文秘英语论文
高职英语课程项目化教学设计和实践——以《文秘英语》为例
１ ６ ４
评 价方式 的多样化 ， 评价 过程的持续性极大 凸显 了学生在 实践过程中表现出的优点和特长 ， 充分发掘 了学生潜在 的能力 和优
势 。学 生 自 评和 互评 方式促进了 自 我反思和观察监控能 力的发展 ，真正形成 “ 学一 思－ 学”的 良性循环。 项 目化教学 以学生为主体 ， 以工作任务为载体 ，以多样评价 为手段 ， 以职业素质 为导 向，与高职教育 以发展技能素质为 目标 的内涵不谋而合 ， 可 以帮助完成高职英语教 学的培养 目标 。 本文 以外研社版 的 文秘英语 为例 ， 说 明如何运 用项 目 化
容制定 ， 项目 任务开展四 大步骤 ， 提 出项 目 化教 学具体设计 方案 ，并进行教 学 实践 ， 探 索学生职业核心 能力培 养策略 ，以期 论证项 目 化教 学顺应 高职教 学改革需求 ，有助于 高职英语教 学 目英语
高职 英语课 程项 目化教学设计和 实践
以 文秘 英语 为 例
杨 帆
（ 长沙环境保护职业技术 学院，湖南 长沙 ４ １ ０ ０ ０ ４ ）
摘
要：以培养 高级技能型人才为 目标的 高职教育 ，强调 学生 综合职 业技 能的培 养。 “ 行为导向”的项 目 化教 学以学生
为教学活动主体 ，注 重教 学内容 的实践性和应用性 。论 文以 文秘英语 》为例 ，根据职业 能力分析 ，课程 目标确立 ，项 目内
一
项 目化 教学
在高 职教 改迅猛 发展的大环境下 ， 一种新 的教学模式 日益兴盛——项 目化教 学。项 目教学法是一种基于 构建 主义 的 “ 行
为导向”教学法 ， 其根本 内容是根据 目标 岗位实际职业能力要求 ， 在教 师的引导 和协 助下 ， 将教学 内容进行筛选和补充 ， 整
文秘英语期末总结
文秘英语期末总结IntroductionSecretaries are an indispensable part of any organization. They provide administrative support and ensure the smooth functioning of the office. They often serve as the face of the organization, interacting with clients, employees, and executives. Excellent secretarial skills are crucial for the success of both the secretary and the organization. In this essay, I will analyze the key skills required for a secretary and highlight their significance in the modern workplace.Effective Communication SkillsClear and concise communication is a fundamental skill for a secretary. They must possess excellent oral and written communication skills to effectively convey information and instructions to others. This skill is particularly important when dealing with clients and stakeholders. An incompetent or inefficient secretary can create misunderstandings that can damage the reputation and efficacy of the organization. Effective communication also allows for better coordination and collaboration within the office.Organizational and Time Management SkillsSecretaries are responsible for managing and organizing the schedules, appointments, and deadlines of the executives they support. Therefore, strong organizational and time management skills are essential. A secretary should know how to prioritize tasks, set achievable goals, and meet deadlines. By doing so, they can ensure that the office operates efficiently and that important activities are not overlooked.Efficient Record-KeepingSecretaries often handle sensitive information and important documents. They need to be able to maintain accurate records and file important documents in a systematic and organized manner. This skill is vital for easy retrieval of information when needed. Disorganized record-keeping can result in lost or misplaced documents, causing delays and disruptions in the workflow. Moreover, maintaining strict confidentiality is crucial when handling sensitive information.Attention to DetailA secretary should have a keen eye for detail. They need to accurately proofread documents, check for errors, and ensure high quality and professional output. Attention to detail is especially important when managing appointments, preparing travel arrangements, or handling correspondence. Overlooking even the smallest details can have significant consequences and reflect poorly on the organization.Technology SkillsIn today's digital age, technology skills are essential for success in any administrative role. Secretaries should be proficient in the use of word processing software, spreadsheets, email systems, and other office automation tools. Basic proficiency in data entry and record management software is also important. Additionally, they should stay updated with new advancements in technology to adapt to changing job requirements.Interpersonal Skills and Customer ServiceSecretaries often serve as the first point of contact for clients and visitors. Therefore, having strong interpersonal skills and providing excellent customer service is crucial. Effective secretaries are polite, friendly, and have the ability to get along with people from diverse backgrounds. They should be able to handle difficult situations calmly and efficiently. Good customer service also includes active listening and empathy, ensuring that clients feel valued and respected.Professionalism and DiscretionA professional secretary must act with integrity and maintain confidentiality. They often handle sensitive information, such as employee records, financial data, and executive decisions. Therefore, discretion is of utmost importance. They should maintain a professional demeanor at all times, representing the organization in a positive manner. Discretion also extends to handling grievances and conflicts within the office, maintaining a harmonious work environment.ConclusionIn conclusion, excellent secretarial skills are essential for the success of both secretaries and the organizations they work for. Effective communication, organizational and time management abilities, record-keeping, attention to detail, technology skills, interpersonal skills, customer service, professionalism, and discretion are all key skills that a secretary must possess. With these skills, secretaries can contribute significantly to the smooth functioning of the office and the success of the organization as a whole. It is crucial for organizations to recognize the importance of these skills and invest in training and development programs for their secretarial staff.。
西华师范大学-涉外文秘论文
