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科幻英文单词

科幻英文单词

科幻英文单词简介科幻作品是我们熟悉的电影、小说、游戏等媒体中的一种流派。

科幻作品常常包含了许多独特的英文单词,这些词汇是科幻故事中的核心元素,也是创造未来世界的基石。

通过学习科幻英文单词,我们可以更好地理解和欣赏科幻作品,并且丰富我们的英语词汇量。

本文将介绍一些常见的科幻英文单词,并且通过例句和解释,帮助读者更好地理解这些词汇。

人物1. Alien(外星人)•Defintion: A being from outer space or another planet.•Example: The protagonist encounters an alien species during his space exploration.•Pronunciation: /ˈeɪ.li.ən/2. Cyborg(半机械人)•Defintion: A living being with both organic and artificial body parts.•Example: The cyborg in the movie has enhanced strength and intelligence.•Pronunciation: /ˈsaɪ.bɔːrɡ/科技设备1. Spaceship(太空飞船)•Defintion: A vehicle designed for travel or operation in outer space.•Example: The spaceship took off and headed towards the distant planet.•Pronunciation: /ˈspeɪs.ʃɪp/2. Teleporter(传送器)•Defintion: A device that can transmit a person or object from one place to another instantly.•Example: The teleporter malfunctioned and caused the characters to be sent to a different time period.•Pronunciation: /ˈtel.i.pɔːr.tər/物品和概念1. Hologram(全息图)•Defintion: A three-dimensional image formed by the interference of light beams from a laser or other coherent light sources.•Example: The scientist projected a hologram of the solar system to explain his research findings.•Pronunciation: /ˈhɒl.ə.ɡræm/2. Time machine(时间机器)•Defintion: A fictional device that allows travel through time.•Example: The protagonist used a time machine to go back in time and change history.•Pronunciation: /taɪm məˈʃiːn/场景和星球1. Dystopia(反乌托邦)•Defintion: A society characterized by poverty, oppression, and government control.•Example: The novel depicts a dystopian future where individual freedom is restricted.•Pronunciation: /dɪsˈtoʊ.piə/2. Exoplanet(外行星)•Defintion: A planet that orbits a star outside our solar system.•Example: Scientists discovered an exoplanet with suitable conditions for human habitation.•Pronunciation: /ˈek.səʊ.plan.ɪt/科幻主题1. Virtual reality(虚拟现实)•Defintion: A simulated experience that can be similar to or completely different from the real world.•Example: The protagonist gets trapped in a virtual reality game and struggles to distinguish between what is real and what is not.•Pronunciation: /ˈvɜː.tʃu.əl riˈæl.ə.ti/2. Artificial intelligence(人工智能)•Defintion: The theory and development of computer systems capable of performing tasks that normally require human intelligence.•Example: The movie explores the ethical implications of creating advanced artificial intelligence.•Pronunciation: /ˌɑːr.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl ɪnˈtel.ɪ.dʒəns/总结科幻英文单词是科幻作品中不可或缺的一部分,通过学习这些词汇,我们可以更好地理解和欣赏科幻作品。

(最全)印刷专业英语词汇对照表

(最全)印刷专业英语词汇对照表

手 工 雕 刻 凹 版 (hand engraved intaglio 孔版印刷(porous printing) plate) 蚀刻凹版(etched intaglio plate) 丝网印刷(screen printing) 电 子 雕 刻 凹 版 (electronic engraved gravure) 凹 版 电 子 雕 刻 机 (electronic engraving machine) 电 子 束 雕 刻 凹 版 (electronic beam gravure,EBG) 刮胶斗(coating trough) 刮墨板(squeegee) 回墨板(ink reclaiming blade) 誊写版印刷(stencil duplicating) 打 字 蜡 版 印 刷 (typewriter stencil duplicating) 镂空版印刷(stencil printing) 丝网模版(screen stencil) 丝网印版(screen plate)
图象制版 image reproduction: 网目调 halftone,screen tone: 阳图 positive image: 阴图 negative image: 分色 color separation:
配帖(collating) 扒圆(rounding) 起脊(backing) 色标 color batch: 润湿液 fountain solution:
密 度 ( 光 学 密 度 ) (density,optical 测控条(controlstrip) density) 色密度(color density) 透射度(transmission) 反差(contrast) 层次(gradation) 阶调(tone) 不透明度(opacity) 龟纹(moire) 激光雕刻凹版(laser engraved gravure)

专业物理英语词汇a

专业物理英语词汇a
acoustic analysis 声分析
acoustic conductivity 声导率
acoustic diffraction 声衍射
acoustic dispersion 声弥散
acoustic disturbance 声扰动
acoustic electron spin resonance 声电子自旋共振
abundance of elements 元素的丰度
ac bias 交莲压
ac circuit 交羚路
ac galvanometer 交羚疗
ac voltage 交羚压
accelerated motion 加速运动
accelerating chamber 加速室
accelerating electrode 加速电极
accumulated temperature 积温
accumulation 蓄集
accumulation layer 累积层
accumulation point 聚点
accumulation ring 累积环
accumulator 二次电池
accuracy 准确度
accuracy grade 准确度
acoustic gravity wave 声力波
acoustic image 声象
acoustic impedance 声阻抗
acቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱustic instrument 声学仪器
acoustic interferometer 声波干涉计
acoustic lens 声透镜
acoustic line 声传输线
absolute configuration 绝对组态

