论文严复及其翻译简述
关于严复翻译原则的文献
关于严复翻译原则的文献摘要：一、引言二、严复的翻译原则1.信、达、雅2.直译与意译的平衡3.保持原文风格三、严复翻译原则的实践与应用1.《天演论》的翻译2.《原富》的翻译3.对后世翻译的影响四、严复翻译原则的评价与反思1.对我国翻译事业的贡献2.适应现代社会的挑战五、结论正文：严复是一位杰出的翻译家，他的翻译原则对我国翻译事业产生了深远的影响。
本文将围绕严复的翻译原则展开讨论，并分析其在实践中的应用与影响。
严复的翻译原则主要包括信、达、雅三个方面。
首先，他强调翻译要忠实于原文，即“信”。
这意味着翻译过程中要准确地传达原文的信息，避免对原文的曲解和误传。
其次，严复提倡翻译要“达”，即表达要通顺易懂。
翻译时要注重语言的通顺，让读者能够顺利地理解原文的意思。
最后，严复强调翻译要“雅”，即译文要优美。
翻译时要尽可能地保持原文的风格，使译文具有一定的文学价值。
在实际翻译过程中，严复主张直译与意译相结合，找到两者之间的平衡。
直译是指直接将原文的词语按照字面意思译成目标语言，而意译则是将原文的意思用目标语言重新表达。
严复认为，过于直译容易导致译文生硬、不自然，而过于意译则可能使原文的信息丢失。
因此，在翻译时，应在保证忠实于原文的基础上，兼顾译文的通顺和优美。
严复翻译原则的应用在实际翻译作品中得到了充分的体现。
例如，严复翻译的《天演论》既忠实于原文，又保持了原文的风格，使译文具有较高的文学价值。
同样，在翻译《原富》时，严复也成功地运用了直译与意译相结合的方法，使译文既准确又通顺。
严复的翻译原则对后世翻译产生了深远的影响。
许多翻译家在翻译过程中都借鉴了严复的翻译方法，将信、达、雅作为翻译的标准。
同时，严复的翻译原则也对我国翻译理论的发展产生了积极的推动作用。
总之，严复的翻译原则对我国翻译事业做出了巨大贡献。
关于严复翻译原则的文献
关于严复翻译原则的文献摘要：一、引言二、严复的翻译原则1.信、达、雅2.直译与意译的平衡3.保持原文风格三、严复翻译原则的实践与影响1.翻译实践2.对后世翻译工作的影响四、结论正文：严复是一位清朝末年的著名翻译家，他的翻译原则对我国翻译事业产生了深远的影响。
本文将对严复的翻译原则进行探讨。
严复提出翻译原则为“信、达、雅”。
首先，“信”是指翻译要忠实于原文，准确传达原文的信息。
其次，“达”是指翻译要通顺、易懂，让读者能够顺畅地理解原文的意思。
最后，“雅”是指翻译要优美、文雅，保持原文的风格。
这一原则为后来的翻译工作者提供了指导。
在翻译实践中，严复力求在直译与意译之间找到平衡。
直译是指按照原文的形式和意义进行翻译，而意译则是更注重传达原文的意义，适当牺牲原文的形式。
严复认为，过于追求直译会导致译文生硬、不自然，而过于意译则可能使原文失去原有的韵味。
因此，在翻译过程中，严复努力在直译与意译之间寻求最佳方案。
此外，严复强调在翻译过程中要保留原文的风格。
他认为，每部作品都有其独特的风格，翻译时应尽量保持这种风格，使读者能够在阅读译文时感受到原文的魅力。
为此，严复在翻译时注意选用恰当的语言和表达方式，使译文既忠实于原文，又能体现原文的风格。
严复的翻译原则在实践中得到了很好的体现，他的译作具有很高的艺术价值。
同时，严复的翻译原则对后世翻译工作产生了深远的影响。
许多翻译工作者都以严复的翻译原则为指导，努力提高自己的翻译水平。
总之，严复的翻译原则具有很高的指导意义。
他的“信、达、雅”翻译原则为后来的翻译工作者提供了准则，他的直译与意译平衡观念以及保留原文风格的要求，使他的译作具有独特的艺术价值。
论文严复及其翻译简述
严复及其翻译简述A brief introduction on Yan Fuand his translationcontributions摘要：严复是近代中国伟大的翻译家和翻译理论家，他传西学，译西著，对近代中国文明的进步起到了积极的作用。
他“信达雅”的翻译标准，历来受到学术界各家褒贬不一的评价，但是它却能长盛不衰，屡改不倒，这说明它是“实用的”、是“精练之至”的、是“经验之谈”、是杰出科学的翻译理论总结和宝贵的翻译理论遗产。
关键词：严复生平；信达雅；译著Abstract: Yan Fu is a great modern enlightenment thinker in China. He raised the standard of translation: faithfulness expressiveness and elegance. It plays a great role in translation work. He had introduced and translated some famous western works to china. After reading his translating works, our Chinese have changed much more in thoughts. He also has made a great contribution to the development of china and played a great role in Chinese society’s advancing.Key words: Yan Fu； biography ； translation、； "faithfulness、expressiveness、elegance"目录引言------------------------------------------------------------------I 