's best girl 恋人, 钟情的姑娘
22
Early Modern English (1500-1800) the Hundred Years’ War, the rise of an important middle class, the Renaissance (15th to 17th), the development of England as a maritime power, the expansion of the British Empire
26
Language Families and Languages p.186
protolanguage: the common ancestor of a language family What is its “ancestor”? What language family does English belong to?
27
Proto-Indo-European The Indo-European family Armenian (Caucasus mountains), Celtic (corners of France and the British Isles), Germanic(northern Europe), Slavic(Eastern Europe, the Balkan, Central Europe, northern part of Asia)
英语词汇学-词汇的语用意义Pragmatic_meaning
Grammatical context
In some cases, the meaning of a polysemous word may be determined by the grammatical structure (not specific words) in which it occurs.
The word “paper” has a number of meanings in the dictionary, but in each of the following context, it conveys only one meaning. a sheet of paper It is obvious that the main reason for bringing out this a white paper or that meaning of the word a term paper “paper” is the specific words which the word today’s paper “paper” is combined with. examination paper
Meaning uncertainty 意义不确定性
Pragmatic meaning is uncertain when factors such as age, nationality, time, place, etc. are involved. e.g. ―小姐”
narrowing
At Christmas, the bird was delicious. (turkey)
Pragmatic meaning is distinctly nonconventional in nature. (meaning in use)
词汇学 第五章
They are closely connected but not identical. They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories. categories. Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Concept is universal to all men alike mind. regardless of culture, race, language and so on. on. But meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use. A concept can have as many referring use. expressions as there are languages in the world. Even in world. the same language, the same concept can be expressed in different words. words.
4. What is sense语义? sense语义? The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language. 词语的意义是它在语义关系系统中同其它词 语相对的位置。
4. What is sense语义? sense语义? The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language. 词语的意义是它在语义关系系统中同其它词 语相对的位置。
英语词汇学第5章课件
There are mainly four types of motivation.
5. 2. 1. Onomatopoeic Motivation
Words whose sounds suggest their meanings = onomatopeic words
Two types of words according to their resemblance of sound:
Characteristics: 1. Different lexical items, which have
different lexical meanings, may have the same grammatical meaning: tables, men, oxen, potatoes
5. 1. 1. Concept
the meaning triangle
concept/idea
tnce
5.1.2 Concept
It is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on, whereas meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use.
1. Primary onomatopoeia
bow wow
ha ha
ping-pong miaow
cuckoo
tick-tuck
5. 2. 1. Onomatopoeic Motivation
2. Secondary onomatopoeia cock—crow duck—quack frog—croak mice—squeak horse—neigh goat—bleat
5. 2. 1. Onomatopoeic Motivation
Words whose sounds suggest their meanings = onomatopeic words
Two types of words according to their resemblance of sound:
Characteristics: 1. Different lexical items, which have
different lexical meanings, may have the same grammatical meaning: tables, men, oxen, potatoes
5. 1. 1. Concept
the meaning triangle
concept/idea
tnce
5.1.2 Concept
It is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on, whereas meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use.
1. Primary onomatopoeia
bow wow
ha ha
ping-pong miaow
cuckoo
tick-tuck
5. 2. 1. Onomatopoeic Motivation
2. Secondary onomatopoeia cock—crow duck—quack frog—croak mice—squeak horse—neigh goat—bleat
Modern English Lexicology 5
1.4 Adjective to noun conversion
This conversion is classified into two groups:
partial conversion and complete conversion. 1.4.1 Partial conversion Some adjectives are used as nouns when preceded by the definite articles, such as the poor, the wounded; yet these converted nouns take on only some of the features of the nouns, i.e. they do not take plural and genitive inflections, nor can they be preceded by determiners like a, this, my, etc. therefore, such conversion is partial.
1.3 The right and left branching
(6) The roof caved in.
The cave-in of the roof caused a number of injuries among the miners. (7) The enemy forces began to build up on the borders The build-up of the enemy forces on the borders put the country on the alert. (8) The traffic was held up for several hours. The hold-up was irritating.