沃尔夫英语全息高考词汇表

沃尔夫英语全息高考词汇表

沃尔夫英语全息高考词汇表全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1The Immersive Journey into the Holographic Realm of WordsAs students, we've all been there - the daunting task of memorizing countless vocabulary words for the all-important college entrance exam. It's a rite of passage that strikes fear into the hearts of even the most diligent learners. However, what if I told you that there's a revolutionary new approach that promises to turn this tedious chore into an engaging, immersive experience? Introducing Wolf's Holographic English Vocabulary for the College Entrance Exam!Imagine stepping into a virtual world where words come alive, dancing around you in vibrant, three-dimensional holograms. Each term is no longer just a static entry in a dictionary but a living, breathing entity that you can interact with, manipulate, and explore from every angle. This groundbreaking technology harnesses the power of augmented reality to create amulti-sensory learning environment that caters to every type of learner.For the visual learners among us, the holographic projections offer a feast for the eyes. Words take on physical forms that reflect their meanings, allowing you to embed them in your memory through vivid associations. The term "resilient," for instance, might manifest as a sturdy oak tree bending but not breaking in the face of fierce winds, leaving an indelible impression that no textbook definition could ever match.But Wolf's Holographic Vocabulary isn't just a visual spectacle; it's a fully immersive experience that engages all your senses. Auditory learners can benefit from the accompanying soundscapes and narrations that breathe life into each word, while kinesthetic learners can manipulate and interact with the holograms, reinforcing the connections between concepts and their physical representations.Imagine grasping the term "euphoric" and watching it unfurl into a shimmering cascade of golden particles, accompanied by the uplifting melodies of a symphony. Or perhaps you're a tactile learner who prefers to sculpt the word "tenacious" into a dense, unyielding mass, solidifying its meaning through the tangible resistance you encounter.The true genius of this system lies in its ability to adapt to your unique learning style. Through advanced algorithms and user profiling, Wolf's Holographic Vocabulary tailors the experience to your preferences, ensuring that every word is presented in a way that resonates with your strengths and addresses your weaknesses.But the immersive experience doesn't end there. Wolf's platform incorporates gamification elements, transforming the arduous task of memorization into a series of engaging challenges and quests. Imagine navigating a virtual labyrinth, deciphering riddles and solving puzzles that reinforce your understanding of complex vocabulary. Or perhaps you'll find yourself in a holographic battlefield, strategically deploying words as weapons to overcome linguistic obstacles.The possibilities are endless, and the best part? You'll be having so much fun that you won't even realize you're learning. The concept of "studying" will fade into the background as you become fully immersed in this captivating, multi-sensory world of words.Of course, as with any cutting-edge technology, there are bound to be skeptics who question the effectiveness of such an unconventional approach. But the early results speak forthemselves. Pilot studies have shown that students who utilized Wolf's Holographic Vocabulary not only demonstrated significantly higher retention rates but also reported increased motivation, engagement, and overall enjoyment of the learning process.Imagine walking into that college entrance exam with a newfound confidence, armed with a vocabulary arsenal that you've truly internalized through an unforgettable,multi-dimensional journey. No longer will you be merely regurgitating definitions; you'll have a deep, visceral understanding of each word, etched into your memory through a tapestry of sights, sounds, and sensations.In a world where education is constantly evolving, Wolf's Holographic English Vocabulary for the College Entrance Exam stands as a shining example of how technology can revolutionize the way we learn. It's not just a study aid; it's a portal to a realm where knowledge becomes an adventure, and the pursuit of academic excellence is transformed into an exhilarating quest.So, fellow students, embrace the future of learning and embark on this extraordinary voyage through the holographic realms of language. The words that once seemed daunting will become your allies, guiding you towards success with everyimmersive step you take. The time has come to redefine what it means to "study" – let the holographic revolution begin!篇2The Wolff English Holographic Vocabulary for the Gaokao –A Student's PerspectiveAs students in China, we all know the immense importance and pressure of the infamous gaokao - the national college entrance examination that determines our academic future. Scoring well on this grueling test is the culmination of years of hard work and preparation. One area that weighs heavily is English language proficiency, especially vocabulary knowledge. That's where the innovative "Wolff English Holographic Vocabulary for the Gaokao" comes in.At first, I was pretty skeptical about using some newfangled holographic study aid. I'm old-school - I like cracking open physical books and handwriting flashcards until my wrist cramps up. But my English tutor raved about this Wolff holographic vocab system, so I decided to give it a shot. And man, am I glad I did! It's totally transformed how I absorb and retain vocabulary.The core concept is incredibly cool. The Wolff system projects detailed holographic scenes directly into your field ofvision using a sleek headset. But get this - the 3D visuals aren't just random objects. They're interactive stories and scenarios that vividly illustrate the meaning and context of key English vocabulary words for the gaokao. It's like having a tiny holographic movie theater strapped to your face!Rather than mindlessly memorizing long lists of vocabulary, the holographic scenes make you feel fully immersed in the words as they come to life around you. Let me give you an example of how it works for the word "diligent." The Wolff system doesn't just define it as "hard-working." Instead, I was transported to a holographic scene of a student staying up late, burning the midnight oil as they diligently reviewed materials for an important test. Seeing that multi-sensory scenario branded the meaning of "diligent" into my brain way more effectively than a basic dictionary definition ever could.The visuals are astoundingly realistic too. From the fluffy raised textures of the student's cozy blanket to the flickering holographic candlelight casting shadows around the room - it genuinely felt like I could reach out and touch the 3D scene. Experiencing vocab this way activates deeper cognitive pathways for memory formation and retention compared to just reading words on a page.But the Wolff system doesn't stop at static scenes - many of the holographic scenarios are interactive! Following the diligent student example, I could actually move objects around their study area by gesturing with my hands. Recreating the act of clearing away clutter to diligently focus on work helped ingrain the definition through embodied cognition and muscle memory. For kinesthetic learners like myself, being able to physically manipulate and immerse myself in these holographic environments is invaluable.The possibilities seem endless for exploring vocab through firsthand holographic experiences. For "odyssey," I embarked on an epic journey across mystical landscapes. "Plummet" sent me freefalling through photorealistic canyons with an intense adrenaline rush. "Zephyr" had me frolicking through leafy virtual forests as gentle breezes caressed my face. No matter how abstract or ambiguous a word might seem in a text dictionary, the Wolff system makes it tangible in ways 2D mediums simply can't match.Better yet, the holographic scenes are annotated with supplementary context to reinforce connections between the target vocabulary and related terms, idioms, and sentence structure. Basically, it mimics how we naturally learned our nativelanguage - by grounding words in rich, multisensory experiences rather than rote call-and-response.While the hardware is compact, the Wolff system packs an extensive library of holographic scenes spanning the entire Gaokao English vocabulary canon. I can easily filter by vocabulary lists, difficulty levels, or specific themes like science, history, or literature. The seamless integration with my online tutorial subscriptions and study materials makes for a cohesive, maximally effective prep experience.Of course, no study system is perfect. The Wolff does have a pretty steep learning curve for getting comfortable with all the gesture controls and menu systems within the headset interface. There were more than a few laughably failed attempts to virtually "plummet" before I got the hang of it. Battery life is also a limitation, so you can't necessarily binge holographic scenes for hours on end. But those are pretty minor gripes considering the revolutionary nature of this vocab training.To be brutally honest, I was initially worried the Wolff system would just be an expensive gimmick. But using these immersive holographic environments to spatially and experientially acquire vocabulary has been a gamechanger for my English studies. Trust me, when your brain encodes a word like "ebullient" bywitnessing a holographic surprise party with festive decorations exploding around you in a burst of jubilant revelry - that vocab gets seared into your long-term memory on a visceral level.So for any of my fellow students looking to get an edge on the English portion of the gaokao, I wholeheartedly recommend upgrading to the Wolff English Holographic Vocabulary system. Just don't be surprised if you find yourself awash in ebullient holographic confetti after scoring in the top percentiles!篇3The "Wolfe English Holographic Gaokao Vocabulary List" - A Student's PerspectiveAs a high school student gearing up for the infamous gaokao, the nationwide college entrance examination, I can confidently say that the "Wolfe English Holographic Gaokao Vocabulary List" has been an absolute game-changer in my preparation journey. This innovative approach to vocabulary acquisition has revolutionized the way I perceive and retain words, transforming what was once a tedious and mundane process into an immersive and captivating experience.First and foremost, the holographic aspect of this vocabulary list is what truly sets it apart. Unlike traditional paper-based listsor flashcards, the "Wolfe English Holographic Gaokao Vocabulary List" employs cutting-edge holographic technology to project vivid, three-dimensional representations of each word and its associated imagery. This multi-sensory approach engages not only our visual senses but also our spatial awareness, creating a depth of understanding that transcends mere memorization.Imagine standing before a shimmering hologram of the word "ephemeral," and witnessing a breathtaking visualization of a fleeting butterfly or a wisp of smoke dissipating into the air. The holographic images are carefully curated to evoke powerful associations, etching the meaning and context of the word indelibly into our minds. This innovative technique taps into the power of visual learning, a methodology that has proven to be highly effective for retaining information in the long term.Moreover, the "Wolfe English Holographic Gaokao Vocabulary List" seamlessly integrates auditory cues, further enhancing the multi-sensory experience. As the hologram materializes, a clear and articulate voice pronunciation accompanies each word, ensuring that we not only understand its meaning but also its proper enunciation. This comprehensiveapproach caters to diverse learning styles, catering to both visual and auditory learners alike.But the true brilliance of this vocabulary list lies in its adaptability. Unlike static paper lists, the "Wolfe English Holographic Gaokao Vocabulary List" is constantly evolving, incorporating real-time updates and additions to ensure that we remain ahead of the curve. As new words or idiomatic expressions emerge, they are seamlessly integrated into the holographic repertoire, allowing us to stay current with the ever-changing linguistic landscape.The user interface of the "Wolfe English Holographic Gaokao Vocabulary List" is intuitive and user-friendly, making it accessible to students of all technological proficiencies. With a simple gesture or voice command, we can navigate through the vast array of words, explore related concepts, and even customize our learning experience by creating personalized word lists or setting reminders for recurring review sessions.Beyond its technological prowess, the "Wolfe English Holographic Gaokao Vocabulary List" also fosters a sense of community and collaborative learning. Through integrated social features, we can connect with fellow students, share insights and mnemonics, and engage in interactive quizzes or study groups.This supportive network not only enhances our understanding but also cultivates a spirit of camaraderie, making the arduous journey towards the gaokao feel less daunting.As a student who has witnessed the transformative power of this holographic vocabulary list firsthand, I cannot overstate its impact on my preparation. What was once a dreaded task has now become an engaging and immersive experience, igniting a genuine passion for language learning within me. With each holographic word that materializes before my eyes, I feel a sense of excitement and curiosity, eager to unravel the intricate tapestry of meanings and nuances that the English language has to offer.In conclusion, the "Wolfe English Holographic Gaokao Vocabulary List" is a testament to the power of innovation in education. It has single-handedly reshaped my approach to vocabulary acquisition, transforming a mundane process into an exhilarating adventure. As I continue my preparations for the gaokao, I am filled with a renewed sense of confidence, knowing that this cutting-edge tool has equipped me with the linguistic arsenal necessary to tackle any challenge that may arise. The future of language learning is undoubtedly holographic, and I am fortunate to be at the forefront of this revolution.。