严复生平概述------------------------------------------------------II“信、达、雅”的探讨研究--------------------------------------------2.1“信、达、雅”的提出-----------------------------------------------2.2“信、达、雅”-----------------------------------------------------2.3“信、达、雅”褒贬之争---------------------------------------------III严复译著---------------------------------------------------------3.1严复译著在中国的影响----------------------------------------------3.2严复与“信、达、雅”翻译原则----------------------------------------结束语----------------------------------------------------------------参考文献--------------------------------------------------------------致谢-----------------------------------------------------------------Acknowledgements-----------------------------------------------------引言严复是近代中国系统地介绍西方资产阶级学术思想的第一人，他“信、达、雅”的翻译理论标准在我国及世界翻译界都具有举足轻重的影响力，国外众多学者也都将视线集中到了这位近代启蒙思想家，和对他“信、达、雅”翻译标准的研究上，对他先进思想及著名翻译理论的探讨研究，将会让我们在翻译工作中有一套更为完善的翻译技巧和方法，用来更加完善地做好我们的翻译工作，使我们的翻译工作日臻完善。
浅析严复的翻译实践与成就
浅析严复的翻译实践与成就【摘要】严复的译作为二十世纪初的西学传播产生了不可估量的作用，贡献巨大。
笔者认为，严复的翻译实践与成就主要体现在以下四个方面：严选译本原著、译前准备充分、对译名和术语的运用要求严格，和开创性地提出了“信”、“达”、“雅”的翻译标准。
这些都为后辈译者树立了楷模和对我国的翻译事业作出了不可磨灭的贡献。
【关键词】严复西学翻译信达雅严复是中国近代史上一位著名的启蒙思想家和翻译家，他通过翻译西学名著, 为国人介绍了西洋近世的先进思想，影响深远。
同时，他在翻译上面的实践，和他通过实践所总结出来的翻译理论，更是令人钦佩。
首先，严复选取译本原著，非常慎重和注重其社会功用。
按理说, 身为海军人才的他应该去翻译一些介绍造船制炮之类的技艺方面的书籍,但他却选择了去翻译介绍西方学术思想方面的著作。
这表现出了严复强烈的忧患意识和急迫的救世心态。
因为在他看来，当时中国的落后挨打，并不在于工兵器械上，而在于学术思想和政治体制上。
因此，他所选取的译本原著，基本上都是有助于救亡济世的目的的。
同时，他还注意有计划、有次序地推出相关的译作，以达到他报国效命的目的。
在用《天演论》唤醒了国人后，他又翻译出正合中国当时所需的《原富》，接着是探讨社会人权、政治体制方面的《群学肄言》、《群己权界论》、《社会通诠》和《法意》等，大致都是按自己的既定计划来完成的。
翻译工作是艰苦的，严复却能够忍受书斋的寂寞和病痛的煎熬，去翻译一些能匡时济世的经典著作，而不是急功近利或者为了追赶时髦去翻译一些投合普通小市民庸俗口味的文学作品，确实难能可贵。
梁启超在戊戌变法后也从事过翻译实践活动，但用他本人的话说，自己是“务广而荒”。
梁曾经回忆说：壬寅、癸卯间，译述之业特盛，定期出版之杂志不下数十种。
日本每一新书出，译者动数家。
新思想之输入，如火如荼矣。
然皆所谓“梁启超式”的输入：无组织，无选择，本末不具，派别不明，惟以多为贵，而社会亦欢迎之……时独有侯官严复，先后译赫胥黎《天演论》，斯密亚丹《原富》，穆勒约翰《名学》、《群己权界论》，孟德斯鸠《法意》，斯宾塞《群学肄言》等数种，皆名著也。
严复及翻译理论英文
Version two: This mastery of acupuncture is not
easy and requires painstaking effort.(Cheng Zhaowei,2007:115 )
Interrelation between Faithfulness, Expressiveness and Elegance
Apparently: indeependly, different In fact : not seperated standards
Yan Fu: convert the content of the source text (including the information, spirit and the style) into the target language in an adequate way. Reach a comparatively large audience.
Yan greatly modified Huxley’s original essays to advocate social Darwinism in China. He believes that the principle of evolution applies to both the natural and human world. To Yan, human,just as other organisms, is subject to the law of natural selection. So for a nationality to survive, it must positively adapt to the surrounding environment and to keep progressing.
