Antitrust law

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反托拉斯的名词解释

反托拉斯的名词解释在经济学领域，反托拉斯（Antitrust）是指反对和打击垄断行为的一系列法律和政策。

托拉斯（Trust）一词源自美国19世纪末期的典型垄断形式，即企业联合形成的大规模产业组织，通过垄断市场、控制供需和操纵价格等手段来实施不正当竞争。

因此，反托拉斯旨在维护市场竞争和保护消费者权益，防止垄断行为对经济体系产生负面影响。

一、反托拉斯的历史背景和发展1. 反托拉斯的起源反托拉斯运动起源于美国，早期主要是针对工业垄断的抗议和斗争。

19世纪末期至20世纪初期，一些大型企业通过垄断手段控制了美国的石油、钢铁、铁路等主要产业，对市场造成了较大的扭曲。

2. 公平竞争法的制定为了应对垄断的严重影响，美国于1890年颁布了具有里程碑意义的《谢尔曼反垄断法》。

该法案禁止企业通过协议、合并或滥用市场支配地位等手段来扼杀竞争，从而保护消费者和小企业免于受到垄断的压迫。

此后，反托拉斯法逐渐完善和发展，并在全球范围内产生了广泛的影响。

二、反托拉斯的目标和原则1. 保护消费者权益反托拉斯的核心目标是保护消费者的利益。

通过打破垄断市场，增加竞争性，可以促使企业提供更高质量、更具创新性和更实惠的产品和服务，让消费者有更多的选择权和更好的价格。

2. 维护市场竞争反托拉斯的另一个重要目标是维护市场竞争的公平和自由。

竞争是市场经济核心的推动力，可以激发企业的创新和务实精神，推动产业的发展和进步。

3. 防止滥用市场支配地位反托拉斯法主要针对滥用市场支配地位的企业行为进行监管和惩罚。

滥用市场支配地位往往会阻碍其他企业的进入，限制市场的竞争性，并可能导致不公平的价格和低质量的产品。

三、反托拉斯的具体措施和手段1. 反垄断审查和调查反托拉斯执法部门可以对涉嫌垄断行为的企业进行审查和调查。

通过对市场的调查和数据的分析，可以识别和证明是否存在垄断行为，并采取适当的制裁措施。

2. 合并审查和限制对于企业的合并和收购申请，反托拉斯机构通常会进行严格审查。

ACCA专业词汇

美国审计准则委员会
A
• Authorized capital stock 法定股本 • Autocorrelation 自相关 • Automatic error correction 自动的错误修正 • Autonomous 自主性 • Average 平均数 • Average age of inventory 平均存货周转天数 • Average cost flow assumption 平均成本流转假设 • Average costing 平均成本计算法 • Average cost of capital 平均资本成本 • Average inventory 平均存货
观 • Allocate 分配，分摊 • Allocated common costs 共同成本分配 • Allocation 分配，分摊
A
• Allotment 拨款 • Allowance 合理损耗，备抵，折让 • Allowance for bad debts 备抵坏账 • Allowance method 备抵法 • All-purpose financial statement 通用财务报表 • Alternative cost 变换成本，替代成本 • Alternative minimum tax (AMT) 替代性最低税额 • American accounting association (AAA) 美国会计学会 • American institute of certified public accountants
A
• Accountancy 会计工作 • Accountant 会计师，会计人员 • Accountant in charge 会计主管，主办会计 • Accountant 《会计师》 • Accountants for the public interest (API) 公