The Reception Art of a SecretaryByStudent NO:Class:Choosing subject:The reception art of a secretary Course name: Foreign SecretaryThe Reception Art of a SecretaryReception is one of the most important jobs of a secretary,because it’s a bridge to for inner staff members of a company to communicate with each other,and it’s a window for a company to connect with the outside world.To some degree,reception miniatures the images of a company,so it is of vital importance to use the reception art properly.In my view,I will expound it through the perspective of a successful reception case’s process.Before ReceptionIf you wanna reach a successful reception,you’d better make full preparation in advance . Firstly,the mental preparation is of great significance.As a secretary,you should take the attitude of sincerity and enthusiasm and the spirit of cooperation.And then,the material which consists of the office necessities and the environment preparation should be done well also.At the same time,the clothing and apparel should be taken into consideration.Appropriate clothes,such as uniforms,can make everything go on st but not least,the preparation of knowledge and ability is indispensable,during which you’d better figure out the essential information of your guests and make an appropriate scheduling for them.However,there are some details to pay attention to,such as the standard of reception,the hotel they’re going to live in and the expense.During ReceptionDuring the process of reception,as the symbol of a company,a secretary should fix on so many things.First of all,the time of the guests’ arrival should be grasped by the secretary accurately,in this way,you can pick them up timely.In detailed,the potential problems,such as the people that should go to pick the guests up,the place that they are going to after arrival,the proper means of transportation to pick them up and so on,should be taken into consideration.And then,when you meet them,“3s”which means “see smile and stand up” will contribute to an impressive image at the first place.Of course,saying hello,shaking hands,and basic chatting are indispensable.Next,when you introduce something to your guests,the necessary documents are needed.Certainly,the drinks are also important,such as tea,coffee or just water，based on the guests’appetites.However,when you all sit down,there is one thing that should be attached importance to.That’s the orders of seats.You should make sure that your guests are sitting on the right side and far away from the door,because in China it means dignity in some cases.At last,when you want to show them something,the leading manners should be taken seriously.When you are walking together,no matter what circumstances you’re in,be sure that you walk a step or a step and a half in front of the guests at the north west side,because that will show your politeness with no doubt.Finally,when the guests are about to leave,the secretary should pay attention to the last step:seeing off guests.To show your discretion,the secretary should send the guests to the gate of the company,the car that pick them up or even the station they’ll go to according to the degree of dignity of the guests.The luggage should be packed in advance and sent to the proper place on the basis of the guests.Themoment they are aboard,do not leave immediately,you’d better say something kind and blessed,such as “Have a pleasant trip,or hope that good cooperation”,and then you should follow their leave with your eyes before they fade away in your vision.After ReceptionAfter reception,it’s an indispensable duty for a secretary to clear up and summarize the whole process of reception,and figure out all the advantages and disadvantages this time.Only in this way,can you get promoted little by little.During the whole process,communication and behavior are of vital importance,so we should attach more significance to them.That means we should figure out language art and performance art clearly.1.The Language ArtFor one thing,the reception process needs the qualified use of language art.However,in actual world,we always ignore the importance of language,because we emphasize the importance of writing and acting too much.What’s worse,some secretaries are affected by the adage “Short in speaking,smart in action.”As a result,some people may regard the secretary as the writer wrongly.On the contrary,appropriate use of language is the key to open up the guests’ mind and resolve the contradictions as for a secretary.Different use of language will definitely contribute to different result of a contact and consultation.During the reception process,wrongly use of language of a receptionist will lead to the adversity,anger or even some extreme actions of the guests,so that the reception will be interrupted ,what’s worse,the stability and harmony of the society will be disturbed to some degree.So,according to that,we should stress the importance of the language art.When the guests are here with the secretary,the secretary should say something kind,not something mean,and be nice and enthusiastic,only in this way,can we create an harmonious atmosphere of chatting.As a result,the guests will feel warm,start to trust the receptionist and accept the ways that the receptionist deal with the problems that they come up with.Even when their requirements can not be satisfied,they will not do something extreme.In order to make your language appropriate,you should pay attention to not only yourself,but the people you’re talking to and some objective reasons.In detailed,firstly,you should differentiate the object.For example,when Roosevelt was young,he had a friend from the CIA.He trusted Roosevelt and he would discuss with Roosevelt the moment he was stuck in national affair trouble.One day,one of this man’s colleagues dropped by Roosevelt,wanting to get some information from him.When they two were eating,he asked: “I heard that you know something about national affairs,could you please tell me?”“ Well,I can,”Roosevelt answered, “ But,can you keep them secretly?”This man replied happily: “Of course I can.”