翻译理论(1) 严复及其翻译理论
二、隋-唐-宋时期
从隋代（公元五九0年）到唐代，这 段时间是我国翻译事业高度发达时期。
代表人物:彦琮（俗姓李，赵郡柏人） 译经史上第一位中国僧人。
提出了作好佛经翻译的八项条件： 1）诚心受法，志愿益人，不惮久时（诚心热爱佛法， 立志帮助别人，不怕费时长久）； 2）将践觉场，先牢戒足，不染讥恶（品行端正，忠实 可信，不惹旁人讥疑）； 3）荃晓三藏，义贯两乘，不苦闇滞（博览经典，通达 义旨。不存在暗昧疑难的问题）； 4）旁涉坟史，工缀典词，不过鲁拙（涉猎中国经史， 兼擅文学，不要过于疏拙）； 5）襟抱平恕。器量虚融，不好专执（度量宽和，虚心 求益，不可武断固执）； 6）耽于道术，淡于名利，不欲高炫（深爱道术，淡于 名利，不想出风头）； 7）要识梵言，乃闲正译，不坠彼学（精通梵文，熟悉 正确的翻译方法，不失梵文所载的义理）； 8）薄阅苍雅，粗谙篆隶。不昧此文（兼通中训诂之学， 不使译本文字欠准确）。
五、新中国成立至今
一九四九年，随着新中国的成立， 翻译事业也得到了解放。 代表人物： 曹靖华（1897—1987）， 俄苏文学翻译家、散文作家、 北京大学教授
梁实秋（1902--1987), 著名学者、翻译家、散文家，现 代中国文坛巨匠，北京人。 强调“信”“顺”统一， 主张以句译为基础的直译， 反对“转译”，既对原文作者负责， 也对译文读者负责。
秦符时代；代表人物：释道安，鸠摩罗什
主要活动：佛经翻译 翻译特点： 释道安主张词对词、句对句（word for word, line for line）的直译 鸠摩罗什主张意译，纠正了过去音译的弱点，提倡 译者署名，以示负责。如《金刚经》、《法华经》、 《十二门论》、《中观论》、《维摩经》等。其译文神 情并茂、妙趣盎然，堪称当时的上乘之译作。 南北朝时期，梁武帝特聘印度佛教学者真谛 （Paramartha,499-569）到中国来翻译佛经。真谛 在华期间共翻译了四十九部经书，其中尤以《摄大乘论》 的翻译响誉华夏，对中国佛教思想影响较大。
严复“信达雅”之我见-中英双语作文
在我国翻译界所有关于翻译标准的论述当中，影响最大的当推清代严复的“信达稚”。
他所主张的“信”是要意义不背离原文，强调了忠实原文的重要性。
“达”是不拘泥于原文，使译文能够准确传达原文的意思。
“雅”则是用汉以前的字法、句法。
这就是严复翻译标准的主要思想。
在严复的心目中，“信达雅”并不是并列的关系，“信”是核心，“达”和“雅”都是手段。
也就是说，严复趋于在神似和形似不可兼得的情况下，优先选择形似，这与傅雷提出的“重神似而不重形似”相背。
作为一名工科学生，“信达雅”在科技论文中的意义需要更进一步。
忠实于原文并非只指将原英语标题逐字翻译 ,而是忠实于文章的内容、意义、态度和思想等。
在保证翻译准确的基础上, 还必须译得通达、通顺, 让没有感到别别扭扭或晦涩难懂的情况。
更甚，要译得有文采, 使读者从译文中得到文字美和意境美的享受。
严复的“信达雅”并非是完美的，无懈可击的。
对此，我想从概念由来，标准内涵和读者群体三个方面来阐述。
“信达雅”说，是作为《天演论》的《译例言》提出的。
首先，严复似乎并无意将“信达雅”当作翻译(文学翻译或普通翻译)的标准。
只是，严复在谈论“信达雅”时，引经据典地把自己对翻译的思考说得比较系统、透彻而已。
然而，后人把严复的“信达雅”推崇为“翻译的标准”。
其次，严复提出“信”、“达”、“雅”三字没有给出清晰的解释，是后人略显生硬得强行给予其含义，并为此喋喋不休地辩论。
即使某一种解释博得了大部分人的欢心，那也只是相对而言的，并不能完全代表其含义。
最后，严复当时翻译的文章，很多需要再现政论文的书面书卷语的语体特征，针对的显然是有文化人，而并不适合普通老百姓，更不用说幼儿。
不过，在特定的历史时期，针对特定的读者群，为了扩大传播面，严复的主张似乎也无可厚非。
不可否认，严复的“信达雅”为中国的翻译事业曾做出的巨大贡献。
但是，我们也应该认识到，西方翻译理论在近年来已经取得巨大的进展。
我们不能固步自封，守着祖先留下的一点遗产沾沾自喜。
严复中英文简介
严复（1853——1921）：triple principle of translation信（faithfulness）：忠实准确达（expressiveness）：通顺流畅雅（elegance）：文字古雅Yan fu put forward this“three character guide”in his preface to the translation of T.H.Huxley`s book Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays（《天演论》译例言 1898）译事三难信达雅。
求其信已大难矣。
顾信矣不达。
虽译尤不译也。
则达尚焉。
……易曰修辞立诚。
子曰辞达而已。
又曰言之无文。
行之不远。
三者乃文章正轨。
亦即为译事楷模。
故信达而外。
求其尔雅。
此不仅期以行远已耳。
实则精理微言。
用汉以前字法句法。
则为达易。
用近世利俗文字。
则求达雅。
往往抑义就词。
毫厘千里。
审择于斯二者之间。
夫固有所不得已。
岂钓奇哉。
……Translation has to do three difficult things：to be faithful，expressive，and elegant。
It is difficult enough to be faithful to the original，and yet if a translation is not expressive，it is tantamount to having no translation.Hence expressiveness should be required too……The Book of Changes says that the first requisite of rhetoric is truthfulness. Confucius saysthat expressiveness is all that matters in language。
9严复
《群己权界论》 原 名： On Liberty 原作者： John Smart Mill 19世纪欧洲自由主义的著名代表作，今译 《论自由》
《社会通诠》 原 名： 原作者：
History of Politics
Jenks Edward
《穆勒名学》 原 名： System of Logic 原作者：John Stuart Mill William Stanley Jevons 《名学浅说》 原 名： Logic 原作者：William Stanley Jevons
严复译著特点
审敌自镜之道
西方社会科学和学术思想专著 ‚翻译宗旨，理需预定，略言其要。‛ 大量添加按语 达旨
认准时势需要，分 即传达书中大意而已 除名物诠释外， 先后缓急从事翻译， ‚文多繁复而无关宏旨， 结合国内实际对 每译一书都有鲜明 则概括要义译之。‛ 原书批评、补充、 的针对性 发表议论。
‚信达雅三者为译书不刊的典则，至今悬之国门无 人能损益一字，其权威是已经确定的了。 ---周作人（《谈翻译》）
后人对‚信、达、雅‛的评价
“严几道的翻译，不用说了。他是：译须信达 雅，文必夏殷周。……他是用一个‘雅’字打 消了‘信’和‘达’。……古文的文言怎么可 以译得‘信’，对于现在的将来的大众读者， 怎么能够‘达’！……” ---瞿秋白 主要反对严复的‚用 汉以前的字法、句法， 则为达易‛的观点， 对‚信达雅‛还是深 信不疑的。
严复提出雅的原因
“非务渊雅也，务其是耳。‛ ‚设今之译人，未为律令名义，闯然循西 文之法而为之，读其书者乃悉解乎？殆不 然矣。若徒为近俗之辞，以取便市井乡僻 之不学，此于文界乃所谓凌迟，非革命 也。……吾译正以待多读中国古书之人。‛ ---严复（与梁启超论《原富》）
生态翻译学视角下严复译著《天演论》
学号：HEBEI UNITED UNIVERSITY毕业论文G RADUATE T HESIS论文题目：生态翻译学视角下严复译著《天演论》学生姓名：专业班级：学院：外国语学院指导教师：2014年05月31日An Analysis on Yan Fu‟s Translation of Evolution and Ethics from the Perspective of Eco-TranslatologyByJiang YuyingA graduate thesissubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirementsfor the degree of Bachelor of Arts to theCollege of Foreign LanguagesHebei United UniversityMay 30th, 2014摘要本课题以生态翻译学的基本理论为指导，以适应选择论为基石，试图探讨严复译著《天演论》中的生态观念与译法，了解严复的翻译思想以及生态翻译的理念，为今后的翻译研究奠定基础。
生态翻译学是将生态理念运用到翻译中的理论，生态翻译学是由中国学者胡庚申自2001年在第三届亚洲翻译家论坛上首次提出。
近十年来，生态翻译学研究不断发展和完善，取得了引人瞩目的成果，产生了较大影响。
严复译著《天演论》不仅为当时社会带来了西方的进化思想，同时也轰动了中国的思想界、学术界和翻译界，对中国的社会、文化和翻译的研究产生了深远的影响。
本课题首先从生态翻译学产生的背景入手，着重分析适应选择论这一基石，以及生态翻译学的三维原则，其次简要介绍《天演论》及严复的翻译思想，最后重点分析严复译著《天演论》是如何体现生态翻译学理念的。