特制印刷术语英语翻译

特制印刷术语英语翻译

特制印刷术语英语翻译磁性印刷magnetic ink printing 利用掺入氧化铁粉的磁性油墨进行印刷的方式。

发泡印刷foam printing 用微球发泡油墨通过丝网印刷方式在纸张或织物上施印,获得隆起图文或盲文读物。

静电印刷electrostatic printing 不借助压力,而用异性静电相强的原理获取图像的印刷方式。

、立体印刷three-dimensional printing 制作立体感图像的印刷方式。

盲文印刷braille printing 用隆起的点字符号或线条符号组成盲人专用文字的印刷方式。

木版水印wood-block printing 依照原稿勾描和分版,在硬质木板上雕刻出多块套色版,用宣纸和水溶颜料逐版套印成逼真的复制艺术品的印刷方式。

喷墨印刷ink-jet printing 通过计算机控制从喷嘴射在承印物上的油墨流而获得文字和图像的无压印刷方式曲面印刷curved surface printing 对外形呈曲面的承印物进行印刷的方式。

全息照相印刷holographic printing 通过激光摄象形成的干涉条纹,使图像显现于特定承印物的复制技术。

热转印thermal transfer process 用升华性染料油墨或其他材料将图文先印到转印纸上,与承印物合在一起,从纸张背面加热,使纸面染料升华而转印。

软管印刷collapsible tube printing 利用弹性橡皮层转印图像的原理,对软管理行印刷方式。

特种印刷specialty printing 采用不同于一般制版,印刷、印后加工方法和材料生产供特殊用途的印刷方式之总称。

贴花印刷decalcomania 通常用平印方式将图案印在涂胶纸或塑料薄膜上,用时贴在被装饰和物体体表面(例如瓷器),通过转移而得到贴花图案。

拓印inscription rubbbing 以湿纸紧覆在碑文或金石文物上,用墨打拓其文字或图形的一种复制方法。

绝地求生(吃鸡)英文常用语改良版

绝地求生(吃鸡)英文常用语改良版

绝地求生(吃鸡)英文常用语改良版武器突击步枪Assault Rifle(AR)M16A4说M sixteen就行,下同M4 AK SCAR GrozaS12(连喷,它是打12口径霰弹的步枪)冲锋枪Sub Machine Gun(SMG):UZI(乌兹)UMP Vector Tommy霰弹枪Shotgun (SG):S1897 S686=double-barraled狙击步枪Snipe Rifle(SR):SKS Kar98 M24 AWM VSS MK14 Mini-14机枪目前只有一把M249,因此直接说Machine Gun就行投掷武器手雷Frag/Grenade震撼弹Stun Grenade/烟雾弹Smoke Grenade/燃烧瓶Molotov其他冷门兵器十字弩Crossbow/平底锅Pan{潘}然后是造句时间:Throwing frag我这有把(多余的)SCAR(你们要不要捡)I got a (spare) SCAR here, u guys need a rifle(步枪){ruai,fo}?我有98K了你有8倍镜吗?我ID叫Kit。

I got a Kar98, anyone got a 8 times? This is Kit.谢谢你我的朋友Thank u my friend!弹药弹药通称ammo [ˈæməʊ] ,5.56mm子弹可以说five five six ammo,30发子弹是thirty rounds[raʊnds],7.62mm相同。

9mm=nine millimeter;.45英寸=dot forty five / ACP;12口径=twelve gauge;.300马格南= magnum。