“I can do it as well.”Roosevelt said peacefully.From this example,we can say that different expressions fit for different people.We should take different ways of expression based on the position,profession,experience,literacy and characters of the guests,because nomatter who you are talking to,it is not convincing to use just one method and it’s hard to reach the goal.Secondly,attach importance to attitudes.Take an example of Victoria,queen of England.Once,she quarreled with her husband,and her husband went back to the bedroom alone and kept close at home.When the queen came back to the bedroom,she knocked. “ Who?”“ The queen.”Victoria replied arrogantly,only to find that no action was taken in the bedroom.And then,she knocked again. “ Who?”he asked the same question. “Victoria.”However,no action was taken again.Finally,after knocking the third time,faced with the same question,Victoria said softly: “Your wife.”In the end,the door was open.Although this is a tiny story about normal life,it’s still enlightening for us to find out what kind of attitudes we should take during the process of reception.Do not use tough tone and use directive tones with caution.So we’d better be easy-going and nice.At last,it’s an art to grasp the sense of propriety.The use of suggested tone will contribute a lot,but you can not make the others think that you’re compromised.2.The Performance ArtFor another thing,the performance art should be fixed on at the same time.For instance,after the first world war,25000 retired soldiers asked for allowance for themselves when the president Hoover was in power.They negotiated with the government repeatedly,but no agreement was reached.In the end,Hoover refused all the requirements of the retired soldiers and sent troops to deport the soldiers away from Washington by force.When Roosevelt was in charge,these retired soldiers launched another campaign with greater power.Similarly,no results were figured out.Then Roosevelt decided to let his wife handle this incident.That day,accompanied by the president’s assistance,she went to the gathering place of the retired soldiers.After their arrival,she got off alone,stepped in the muddy water with no doubt,and walked directly towards the soldiers with big smile.They were moved deeply when the saw the sincere first-lady,so they helped her up immediately.After that,they sang and danced in a harmonious atmosphere.Finally,the first-lady persuaded them successfully and made them give in,in this way,the problem was tackled and the agreement was reached.From this incident,we can say that,we should use appropriate behaviors to make things flexible.That’s significant in the reception process. In order to use the performance art adequately,you can do as follows.Firstly,different people should be treated in different ways according to the familiar degree or some other standard.Then,as a secretary flexibility is vital.So,a qualified secretary should deal with trouble to the end that both sides are pleasant st but not least, time is an factor that should be taken into consideration,because the boss’s time is limited,so if someone can not be received by the boss,the secretary should present the reason honestly taking sincere attitude.ConclusionAll in all,reception is a bridge to for inner staff members of a company to communicate with each other,and it’s a window for a company to connect with the outside world.Although reception is one regular job of a secretary,it can reflectthe whole image of a company,show the abilities of the receptionists and promote the job being taken into effect smoothly.So as for a secretary,not only the basic job abilities,but also the language and performance art are required at the same time,only in this way,can the reception be shouldered by the secretary successfully and can the secretary become more competitive .Reference：1）主编：方国雄《中外秘书比较》吉林大学出版社 2000年6月2）主编：方国雄《秘书学》高等教育出版社 2001年6月3）主编：王玉强《智慧背囊》南方出版社 2003年6月4）主编：范正荣《秘书国家职业资格培训教程》海潮出版社 2003年3月5）主编：廖金泽《秘书参考》海天出版社 2003年6月6）著作责任者：世界500强企业管理标准研究中心《职业秘书任职资格与工作规范》东方出版社 2004年1月。
基于PBL文秘英语口语训练模式研究詹作琼
2012年第04期吉林省教育学院学报No.04，2012第28卷JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE OF JILIN PROVINCEVol .28（总280期）Total No .280收稿日期：2011—12—15作者简介：詹作琼（1980—），女，广东广州人，广东外语艺术职业学院，讲师。
研究方向：教学法。
基于PBL 文秘英语口语训练模式研究詹作琼（广东外语艺术职业学院，广东广州510507）摘要：本研究通过剖析珠三角文秘人才市场情况，建议采用项目教学法（PBL ）来改革文秘英语课堂教学。
通过就项目教学法在高职文秘英语口语训练中的实际应用进行研究和探讨，并对实验教学的过程和结果进行分析和讨论。
从实验数据的分析结果看，基于项目教学法的高职文秘英语口语训练模式对提高学生的文秘英语口语技能有显著作用，对提高学生的文秘专业认同度和英语学习兴趣有积极作用。
关键词：项目教学法；文秘英语口语；训练模式中图分类号：G642．0文献标识码：A文章编号：1671—1580（2012）04—0083—03一、珠三角文秘人才市场情况调查为了对珠三角地区文秘人才市场状况有一个基本的认识和估计，摸清文秘人才英语技能培养改革的方向，优化高职院校涉外文秘人才培养模式，笔者对广东某高职院校的文秘毕业生及用人单位进行了问卷调查。
主要目的是考察用人单位对文秘人才的技能和素质要求。
1．毕业生调查问卷结果（1）就业压力。
62%学生认为就业压力最主要的来源是自身单一的职业技能低于用人单位对文秘从业人员的综合素质要求。
学生都表示用人单位对涉外文秘岗位英语能力要求呈多元化趋势。
（2）学校课程设置。
70．8%的学生认为学校英语课程设置不合理，体现在专业特色不突出，应用性不强，实践课时数偏少。
（3）英语知识。
在知识掌握情况方面，学生英语基本功较好，但是对于英语国家文化交际礼仪知识、商务英语、协调管理和谈判技巧方面技能掌握较差。
高职高专文秘英语口语教学探究论文
高职高专文秘英语口语教学探究论文高职高专文秘英语口语教学探究全文如下：【摘要】：目前文秘英语口语的教学和研究还没有引起我国教育界的关注。
我国绝大多数高职高专涉外文秘专业既没有开设专门的文秘英语口语课,也没有专门的文秘英语口语教材。
提高涉外文秘专业学生的英语口语,教师应致力于文秘英语口语课的教学。
文秘英语口语课应该以学生为中心,教师的作用只在于模拟设定涉外秘书的工作场景,指导帮助学生通过相互协作,把相关的涉外文秘知识运用到英语口语中。
【关键词】：涉外文秘文秘英语口语教学思维地图随着经济全球化的发展，我国国内市场出现了对涉外文秘人才的大量需求。
鉴于这种需求，国内的许多高职院校都纷纷开设了涉外文秘专业。
尽管他们培养出来的学生大多也基本上能满足一些企业的要求，但是这些学生在专业领域的英语口语水平都不太高。
这不仅与学生自身学习有关，也与教师教学有关，所以探究文秘英语口语教学的方法有着重要意义。
一、文秘英语口语的教学现状高职高专涉外文秘专业人才培养目标就是要培养“既掌握秘书专业知识与技能和管理、法律知识，又熟练运用计算机技术，掌握一门外语，有良好沟通能力和组织协调能力，在企事业单位及涉外机构从事文秘、公关、宣传、策划及相关工作的高等复合型、实用型专门人才”[1]。
参照该项人才培养目标，我们发现高职高专涉外文秘的毕业生大多数都是文秘专业知识与技能方面的能力较强，管理和法律知识以及计算机技术方面也不差，但在涉外交流沟通，尤其是英语口语方面的能力都较弱。
这除了与学生自身的素质与学习态度有关，也可能与国内涉外文秘专业教学中对文秘英语口语的教学不够重视有关。
我们调查研究发现，国内开设有涉外文秘专业的绝大多数高职院校，几乎都开设有文秘英语课，而没有开设专门的文秘英语口语课。
就算开设有口语课的，也只是一般的英语口语课程，文秘英语方面的专业性不强，也没有专门的文秘英语口语教材。
这也是我们应外语教学与研究出版社要求，正在加紧编写高等职业教育“十二五”国家规划秘书教材《文秘英语口语》[2]的原因。
高职文秘职业英语交际能力的培养论文
高职文秘职业英语交际能力的培养论文语言能力是交际能力的基础,但学习发展语言能力的目的是为了交际。
因此,高职英语教学要努力发展语言能力,注重培养交际能力。
培养这两种能力,要遵循相应的教学原则,采用有效的教学方法,以适应培养应用型人才的目标。
以下是店铺为大家精心准备的：高职文秘职业英语交际能力的培养相关论文。
内容仅供参考，欢迎阅读!高职文秘职业英语交际能力的培养全文如下：【摘要】文秘职业英语(EVP)属于专门用途英语(ESP)中的教学范畴，在教学中应以行业英语为主线，注重通用英语的辅助，帮助学生用规范的语言在工作场景中进行沟通，兼顾跨文化交际意识的植入，从达到交际的得体性。
最后，文章也为相关的教学进行了思考和实践。