(完整word版)何家弘《法律英语》第四版词汇大全

(完整word版)何家弘《法律英语》第四版词汇大全AAbsolute['æbsəlju：t］ proof 绝对证明absolute property 绝对财产（权)abstract of title 产权书摘要acceleration clause 提前（偿还)条款acceptance 承诺accident report 事故报告accident insurance 意外保险accusation 指控；控告accusatorial procedure 控告程序accusatorial process of proof 控告证明过程(程序）accusatorial system 控告或诉讼程序accused 被指控者accuser 控告人acknowledgement 认知(书) acquittal 无罪判决act 条例；作为Act for the prevention of Frauds and Perjuries 《预防诈欺和伪证条例》action 诉讼；作为actual losses 实际损失adjudication 裁决；裁定administrative law 行政法administrative law judge行政法法官administrative procedure行政程序administrator 管理人；监管人admissible 可采的admissibility 可采性admit 采用；允许adoption 收养adulterous conduct 通奸行为ad valorem property tax 从价财产税adversarial hearing 对抗式听证会adversarial process 对抗式程序adversary 对手adversary trial system 对抗式（或抗辩）审判制度advocacy 出庭辩护;诉讼代理advocate 辩护人；诉讼代理人affidavit 正式书面陈述affirm 维持（原判)affirmation 保证书；证词affirmative 确保的agency (行政）机关agency action 机关（行政）机关agreed upon remedies 补救协议agreement 协议agreement—as-written 书面协议agreement —in—fact 事实协议alibi 阿里白(不在犯罪场的证明）alienation of affection离间夫妻关系allegation 声称;指控allege 诉称；指控alleged offense 所控罪行alternate juror 替补陪审员amendment 修正案American Bar Association美国律师协会American Law Institute美国法学会analogy 类推Anglo—American Legal System英美法系anonymous accusation 匿名控告appeal 上诉appear 出庭appellant 上诉人appellate action 上诉行为appellate court 上诉法院appellee 被上诉人appealer 上诉人appropriate 拨款appurtenant 附属物arbiter 仲裁人arbitrary武断的arbitration仲裁arraignment初审array 陪审员名单arrest 逮捕arrest warrant 逮捕令(证）arrestee 被捕人article 条款，文章article of authority 授权条款articles of confederation《联帮条例》articles of incorporation 公司组织章程artificial person 法人Asian American legal defenseand education fund亚裔美国人法律辩护与教育基金会assault 意图或威胁伤害assert 主张,宣称asset 资产assistant attorney 助理法官associate judge 副法官associate justice 副大法官assumption 违约合同，违约赔偿之诉assumption 假定attempt 意图,企图attempted escape 逃脱未遂attestation 证词attorney 代理人，律师attorney at law 律师attorney general 检察长authentication 鉴定authority 权力,法源,权威性依据automobile insurance机动车保险automobile tort 机动车侵权行为autonomy 自治（权）Bban 禁令,禁止banishment 流放bankruptcy 破产bankruptcy discharge 破产债务解除bankruptcy judge 破产法官bar 律师职业bar association 律师协会barrister 出庭律师battery 殴打bench trial 法官审beneficiary 受益人benefit 收益，福得bigamy 重婚罪bill of lading 提单bill of right 《人权法案》bind over 具保，具结binder 临时保险单binding 有约束力binding contract 有约束力的合同binding force 约束力binding interpretation 有约束力的解释black—letter law （普通接受之基本原则的）黑体字法black nation bar association全美黑人律师协会blue sky law 蓝天法（关于股票买卖控制的法律）Board of Governors（ABA）(美国律师协会的）董事会body of law 法体bond 债券；保释金bond instrument 债券契据branding 鞭笞breach 违约；破坏bride 贿赂bribery 贿赂（罪)bright-line test 明显界限检验标准broker 中间人brokerage fee 佣金；中介费brother—sister corporation兄弟公司；姊妹公司(完整word版)何家弘《法律英语》第四版词汇大全Bulk Sales Act《大宗销售条例》burden 责任burden of going forward with the evidence 先行举证责任burden of persuasion 说服责任；证明责任burden of producing evidence 举证责任burden of proof 证明责任burglary入室盗窃(罪）business corporation实业公司business law 实业法business organization 实业组织buy-out agreement（股权）承买协议buy-sell agreement（股权）买卖协议bylaws(内部）章程CCalifornia Penal Code《加州刑法典》capital account 资本帐户capital crime 可判死刑罪capital punishment 死刑capital surplus 资本盈余capitation tax 人头税career criminal 职业罪犯career judiciary 职业法官case briefing 案情摘要case-in—chief 主诉case law 判例法case method 案例教学法case report 判决报告case reports 判例汇编casualty insurance （意外伤害)保险catalog 商品目录（单）certificate 证书certificate of existence 实体存在证明（书）challenge 置疑；挑战challenge for cause有理回避chancery court 衡平法院charging instrument 控告文件checks and balances 制衡(原则)chief judge 首席法官chief justice 首席大法官child abuse 虐待儿童circuit court 巡回法院circuit judge 巡回法官circumstantial evidence 旁证;情况证据citation 引证cite 援引;传讯civil court 民事法civil forfeiture 民事罚没civil law 民法Civil Law Legal System 民法体系civil liability 民事责任civil Liberty 民事自由civil Litigation民事诉讼civil procedure 民事诉讼程序civil suit民事诉讼Civil trial 民事审判Civil right 民权Civil right law 民权法Civil War Income Tax Act 《内战所得税条例》Claim 诉讼请求，索赔Classification of law 法律分类Close corporation内部持股公司Closely held corporation 内部持股公司Closing 终结，成交,结帐Closing argument 最后论述Closing statement成交声明Code 法典Code of Judicial Conduct 《法官行为准则》Codify 编成法典Co-felon 共同重罪犯Cohabitation 同居Collateral contract 附属合同Collegiate bench 合议席Collegiate panel 合议庭Commercial clause 商务条款,贸易条款Commercial law 商法Commercial paper 商务文件Commission佣金Commit 交托，犯（罪）Commitment 犯罪，许诺，委托Commitment of financing融资许诺Common law 普通法Common law damages 普通法赔偿金Common law legal system（family)普通法法系Common law marriage普通法婚姻Common property 共同财产Common stock 普通股票Community property 共同财产Comparative law 比较法Comparative negligence比较过失Compensation 赔偿（金）Compensatory damage 应予赔偿之损害Competence 管辖权限Competency 有效性Complaint 控告，申诉Comprehensive Drug AbusePrevention and Control Act 《滥用毒品的综合预防与控制条例》Compulsory license 强制性许可Concur附条件地同意Concurring opinion 并存（判决）意见Confer 授与Conference 协商会议Confidential information 保密信息Confiscation 没收Conflict law 冲突法Congress 国会Consent 同意，认可Consideration 对价，约因Constitution 宪法Constitutional Conventio制宪会议Constitutional law 宪法Constitutional tort 宪法性侵权Constitutionality 合宪性Construction（法律的)结构，解释Construe 解释，分析Consultation 磋商Consumer protection statute消费者保护法律Consumption tax 消费税Continental Law Legal System（or Family）大陆法系Contingent fee 胜诉酬金Continuance 诉讼延期Contract 合同Contract dispute 合同纠纷Contract formation 合同构成Contract interpretation 合同解释Contract law 合同法Contract performance 合同履行contractor 承包商contravence 触犯；违犯contributory negligence 共同过失controlling law 应适应之法律conversion 非法占有convey 转让conveyance 转让convertible bond 可转换债券conviction 有罪判决convincing evidence 使人信服的证据copyright 版权;著作权corporal punishment肉体刑corporate camsel 