关键词生态翻译学；《天演论》；适应选择论；三维原则；严复翻译思想ABSTRACTABSTRACTThis thesis adopts the basic theory of eco-translatology as the guidance, and the theory of adaptation and selection theory as the cornerstone, trying to analyze Yan Fu‟s ecological concept and translation methods and know his translation ideas and ecological translation concept, which lay a solid foundation for our future translation.Eco-translatology is to apply ecological concept in translation theory, the eco-translatology was put forward by Chinese scholar Hu Gengshen on the third Asian translators‟ BBS for the first time. Nearly 10 years, the ecological continuous development and improvement of translation study has achieved remarkable achievement, which has a large influence. Yan Fu‟s translation “theory of natural selection” is not only for the evolution of the western thoughts on society at that time, at the same time also stir in the Chinese ideological, academic, and translational circle.This thesis will first begin with the background of eco-translatology, focuses on adaptation and selection theory and the three-dimensional of eco-translatology. Second, simply introduces the book of Evolution and Ethics and Yan Fu‟s translation ideas. At last, emphasizing on how did Yan Fu‟s translation of Evolution and Ethics reflect the concept of eco-translatology.Keywords: eco-translatology; Evolution and Ethics; three-dimensional principle;adaptation and selection theory; Yan Fu‟s translation ideasCONTENTSCONTENTS摘要 (I)ABSTRACT (II)Chapter 1 Introduction (1)Chapter 2 Literature Review (2)Chapter 3 Evolution and Ethics and Yan Fu‟s Translation Ideas (3)3.1 Simple Introduction of Evolution and Ethics (3)3.2 Yan Fu‟s Translation Ideas (4)Chapter 4 Eco-Translatology and Yan Fu‟s Translation of Evolution and Ethics (5)4.1 Background and Basic Connation of Eco-translatology (5)4.2 Adaptation and Selection Theory (6)4.3 Three Dimension Principle (7)4.3.1 Lingustic Dimension (7)4.3.2 Cultural Dimension (7)4.3.3 Communicative Dimension (8)4.4 Eco-Translatology Concept in Yan Fu‟s Translation of Evolution and Ethics (8)4.4.1 The Adaptation of Former Language (8)4.4.2 The Adaptation of Language Ability (10)4.4.3 The Adaptation of Traditional Chinese Culture (11)Chapter 5Conclusion (14)BIBLIOGRAPHY (16)ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (17)Chapter 1 IntroductionEvolution and Ethics was very prestigious in Chinese history, and it is the first work of western philosophy and social sciences translated by the famous modern Chinese enlightenment thinker and translator Yan Fu (1854-1921 years). It first introduced to Chinese people Darwin‟s theory of evolution, and used “natural selection, survival of the fittest,” as the concise language to alarm China‟s peril at that time. After the “evolution and ethics”was translated and published, it immediately caused a sensation, and generated a huge response in China‟s community. Therefore, to study the translation of Evolution and Ethics has a large significance.Eco-translatology applies ecological concept into translation theory. It was first put forward by the Chinese scholar Hu Gengshen on the third Asia translators BBS in the year of 2001. It adopts adaptation and selection theory as the cornerstone. The nature of translation, translation process, translation principles and translation methods, are defined in detail in eco-translatology. Translation process is the process of alternating cycle of the translators‟ adaptation and selection. Translation principle is multi-dimensional selective adaptation and adaptive selection. Translation methods are the conversion of the Three-dimensions (language dimension, culture dimension, and social dimension).In the thesis, we try to analyze Yan Fu‟s translation of Evolution and Ethics from the perspective of eco-translatology and try to explore in which way his translation reflects eco-translatology.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewEco-translatology can be understood as an ecological approach or ecological perspective of translation study (Hu Gengshen 2008)11. Its emergence is to satisfy the development of society and academia. Eco-translatology was initiated by Chinese scholars according to its profound era background and social thought. Since 1960s, human society has begun the transition from industrial civilization to ecological civilization. In 1962, a United States Marine biologists, Rachel Carson published his book the Silent Spring. In this book, Carson pointed out that human being was on the turning point of its existence and development because of its damage to nature.Based on the theory of Translation as Adaptation and Selection proposed by professor Hu Gengshen in his paper An Approach to Translation as Adaptation and Selection, eco-translatology gradually shapes itself into systematic and well-developed theory, which compensates many defaults and defects about the application of ecological translation.Translation scholars pay close attention to theory study, so there are more and more related applicative researches on it. On