【关键词】文秘;职场英语;交际能力近年来企业非常看重文秘人员的语言表达能力，本课题小组暑假期间就相关企业对文秘类毕业生职业技能的要求进行了调研，发现综合能力中语言表达能力和沟通能力在企事业中受重视的程度位居前两位。
语言表达能力的重要性由此可见一斑。
在目前全球化背景下，跨国企业的合作越来越多，对文秘人员在职场中英语表达能力的要求也随着增高。
英文交际能力强或能用英文处理事务的人才在涉外企事业单位在招聘人才中备受青睐。
《高等职业教育英语课程教学要求》强调“高职英语课程不仅要帮助学生打好语言基础，更要注重培养学生实际应用语言的技能，特别是用英语处理与未来职业相关业务的能力。
”和“高职英语课程以职场交际为目标，以应用为目的，重在培养学生实际应用英语的能力”。
这就要求高职文秘类英语课程教学过程中应贯彻以应用能力为主线的思想，注重培养学生在职场语境下的英语交际能力。
一、文秘职业英语中交际能力的培养美国社会语言学家Hymes(1972)在其论文《论交际能力》中首次提到了交际能力(communicative competence)并提出了交际能力的四大参数：(1)可能性――产生合乎语法句子的能力;(2)可行性――产生能被人脑解码的句子能力;(3)得体性――在特定的社会文化环境中应用正确语言形式的能力;(4)现实性――言语实施的事实。
文秘英语期末总结怎么写
文秘英语期末总结怎么写Introduction:The Business English Secretarial course aimed to equip students with the necessary skills and knowledge to excel in the field of secretarial work. Throughout the course, various topics were covered, including office management, communication skills, professional correspondence, time management, and multitasking. This final summary will reflect upon the key aspects of the course and highlight the acquired skills and experiences.I. Office Management:Office management skills are crucial for a secretarial role as they determine the smooth operation of daily activities. This module covered topics such as organizing files, scheduling appointments, managing budgets, and coordinating meetings. The practical exercises helped to develop efficiency, accuracy, and attention to detail required for effective office management.II. Communication Skills:Being able to communicate effectively is fundamental in any professional role, especially for a secretary who acts as a liaison between various parties. This module focused on verbal and written communication skills, including active listening, public speaking, conducting meetings, and presenting reports. Additionally, it emphasized the importance of effective communication in developing strong interpersonal relationships.III. Professional Correspondence:Secretaries are responsible for handling and drafting various types of written correspondence. This module covered the essentials of writing professional emails, memos, letters, and other official documents. Emphasis was placed on tone, clarity, grammar, and accuracy. The practical exercises and feedback sessions provided an opportunity to refine writing skills and ensure professional standards were met.IV. Time Management:Time management is crucial for secretaries who often handle multiple tasks simultaneously. This module explored different techniques for prioritizing tasks, setting realistic deadlines, and eliminating time wastage. Learning effective time management skills contributed to better productivity and reduced stress levels in the workplace.V. Multitasking:Multitasking is a fundamental skill for secretaries to handle multiple responsibilities concurrently. This module provided strategies and exercises to improve multitasking abilities, such as prioritizing tasks, delegating work, and managing interruptions. Practical simulations allowed students to practice multitasking in a realistic office setting.Conclusion:The Business English Secretarial course provided essential knowledge and practical skills related to secretarial work. The modules on office management, communication skills, professional correspondence, time management, and multitasking equipped students with the necessary expertise to excel in their future secretarial roles. This course has not only enhanced our technical skills but also our confidence and professionalism in the workplace. Through the various projects, presentations, and assignments, we have developed critical thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making abilities. Overall, the course has been invaluable in preparing us for a successful career path as secretaries.Word Count: 615。
文秘英语3篇
1. College Lectures: Is Anybody Listening?By David DanielsCollege students are doodling in their notebooks or gazing off into space as their instructor lectures for fifty minutes. What is wrong with this picture? Many would say that what is wrong is the students. However, the educator and author David Daniels would say that the lecture itself is the problem. As you read this article, see if you agree with his analysis of lectures and their place in a college eduction.This article is chosen from College Writing Skills with Readings (1997)A former teacher of mine, Robert A. Fowkes of New York University, likes to tell the story of a class he took in Old English while studying in Germany during the 1930s. On the first day the professor strode up to the blackboard, looked through his notes, coughed, and began, "Guten Tag, Meine Damen und Herren"("Good day, ladies and gentlemen"). Fowkes glanced around uneasily. He was the only student in the course.Toward the middle of the semester, Fowkes fell ill and missed a class. When he returned, to Fowkes's astonishment, the professor began to deliver not the next lecture in the sequence but the one after. Had he, in fact, lectured to an empty hall in the absence of his solitary student? Fowkes thought it perfectly possible.Today American colleges and universities (originally modeled on German ones) are under strong attack from many quarters. Teachers, it is charged, are not doing a good job of teaching, and students are not doing a good job of learning. American businesses and industries suffer from unenterprising, 无进取心的uncreative 缺乏创造性的, 枯燥无味的executives educated not to think for themselves but to mouth outdated truisms 自明之理A self-evident truth.See Synonyms at clichéthe rest of the world has long discarded. College graduates issued on the status of higher education, but any changes that result either are largely cosmetic or make a bad situation worse.One aspect of American education too seldom challenged is the lecture system. Professors continue to lecture and students to take notes much as they did in the thirteenth century, when books were so scarce and expensive that few students could own them. The time is long overdue for us to abandon the lecture system and turn to methods that really work.To understand the inadequacy of the present system, it is enough to follow a single imaginary first-year student—let’s call her Mary---through a term of lectures on, say, introductory psychology (although any other subject would do as well.) she arrives on the first day and looks around the huge lecture hall, taken a little aback to see how large the class is. Once the hundred or more students enrolled in the course discover that they professor never takes attendance (how can he?