公司法律顾问corporate excise tax 公司执照税corporate law 公司法corporation 公司corporation aggregate 合有公司corporation code 公司法典(完整word版)何家弘《法律英语》第四版词汇大全corporation law 公司法corporation sole 独有公司corpus 尸体;本金Council on legal Education Opportunities法律教育机会委员会counselor (法律)顾问;律师counselor-at-law 律师court 法院;法官court decision 法院判决court fee 诉讼费court of appeals 上诉法院court of chancery 衡平法法院court of claims 索赔法院court of customs and Patent Appeals 关税及专利上诉法院court of domestic relations 家庭关系法院court opinion 法院判决意见courtroom 法庭coverage 保险范围crime 犯罪crime code 刑法典crime homicide 有罪杀人crime justice system刑事司法系统crime law 刑法crime liability 刑事责任crime procedure 刑事诉讼程序cross-examination 交叉盘问；盘诘cruel and unusual punishment 残忍和非常的刑罚cumulative evidence 累计证据curative 临时监护的curriculum guide 课程指南custody 监护custom duty 关税customary law 习惯法customary practice 惯例customs court 关税法院Ddamage 损害;损伤damage claim 损害赔偿请求damages 损害赔偿金deadlocked jury 僵局陪审团death penalty 死刑death tax 遗产税debenture 债单(券）debt securities 债权证券decide a case 判案deed 契约deed book 文契汇编defamation 诽谤default 不履行;违约defendant 被告人defence 辩护defence attorney 辩护律师defense's case-in—chief 辩护方主讼deficiency judgment 不足额判决degrees of murder (恶意)杀人罪的等级delegation 授权delegated legislation 授权立法deliberate intention 故意deliberation （陪审团)评议demonstrative evidence 示意证据deprivation 剥夺derogatory treatment of thework 对作品的贬毁性处理（或使用)designs 设计detract 毁损;贬低developer （土地）开发商dicta 判决附带意见dignity 尊严direct evidence 直接证据direct examination 直接盘问direct tax 直接税disa bility insurance 残疾保险disabled dependent child 无谋生能力的残疾儿童discharge 解雇；释放discount 贴现;折扣discovery 要求告知discrete risk transfer product离散性风险转移(保险)产品discretion 自由裁量权discriminatory 歧视性税收dispense 执行；施行dispute 争议；纠纷disposition 处置(权)dissent 异议；反对dissenting opinion 异议;反对意见dissolution 解散distort 歪曲;误解district attorney 地区检查官database right 数据权dividend 股息division of title 产权分割divorce 离婚docket 备审案件目录doctrine 法则；原则doctrine of constitutionalsupremacy 宪法至上原则doctrine of Maranda Warnings米兰达忠告原则document 文件；文书document of title 产权证书domant Commerce Clause 休眠的"贸易条款”domicile 住所地double jeopardy 一罪二审draft 起草；草拟draftman 起草者drug trade 毒品交易drug trafficking 毒品交易dry run 干转；排练due diligence 适当努力due process 正当程序Due Process Clause正当程序条款due process test 正当程序检验标准duration 期限duress 强迫；胁迫duty 义务；关税duty of care 照看义务Eearnest money 定金easyment 地役权ecclesiastical court 宗教法庭economic law 经济法effective date 生效日期effective time 生效时间element of crime 犯罪要素(件)empower 授权enact 制定;颁布en banc 全体法官出庭审判encroachment 侵占encumbered property 抵押财产enforce 实施；执行enforceable 可强制执行的enforceability 可执行性enforcement of Law 执法English—American LegalSystem （or Family）英吉利法系enjoin(衡平）强制令entail 限定继承entity 实体environmental impactstatement 环境影响报告environmental Law 环境保护法Environmental protectionAgency(EPA) 环境保护局environmental quality 环境质量equal protection clause 平等保护条款equitable relief 衡平救济equity 衡平法equity Law 衡平法equity precedent 衡平法判例equity securities 产权证券；衡平证券error 过错escape 逃走;逃脱escrow 第三者保存合同essential justice 实质公正estate 财产;遗产estate tax 遗产税ＥＵDirective 欧盟指令evaluate 评价(完整word版)何家弘《法律英语》第四版词汇大全evict 逐出（租户）evidence 证据evidentiary presumption 证据推定evidentiary rule 证据规则ex aequo at bono 公平且善良examine 检查；盘问examination 检查；盘问exception 例外exception clause 例外条款excise tax 执照税exclude 排除exclusive listing 读家上市exclusive right 排他性权利exclusive tax situs唯一征税地点excusable homicide可宽恕之杀人execute 执行；签属execution 执行executive acts 行政条例executive branch 行政部门executive order 行政命令executor （遗嘱）执行人executor of estate 遗产执行人exemption 免除;豁免exhibit 展示物（证)exigent circumstance 紧急情况existing securities 上市证券exparte 单方面的expectation damages 预期赔偿金expert 专家(证人）expert testimony 专家证言expert witness 专家证人express contract 明示合同express statutory provision 法律明文规定express warranty明示保证（保修）ex rel 依据告发Fface amount 面颊face value 面植facilitate 促使:利于fact 事实fact in issue 争议事实factor 因素；代理商Factors Lien Act代理商留置权条例Fair trial 公平审判false imprisonment 非法拘禁family law 家庭法fault 过错fault principle 过错原则feasibility study 可行性研究Federal Administrative Procedure Act 《联邦行政程序》Federal Antitrust Law 《联邦犯托拉斯法》federal convention 联邦制宪会议federal crime of murder 联邦杀人罪Federal Housing Act 《联邦住房条例》Federal Income Tax Act 《联邦所得税条例》federal judge 联邦法官Federal rules of civilprocedure 《联邦民事诉讼规则》Federal rules of criminalprocedure 《联邦刑事诉讼规则》Federal rules of evidence 《联邦证据规则》Federal securities act 《联邦证券条例》federal supremacy 联邦至上（原则）Federal tort claims act 《联邦侵权索赔条例》felon 重罪犯felony 重罪felony-murder 重罪杀人fiduciary 受托人file 档案；注册file a petition 呈交诉状；提出请求fine 罚金fingerprint 手印fire insurance 火灾保险fire protection 消防first degree murder 一级谋杀first instance 一审fixture (不动产)附属物flogging 烙印force of law 法律效力forcible felony 暴力性重罪foreign exchange risk 外汇风险forfeiture 没收;罚没form contract 格式合同form of evidence 证据的形式formal adjudication 正式裁决formal rulemaking 正式规则制定formation 构成；鉴定franchise tax 特许经营税fraud 诈欺free enterprise system 自由企业制度free movement of goods 自由物流,货物的自由流通freedom of choice 选择自由frustrate 使受挫折fundamental law 基本法fundamental right 基本权利Ggeneral acceptance standard(科学证据的)公认标准general partnership 一般合伙general property 一般财产(权）general provisions 总则gerontocratic 老人统治的gift tax 赠予税government tort 政府侵权（行为）grant of power 授权gross negligence 严重过失group insurance 团体保险guarantee 担保guardian 监护人guardianship 监护权guidelines for sentencing量刑指南guilt 有罪guilty 有罪的guilty 有罪答辩Hhabitual offender 惯犯hail insurance 冰雹保险handcuff 手铐handwriting 笔迹health insurance 健康保险health regulation 卫生法规hearing 听证(会）hearing of jury 陪审团听审hearsay 传闻证据heir 继承人hierarchy 等级制度high crime 重罪hold 认定;裁定holding 认定；裁定holding device 拥有手段（形式)homicide 杀人（罪)homosexuality 同性恋house counsel (公司）专职法律顾问husband-wife relationship 夫妻关系husband—wife tort 夫妻侵权（行为）IId。