英语词汇学chapter
The basic vocabulary is consistently updated and expanded as new words and expressions enter the language through changes in culture, technology, and society
• The Changes and Development of English Vocabulary
目录
• Introduction to English Lexicology
• The Composition of English Vocabulary
• The semantic relationship of English vocabulary
Middle stage: During the Middle Ages, schools begin to pay attention to the morphology and semantic changes of words, and compiled a large number of dictionaries and glossaries
Characteristics
English Lexicology is a branch of linguistics that focuses on the dynamics and complex nature of vocabulary It involves the study of word formation processes, semantic changes, and the use of words in context
Modern stage: With the development of linguistics in the 19th century, scholars have been systematically studying the structure and function of the English vocabulary from a linguistic perspective Since then, English Lexicology has gradually become an independent discipline
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Some compounds seem to use what may be considered ungrammatical or at least unusual word order in English.
For example, the structure ‘Noun + Adjective’ is not the most usual phrase pattern in English, but it occurs in compounds such as air-sick.
However, the orthographic treatment of compounds is by no means consistent.
Some are written as one word (with or without a hyphen, e.g. blackbird, byeffect), while others are written as two or more words (e.g. waste paper basket).
Meaning-changing prefixes include a-, anti-, bi-, il-, im-, in-, inter-, mal-, re-, semi-, and un-.
atypical (a- + typical), antibiotic (anti- + biotic) biannual (bi- + annual), chiefdom (chief + -dom) coldish (cold + -ish), coexist (co- + exist) disappear (dis- + appear), ex-wife (ex- + wife) illegal (il- + legal), impolite (im- + polite) inexact ( in- + exact), interchange (inter- + change) malpractice (mal- + practice), neighborhood (neighbor
These bound roots are often used with affixes to form new words. There are a few hundred English roots and stems around which thousands of English words cluster.
Class-maintaining derivations
Class-maintaining derivations do not change the word class of the stem but its meaning.
Most derivatives that are prefixes in English affect only the meaning of the root, not its syntactic class.
For example, fireman has become part of the colloquial or everyday language, and now because of the natural process of change, is going out of use, and is being replaced by firefighter.
However, in addition to the semantic criterion, we may also use involving order.
In a verb plus adverb compound like forthcoming, there is a clear difference in order between the phrases from which they derive (e.g. come forth) and the resultant compound.
From the root ced (and its variant form cess), ‘go, yield,’ are derived abscess, accede, accessory, ancestry, antecedent, cease, cede, concession, decease, exceed, excessive, incessant, intercede, precede, predecessor, proceed, recede, recess, succeed ….
The structure ‘Verb + Preposition’ is regular for verbs and unusual for nouns, but it does occur in the case of the compound splashdown which is a noun.
Usually a phrase has the literal meaning of its parts, whereas a compound does not.
However, there are unclear boundaries here.
While offspring means something rather more specific than one who springs off from somewhere, a bartender is certainly one who tends bars.
Its acceptance and use by the speaker will depend on how much and how long people use it to make it an entry in dictionaries.
Characteristics of Compounds
Compounding
Compounding refers to the faculty and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words.
Compounds are stems consisting of more than one root, e.g. bedside, blackbird, by-effect, rainbow, waste paper basket. Compounding is a very common and frequent process for enlarging vocabulary.
English compounds may be distinguished from phrases on phonological, syntactic, and semantic grounds.
Phonologically, there is always a single primary stress in English words, so that compounds are often recognized by stress pattern and lack of juncture.
The criterion of stress applies only to nominal compounds, and the distinction between compound and idiom becomes fuzzy for verbs and other nominompounds are single lexical units and have specific features. The grammatical relations between the constituents of the compound are sometimes obscure.
Similar examples are provided by verbs, adjectives, and nouns like backpedal, jet-propelled, and upkeep.
By contrast, such a phrase as look out for, which is usually considered an idiom rather than a compound, involves no modification of the underlying word order.