---calling the roll would take far too much time), the class shrinks to a less imposing size.Some days Mary sits in the front row, from where she can watch the professor read from a stack of yellowed notes that seem nearly as old as he is. She is bored by the lectures, and so are most of the other students, to judge by the way they are nodding off or doodling in their notebooks. Gradually she realizes the professor is asbored as his audience. At the end of each lecture his asks, “Are there any questions?”in a tone of voice that makes it plain he would much rather there weren’t. He needn’t worry---the students are as relieved as he is that the class is over.Mary knows very well she should read an assignment before every lecture. However, as the professor gives no quizzes and asks no questions, she soon realizes she needn’t prepare. At the end of the term she catches up by skimming her notes and memorizing a list of facts and dates. After the final exam, she promptly forget much of what she has memorized. Some of her fellow students, disappointed at the impersonality无人情味of it all, drop out of college altogether. Others like Mary, stick it out, grow resigned to the system and await better days when, as juniors and seniors, they will attend smaller classes and at last get the kind of personal attention real learning requires.I admit this picture is overdrawn--- most universities supplement lecture courses with discussion groups, usually led by graduate students; and some classes such as first-year English, are always relatively small. Nevertherless, far too many courses rely principally or entirely on lectures; an arrangement much loved by faculty and administrators but scarcely designed to benefit the students.One problem with lectures is that listening intelligently is hard work. Reading the same material in a textbook is a more efficient way to learn because students can proceed as slowly as they need to until the subject matter becomes clear to them. Even simply paying attention is very difficult: people can listen at a rate of four hundred to six hundred words a minute, while the most spirited professor talks at scarcely a third of that speed. This time lag between speech and comprehension leads to daydreaming. Many students believe years of watching television have shortened their attention span, but their real problem is that listening attentively is much harder than they think.Worse still, attending lectures is passive learning, at least for inexperienced listeners. Active learning, in which students write essays or perform experiments and then have their work evaluated by an instructor, is far more beneficial for those who have not yet fully learned how to learn. While it's true that techniques of active listening, such as trying to anticipate the speaker's next point or taking intelligent notes, can enhance the value of a lecture, few students possess such skills at the beginning of their college careers. More commonly, students try to write everything down and even bring tape recorders to class in a clumsy effort to capture every word.Students need to question their professors and to have their ideas taken seriously. Only then will they develop the analytical skills required to think intelligently and creatively. Most students learn best by engaging in frequent and even heated debate, not by taking down a professor's often unsatisfactory summary of complicated issues. They need small discussion classes that demand a joint effort of teacher and students rather than classes in which one person, however learned, expresses his or her own ideas.The lecture system ultimately harms professors as well. It reduces feedback to a minimum, so that the lecturer can neither judge how well students understand the material nor benefit from their questions or comments. Questions that require the speaker to clarify obscure points and comments that challenge inadequatelyconstructed arguments are indispensable to scholarship. Without them, the liveliest mind becomes dull. Undergraduates may not be able to make good contributions very often, but by lecturing alone a professor fails to attract the beginner's naive question that could have triggered a fruitful line of thought.If lectures make so little sense, why have they been allowed to continue? Administrators love them of course. They can cram far more students into a lecture hall than into a discussion class, and for many administrators that's almost the end of the story. But the truth is that faculty members, and even students, conspire with them to keep the lecture system alive and well. Lectures are easier on everyone than debates. Professors can pretend to teach by lecturing just as students can pretend to learn by attending lectures, with no one the wiser, including the participants. Moreover, if lectures give some students an opportunity to sit back and let the professor run the show, they offer some professors an irresistible forum for showing off. In a classroom where everyone contributes, students are less able to hide and professors have less room to show off how smart they are less tempted to engage in intellectual exhibitionismSmaller classes in which students are required to involve themselves in discursion put an end to students’ passivity. Students become actively involved when forced to question their own ideas as well as their instructor’s. Their listening skills improve dramatically in the excitement of intellectual give-and-take with their instructors and fellow students. Such interchanges help professors do their job better because they allow them to discover who knows what—before final exams, not after. When exams are given in this type of course, they can require analysis and synthesis from the students, not empty from professors, all of which can be exhausting. But they compel students to share responsibility for their won intellectual growth.Lectures will never entirely disappear from the university scene, both because they seem to be economically necessary and because they spring from a long tradition in a setting that rightly values tradition for its own sake. But the lectures too frequently come at the wrong end of the students' educational careers -- during the first two years, when they most need close, even individual, instruction. If lecture classes were restricted to junior and senior undergraduates and to graduate students, who are more academically independent and more capable of working on their own, they would be far less destructive of students' interests and enthusiasms than the present system. After all, students must learn to listen before they can listen to learn.关于教师和教学的名言As Language teachers, we are a branch on a much larger tree, and our professional lives will be immeasurably enriched if we are knowledgeable about the rest of the tree.-------Second Language Teaching and Learning by David Nunan’p.1 "Good teachers are those who know how little they know. Bad teachers are those who think they know more than they don't know." — R. Verdi2. What Is Happinessby John CiardiThe right to pursue happiness is issued to Americans with their birth certificate s, but no one seems quite sure which way it ran. It may be we are issued a hunting license but offered no game. Jonathan Swift seemed to think so when he attacked the idea of happiness as “the possession of being well-deceived,” t he felicity of being “a fool among knave s.” For Swift saw society as Vanity Fair, the land of false goals.It is, of course, un-American to think in terms of fools and knaves. We do, however, seem to be dedicated to the idea of buying our way to happiness. We shall all have made it to Heaven when we possess enough.And at the same time the forces of American commercialism are hugely dedicated to making us deliberately unhappy. Advertising is one of our major industries, and advertising exists not to satisfy desires but to create them—and to create them faster than any man’s budget can satisfy them. For that matter, our whole economy is based on a dedicated insatiability. We are taught that to possess is to be happy, and then we are made to want. We are even told it is our duty to want. It was only a few years ago, to cite a single example, that car dealers across the country were flying banners that read “You Auto Buy Now.” They were calling upon Americans, as an act approaching patriotism, to buy at once, with money they did not have, automobiles they did not really need, and which they would be required to grow tired of by the time the next year’s models were released.Or look at any of the women's magazines. There, as Bernard De V oto once pointed out, advertising begins as poetry in the front pages and ends as pharmacopoeia 药典and therapy in the back pages. The poetry of the front matter is the dream of perfect beauty. This is the baby skin that must be hers. These, the flawless teeth. This, the perfumed breath she must exhale. This, the sixteen-year-old figure she must display at forty, at fifty, at sixty, and forever.Once past the vaguely uplifting fiction and feature articles, the reader finds the other face of the dream in the back matter. This is the harness into which Mother must strap herself in order to display that perfect figure. These, the chin straps she must sleep in. This is the salve that restores all, this is her laxative, these are the tablets that melt away fat, these are the hormones of perpetual youth; these are the stockings that hide varicose veins.静脉曲张Obviously no half-sane person can be completely persuaded either by such poetry or by such pharmacopoeia and orthopedics.整形术Yet someone is obviously trying to buy the dream as offered and spending billions every year in the attempt. Clearly the happiness-market is not running out of customers, but what is it trying to buy?The idea “happiness,” to be sure, will not sit still for easy definition: the best one can do is to try to set some extremes to the idea and then work in toward the middle. To think of happiness as acquisitive and competitive will do to set the materialistic extreme. To think of it as the idea one senses in, say, a holy man of India will do to set the spiritual extreme. The holy man’s idea of happiness is in needing nothing from outside himself. In wanting nothing, he lacks nothing. He sits immobile, rapt incontemplation, free even of his own body. Or nearly free of it. If devout admirers bring him food he eats it’ if not, he starves indifferently. Why be concerned? What is physical is an illusion to him. Contemplation is his joy and he achieves it through a fantastically demanding discipline, the accomplishment of which is itself a joy within him.Is he a happy man? Perhaps his happiness is only another sort of illusion. But who can take it from him? And who will dare say it is more illusory than happiness on the installment plan?But, perhaps because I am Western, I doubt such catatonic happiness, as I doubt the dreams of the happiness-market. What is certain is that his way of happiness would be torture to almost any Western man. Yet these extremes will still serve to frame the area within which all of us must find some