法律英语合同法经典案例(3篇)

第1篇Court: Supreme Court of the State of New YorkFacts:In the year 2010, Mr. John Smith and Mr. William Johnson entered into a contract for the sale of a piece of land located in the town of Oakwood. The contract, which was drafted by Mr. Johnson’s attorney, was titled “Land Sale Agreement” and contained several key terms and conditions. The agreement was executed on January 15, 2010, and was intended to be legally binding on both parties.The agreement stipulated that Mr. Johnson would sell the land to Mr. Smith for the sum of $500,000. The sale was subject to several conditions, including the approval of the zoning board and the payment of all applicable taxes and fees. The agreement also contained a clause that required Mr. Smith to provide a down payment of $50,000 within 30 days of the execution of the agreement.Mr. Smith promptly made the down payment and the parties proceeded to fulfill the other conditions of the agreement. However, several months later, Mr. Johnson informed Mr. Smith that he had decided to withdraw from the sale due to a change in his personal circumstances. Mr. Smith was informed that Mr. Johnson was no longer willing to proceed with the sale and demanded the return of his down payment.Mr. Johnson refused to return the down payment, claiming that the agreement did not allow for the return of the down payment in the event of a unilateral withdrawal. Mr. Smith, on the other hand, argued that the agreement was silent on the issue of unilateral withdrawal and that, as a matter of contract law, he was entitled to the return of his down payment.Issues:The central issue in this case was whether Mr. Smith was entitled to the return of his down payment under the terms of the Land Sale Agreement.1. Did the Land Sale Agreement contain an express or implied term that allowed for the return of the down payment in the event of a unilateral withdrawal?2. If the agreement was silent on the issue, was Mr. Smith entitled to rely on principles of contract law to seek the return of his down payment?Decision:The Supreme Court of the State of New York ruled in favor of Mr. Smith, holding that he was entitled to the return of his down payment.The court first analyzed the express terms of the Land Sale Agreement.It found that the agreement was silent on the issue of unilateral withdrawal and the return of the down payment. The court then turned to the principles of contract law to determine whether Mr. Smith could seek the return of his down payment.The court held that under New York contract law, when an agreement is silent on a particular issue, the court may look to the parties’ reasonable expectations and the circumstances surrounding the contract to determine the intent of the parties. The court found that, given the nature of the transaction and the fact that Mr. Smith had made a significant down payment in reliance on the agreement, it would be unreasonable to allow Mr. Johnson to withdraw from the sale without returning the down payment.The court further held that the doctrine of promissory estoppel could be applied in this case. Promissory estoppel prevents a party from reneging on a promise if it would result in injustice to the other party. The court found that Mr. Smith had reasonably relied on the agreement and had incurred expenses in anticipation of the sale, and that it would be unjust to allow Mr. Johnson to withdraw without compensating Mr. Smith for his losses.Discussion:This case is a classic example of how contract law can be applied to resolve disputes arising from the interpretation of an agreement. The court’s decision highlights several key principles of contract law:1. Silent Terms: When an agreement is silent on a particular issue, the court may look to the parties’ reasonable expectations and the circumstances surrounding the contract to determine the intent of the parties.2. Principles of Contract Law: The court can apply principles ofcontract law, such as promissory estoppel, to resolve disputes thatarise from the interpretation of an agreement.3. Reasonableness: The court considers the reasonableness of the parties’ actions and the circumstances surrounding the contract when interpreting an agreement.Conclusion:The case of Smith v. Johnson serves as an important reminder of the complexities involved in the interpretation of contracts. Itdemonstrates the importance of careful drafting and the need for parties to clearly articulate their intentions when entering into a legally binding agreement. For lawyers and parties alike, this case provides valuable guidance on how to navigate the often-treacherous waters of contract law.第2篇Case No.: 98-1232Court: United States District Court for the District of ColumbiaFacts:The case of United States v. Microsoft Corporation is one of the most significant antitrust cases in the history of the United States. It revolves around the allegations that Microsoft Corporation engaged in antitrust violations by monopolizing the market for Intel-compatiblecomputer operating systems and by engaging in anticompetitive practices in the software industry.Background:Microsoft Corporation, founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in 1975, quickly became the dominant player in the personal computer software industry. By the late 1990s, Microsoft's Windows operating system had a market share of over 90%. The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) and several state attorneys general filed a lawsuit against Microsoft in 1998, claiming that the company had violated antitrust laws.Allegations:The DOJ alleged that Microsoft had engaged in several antitrust violations:1. Monopolization: Microsoft was accused of monopolizing the market for Intel-compatible computer operating systems by bundling its Internet Explorer web browser with its Windows operating system, thereby pushing out competitors like Netscape Navigator.2. Predatory Pricing: The DOJ claimed that Microsoft engaged in predatory pricing by selling its Windows operating system at below cost to computer manufacturers, thereby driving competitors out of the market.3. Abuse of支配地位: Microsoft was accused of using its dominant position in the operating system market to force computer manufacturers to agree not to sell computers with non-Microsoft software, such as the Netscape Navigator web browser.Trial:The trial took place in the United States District Court for theDistrict of Columbia and lasted for several years. The case was tried by Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson, who presided over the trial and later issued a preliminary injunction against Microsoft.Findings of Fact:Judge Jackson found that Microsoft had engaged in antitrust violations, including:1. Monopolization: The judge found that Microsoft had monopolized the market for Intel-compatible computer operating systems and that the bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows was an illegal act.2. Predatory Pricing: The judge found that Microsoft's below-costpricing of Windows was predatory and aimed at driving competitors out of the market.3. Abuse of支配地位: The judge found that Microsoft had engaged in anticompetitive practices by requiring computer manufacturers to agree not to sell computers with non-Microsoft software.Remedies:Judge Jackson issued a preliminary injunction against Microsoft, ordering the company to separate its operating system business from its applications business. He also ordered Microsoft to license its operating system technology to competitors on fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory terms.Appeal:Microsoft appealed the judgment to the United States Court of Appealsfor the District of Columbia Circuit. The appellate court upheld thetrial court's findings of fact but reversed the trial court's decision on remedies. The appellate court held that the trial court had erred in ordering the separation of Microsoft's operating system and applications businesses.Supreme Court Review:Microsoft appealed the appellate court's decision to the United States Supreme Court. The Supreme Court declined to review the appellatecourt's decision, thereby allowing the appellate court's ruling to stand.Final Outcome:As a result of the case, Microsoft entered into a consent decree with the DOJ and the state attorneys general. Under the consent decree, Microsoft agreed to modify its business practices and to submit to regular monitoring by the government. The consent decree required Microsoft to license its operating system technology to competitors on fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory terms and to allow computer manufacturers to offer non-Microsoft software on new computers.Legal Implications:The case of United States v. Microsoft Corporation has had significant legal implications for the software industry and for antitrust law in the United States. The case established that companies with significant market power can be held liable for antitrust violations even if they have not engaged in explicit price-fixing or boycotts. It also highlighted the importance of fair competition in the technology sector and the need for antitrust enforcement to ensure that consumers benefit from a competitive market.Conclusion:United States v. Microsoft Corporation is a classic case in the field of contract law and antitrust. It serves as a reminder of the importance of fair competition and the role of antitrust law in preventing monopolies and promoting innovation. The case has had a lasting impact on the software industry and has shaped the way antitrust law is applied in the United States.第3篇IntroductionThe case of SARS Corp. v. Green Tech Inc. stands as a classic example of contract law disputes in the United States. This case involves the interpretation of a contract, the enforceability of certain clauses, and the determination of damages. The case highlights the importance of clear and precise contract drafting, as well as the role of courts in resolving contractual disputes.Factual BackgroundSARS Corp. ("SARS") and Green Tech Inc. ("Green Tech") entered into a contract for the supply of advanced technology equipment. The contract, dated January 1, 2020, was signed by both parties and contained several key provisions. The agreement provided for a supply of 100 units of technology equipment at a cost of $10 million. Delivery was to be completed within six months of the contract date, with payment terms set at 30 days after delivery.The DisputeAfter the contract was signed, SARS began the production process. However, due to unforeseen technical difficulties, SARS was unable to meet the delivery deadline. SARS notified Green Tech of the delay and requested an extension of the delivery date. Green Tech agreed to an extension but only for an additional two months.Despite the extension, SARS was still unable to complete the delivery within the revised timeframe. SARS again notified Green Tech of the delay, this time explaining that the technical issues were more severe than initially thought and would require a further extension of the delivery date. Green Tech refused to grant any further extensions and terminated the contract.SARS filed a lawsuit against Green Tech, claiming breach of contract and seeking damages for the lost profit and the costs incurred in producing the equipment. Green Tech responded by arguing that the contract did not allow for any extensions beyond the original six-month period and that SARS was therefore in breach of contract.The Court's DecisionThe court, after hearing both parties' arguments and examining the contract, found in favor of Green Tech. The court held that thecontract's language was clear and unambiguous and that it did not provide for any extensions beyond the original six-month period. The court further found that SARS had breached the contract by failing to deliver the equipment within the agreed timeframe.The court also addressed SARS's claim for damages. The court ruled that while SARS was entitled to recover the costs incurred in producing the equipment, it was not entitled to recover lost profit, as this was not a direct result of Green Tech's breach of contract. The court reasonedthat SARS could have continued to produce the equipment for other customers during the period it was contracted to supply Green Tech, thus mitigating its damages.Analysis of the CaseThe case of SARS Corp. v. Green Tech Inc. is a classic example of the importance of clear and precise contract drafting. The contract in this case was clear in its terms and did not provide for any extensions beyond the original delivery period. As a result, the court was able to easily determine that SARS was in breach of contract.The case also highlights the role of courts in interpreting contracts. While contracts are generally intended to be self-executing, courts are often called upon to interpret ambiguous or unclear terms. In this case, the court's interpretation of the contract's terms was straightforward and based on the plain language of the agreement.Additionally, the case demonstrates the principle of mitigation of damages. SARS was found liable for breaching the contract, but it was not entitled to recover lost profit because it failed to mitigate its damages by continuing to produce the equipment for other customers.ConclusionThe case of SARS Corp. v. Green Tech Inc. is a valuable lesson in contract law. It emphasizes the importance of clear and precise contract drafting, the role of courts in interpreting contracts, and theprinciple of mitigation of damages. This case serves as a reminder to parties entering into contracts to carefully review the terms of the agreement and to seek legal advice if necessary to ensure that their rights and obligations are clearly defined.。