Objects usually follow their verbs in sentence structure, but not necessarily in compounds, e.g. knee-jerk.
In most cases, their constituent elements can not be interrupted by extraneous elements. For example, the compound pickpocket cannot be used as ‘pick the pocket’, which is a phrase. The insertion of an extraneous element will destroy the stability of the whole structure.
Compounds have different stress patterns from noncompounds. Greenhouse and redcoat have the primary stress on the first part of the compound, while green house and red coat do not.
For example, the structure ‘Noun + Adjective’ is not the most usual phrase pattern in English, but it occurs in compounds such as air-sick.
However, the orthographic treatment of compounds is by no means consistent.
Some are written as one word (with or without a hyphen, e.g. blackbird, byeffect), while others are written as two or more words (e.g. waste paper basket).
Meaning-changing prefixes include a-, anti-, bi-, il-, im-, in-, inter-, mal-, re-, semi-, and un-.
atypical (a- + typical), antibiotic (anti- + biotic) biannual (bi- + annual), chiefdom (chief + -dom) coldish (cold + -ish), coexist (co- + exist) disappear (dis- + appear), ex-wife (ex- + wife) illegal (il- + legal), impolite (im- + polite) inexact ( in- + exact), interchange (inter- + change) malpractice (mal- + practice), neighborhood (neighbor
These bound roots are often used with affixes to form new words. There are a few hundred English roots and stems around which thousands of English words cluster.
Class-maintaining derivations
Class-maintaining derivations do not change the word class of the stem but its meaning.
Most derivatives that are prefixes in English affect only the meaning of the root, not its syntactic class.
For example, fireman has become part of the colloquial or everyday language, and now because of the natural process of change, is going out of use, and is being replaced by firefighter.
However, in addition to the semantic criterion, we may also use involving order.
In a verb plus adverb compound like forthcoming, there is a clear difference in order between the phrases from which they derive (e.g. come forth) and the resultant compound.
From the root ced (and its variant form cess), ‘go, yield,’ are derived abscess, accede, accessory, ancestry, antecedent, cease, cede, concession, decease, exceed, excessive, incessant, intercede, precede, predecessor, proceed, recede, recess, succeed ….
The structure ‘Verb + Preposition’ is regular for verbs and unusual for nouns, but it does occur in the case of the compound splashdown which is a noun.
Usually a phrase has the literal meaning of its parts, whereas a compound does not.
However, there are unclear boundaries here.
While offspring means something rather more specific than one who springs off from somewhere, a bartender is certainly one who tends bars.
Its acceptance and use by the speaker will depend on how much and how long people use it to make it an entry in dictionaries.
Characteristics of Compounds
Compounding
Compounding refers to the faculty and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words.
Compounds are stems consisting of more than one root, e.g. bedside, blackbird, by-effect, rainbow, waste paper basket. Compounding is a very common and frequent process for enlarging vocabulary.
English compounds may be distinguished from phrases on phonological, syntactic, and semantic grounds.
Phonologically, there is always a single primary stress in English words, so that compounds are often recognized by stress pattern and lack of juncture.
The criterion of stress applies only to nominal compounds, and the distinction between compound and idiom becomes fuzzy for verbs and other nominompounds are single lexical units and have specific features. The grammatical relations between the constituents of the compound are sometimes obscure.
Similar examples are provided by verbs, adjectives, and nouns like backpedal, jet-propelled, and upkeep.
By contrast, such a phrase as look out for, which is usually considered an idiom rather than a compound, involves no modification of the underlying word order.
Objects usually follow their verbs in sentence structure, but not necessarily in compounds, e.g. knee-jerk.
In most cases, their constituent elements can not be interrupted by extraneous elements. For example, the compound pickpocket cannot be used as ‘pick the pocket’, which is a phrase. The insertion of an extraneous element will destroy the stability of the whole structure.
Compounds have different stress patterns from noncompounds. Greenhouse and redcoat have the primary stress on the first part of the compound, while green house and red coat do not.