literary translation studies, there were An Approach to Translation as Adaptation and Selection and Lin Yut ang’s Translatin g “Fu Sheng Liu J i”by Zhai Hongmei and Zhang Derang from Anhui Normal University in 2005 and Ku Hongming’s Translation of “Lunyu” in the Light of Translation as Adaptation and Selection by Bian Lihong and Yao Zhifen from CSUST (Changsha University of Science and Technology) in 2008; on philosophical and social science translation studies, To Study Yan Fu’s t ranslation of “Evolution and Ethics” from Translation as Adaptation and Selection by Jiao Yang from Sichuan University in 2006 and Yan Fu’s Translation of “Evolution and Ethics” Revisited: A Translatological Perspective by Jiao Weihong from Beijing University of Science and Technology in 2007 etc. The above applicative studies related to ecology, in a sense, has expanded the depth and width of eco-translatology. In the following thesis, eco-translatology will be reread in Yan Fu‟s classical work Tian Yanlun.Chapter 3 Evolution and Ethics and Yan Fu‟s TranslationIdeasIt was not until after the Chinese defeat in the first Sino-Japanese War (1894–95, fought for control of Korea) that Yan Fu became famous. He is celebrated for his translations, including Thomas Huxley‟s Evolution and Ethics, Adam Smith…s Wealth of Nations, John Stuart Mill‟s On Liberty and Herbert Spencer‟s Study of Sociology. Yan Fu critiqued the ideas of Darwin and others, offering his own interpretations. The ideas of “natural selection”and “survival of the fittest”were introduced to Chinese readers through Huxley‟s work.Yan Fu stated in the preface to his translation of Evolution and Ethics that there are three difficulties in translation: faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance. He did not set them as general standards for translation and did not say that they were independent of each other. However, since the publication of that work, the phrase “faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance” has been attributed to Yan Fu as a standard for any good translation and has become a cliché in Chinese academic circles, giving rise to numerous debates and theses. Some scholars argue that this dictum actually derived from Scottish theoretician of translation, Alexander Fraser Tytler.3.1 Simple Introduction of Evolution and EthicsEvolution and Ethics was written by Huxley, and the original one is a literary text, which belongs to social sciences. Yan Fu translated the book with pre-qin prose language, which can be said to be the translator in order to adapt to the ecological environment and the translator‟s own ability to make the result of adaptation and selection. Yan Fu‟s translation is not purely literal translation but with comment. In his theory of evolution, at the same time, the actual link with China, he contacted China‟s reality when he stated the theory of evolution, giving us a warn that without easeless self-improvement, we would die out.Its basic idea is: creatures of nature is not the same of all ages, but evolving and evolution and the reason is that “natural selection”, “matter” is the survival competition. “Natural selection” applies to humans.On Darwinian evolution and ecological translation of the basic principle of “adaptation/options” theor y andthought, there is the need to investigate adaptation and selection of translation activity, and ecological concept of translation. Therefore, it is necessary to explore ecological translation concept in Yan Fu‟s translation of “the theory of natural selection”, and an overall understanding of the concept of the ecological translation and Yan Fu‟s translation strategy.3.2 Yan Fu‟s Translation IdeasThere are three difficulties for translating--faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance, so Yan Fu put forward these three words as a criteria of translation. In his opinion, we should convey the original content or thought completely; then, make sure that the translation version be clear and flowing; and at last, to achieve the beauty of language. Actually this three words are not independent of each other. Faithfulness is the base of expressiveness and elegance; then on the base of faithfulness, we try to make the translation clear and flow; and at last to be elegant. Actually If the version is just faithful without smoothness, it is equal to untranslated ones. Therefore, smoothness is higher and prior. The study of Yan Fu‟s translation works, may have far more than Yan Fu‟s translation itself. The contribution of Yan Fu in the translation of matter involving the two aspects of theory