保险词典-中英文

A New English-Chinese Dictionary Of Insurance最新实用英汉保险词典目录词典正文附录一世界部分保险机构附录二各国或地区货币名称附录三时差表中文索引词典正文A aaccidental death benefit 意外死亡赔偿A rate A费率A&I = accident and indemnity事故与赔偿A&S = accident and sickness insurance意外伤害和疾病保险A.R.; A/R = all risks 1.综合险2. 全险AABD = aid to the aged, blind, and disabled对老年人、盲人和残疾人的救济AAI = accredited adviser in insurance许可保险顾问AAM = Associate in Automation Man- agement自动化管理准会员AAR = against all risks一切险,全险Abandoned merchandize无主货物abandonee受委托的承险人(在海运保险中受保险人委托处理海损财物的保险人) abandonment委付abandonment clause委付条款abandonment cost (水险中的)委付费用abandonment of claim放弃索赔abandonment of right放弃权利abandonment policy取消损失保险保单abatement减免abnormal risk特殊风险above normal loss超常损失abridged life table简易生命表abridgement of damage减少损害赔偿金absolute完全或最终的无条件的裁决absolute assignment绝对委托absolute beneficiary绝对受益人absolute ceiling franchise绝对免赔限度absolute cover绝对保险额absolute deductible franchise rate绝对免赔率absolute liability绝对赔偿责任absolute ownership绝对所有权absolute privilege绝对特权absolute term 1. 绝对期限2.绝对条款absolute total loss绝对损失, 绝对全损abstract摘要卡abuse of process程序滥用abutting coverage 1. 连续保障2.邻期保险单AC = accident意外事故ACA = Associate of Conference of Ac- tuaries in PublicPractice美国赔偿协会准会员ACAS = Associate of Casualty Actuar- ial Society意外精算学会准会员accelerated benefits提前给付(寿险保单附加条款)accelerated endowment加速满期accelerated option加速满期选择权accelerated paid-up or endowment缩短缴费期限或加速满期acceleration clause加速条款acceleration life insurance 1.加速寿险2. 寿险提前给付accelerative endowment加速型两全寿险accept承诺accept a claim接受索赔accept a commission接受委托acceptance承诺accepted reinsurance分入接受再保险accepted value承诺价值accepting office分入公司accession 1. 取得2. 增加accession clause附加条款accessory contract附加合同accessory document附属单据accessory expenses附加费用accessory risk附加险accident意外事故accident and health insurance意外伤害和健康保险accident and indemnity事故与赔偿accident and sickness insurance意外伤害和疾病保险accident beyond control无法控制的意外事故accident control or prevention意外事故控制或防避accident costs事故费用accident damage意外损坏accident data recorder事故资料记录器accident death benefit人寿保险的意外死亡双重赔偿条款accident death insurance意外死亡保险accident frequency意外事故发生率accident frequency rate意外事故发生率accident in handling装卸意外事故accident in shipping装运意外事故accident in stock存仓意外事故accident in transit途中意外事故accident in warehouse仓储意外事故accident insurance意外保险accident policy意外险保单accident prevention事故预防accident rate意外事故率accident report意外报告, 事故报告accident report form意外事故报告单accident severity意外事故强度accident severity rate意外事故强度率accident year事故年accident year experience事故年记录accident year statistics年度意外事故统计资料accidental average意外海损accidental bodily injury意外身体伤害accidental cause意外原因accidental cost意外费用accidental damage意外损失accidental death意外死亡accidental death and dismemberment意外死亡和残疾accidental death and dismemberment benefit意外死亡和断肢结付accidental death and dismemberment insurance意外伤亡和残疾保险accidental death and dismemberment rider意外死亡和断肢附加条款accidental death benefit意外死亡保险金accidental death benefit rideraccidental death benefit rider意外死亡给付附加条款accidental death clause意外死亡保险条款accidental death insurance意外死亡保险accidental dismemberment意外残废accidental force不可抗拒力accidental loss意外损失accidental means突发原因accidental means (death by)意外原因死亡accidental means death benefits意外原因死亡保险accidental way damage途中意外损坏accidents liability insurance意外事故责任保险accidents receivable insurance应收款项保险accommodation融通accommodation line融通业务accommodation party票据融通人accord and satisfaction调解account账务account analysis账务分析account and risk账务和风险account current会计月报告account payable应付账款account receivable应收账款account selling账目销售accountant liability insurance会计师责任保险accountant professional liability in- surance会计师职业责任保险accounting会计accounts receivable bond应收账款担保书accounts receivable insurance应收账款保险accounts receivable policy应收账款保险单accredited adviser in insurance许可保险顾问, 资格保险顾问accrual basis of accounting权责发生会计制accrual of benefits (pension plans)累积保险金(养老金计划) accrued benefit应计给付额accrued benefit cost method应计给付额退休金成本法accrued depreciation应计折旧accumulated dividends累积红利accumulation累积增额给付accumulation at interest dividend option红利累积选择权accumulation benefit累积给付accumulation clause累积给付条款accumulation period累积期间accumulation policy累积给付保单acid and chemical damage policy化学侵蚀保险ACII英国特许保险学会准会员acknowledgement of insurance dec- laration投保声明的回执acquisition agent缔结保险合同代理人acquisition cost 1.展业费2. 新合同成本ACRS加速费用恢复系统act of carriage of goods by sea海上货运条款act of God不可抗力active life reserve生存者责任准备金active trust积极信托actively employed身体合格雇员, 在职雇员activities of daily living日常活动能力actual cash value实际现金价值actual cash value policy实际现金价值保险actual dividends实得红利actual loss rate实际损失率actual present value实际现值actual total loss实际全损actuarial保险统计, 精算actuarial assumption精算假设actuarial basis保险统计计算标准actuarial consultant精算顾问actuarial cost精算成本actuarial cost method精算成本法actuarial evaluation精算估值actuarial experience gains or losses精算损益actuarial liability精算负债actuarial method保险统计法actuarial present value精算现值actuarial rate精算费率actuarial report精算报告actuarial return精算收益率actuarial revaluation gains or losses精算重估损益actuarial science保险统计计算科学actuarial valuation精算评估actuarially reduced annuity精算减额年金actuarially sound安全精算actuary 1.精算师2. 保险统计员actuary enrolled注册精算师ad damnum索赔金额ad valorem duty从价课税AD&D = accidental death and dis- membermentrider意外死亡和断肢附加条款ADB = accidental death benefit意外死亡保险金addendum附约addendum clause条件条款additional call追加保险费additional death benefit附加死亡给付additional expense insurance追加费用保险additional expense-strike罢工险额外费用保险additional expense-war risk战争险附加费用additional extended coverage追加保险additional insurance附加保险additional insured附加被保险人additional liabilities for accidental injury to passenger旅客意外伤害保险额外责任additional optional policy附加的可选择保单additional premium 1.附加保费2. 追加保险费additional provisions追加条款additional reserve for guaranteed re- newable policies续保保单的追加准备金additional term insurance dividend option附加定期保险的红利选择权adequate consideration充分对价adhesion contract附合式合同adhesion insurance contract合意保险合同adjustable life insurance可调整年金保险adjustable premium可调整保费adjusted earnings调整后收益aggregate products liabilityadjusted gross estate调整后总遗产adjusted net gain from operations调整后的经营净收益adjusted net worth调整后净值adjusted premium method调整保费法adjusted taxable gifts调整后应纳税的捐赠adjuster 1. 