短短几个数字,用英语说真是麻烦至极啊。

事实上游戏里老外很少给队友分配弹药和物资,这点真的跟国人喜欢互相帮♂助不太一样。

基于心理学责任分散原则,向队友要子弹请指定人名。

给点子弹好吗I need some (AK/AR/SMG) ammo. Alisa, can you give me some ammo?配件通称attachments机瞄:iron sight单倍镜(sight):全息/红点Holo/red dot sight多倍镜(scope):2/4/8/15倍two/four/eight/fifteen times scope弹夹(magzine):快速/扩容/双弹夹quickdraw/extended/Dual mag;枪口(muzzle):消焰/消音/补偿flash hider/suppressor/compensator + forAR/snipe/SMG/Pistol。

小班全息全感英语教学教案

小班全息全感英语教学教案

小班全息全感英语教学教案设计意图:孩子们有学习语言的天赋,尤其是3---6岁的孩子是学习第二语言的黄金时期。

但幼儿园英语教学主要是培养和提高幼儿的英语兴趣,为其终身的语言建构发展奠定基础。

根据我班孩子的兴趣爱好和年龄特点,设计了儿歌"Eight Little Baby Ducks"。

为了孩子们能容易复习数字1---10和学习歌曲"Eight Little Baby Ducks",在活动设计中,充分从幼儿的实际出发,以幼儿的兴趣着手,让幼儿在游戏活动中习得英语。

活动目标:1、幼儿能积极的参与游戏,培养孩子们的英语学习兴趣,在游戏中习得英语。

2、学习儿歌《Eight Little Baby Ducks》3、发展幼儿的观察、分析能力、动手能力。

4、养成敢想敢做、勤学、乐学的良好素质。

活动准备:1、8张小鸭图片、小鸭戏水挂图一张2、录音机、歌曲磁带3、卡片:小猫、小鱼各十张4、小鸭头饰25个活动过程:1、热身活动:游戏:Big Wolf(评析:通过游戏,充分调动幼儿情绪,烘托课堂气氛,为幼儿创造一个快乐的英语氛围,提高孩子们的学习兴趣。

)2、复习数字one…….tenT(出示百宝箱) look, what's in the box?C: Oh ,fishT: So many fish, let's countT&C: One, two, three……tenT: wonderful, there are ten fishesT: Listen, who is coming?(助教扮演小猫)C: cat, cat is comingT: let's play cat and fish(玩小猫捉小鱼游戏,边游戏边数数,直到所有小鱼被小猫捉完)(评析:通过小猫钓鱼的游戏,让孩子们轻松、愉快的复习数字英语,"教案来自:屈;老师教;案网."培养和提高孩子们的英语学习兴趣,为下一步的学习奠定基础。

英语单词前后缀(大全)

英语单词前后缀(大全)