and practice. In terms of translation theory, Yan Fu‟s greatest contribution lies in the theory of natural selection, the three characters: faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance.Chapter 4 Eco-Translatology and Yan Fu‟s T ranslationof Evolution and EthicsBased on the homogeneous metaphor between translation ecology and natural ecology, eco-translatology is a kind of research paradigm from the perspective of ecological translation. The research paradigm is based on ecological holism concept, and follows the eastern ecological wisdom. Using adaptation and selection theory as the cornerstone, it systematically explores translation ecology, text ecology and translation community ecology and their mutual relations and interactions, dedicated to make a comprehensive survey of translation ecological integral and theory of ontology.4.1 Background and Basic Connation of Eco-TranslatologyBased on the metaphor of translational ecology and natural ecology, eco-translatology is a kind of research paradigm from the ecological perspective of translation. This research paradigm adopts ecological holism as the concept, follows the rules with oriental ecological wisdom, and adopts adaptation and selection theory as the cornerstone. It is to Systematically explore translational ecology, text ecology, translational community ecology and their mutual relations and interactions. It Dedicates to make a comprehensive survey and describes ecological overall for translation and translation theory from the perspective of ecology.Eco-translatology applies ecological concept into translation theory. It is first put forward by the Chinese scholars Hu Gengshen on the third Asia translators BBS in the year of 2001. In the recent ten years, the study of eco-translatology gas got continuous development and improvement and achieved remarkable success, which has a large influence.Eco-translatology can be understood as an ecological approach to translation studies or translation studies from an ecological perspective. Since eco-translatology contains ecology and translatology, it is an interdisciplinary research.The definition of ecology is the science to study the relationship between biology and environment as well as the relationship between biology and ecology. As human‟s understanding of the relationship between biology and environment deepened,modern ecology has been expanded to study the logical relationship between human beings and nature. In recent years, in the field of humanities and social sciences, ecology means nature, health, harmony and balance.Translation study is to study the art and discipline of translation. As one part of translation study, translation theory is the rational knowledge of translation essence, progress, and methods. Adaptation and selection theory generated in recent years adopts “nature choice”, “survival of the fittest”these basic principle as the cornerstone. (Hu Gengshen 2001)2004On the basis of ecology and translatology especially the study of translation theory, starting from the perspective of translation ecology, it is to form the series of translation terms in the related research, i.e., “the translation of ecological environment”, “t ranslation ecosystem”. Theoretical research, applied research and achievements gained by accumulation makes eco-translatology be vividly portrayed.4.2 Adaptation and Selection TheoryWhen they translate, translators adapt, and select. This is a well-known fact which is often mentioned in the literature, e.g., by Eugene Nida as “A translator must engage in thousands of decisions involving both selection and arrangement to fit another culture, a different language, diverse editors and publishers, and finally a reading audience”(Nida 2000)7. These aspects have also been discussed, e.g., by Chinese scholars such as Fang Mengzhi who states that “A given source text can be rendered into a variety of target texts so as to be adaptive to the needs of different reading groups. For example, different translations of the Bible can be adaptive to different audiences in order to enjoy a wide readership and in Peter Newmark words “translation theory is concerned with choices and decisions, not with the mechanics of either the source language text or the target language text” (Newmark 1982)19.Adaptation and selection could be viewed as the translator‟s instinct as well as the essence of translating. In the process of translating, translator must both adapt and select, so the translator‟s adaptation is selective, and at the same time, the selection is also adaptive. The translator must adapt to