仲裁人2. (保险公司的)理算员adjustment理算adjustment bureau仲裁机构adjustment coefficient调节系数adjustment expenses理算费用adjustment income调整性收入adjustment of transport loss运输损失的理算adjustment period调整期间adjustment premium经调整的保险费ADL = activities of daily living日常活动能力adminicular evidence辅助证据administer claim解决索赔案件administration bond行政担保administration expenses遗产管理费用administrator遗嘱管理人administrator (pension plan)退休金计划管理人administrator’s deed管理人证书admiralty海事admiralty bond航海保证金admiralty court海事法庭admiralty liability海事责任admitted assets认可资产admitted insurer准允营业的保险人admitted liability 1.公认责任2. 强制责任adult day care成年人全天监护advance discounting for mortality (退休金)预先死亡扣除advance discounting for severance (退休金)提前离职扣除advanced funded pension policy提前筹资的退休年金保险advanced funding提前筹资advanced life and health insurance高级人寿及健康保险advanced life underwriter高级寿险承保人advanced life underwriting高级寿险承保adverse claimants逆向索赔人adverse selection逆选择adverse witness反证人advertisers liability insurance广告商责任保险advice of fate出险事故通知书advisory insurance organizations保险咨询机构AEC附加扩展保险责任AEE附加加速费用aerial insurance空运保险aero insurance 1.飞行保险2.航空保险AFDC = aid families with dependent children未成年儿童家庭救济affidavit of claim请求给付申请书affirmative warranty保证书after-acquired property已获得的抵押资产against all risks一切险, 全险age保险年龄age 100生命表的寿命界限age at issue投保年龄(保单生效时的年龄)age last birthday前次生日年龄法age limits年龄限制age nearest birthday最近生日年龄投保age of majority合法年龄age setback年龄倒退法age-adjusted mortality rate按照年龄调整的死亡率agency 1.代理2. 代理店3.营业处agency agreement or contract代理人协议或合同agency billing代理公司通告agency by ratification经批准的代理机构agency commission clause代理佣金条款agency contract代理契约agency department代理部agency director代理处经理agency experience代理业绩记录agency inspector代理监察agency office代理处agency plant代理系统agency relationship代理关系agency superintendent代理处监督官agency system代理制度agent代理人agent authority代理权限agent commission代理佣金agent qualification laws代理人资格法agent’s authority代理人权限agent’s authority of power代理权限agent’s balance代理人平衡表agent’s certificate代理人报告书agent’s commission代理佣金agent’s letter of record代理人记录文件agent’s license代理人执照agent’s note代理人票据agent’s power代理人权限agent-policy-writing保单签发代理人age-specific death rate特定年龄死亡率age-specific mortality rate特定年龄计算的死亡率aggravated risk劣质业务aggregate amount累计保险金额aggregate annual deductible年免赔金额aggregate claim process累计索赔过程aggregate claims累计索赔aggregate excess contract超额赔款合同aggregate excess of loss cover累积超额赔款再保险aggregate excess of loss reinsurance累积超额赔款再保险, 累积停止损失再保险aggregate indemnities补偿总额aggregate indemnity赔偿总额aggregate limit累积限额, 总限额aggregate limit clause累积限额条款aggregate limit of indemnity累积赔偿限额aggregate method总和法aggregate mortality table综合死亡表aggregate operations liability综合营运责任aggregate products liability 1. 产品责任累积限额2.产品综合责任险aggregate projected benefit cost methodaggregate projected benefit cost method预计给付成本总和法aggregate protective liability总保障责任aggregate reserve总准备金aggregate stop loss reinsurance累积停止损失再保险,累积超额赔款再保险agreed amount clause协议价值条款, 定额条款agreed amount endorsement协议金额批单agreed insured value协定保险价值, 约定保险价值agreed return协议退款agreed value 1.协定保额2. 议定价值agreed value clause议定价值条款agreed value policy议定价值保单agreement协议agreement on reinsurance分保合同agricultural equipment floater农业设备保险单agricultural equipment insurance农业设备保险agricultural insurance农业保险agricultural machinery insurance policy农业机械保险agricultural mutual aid insurance money农业互助保险金agriculture crop insurance农作物保险AIAF = Associate in Insurance Ac-counting andFinance保险会计和财务准会员AIC = Associate in Claims理赔准会员aid families with dependent children未成年儿童家庭救济aid to the aged, blind and disabled对老年人、盲人和残疾人的救济AIM = Associate in Management管理准会员AIME = average indexed monthly earnings指数化月平均收入air bill all risks航空保险全单(货物空运时出具的保险单)air bill of loading航空提单air cargo insurance空运货物保险air cargo liability insurance空运货物责任保险air carriage (FPA)空运货物保险单独海损不赔条款air carriage (WA)空运货物保险单独海损赔偿条款air insurance空运保险air passengers policy旅客航空险air risks航空风险air transport insurance空运保险air transportation all risks航空运输一切险air transportation cargo insurance空运货物保险air transportation cargo war risks航空运输货物战争险air transportation insurance空运保险air transportation risks航空运输险aircraft all risks飞机全险aircraft hull insurance飞机机身保险aircraft liability insurance飞机责任保险aircraft passenger insurance飞机乘客保险aircraft passenger liability insurance飞机乘客责任保险aircraft product liability insurance飞机产品责任保险airplane insurance飞机保险airport liability coverage机场责任保险alarm valve报警阀ALCM = Associate in Loss Control Management损失控制管理准会员alcoholic beverage control laws含酒精饮料控制法alcoholic beverage liability insurance酒精饮料责任保险aleatory射幸性(事件发生的不确定性)aleatory contract射幸合同alien company外来公司alienate转让alienation转让alienation clause转让条款all lines综合业务all lines agency综合保险代理机构all lines insurance综合险保险all marine and war risks一切海运及战争险all risk insurance 1. 一切险保险, 全损险保险2. 综合险保险all risks 1. 综合险2. 全险all risks clause 1. 综合险条款2. 全险条款all risks contract 1.综合险条款2. 全险条款all risks cover 1. 全险保单2.综合险保单all risks for shipment of frozen prod- ucts冷藏货物运输一切险all risks policy一切险保险单all risks whatsoever不论原因的一切险all usual risk一切通常险allegation断言allied lines附加保险all-in insurance全损保险All-Inclusive Trust Deed全括性信托契据all-loss insurance保全险allocated benefits划定给付allocated expenses可分配费用allocated funding instruments个人积存方式allocation分配allocation formula分配方式allocation of plan assets计划资产的分配allocation of plan assets on termination终止时计划资产的分配allowed asset认可资产alpha risk甲级风险alphabet broker字母经济人alphabet house字母公司ALR = actual loss rate实际损失率alteration bond变更保险alterations变更alternate beneficiary备选受益人alternate policy保险副单alternate valuation date备选估价日alternative minimum cost method选择最低成本法alternative minimum tax选择性最低税alternative optional policy替换选择性保险单alternative probability可更替概率always open持续有效amalgamation合并ambiguity含糊Associate in Premium Auditingambulatory可变更的AME = average monthly earnings平均月收入amendment修订American agency system美国代理人制度American Experience Table of Mor- tality美国经验生命表American Men’s Mortality Table美国男性生命表AMMINET = Automated Mortgage Market Information Network自动化抵押市场信息网(全美范围的电子报价系统) amortization分期偿付amortization fund分摊资金, 分期还款基金amortization quota分摊额, 分期偿还比例amortization schedule分期偿付表amortized value摊提价值amount at risk风险保额amount ceded (再保险)分出(保)额amount covered保障金额amount for which loss settled理赔金额amount insured保险金额amount of cession分保额amount of coverage保险金额amount of insurance保险金额amount of insurance in carried实保金额amount of insurance in force有效保险金额amount of insurance required应保金额amount of insurance to value保险金额与保险价值之比amount of loss保险金amount of reinsurance再保险金额amount required最低应保额amount retroceded转分保金额amount secured被保险金额amount subject标的金额AMT = alternative minimum tax选择性最低税AMW = average monthly wage月平均工资analysis分析analysis of property and casualty