sort of balance. Thoreau—a creature of both Eastern and Western thought—had his own firm sense of that balance. His aim was to save on the low levels in order to spend on the high.Possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood would have been Thoreau’s idea of the low le vels. The active discipline of heightening one’s perception of what is enduring in nature would have been his idea of the high. What he saved from the low was time and effort he could spend on the high. Thoreau certainly disapproved of starvation, but he would put into feeding himself only as much effort as would keep him functioning for more important efforts.Effort is the gist of it. There is no happiness except as we take on life engaging difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfaction we get from a lifetime depend on how high we choose our difficulties, Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke “The pleasure of taking pains.”The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports to be effortless.We demand difficulty even in our games. We demand it because without difficulty there can be no game. A game is a way of making something hard for the fun of it. The rules of the game are an arbitrary imposition of difficulty. When the spoilsport ruins the fun, he always does so by refusing to play by rules. It is easier to win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure, to change the wholly arbitrary rules, but the fun is in winning within the rules. No difficulty, no fun.The buyers and sellers at the happiness-market seem too often to have lost their sense of the pleasure of difficulty. Heaven knows that they are playing but it seems a dull game. And the Indian holy man seems dull to us, I suppose, because he seems to be refusing to play anything at all. The Western weakness may be in the illusion that happiness can be bought. Perhaps the Eastern weakness is in the idea that there is such a thing as perfect (therefore static) happiness.Happiness is never more than partial. There are no pure states of mankind. Whatever else happiness may be, it is neither in having nor in being, but in becoming. What the Founding Fathers declared for us as an inherent right, we should do well to remember, was not happiness but the pursuit of happiness. What they might have underlined, could they have foreseen the happiness-market, is the cardinal fact thathappiness is in the pursuit itself, in the meaningful pursuit of what is life-engaging and life-revealing, which is to say, in the idea of becoming. A nation is not measured by what it possesses or wants to possess, but by what it wants to become.永远没有完全的幸福。
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The Requirements of Secretary KAS By 周丹Student NO:201405140832Class:11Chosen subject:Secretary KASCourse name: Foreign SecretaryDecember 2015Abstract:In this paper introduced knowledge,ability and skills that a secretary need to master.In other words,secretaries need to optimize their knowledge structure,improve all-round abilities and master more skills in order to meet the requirements of the times.Key words:secretary,knowledge structure,overall abilities,more modern skills.1.Introduction:As the advent of modern science and technology,the rapid development of society,the secretaries are now encountering both many new opportunities and severe challenges.So,the Secretary proposes to clearly understand the situation, strengthen the consciousness of self regulation.The most important thing is they need to optimize their knowledge structure,improve their all-around abilities,and master more skills in order to meet the new requirements of a secretary.Hence,we need to know what the knowledge,abilities and skills the secretary need to own.2.Optimize knowledge structure:2.1.How to optimize knowledge structure.About how to optimize our knowledge structure.In the past ,the fields of knowledge the secretary need to involve in are not as so much as ually,they only need to be good at writing,business,finance.But with the enormous social change,the secretary need to master more knowledge,such as legal knowledge,etiquette knowledge,cultural background knowledge, psychology knowledge,natural science and society knowledge.They need to read more book and experience more in order to enrich their knowledge.2.2.Legal knowledge.The laws structure is becoming more and more complete,copyright and patent are too cases in point.As a secretary,she need to know laws in order to protect the company’s interest.Take this case for example,W company produce and sale a kind of air conditioner 5000 by using H's patented technology.But W company produce the that kind of air conditioner without the permission of H company because the CEO’s secretary suggested.Both the secretary and leaders do not know the patent right.Finally,W company was accused of infringement of patent right by H company.In this case,W company won’t be accused if the secretary remind of the leaders that it is an illegal behavior.So it is more and more urgent for a secretary to learn some legal knowledge.2.3.Etiquette and culture knowledge.As the acceleration of globalization and the increasingly intensive international commercial competition and cooperation.The cross-strait commercial communications sharply increase.Therefore,the knowledge of international etiquette and culture is becoming more and more significant for secretaries.For example,secretaries need to know the different greeting manners in different countries when they attend the reception ceremony of foreign clients in order to avoid some unnecessary troubles and misunderstanding.Take America and Japan for example,Americans usually hug and kiss on both cheeks when two persons meet for the first time.While in Japan,hug and kiss are considered not so polite because they usually bow to each other when the first meet in Japan.So