the translational eco-environment in order to be able to select the specific target texts. Within the theoretical framework of translation as adaptation and selection, the process of translating is the production of target texts by natural selection that is made possible by the translator‟s adaptation to the specific eco-environment, the selection of the degree of the adaptation(selectiveadaptation), as well as decision-making (adaptive selection) concerning the form of the final target text in terms of natural selection.4.3 Translation PrincipleTranslation principle is the law or standard to guide translation operations. Translation theory of adaptive selection of translation principles, on the one hand, is a “mu lti-dimensional adaptation”. On the other hand, it is a kind of adaptive selection on the basis of adapting the translational eco-environment, or that is summarized as: “multi-dimensional adaptation and adaptive selection”.Specifically, it is the translation principle of multi-dimensional adaptation and adaptive selection, referring to the translator trying to make multidimensional adaptations and make adaptively choices during the translation process, especially in the different levels and different aspects of translational of the translational eco-environment.4.3.1 Linguistic DimensionAdaptive transformation from the linguistic dimension is the translators‟ adaptive transformation of language forms during the translation process. The adaptive choice of language transformation is conducted in different aspects and levels.4.3.2 Cultural DimensionAdaptive transformation from cultural dimension is that the translators pay attention to the transmission and interpretation of bilingual culture connotation during the translation process. The adaptive choice of this cultural dimension conversion is to focus on the differences between the original language culture and the target language cultural in nature and content, avoiding to distort the original from the point of target language culture. When the translators begin to make original language transformation, at the same time they should pay attention to adapt to the whole culture system which the language belongs to.4.3.3 Communicative DimensionAdaptive translation from the communicative dimension is that the translators pay attention to the adaptive transformation of bilingual communication goals in translation process. The communicative dimension conversion requires that thetranslators focus on the communicative level when they are making transformation in addition to the language information transformation and cultural connotation transformation.4.4 Eco-Translatology Concept in Yan Fu‟s Translation of Evolution and EthicsEcology is a kind of science which is based on the holism, its research methods emphasize on the interaction of integrity.... So, the integrated research on translational eco-environment and the demonstration of the system should be the important part of the study of eco-translatology (Hu Gengshen 2008)14. At the same time, since in the translational ecological system, translation is a transformation language, language is a part of culture, culture is the accumulation of human activity, and humans is a part of the natural ecology, then translation, language, culture, human, nature and the relationship between the natural world and its coordination should be the important part of translation study. This translational concept of holism in the study of eco-translatology has a very important guiding significance for us to appreciate translation products, make cultural orientation, make the choice of language translation process, as well as translate the ecological environment of the specific multi-dimensional adaptation and selection from an overall perspective of holism.4.4.1 The Adaptation of Former LanguageYan Fu used pre-qin prose to translate Evolution and Ethics which was written by Huxley, a very famous English biologist. This choice of translation language can be said that the result of adaptation and selection is in order to adapt to the ecological environment at that time and the translator‟s ability. Here are two examples of the different translations. The first one was translated by Yan Fu, and the second one was translated by the other people. Then we will analyze the differences between the two editions and analyze in which way Yan Fu‟s translation adapt to the former language.E.g. “In other words, let sympathy be your guide; put yourself in the place of the man towards whom your action is directed; and do to him what you would like to have done to yourself under the circumstances.” (Huxley 1894)15Yan Fu: “泰西者约：施人如击所欲爱。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