英语前缀汇总a-/an- == no;without;lack amateur 不熟练的,业余的anonymous 匿名的asocial 不好社交的anechoic 消声的anharmonic 不和谐的anarchism 无政府主义acentric 无中心的amoral 非道德性的asexual 无性别的a- == in;on;at;by;with;to asleep 在熟睡中ahead 向前,在前头abreast 肩并肩地aside 在一边abed 在床上abloom 开花a-/an- == 加强意义aloud 高声地aright 正确地awake 唤醒aweary 疲倦的annotate 注释announce 宣布,通告ab- == from;away from abnormal 不正常的abroad 国外的abuse 滥用absorb 吸去abaxial 离开轴心的abend 异常终止ac- == at;to,或表示加强意义accustom 使习惯account 计算,算帐accredit 信任accompany 陪伴acclaim 欢呼,喝彩accomplish 完成ad- == to;toward;forward advice 建议advocate 倡导adjoin 临近adjust 调整admixture 混杂adventure 冒险af- == at;to,或表示加强意义affright 震惊,恐惧affix 附加,贴上affirm 肯定,确实ag- == at;to,或表示加强意义aggrandize 增大aggravate 加重aggrieve 使悲痛amphi- == 两、双amphicar 水陆两用车amphibian 水陆两栖的amphitheatre 两边都可观看的剧场,圆形剧场ante- == beforeantecedent 先前的,先行的antetype 先型,原型anteport 前港,外港anteroom 前室,接待室antedate 比实际早日期antestomach 前胃anti- == againstantipathy 反感antifreeze 防冻antiwar 反战的anti-imperlialist 反帝的antiageing 防衰老的antitank 反坦克ap- == 加强或引伸意义appoint 指定,任命appraise 评价appease 平息,绥靖ap-/apo- == 离开apogee 远地点apostasy 脱党,叛教aphelion (天文)远日点ar- == at;to,表示加强及引伸意义arrange 安排,布置arrect 直立的arrear 在后,拖延arch- == 1)big;chief. 2)ancient archbishop 大主教archaeology 考古学archaic 古体的,古风的as == to;forwardassign 派出assent 同意assort 分类assimilate 同化,吸收assure 使确信,担保associate 联合,结合at- == at;to,表示加强及引伸意义attrap 使入陷阱attest 证明attract 吸引auto- == self;personally automation 自动化autograph 亲笔autoalarm 自动报警器autocriticism 自我批评autorotation 自动旋转autobiography 自传be- == make or cause to be befog 使迷糊befit 适宜belittle 贬低befriend 以朋友相待becalm 使镇静befool 欺骗,愚弄be- == 加以...,饰以...,用..做bepowder 在...上撒粉bejewel 饰以珠宝becloud 遮蔽be- == 在beside 在...旁below 在...下面before 在...之前be- == 加强及引伸意义befall 降临,发生bespatter 溅污belaud 大加赞扬bene- == well;good benign 和善的benevolent 乐善好施的benefit 好处benediction 祝福benefaction 恩惠,善行beneficent 行善的bi- == twobicycle 自行车bilateral 双方bimonthly 双月刊biweekly 双周刊bicolor 两色的bilingual 两种语言的by- == 旁、侧、非正式、副byroad 小路,僻径bywork 业余工作byname 别名,绰号circu- == aroundcirculate 流通circumnavigate 环球航circumspect 考虑周到的circumplanetary 环绕行星的circumpolar 在两极周围的circumaviate 环球飞行co- == together coaction 共同行动cooperate 合作coeducation 男女同校col- == together collaboration 协作,勾结collingual 用同一种语言的collocate 并置,并列com- == together compatriot 同胞,同国人combine 联合,结合commiserate 同情com- == 加强或引伸意义commove 使动乱compress 压缩commemorate 纪念con- == together concolorous 同色的connatural 同性质的contemporary 同时代的con- == 加强或引伸意义conclude 结束,终结confirm 使坚定consolidate 巩固,加强contra- == against contradiction 矛盾controversial 可能引起争议的contraclockwise 逆时针方向的contra-missile 反导弹导弹contraposition 对照,针对contraband 走私,违法交易cor- == togethercorrelation 相互关系corradiate 使(光线)共聚于一点correspond 符合,相应cor- == 加强或引伸意义correct 改正,纠正corrupt 腐败,败坏corrugate 使起皱纹counter- == opposite counterrevolutionary 反动的countermeasure 对策,应策countercurrent 逆流countermarch 反方向行进counterattack ,反击countercharge 反控,反告de- == down from deplane 下飞机dethrone 使离王位derail 使(火车)脱轨de- == 向下、降低、减少depress 压低,压下depopulation 人口减少devalue 贬值de- == 使成...,作成...,或仅作加强意义delimit 划定界限denude 使裸露depicture 描绘,描述de- == notdenationalize 非国有化demilitarize 非军事化demobilize 复员de- == 除去、取消、毁desalt 除去盐份deforest 砍伐森林decontrol 取消管制dec(a)- == tendecade 十年decimal 十进位制的decathlon 十项全能deci- == 十分之一decigram 十分之一克decimeter 十分之一米decilitre 十分之一升demi- == 半demigod 半神半人demi-fixed 半固定的demiwolf 半似狼之犬di- == 二、双diatomic 二原子的disyllable 双音节的dichromatic 两色的dia- == through;between;across diameter 直径dialogue 对话diagnosis 诊断dif- == 1)apart. 2)not;opposite diffluence 分流diffident 不自信的diffuse 散开,散布dis- == 不、无、相反dislike 不喜欢disagree 不同意discontinue 中断disorder 混乱disbelieve 不信disproof 反证dishonest 不诚实的dispraise 贬损,非难disappear 消失disremember 忘记discomfort 不舒服disability 无能,无力dis- == 取消、除去、毁disorganize 瓦解disroot 根除discourage 使失去勇气disrobe 脱衣disarm 解除武装,裁军dishearten 使失去信心disburden 解除负担discolor 使褪色dismember 解体dis- == 加在含有“分开”、“否定”等意义的单词前,作加强意义dispart 分离,裂开dissever 分裂,切断dissemination 散布,传播dis- == 分开、离、散dissect 切开dissolve 分离,溶解distract 分心,转移dispense 分配dispel 驱散dissipate 驱散,浪费dis- == 有时作di-,dispirit 使气馁,使沮丧divorce 离婚digress 离正题,入歧路dys- == 不良、恶、困难dysfunction (医)机能失调,功能紊乱dysphonia 发音困难dyspepsia 消化不良dyspathy 反感dysgenesis 生殖力不良dysopsy 弱视e- == 加强或引伸意义evaluate 评价elongate 使延长,拉长estop 阻止,禁止estrange 使疏远evanish 消失elaborate,详细描述e- == 出、外eject 投出,掷出emigrate 移居国外elect 选出emerge 浮出,出现erupt 喷出evade 逃出ef- == 出、离去effluence 流出effable 能被说出的effoliation 落叶em- == 表示“置于...之内”、“上...”embay 使(船)入湾embus 上车,装入车中embosom 藏于胸中,怀抱emplane 乘飞机embed 安置embog 使陷于泥沼中em- == 表示“用...做某事”、“饰以...”、“配以...”embalm 涂以香料(防腐剂)embank 筑堤防护embar 上门闩,囚禁em- == 表示“使成某种状态”、“致使...”、“使之如...”、embow 使成弓形empower 使有权力,授权empurple 使发紫embody 体现,使具体化embitter 使受苦embrown 使成褐色eco- == ecologicalecosphere 生态圈ecosystem 生态系统ecocide 生态灭绝en- == 表示“置于..之中”、“登上...”、“使上...”entrain 乘火车encage 关入笼中encase 装入enplane 乘飞机encave 藏于洞中enroll 登记,记入名册enthrone 使登基enshrine 藏于神龛中enfold 包进、拥抱en- == make or cause to be,“使成某种状态”、“致使...”、“使之如...”、“作成...”enable 使能够endanger 使受危险enlighten 启发,启蒙enlarge 扩大,放大enrich 使富足enslave 使成奴隶,奴役en- == "用...来做某事"、“饰以...”、“配以...”enchain 用链锁住enlace 用带缚entrap 诱陷en- == 家在动词之前,表示“in”,或只作加强意义enclose 围入,关进entrust 信任,委托enforce 强制执行enkindle 点火enwrap 包入,卷入enhearten 鼓舞,振奋endo- == 内endoparasite 体内寄生虫endogamy 内部通婚endogen内生植物eu- == good;well;easyeugenica 优生学eulogize 赞美emphemism 委婉语euphonic 声音优美的eupepsia 消化良好euthenics 优境学ex- == out;out ofexclusive 不包括...