policy财产和意外保险分析analytic schedule分析表analytic system分析系统analytic system for the measurement of relative firehazard相关火灾风险衡量分析系统anamnesis既往病历anchor policy“锚”标志保单ancillary benefits辅助保险单angle of the V “V”角animal health insurance动物健康保险animal life insurance动物生命保险anniversary date签单周年日annual actuarial cost年精算费用annual aggregate limit年度总限额annual exclusion年除外责任annual expected dollar loss年预期损失额annual financial statement年度财务报表annual insurance policy一年期保险单annual insurance premium年度保险费annual mortgagor statement抵押人年度报表annual payment annuity年支付年金annual pension cost年养老金成本annual policy一年期保险单annual premium年度保险费annual premium annuity年缴保险费年金annual premium deferred annuity延期年缴保险费年金annual rate年费率annual renewable agreement年续保协议annual renewable term每年可续保保险annual report年度报告annual report summary年度报告摘要annual return年报告annual statement年度报表annual supplemental cost年附加成本annual transit insurance年度货物运输保险annualization年度化annualized年度化annually renewable term每年可续保条款annuitant年金领取人annuity 1. 年金2. 年金合同annuity age change变化年金年龄annuity analysis年金分析annuity assurance年金人寿保险annuity certain确定年金annuity consideration年金对价annuity contract年金保险合同annuity due首期年金annuity for life终身年金annuity forms年金形式annuity insurance年金保险annuity method 年金法annuity mortality table年金生命表annuity of life终身年金annuity period年金给付期间annuity purchase rate年金购买率annuity rate年金率annuity retirement退休年金annuity risk年金风险annuity table年金表Annuity Table for 1949 1949年年金表annuity tables年金生命表annuity units年金基数annuity with minimum period最短期限年金, 保证期限年金annul撤销, 宣告无效answer答辩antecedent先时的, 在前面的, 在……之先antedate提前日期anti-cancellation laws反注销法anticipated mortality死亡率预测anti-coercion laws反强制法anti-compact laws反协定法anti-discriminatory laws反差别法anti-rebate law(s)反保费回扣法anti-selection逆选择anti-trust laws反垄断法AP = additional premium 1. 附加保费2. 追加保险费AP = annual premium年度保险费APA = Associate in Premium Auditing保险费审计准会apartment package policy员apartment package policy公寓一揽子保险单apartment policy公寓保险单APBM累积计划给付方法APIP附加个人伤害保障APL自动垫缴保费app. = application申请, 投保apparent agency表面代理apparent authority表面代理权appeal bond上诉保证书appellant上诉人appellate court上诉法院Appleton Rule阿普莱顿规则applicant投保人applicant for insurance投保人application 1. 申请, 投保2.投保单application agent投保代理人application for insurance投保申请书application for marine insurance水险投保书application for open policy预约保险单申请书application form投保书appointment委托appointment of trustees for terminated plan指定终止计划受托人appointment papers委托文件apportionable annuity比例年金apportionment比例分配apportionment clause比例分配条款appraisal估价appraisal clause估价条款appraisal inventory估价财产清单appraisal of damage 1. 损失评估2. 损失赔偿评定appraisal surplus估价盈余appraisements估价appraiser估价人appreciation增值approach接近方法appropriated surplus特别公积金approval承保approved合格的approved roof合格屋顶appurtenant structures附属建筑物APS = attending physician’s statement主治医生报告arbitration clause仲裁条款arbitrator仲裁人architects and engineers professional liability insurance建筑师、工程师职业责任保险architects inspection certificate建筑师检验证书architectural specifications建筑计划书area of origin起源地ARM = Associate in Risk Management 风险管理准会员arm’s length transaction正常商业交易armored car and messenger insurance武装车辆及专送保险Armstrong investigation阿姆斯特朗调查ARP = Associate in Research and Planning调查和规划准会员arranged total loss协议全损arrears保费延滞arrears and advances滞缴与预缴arrest拘留arrest bond拘留保险arrived damaged value目的地毁损价值arrived sound value目的地完好价值arson纵火arson clause火险保单中关于自行纵火不予赔偿的条款arsonist纵火犯ART = annually renewable term每年可续保条款art glass policy美术玻璃保险单as expiry原样续保as interest may appear视可保利益出现而定as original同原保险as per original照原保险单率ascertainment of indemnity确定赔偿assailing thieves攻击性盗贼assce = assurance保险assessable insurance可估价保险assessable mutual可估价相互公司assessable premium insurance company 估价保费相互保险公司assessed value估定价值assessment追征金assessment clause保费追缴条款assessment company赋课型公司assessment insurance赋课型保险, 摊派保险assessment insurer赋课型保险人assessment of damage goods破损货物的估价assessment of loss损失的估价assessment of the amount of redemp- tion估算偿还额assessment of value估价assessment period保费追缴期assessment plan摊派保险assessment rolls摊派税款清册assessment society赋课型友爱社assessor财产估价人asset and liability matching资产负债配比asset and liability risk 资产负债风险asset share method资产份额法asset share values资产份额价值asset sufficiency or insufficiency资产充分或不充分asset valuation资产评估assets资产assets and valuation资产与评估assets insurance资产保险assets share资产份额assign转让assigned claims转让赔款assigned claims plan转让赔款计划assigned risk分派风险, 强制接受的业务assigned risk plan分派风险计划assignee受让人assignment转让assignment clause (life insurance)寿险转让条款assignment of benefits保险金转让assignment of life policy人寿保险的转让automobile insurance plansassignment of policy保险单转让assignor转让人assigns受让人assisted living facilities辅助生活设施associate captive协会自保associate degree in risk management风险管理助理Associate in Automation Management自动化管理准会员Associate in Claims理赔准会员Associate in Insurance Accounting and Finance保险会计和财务准会员Associate in Loss Control Management损失控制管理准会员Associate in Management管理准会员Associate in Premium Auditing保险费审计准会员Associate in Research and Planning调查和规划准会员Associate in Risk Management风险管理准会员Associate in Underwriting准承保会员Associate of Casualty Actuarial Society意外精算学会准会员Associate of Conference of Actuaries in Public Practice美国赔偿协会准会员association captive联合专属保险人association group协会集团association group plans协会集团计划association insurance协会团体保险assume接受, 承担assumed interest rate (人寿保险)预定利率assumed liability policy承担责任保险assumed loss ratio预定损失率assumed mortality rate (人寿保险)预计死亡率assumed reinsurance承继再保险assuming company分入公司assumption承担assumption agreement承担协议assumption certificate承担证明书assumption endorsement承担背书assumption fee承担费assumption of mortgage承担抵押assumption of risk风险承担assumption reinsurance承担再保险assumptions假设assurance保险assurance law保险法assurance on aviation航空保险assurance on death死亡保险assured被保险人assurer保险人at occupation职业事故atomic energy commission原子能佣金atomic energy reinsurance原子能再保险attach起保attachment 1. 附保2. 扣押attachment date责任开始日attachment of risk保险责任开始attained age达到年龄attained age conversion达到年龄转换attending physician’s report护理医生报告attending physician’s statement主治医生报告attestation clause证明条款attorney代理人, 律师attorney in fact委任代理人attorney-at-law律师auction拍卖auctioneer’s bond拍卖人保证audit审计audit bureau审计局audited premium审定保险费auditor审计员authority to terminate plan终止计划权authorization核准authorized company授权公司authorized insurer授权保险人auto tax汽车税Automated Mortgage Market Information Network自动化抵押市场信息网(全美范围的电子报价系统)automatic builders risk form自动船舶建造险保单automatic cost-of-living increase生活费自动增加automatic cover自动承保automatic coverage自动保障automatic increase in insurance en- dorsement保险批单的自动增加automatic non-proportional reinsurance自动非比例再保险automatic paid-up自动缴清automatic premium loan provision自动垫缴保费条款automatic proportional reinsurance自动比例再保险automatic reinstatement自动续保automatic reinstatement clause 1.