严复及其翻译简述A brief introduction on Yan Fuand his translationcontributions摘要：严复是近代中国伟大的翻译家和翻译理论家，他传西学，译西著，对近代中国文明的进步起到了积极的作用。
他“信达雅”的翻译标准，历来受到学术界各家褒贬不一的评价，但是它却能长盛不衰，屡改不倒，这说明它是“实用的”、是“精练之至”的、是“经验之谈”、是杰出科学的翻译理论总结和宝贵的翻译理论遗产。
关键词：严复生平；信达雅；译著Abstract: Yan Fu is a great modern enlightenment thinker in China. He raised the standard of translation: faithfulness expressiveness and elegance. It plays a great role in translation work. He had introduced and translated some famous western works to china. After reading his translating works, our Chinese have changed much more in thoughts. He also has made a great contribution to the development of china and played a great role in Chinese society’s advancing.Key words: Yan Fu； biography ； translation、； "faithfulness、expressiveness、elegance"目录引言------------------------------------------------------------------I 严复生平概述------------------------------------------------------II“信、达、雅”的探讨研究--------------------------------------------2.1“信、达、雅”的提出-----------------------------------------------2.2“信、达、雅”-----------------------------------------------------2.3“信、达、雅”褒贬之争---------------------------------------------III严复译著---------------------------------------------------------3.1严复译著在中国的影响----------------------------------------------3.2严复与“信、达、雅”翻译原则----------------------------------------结束语----------------------------------------------------------------参考文献--------------------------------------------------------------致谢-----------------------------------------------------------------Acknowledgements-----------------------------------------------------引言严复是近代中国系统地介绍西方资产阶级学术思想的第一人，他“信、达、雅”的翻译理论标准在我国及世界翻译界都具有举足轻重的影响力，国外众多学者也都将视线集中到了这位近代启蒙思想家，和对他“信、达、雅”翻译标准的研究上，对他先进思想及著名翻译理论的探讨研究，将会让我们在翻译工作中有一套更为完善的翻译技巧和方法，用来更加完善地做好我们的翻译工作，使我们的翻译工作日臻完善。
因此对严复思想的研究，对现代学术领域和翻译界在更深更广层次上的发展提供了一种极其具有价值意义的理论依据和研究平台。
在对严复及其思想进行探讨研究的过程中我们也将接受和参考来自中外各界的真实史据材料，尽量做到以史实论事实，极尽所能的对伟大的翻译家严复先生光辉的一生做一理论评价和考证。
一严复生平概述1.1 严复生平严复（1853---1921），我国学贯中西且享誉国内外的著名资产阶级启蒙思想家、翻译家和教育家。
他出生在一个医生家庭里，生前曾几度易名，初名体乾、传初，后又改名为宗光，字又陵，之后又易名为复，字几道。
福建侯官人，他一生潜心学问，著书立说甚多，其学术和研究兼涉足诸多领域，且还一度从政为国计民生贡献自己的绵薄之力。
1866年他考入了福州船场附近的船政学堂，在其间学习英文和近代自然科学知识，之后，因成绩优秀被派往英国学习海军，在留英期间，他对英国的社会政治发生了极大的兴趣，涉猎了大量的资产阶级政治学术理论，他尤其赞赏达尔文的进化论，这对其日后及启蒙进步思想的产生无不是一种深厚积淀之本源。
回国后，从十九世纪八十年代开始直至二十世纪初期一段时间内曾任学堂教习、学堂总办等职，以及创办俄文馆即中国最早的俄文学校，创建先进报刊，还曾先后出任复旦公学和北京大学的校长。
他一生中即任过多种职务，但归结起来无不外乎在教育及政界，尤其之于教育和学术方面更是做出了巨大的贡献，比如说他“信、达、雅”的翻译理论对翻译界和许多英语学习者在做翻译工作时提供出一种较之合理完善的翻译原则和方法，这无不使我门倍感欣喜。
严复的一生很是奇特，他去英国学习海军，但他所倾心的却不是海军而是政治和哲学，他的学问遍及于他在英国时所学习的那些名著，且他事业的中心也是翻译那些名著，其中最有代表性的是《天演论》（1898），《原富》（1902），《群学疑言》、《群巳权界论》（1903），《社会通诠》（1904），《法意》（1909），《名学》（1905），《名学浅说》（1909），此八种翻译被称作是著名的“严译八种". 除译著外，由于他对教育的倾心，对中国资产阶级新式教育也做出了不可磨灭的贡献，他疾呼必须实行变法废除八股，且历数八股的危害：“夫八股非自能害国也，害其使天下无人才奈何？曰有大害三：其一曰锢智慧、其二曰坏心术、其三曰滋游手。
”他主张多办学校以及完善教育制度，还建议把学习好的聪明之士送出国留学，以造就学有专长的人才，他认为中国教育应分三个阶段：即小学堂、中学堂和大学堂，此种教育理念对日后中国教育的日趋完善和成熟是一个有力的基石支撑。
此外严夫子另一闪光且高出常人之处呢便是他较早发起的对妇女教育的重视，他认为妇女的自强为“国政至深之根本”，所以妇女应和男子一样既要读书又要参加社会活动，`以摆脱封建固守礼教的束缚。
解放中国的妇女，先从教育开始实施，这也为中国的解放之路打开了又一扇固封的窗口，对当时社会影响深刻，推动了中国的解放事业又迈上了一个新台阶。
接着谈到严复与教育，也不得不说北京大学。
严复和这所名校可谓有着不解之缘，可追溯至大学的初创年代，出于对维新新政事业的热心，他不仅积极为学校引荐师资，而且自己也在学校做专题讲座，于是在1912年被正式任命为京师大学堂总监督，严复自然而然就成为北京大学历史上的第一位校长，但他真正掌管这个学校的时间很短，可是却对北大意义甚为关键，他为北大生存发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献，因为当时清政府正处于统治危机的浪尖上，社会动乱不堪，其间学校先是被被义和团改为神坛，后又被八国联军占领，存款无几，处境艰难，大学堂名存实亡。
同时教育部也颁行“北京大学结束办法”，要停办大学，严复通过各种途径呼吁社会希望支持北京大学办校，最终经苦心经营得以保住了京师大学堂，以至于今日的北京大学才能有悠久的历史，才能获得如今全国最高学府的地位，因此严复为北大所做的贡献也是对教育界的一大贡献，同时也为严复子自己在历史的身影上增添了光辉的一笔。
严复的一生见证和亲历了近代中国诸多重大历史事件，这也是他伟大思想形成的积淀之源，他历经中华民族生死存亡的重要关头，我国的衰败落后与西方他国的强大不得不使他反思穷困之源，于是他学习西法，翻译西方先进著作，使国民能有机会通过这些西方先进的书籍，认识到落后的原因，意识到只能求进步才能求生存、求发展，不能故步自封、闭门造车，这样只能落后，只能挨打，只能做亡国奴，所以他在近代中国思想史上的显赫地位并非浪得虚名，他在近代中国学术界、教育界和国民思维革新方面所做的成绩和贡献我们也不得不瞻仰，当然这也仰仗于他在西方接受并把他翻译到中国的一些先进著作，他翻译这些著作时，也遵循他“信达雅”的翻译原则，把一本又一本讲西洋资本主义政治经济学的理论大书介绍到中国知识分子中间，使得其中对西洋文化无兴趣甚至反感的人也认真阅读思考起来，所产生的一系列重大影响，有些是严夫子本人也始料未及的。
因此，我们一定要认真学习和对待严复思想及翻译理论，使之对我们起到一种积极和先进的提高作用。
二“信达雅”翻译标准2.1“信达雅”的提出严复丰盈坎坷的一生为世界和中国学术界留下了一笔伟大的财富，这笔伟大的财富直至今日依然对学术界尤其是翻译界有着不可估量的作用和影响力，那就是他在《天演论》卷首的〈译例言〉中提出的著名的“信达雅”三字翻译标准。
接下来我们就对这一翻译标准及其在学界的影响进行一浅显的论述。
“信达雅”即严复在〈译例言〉中提出的译事三难“信达雅”，自从有了这一翻译标准以来，“信达雅”就成为中国翻译理论探索的浓缩，而且也是翻译研究争论的焦点，有人称之为原则，有人称之为理论，也有人称之为标准，译界名家各抒己见，评价有贬有褒，但至今还未有一家之说能够超越它。
因此有人说研究“信达雅” 就是研究中国全部的翻译理论，由此可见“信达雅”在我国翻译界有着如何重大的深远影响，透过翻译界各家在不同历史时期对“信达雅”的不同评价，可以看到我国翻译理论的成长与发展。
在新中国时期，译论史上的批评、争辩热闹非凡。
陈西滢、瞿秋白对“信达雅”提出质疑，林语堂提出“忠实、通顺、美”的标准，但是这些基本上没有超出“信达雅”的范畴。
解放后，尤其是上世纪五十年代中期，译界就翻译标准问题进行了激烈的论战，一方面认为“信达雅”是辨证统一的，是确实可行的。
另一方面又认为“信达雅”完全不行。
如徐永瑛认为“信”是初级的“达”，“达”是高一级的客观的“信”，而“雅”是高度的“信”和“达”。