的expose 揭露emit 发射出export 出口,输出exclude 排外,排斥excavate 挖出,挖掘exit 出口extract 抽出,拔出exhume 掘出ex- == 前任的、以前的ex-president 前任总统ex-Nazis 前纳粹分子ex-mayor 前任市长ex-chancellor 前大学校长ex-premier 前任总理ex-wife 前妻ex- == 表示“使”、“做”,或作加强意义expurgate 使清洁exalt 使升高,增高excruciate 施刑,使苦恼exo- == 外、外部exobiology 外空生物学exogamy 异族通婚exosphere 外大气圈extra- == 以外、超过extrapolitical 政治外的,超政治的extraofficial 职权以外的extracurriculum 课外的extraordinary 格外的extra-special 特别优秀的extralegal 法律权力以外的extraprofessional 职业以外的extrasolar 太阳系以外的extraessential 离开本质的、非主要的fore- == aheadforehead 前额forecast 预测foreword 前言,序言foretell 预言foresee 预见foreword 序言,前言forearm 前臂foreknow 先知foretime 以往,过去foreground 前景forefather 前人,祖先forerun 先驱hecto- == 百hectogram 百克hectowatt 百瓦hectoampere 百安培hemi- 半hemisphere 半球hemicycle 半圆形hemicrania 偏头疼hepta- == 七(在母音前作hept-) heptagon 七角形heptode 七极管heptahedron 七面体hetero- == 异heteropolar 异极的heterosexual 异型的heterodoxy 异教,异端hexa- == 六(在母音前作hex-) hexagon 六角形hexode 六极管hexameter 六韵步诗holo- == 全hologram 全息图holography 全息照相术holophone 声音全息记录器holocrystalline 全结晶的holohedron 全面体holophote 全射镜homo- == of the same homosexual 同性恋的homograph 同形异义词homotype 同型homopolar 同极的homophone 同音异义字homocentric 同中心的homothermic 同温的homogeneous 同族的homostasis 同态hyper- == above;excessive;too much hypercritical 吹毛求疵的hypertension 高血压hypersensitive 过敏的hypermilitant 极度好战的hyperslow 极慢的hypersuspicious 过分多疑的hypersexual 性欲极强的hyperverbal 说话太多hyperactive 活动过度的hypersonic 极超音速的hyperacid 胃酸过多的hypercorrection 矫枉过正hypo- == 下、低、次、少hyposensitize 减弱.敏感度hypodermic 皮下的hypoglossal 舌下的hypothermia 体温过低hypotension 低血压hypochlorite 次氯酸盐il- == (用在l之前)不、无、非illegal 非法的illogical 不合逻辑的illiterate 文盲illimitable 无限的illocal 不只一处的,无所不在的illiberal 吝啬的,粗鄙的il- == (用在l之前)加强引伸意义illustrate 举例说明,图解illuminate 照明im- == (用在b,p,m之前)into immigrate 移民inspect 视察ingress 入侵import 进口,输入imprison 入狱imbibe 吸收mmission 注入,允许进入immerge 浸入,没入im- == (用在b,p,m之前)不、无、非impossible 不可能的immemorial 古老的,无法记忆的imperfect 不完美的impolite 无礼的immoral 不道德的impassive 冷漠的,无表情的impure 不纯的impersonal 非个人的imbalance 不平衡的im- == (用在b,p,m之前)加强意义,或表示“使成...”、“饰以...”、“加以...”impulse 冲动,刺激immanacle 加以手铐impel 推动,驱使imbrute 堕落,使成禽兽imperil 危害,使处于危险impearl 使成珍珠,饰以珍珠in- == 不、无、非inglorious 不光彩的,不名誉的incapable 无能力的incorrect 错误的incomparable 无以伦比的incomplete 不完全的insensible 无知觉的,inhuman 野蛮的,不人道的injustice 不公正informal 非正式的in- == 内、入inside 内部,里面inbreak 入侵indoor 室内的intake 入口,输入量,摄入inland 内地的,国内的inbreathe 吸入inject 注射,注入inrush 涌入in- == 加强意义,或表示“使...”、“作...”inspirit 激励inflame 燃烧intrench,使起皱纹intone 吟诵invigorate 鼓舞ingraft 接枝infra- == belowinfrared 红外线的infrastructure 下部结构infrasonic 低于声频的infrahuman 类人猿的,低于人类的infrasound 次声,亚音速infraorbital 眼眶下的inter- == 在...之间、...之际intercontinental 洲际的interlay 插入中间international 国际的interline 插写进去,interoceanic 大洋间的intergroup 团体之间的intercity 城市间的interject 突然插入interpersonal 人与人之间的inter- == 相互interchange 交换interview 接见interact 相互作用interweave 混纺,交织interdependenceintermix 混合,混杂intercourse 交往,交流interconnect 相互连接intermarry 通婚,近亲结婚intra- == 在内、内部intraparty 党内的intrapersonal 内心的intracity 市内的intraregional 地区内的intraday 当天的intracompany 公司内部的intracollegiate 大学内的intra-trading内部贸易intracloud 云间的intro- == withinintroduce 介绍introspect 反省introverted 内向introflection 向内弯曲intromit 插入introvision 内有ir- == (用在r之前)不、无irregular 不规则的irresistible不可抵抗irremovable 无法移动的irrelative 无关系的irrational无理性的irresolute 犹豫不决的ir- == (用在r之前)向内、入irruption 侵入,急速增加irrigate 灌溉iso- == 等、同isogen 等角多角形isotope 同位素isotherm 等温线kilo- == one thousand kilogram 千克kilometer 公里kiloton 千吨macro- == big macroworld 宏观世界macroclimate 大气候macroscale 大规模macrocosm 宏观世界macrochange 大变动macrobian 长寿的(人)mal- == wrongmaltreat 虐待malnutrition 营养不良malministration 管理不善malcontent 不满的malpractice 玩忽职守,malformation 畸形malfunction 机能失常,故障malodour 恶臭malediction 诅咒meta- == 超metaphysical形而上学的metaculture 超级文化metamaterialist 超唯物论者meta- == 变化metamorphosis ,变态,退化metagenesis 世代交替metachromatism 变色反应micro- == small microscope 显微镜microprocessor微处理机microcomputer 微型电脑microbiology 微生物学microelement 微量元素microworld 微观世界microskirt 超短裙microwave 微波microprint 缩影相片milli- == one thousandthmilliohm 毫欧millimeter 毫米millilitre 毫升milli- == thousandmillipede 千足虫milliennial 一千年的millifold 千倍的mini- == smallministate 小国minicrisis 短暂危机miniskirt 迷你裙、超短裙mis- == wrong;wrongly;unfavorable misuse 乱用mistake 错误misfortune 不幸misspell 拼错misdoing 恶行、坏事misunderstand 误解misrule (施)暴证misstep 失足mispolicy 失策mono- == one;alone monarch 独裁者monotonous 单调的monodrama 单人剧multi- == many multinational 多国的multilateral 多边的multiparty 多党的multi-purpose 多种用途的multilingual 使用多语言的multiracial 多民族的neo- == 新neorealism 新现实主义neonatal、初生的neogamist 新婚者neolithic 新石器时代neofascism 新法西斯主义neoimpressionism 新印象派non- == 非nonfiction 非小说类文学作品nonhuman 非人类的nonperiodic 非周期的nonmetal 非金属nonage 未成年nonwhite 非白人non- == 不nonsmoker 不抽烟的人nonaligned 不结盟的nonaggression 不侵略不侵略nonexistent 不存在的nonstop 不断的noncooperation 不合作non- == 无noneffective 无效的nonpayment 无力支付nonparty 无党派nonsexual 无性别的nonelastic 无弹性的nonreader 无阅读能力的人octa- == 八(亦作octo-与oct) octagon 八角形octosyllable 八音节字octolateral 八边的October 十月(古罗马八月) octocentenary 八百周年octachord 八弦琴omni- == 全、总、公、都omnipresent 无所不在的omnipotent 全能的omniform 式样齐全的omnibus 公共汽车、合刊本omniparity 一切平等omniscient 无所不知的out- == 外、出outburst 爆发outlet 出口outdoor 户外的out-party 在野党outwork 户外工作outtell 说出outflow 外流outbreak 突发outrush 冲出out- == 胜过、超过outdo 胜过、超越outrun比...跑得快outdistance 远远超过outgo 走得比...远、支出ourbrave 以勇胜过outlive 比...长命、outact 行动上胜过outeat 吃得比...多outnumber 数目超过out- == 过度、太甚outsize 特大号outsit 坐得太久outwear 穿旧、穿破out- == 除去outroot 除根outlaw 剥夺法律权利outgas 除去...的气over- == 过度、太甚overstudy 用功过度overwork 过度劳累overload 超负荷overtalk 过分多言overpraise 过奖overuse 使用过度overdrink 饮酒过量overproduction 生产过剩overpay 付得过多over- == 在上、在外、从上、越过overbridge 天桥oversea 海外的、国外的overcoat 外套overleap 越过overshoe 套鞋overlook 俯瞰over- == 颠倒、反转overturn 傾覆、推翻overthrow 推翻overset 推翻、颠覆paleo- == 古、旧paleozoology 古动物学Paleolithic 旧石器时代paleoclimate 史前气候pan- == 全、泛Pan-American 泛美的pancosmism 泛宇宙论pantropical 遍布于热带的pantheism 泛神论pansophic 全知的panchromatic 全色的para- == 半、类似、准para-party 半政党组织paramilitary 准军事的para-book 类似书籍的刊物para-institution 半官方机构parastatal 半官方的、半政府的para-government 伪政府的para- == 辅助、副paralanguage 辅助语言paraprofessional 专职人员的助手paratyphoid 副伤寒para- == 旁、靠近、外parasite 寄生虫paracentral 靠近中心的parabiosphere 外生物圈的para- == 错误、伪parachronism 年代记录错误paralogism 谬论paradox 谬论、自相矛盾的话para- == 降落伞、伞投、空降parabomb 伞投炸弹paradrop 空投parapack 空投包裹pen- == almost (亦作pene-) peninsula 半岛penultimate 倒数第二的peneplain 准平原penta- == fivethe Pentagon (美国国防部)五角大楼pentathlon 五项全能pentangular 五角的per- == 贯穿、通、透、全、遍、自始至终perspective 透视perennial 全年的、常年的pernocation 彻夜不眠permanent 永久的pervade 遍及perambulate 步行巡视、闲逛per- == 加强意义perplex 困惑permute 改变顺序perturb 扰乱perfervid 非常热心的percussion 敲击、打击乐persuade 劝说per- == 过、高(用于化学名词)peroxide 过氧化物peracid 过酸permanganate 高锰酸peri- == 周围、外层、靠近pericentral 中心周围的periphrasis 绕圈子的陈述perilune 近月点。