it is of vital importance for secretaries to master some international etiquette and culture for avoiding problems and cooperate better.2.4.psychology knowledge.Psychology knowledge is becoming more and more vital in modern business.As secretaries,they usually need to communicate and negotiate with presentments from other company.Secretaries need some psychology knowledge and analyze the client’s thoughts in order to win the most interest for their own companies.Sometimes,it was the Psychological warfare that helps a lot in a negotiation.2.5.The natural science and society knowledge.It is very common for secretaries to take part in some activities held by other company ororganization .They need to have talks with other people so as to close their relationship for their further cooperation.Supposed the secretaries have a wealth of natural science and society knowledge,it’s much more easy for them to cater to others interests and hobbies.Understandingly,the secretary can win more cooperate opportunities for her company.3.Improve overall abilities.3.1.The significance of improve overall abilities.Secretaries are required to improve their overall ability in order to adapt to the rapid development of times.There abilities include judgment ability and executive ability,understanding and insight ,information collection ability and writing ability.public relations ability and so forth.3.2.Judgment ability and executive ability.The most important one is judgment ability and executive ability.Secretaries as the assistants of the leaders,it is the most important duty for secretaries to deal with some work efficiently assigned by leaders. We can judge if a secretary own good judgment ability and executive ability by observing if the secretary can analyze the problem,if she own the knowledge and experience in solving problems,if she can take actions immediately.When the company encounter some emergency incident,the secretary need to find what is the fundamental reasons,then solve the problem by using the knowledge and experience have gotten.In addition, there are many other things need the secretary do very efficiently and successfully,such as,making an agenda very quickly,arranging a phone meeting efficiently,preparing and holding a anniversary party successfully.3.3Understanding and insight.For example,Mrs A is the secretary of president of a private enterprise producing frozen vegetables. Approaching the end of the year, the boss is not uncharacteristically with the finance manager to discuss this year's accounts, nor with the sales manager to discuss the destruction of the market next year, on the contrary, he often took the manager of the R & D department and Tourism Bureau of the local people to drink and chat.Mrs A through pondering, and finally understand the boss has seen a new profit growth point for the production of frozen vegetables. After understanding the boss's intention, so he took the time to collect information on the ecological tourism agriculture and made it into files, then delivered to the boss. The boss looked and praised Mrs A.A secretary needs to have such an accurate understanding and insight. Of course, as a secretary not deliberately even beyond their authority. In order to save time, the secretary should know what the boss will give you what work, so as to prepare in advance.3.4.Th information collection ability and writing ability.The information collection ability and writing ability are also very important.As secretaries,they usually need to help their leaders to do some market analysis and survey report.Even sometimes they need to draft the finance budget and some speech draft.So secretaries need to do well in information collect and writing in order to finish the work perfectly.Sometimes the report not only will submit to leaders but also government department,so it is of momentous importance for secretaries to do well in writing.3.5.Public relations abilityPublic relations ability is a must for a qualified secretary.It’s hard for a company to not get struck in some emergency trouble.Sometimes,it was the secretary’s PR ability that helps a company come through a hard time.They can settle everything done through their PR ability when the company get struck in trouble.There is no doubt that a secretary who own excellent PR ability will be appreciated by the leaders.4.Master more modern skills.4.1The importance of mastering more modern skills.As the society becoming more and more developed,a secretary need to master some high-technology skills,such as proficient in computer,be familial with some cell phone APP,good at fax and copy.4.2.The skills the secretaries need to master.A secretary usually is a jack of all trades due to the work feature.A secretary usually help the leader to deal with some data and files,so a secretary should use the working software expertly,such as OFFICE,WORD,EXCEL,PPT,FOXMAIL.A secretary often needs to fax some files to other company and copies some hand out used when have a meeting,so a secretary needs to master fax and copy skills.With the industry of cars,almost every leader owns a private car,sometimes the leaders are too tired to drive cars or too drank to drive cars.So it is necessary for secretary to possess a driving license.Moreover,as the globalization,cross-strait businesses are becoming more and more common.Hence,mastering various languages is very helpful when you compete with other secretaries.5.conclusionThis paper has highlighted the KAS a secretary needs to master.For this topic,the views vary from person to person.I state my own views in this paper.In a nutshell, the secretary plays a more important role in a company,but the requirements also become higher and higher.Secretaries need to master more knowledge,ability and skills in order to meet the new requirements to secretaries.ReferenceSecretary English.文秘基础知识与技能。