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再论全息态外语教学法——兼评“疯狂英语”的教学法评析一文姚继民1,姚卫星2(1. 江南大学商学院,江苏无锡214122;2. 山东大学外语学院德语系,山东济南250100)摘 要:外语学习是人们学会用外语处理言语信息的一种能力。

想要快速学会、学好外语,只要根据现代心理语言学的研究成果,按照系统工程原理,抓住外语言语系统的本质特征,加以训练,即抓住言语系统中的音、意、情、态、速五个要素的高度结合,协调统一,问题就能迎刃而解。

本文仅就言语的本质特征,言语的生理-心理机制,外语听说能力的提高手段,从系统工程角度作一探讨。

关键词:言语;听说能力;语音;语速;系统工程1. 引言学习外语,有的人显得十分容易,花上一年半载就可轻轻松松学会一门到二门外语,但也有的人感到非常困难,即使花上九牛二虎之力,几十年也未能学会一门外语。

两者差距竟如此悬殊,其原因何在?有何科学规律可谈?本文从言语技能形成的生理-心理机制以及系统工程原理在言语技能的培养和处理方面作一阐述。

2. 言语是语言的一个子系统语言是人们用来交流思维信息的工具,是传递信息的一种载体,而言语则是体现语言交际功能的实体。

言语到底传递什么信息,这些信息间具有何种相互关系和联系?人们怎样调控好自己的言语器官,以便达到处理言语系统的最佳效应?这些都是快速学会外语的重大问题。

只有处理好这些问题外语学习才能顺利进行。

言语是由语音这种物质外壳构成,它只活动在人们的大脑中。

人们在用熟悉的语言进行交际时,一般都能听其音,立刻就能明其意,体会到它所传递的情感,动察到它所表露的容貌姿态及其行为动作。

因此说,语音是载负着意义信息、情感信息、容态信息和生理信息等信息流的实体,并以特定的速度传递在人们的大脑之间,交流所需信息,达到彼此了解和理解。

所以语音、意义、情感、容态、语速,简称音、意、情、态、速是构成言语系统的重要组成部分,是言语系统的关键要素。

它们之间存在着彼此密不可分,缺一不可的相互关系和联系。

什么叫系统?钱学森院士(1982,p. 10)称:“由相互作用和相互依赖的若干个组成部分结合成的具有特定功能的有机整体,而且这个系统本身又是它所从属的一个大系统的组成部分。

”大到宇宙、太阳系,小到原子、分子、人体、生物界都构成系统。

自然界和人类社会中的万事万物都是以系统的形式存在的。

言语既是体现语言交际功能的实体,它本身由五个要素结合且又属于语言这个大系统内,所以说,言语是语言的一个子系统。

【作者简介】 姚继民(1931-),男,江南大学商学院教授;研究方向:信息科学和外语教学法。

姚卫星(1952-),男,山东大学外语学院德语系副教授;研究方向:DaF的教学法和方法论。

7语言是个开放的复杂系统。

从结构层面上看,语言由语音、语法、词汇等子系统组成,从功能层面上看,语言与语境相结合就构成言语,正是由言语子系统来体现语言的交际功能。

说语言系统是开放的,是因为它需要不断与外界(言语环境)进行能量、信息、物质的交换,才能体现出它应有的交际功能。

说它是复杂的,乃是因为它是个多层次、包含多个子系统的大系统。

处理这样的系统,祗能自觉或不自觉地应用系统工程的方法才能取得应有的效果。

图中封闭曲线椭圆形或圆形表示某一个系统,如语言系统包括有语音、语法、词汇三个子系统;语境系统包括人员、事件、物景三个子系统。

语言与语境系统相结合产生言语系统,即人们使用某种语言在特定的语境中就产生该语言的言语。

言语系统由音、意、情、态、速五个要素组成,它们又各自构成一个子系统。

五要素紧密结合,协调一致就形成听、说、读、写能力。

2.1 语音和语音的本质特征在言语系统中语音是基础,因此掌握好语音是快速学好外语的关键。

语音,从物理学角度看,它是一种声波形式。

它具有声波的一般特征:有音质的区别,有音量的变化(音的高低,长短,强弱),但它又与一般声音不同。

如:I am very happy to see you.(我见到你,很高兴)。

这是一句对对方表示友好情谊概念的言语,传递愉悦的情感,表露出笑脸或其他体态姿势。

这里的“表意”、“传情”、“动态”、“定速”四项功能是语音的本质特征,缺一不可。

不具备这些特征的音,就不是语音,是普通的物理声音,是一个音素,可能是乐音,也可能是噪音,可统称为非语音。

根据心理科学剖析认为,人脑存在着两个不同声波的处理系统。

语音是在大脑左半球言语区处理的,而非语音是由大脑右半球的有关部位处理。

所以在训练言语能力时,必须向大脑语言区输入真正符合语音特征和要求的外语语音,即能了解其意义概念并具备情感色彩和行为姿态的音,且具有特定的速度,总之要充分发挥出上述语音的四大特征的音,其效果为最佳。

否则是一种低效、无效劳动。

传情和动态是涉及人的生理-心理状态。

2.2 言语的生理-心理特征人们在说到或听到愉快、鼓励或者悲哀、愤怒的言辞时会表露出笑容、兴奋或者流泪、悲伤的情感,因而激起人体的生理变化,如血管收缩,血压增高,心跳加快,呼吸局促等生理反应。

这是言语的生理-心理特征。

这些特征可能显露在外,反应在眼神、容貌、手势、体态和其行为举止中,也可能隐晦在内,外表不露声色,但必定有所反应,用科学仪器可以测试出来。

这里我们用“情”字来表示其喜、怒、哀、8乐等心理信息,而用“态”字来表示它的种种生理反应和行为举止的信息。

“情”和“态”是人们在言语过程中不可或缺的两大要素。

有的人说话时可能激情奔放,摇头晃脑,有的人可能斯斯文文,轻声低语,但他们都得投之以情,表之以态,才能说出话来,否则无法进行交流。

婴幼儿学习母语是这样,成年人学习外语也该是这样。

从某种意义上讲,情和态是言语活动的先行官,兵马未动,粮草先行。

两人交谈时先有说话的愿望和情感,再觅词造句。

学外语时也应该有“情”和“态”两要素参与活动才能取得最佳效果。

2.3 言语的速度特征听说能力是人的一种言语综合技能。

凡技能都有两项指标十分重要:一是质量;二是速度。

在外语教学中一般十分关注发音的正确性,即对发音的音质极为重视,并给以教学上的各种训练措施,然而对音的量度变化一般重视不够,特别是对发音的速度,尤为忽视。

例如,一个单词,只要发音正确,慢慢地读,快快地读都可以认为是正确的,一句话在10秒或15秒钟内正确说出或翻译出来,都可以打满分。

这是外语教学中对能力培养的失误,然而正是由于语速达不到所学外语的要求,致使大部分学习者就此止步,学习难以前进,半途而废。

人的思维活动在大脑中是快速行进的。

其加工处理信息的速度极快。

因此它要求语音输入输出的速度能跟上这种高速运动。

这是言语的时间性特征。

不同的语言都有它特定的语速要求,达不到它的基本要求,也无望快速学好外语。

但在传统的外语教学中常常没有把语速作为重要的教学内容来抓,而只是听其自然,让其自由发展。

专业外语的学生,一年级以后,语速会模仿老师或常听录音可能会慢慢地自行跟上要求,但非专业外语的学生,就举步艰难。

由于语速不够快,记单词就很困难,记得慢而少,忘得快而多。

根据我们多年研究分析,语速包括:(1)音速;(2)形/音转化的速度(见到文字能立刻发出语音);(3)音/意结合的速度;(4)意/情、态结合的速度;(5)言语预测的速度。

语速只要经过特定的训练就能较快达到要求。

如果让其自然发展,则发展的速度将是十分缓慢的,甚至可能就此学不会外语。

所以想要学好或教好外语,只有在短期内大幅度提高外语的语速,力求英语达到平均每分钟能发出360个音节以上,俄语要达到450个音节以上。

3. 提高外语言语能力是一项系统工程人们交流思维信息或者学习一种外语都是大脑调控言语系统的有机工程,因此符合系统工程方法的处理原则。

系统工程是“以系统为对象,根据总体协调的需要,对系统的构成要素、组成结构、信息交换和自动控制等功能进行分析研究,而达到最优化,为更加合理地研制和运用系统而采取的各种组织管理的技术方法。

它是一种对所有系统都适用的科学技术方法”(刘元亮等,1987,p. 393)。

这种方法不仅在大的技术工程中行之有效,成果卓著,如美国的“阿波罗载人登月计划”,中国的“三峡工程”,“航天航空航天工程”中的应用,就是在一般的生产经营管理系统,生物-生命系统都是行之有效的科学方法。

大脑在处理熟练的言语系统时多半是自动,自发地应用这一系统工程方法,不过人们觉察不到而已。

但外语学习情况就不一样,学习者必须自觉地应用这一方法才能取得应有的效果。

在言语系统中,语音是基础,意义是核心,“情、态、速”是必要条件。

它们之间,为了完成整体的交际功能而相互作用、依赖、相互制约和配合。

例如,音的高低、长短,快慢和强弱等量度变化,是一种可变、可控因素,它们的变化都是受意义概念和情感因素制约的,受语境影响的,而意义也有赖于情、态、速的配合。

此外情和态的强弱及其表现形式都要受到意义的制约和规定,反之,情和态也给表意进行反馈性制约。

例如,当言者所说的话语不符合语境时会自动加以修正。

它们是个整体,每个组成要素都要发挥出它应有的作用,系统整体的交际功能才能得到发挥。

如果系统中的某一要素不发挥作用或停止工作,则整个系统的功能,就会被破坏或毁灭。

例如,学外语不加入情感因素,不加入语速要求,言语的交际功能9就会受损或无法产生。

这个道理十分浅显。

人体也是一个开放的复杂巨系统。

它有许多子系统组成,如,呼吸系统、消化系统、循环系统、内分泌系统等等。

假如呼吸系统中的某个组成部分(鼻子、气管、肺部……)起不到应有的作用,那人体轻则就会生病,重则就会死亡。

同样的道理也适合于学习外语的全过程。

下面就各要素间的相互作用和相互依赖关系分别作些介绍。

3.1 意义信息意义是指语音所表达的事物对象和现象的概念及其关系和联系的概念。

这种概念必须在瞬间出现,据国外科学家们测定,时间约在0.3秒以内,否则该音即成非语音,送入大脑右半球处理或者需再次重复一遍才能理解,也有可能被大脑拒绝处理。

为此,学习者应在发正确音的同时,加强发音器官活动频率的训练,要把嘴巴的发音速度练得清晰、敏捷、快速,因为根据心理学测试证实,人们在使用语言时,不管是有声的说话也好,无声的阅读、默默的思考也好,或者听他人讲话也好,大脑都要靠自身的语音器官形成的音波信息才能进行调控处理。

因此个人发音的清晰、正确、快速是提高言语技能的重要环节。

为此,我们要加以特殊的训练,用快速和超快速进行角色对话,朗读外语课文,或者用“记者招待会”形式多人向一人快速提问,都能取得较好的效果。

3.2 情感信息情感是人对所说所听言语内容持有的一种态度。

可分为肯定,否定或无所谓的态度。

肯定态度包括;赞成、高兴、喜欢、兴奋、支持等。

否定包括:拒绝、疑虑、悲哀、愤怒、反对等。

人们在交际中会产生与所说所听的言语内容相匹配的情感因素。

喜悦的心情,说出快乐的言语,悲伤的心情,吐出伤感的言语。

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