保险金额自动恢复条款2. 自动续保条款automatic reinsurance自动再保险automatic reinsurance treaty自动再保险合同automatic restoration自动恢复automatic sprinkler自动喷淋灭火系统automatic sprinkler clause自动喷淋设备条款automatic termination clause自动终止条款automatic termination of cover clause自动销保条款automatic treaty自动再保险合同automobile assigned risk insurance plan汽车分派风险保险计划automobile assurance汽车保险automobile collision汽车碰撞automobile comprehensive汽车综合险automobile death and disability coverage汽车死亡和残疾保险automobile death indemnity coverage汽车死亡补偿保险automobile fleet汽车队automobile insurance汽车保险automobile insurance (comprehensive)汽车(综合)保险automobile insurance (drive other cars) (驾驶其他汽车的)汽车保险automobile insurance (hired cars) (租用)汽车保险automobile insurance (non-owner liability) (非所有权责任)汽车保险automobile insurance plans汽车保险计划automobile liabilityautomobile liability汽车责任automobile liability excess policy汽车责任超额保险automobile liability insurance汽车责任保险automobile liability insurance certifi- cate汽车责任保险证明书automobile liability policy汽车责任保险单automobile medical payment insur- ance汽车医疗给付保险automobile physical damage insurance汽车车身保险automobile reinsurance facility汽车再保险计划automobile shared market汽车共有市场automobile theft汽车盗窃automobile, boat and aircraft insur- ance汽车、船舶和飞机保险auxiliary fund辅助基金avail (of contract) (合同上的)利益avenues of fire spread火灾蔓延途径average海损average adjuster海损理算员, 海损理算师average adjustment海损理算average agent海损代理人average agreement财损协议书average blanket rate一揽子平均费率average bond共同海损承付保证书average claim size平均索赔额average clause 1. 海损条款2.水渍险条款average distribution clause平均分配条款average earnings clause平均收入条款B.D.I. = both days inclusive含生效日及到期日B/L = bill of lading提单b’lading = bill of lading提单back-date倒填日期back-end loaded期末费用backload撤离费bad debts policy坏账保险单bad odor恶味险bad risk风险大的保险baggage insurance行李保险bail保释金bailee (财物的)受托人bailee clause受托人条款bailee’s customers insurance受托人顾客保险bailees insurance受托人保险bailees liability insurance受托人责任保险bailer委托人, 寄托人bailment (财物的)委托人bailor寄托人bailor’s property insurance寄托人财产保险balance余额balance sheet资产负债表balance sheet reserves (退休金)平衡表准备金balance sheet reserves plan (退休金)平衡表准备金计划balanced security平衡保障balancing charge差额税balancing charge insurance差额税保险average indexed monthly earnings指数化月平均收入average loss clause平均损失条款average monthly earnings平均月收入average monthly wage月平均工资average net cost平均纯费用average pay plan平均工资基准型退休金计划average policy 1. 填补保险单2. 海损保险单average premium平均保费average rate平均费率average risk平均风险average semi-private rate平均半私人费率average statement海损理算书average weekly benefits平均周给付average weekly wage平均周工资aviation accident insurance航空意外事故保险aviation clause航空条款aviation exclusion航空险除外责任aviation hazard航空风险aviation hull insurance航空机体保险aviation insurance航空保险aviation passenger accident insurance航空乘客意外事故保险aviation personal accident insurance航空人身意外事故保险aviation trip life insurance航空航程人身保险avoidance防避avoidance policy保单无效award仲裁赔偿B bbank burglary and robbery insurance银行失窃及抢劫保险bank check plan银行支票计划bank loan insurance银行贷款保险bank loan plan银行贷款计划bank trusted retirement plan银行信托退休计划bankers blanket bond银行综合保证保险Banking Act of 1933 (美)1933年银行法bankrupt破产bankruptcy宣告破产BAP = business automobile policy商业汽车保单barge retention驳船险扣存保险费barratry不法行为, 故意损害行为base pay基本工资base premium基线保险费base rate基本费率baseline data基线数据basic auto policy基本汽车保险单basic benefits (basic hospital plan)基本住院福利计划basic insurance基本险basic limit基本限额basic limits of liability基本责任限额Basic Medical Insurance Plan基本医疗保险计划basic premium基本保费basic rate基础费率basic specification基本项目表basic split-dollar plan基本保费分摊计划branch office systembasic time frame基期basis for claim索赔依据basis rate基本费率batch clause整批条款Bayes’Theorem贝叶斯定理Bayesian approach 贝叶斯方法bearer policy持有人保险单beauty parlor public liability insurance美容院公共责任保险before-tax earnings税前所得beneficial interest受益权beneficiary受益人beneficiary change变更受益人beneficiary clause受益人条款beneficiary of trust信托受益人benefit 1.保险赔偿费2. 给付3. 利益, 津贴benefit for child of retired worker退休工人子女给付benefit for disabled child of deceased, disabled, or retiredworker已故、残废或退休工人的残疾子女年金给付benefit for disabled widow or widower-age 50~62 50~62岁残疾鳏寡年金给付benefit formula给付方式benefit of business life and health in- surance企业主管人员保险benefit of insurance保险利益benefit of insurance clause保险利益条款benefit of salvage保险利益条款benefit package福利范围benefit payable应付养恤金benefit period给付期限benefit planning保险给付计划benefit policy定额保单benefits department理赔部, 给付部bequest遗赠BERI = Business Environment Risk Index企业环境风险指数betterment insurance改良保险bid bond投标押金, 投标保证金bilateral contract双边合同, 双边契约bill of lading提单billed claims保户医疗账单binder 1.暂保单2. 暂时契约3. 承保协议binding authority限制权限binding clause限制条款binding receipt承保收据binding slip暂保单binomial distribution二项分布biometric functions生命函数birth rate出生率blackout period福利脱接期blank rate总括保险费率blanket accident medical expense总括意外医疗费用blanket bond总括保证保险blanket contract一揽子合同blanket coverage总括保险blanket crime endorsement总括犯罪保单blanket crime policy总括犯罪保单blanket fidelity bond总括忠诚保证保险blanket form一揽子保险blanket honesty bond总括诚实保险blanket insurance总括保险blanket limit总限额blanket medical expense insurance总括医疗费用保险blanket policy统保单, 总括保险单blanket position bond一揽子职业保险blanket rate总括保险费率blanket retrocession总括转分保blind treaty全权委任合约blinder暂保单block insurance (多批相同货)统保block limit地段限额block policy统保单, 综合保单Blue Cross, Blue Shield subscriber蓝十字、蓝盾计划加入者blue list蓝表Blue Plan蓝十字保险计划board insurer委员会保险人bobtail liability insurance短尾巴责任保险bodily injury人身伤害bodily injury insurance人身伤害保险bodily injury liability insurance人身伤害责任保险boiler and machinery insurance锅炉及机器保险boiler insurance锅炉保险bond 1. 保证2. 保证会bond insurance 1.保证保险2. 债券保险bonding company 1.保证公司2. 担保公司bonding insurance保税保险bonds保证保险bonus certificate保险公司给予保险人的红利证明书bonus funding额外所得基金bonus loading附加保险费book debts insurance应收账款保险book of business保户总账册book value账面价值book value per common share普通股每股账面价值BOP = business owners policy企业所有人保险bordereau业务报表borderline risk临界危险borrowing authority of pension benefit guaranty。

法律英语构词法

法律英语词汇及构词法一、词素（morpheme）（一）词根词根是词的核心部分，它表示词的基本意义。

词根与不同的前缀、后缀搭配，形成许多不同的单词。

例如：一个有关于法律的词根juris（法律），如果它与后缀-ist（…的人）连用构成jurist（法律学者；法律著作家），与前缀-in（做不正当的事）连用构成injure（伤害）。

（二）词缀1、前缀前缀是指派生词中，位于词根前面，给予词的补充意义的部分。

一般说来，前缀加在词根前面，可以改变、限制或加强这个词的含义，但不改变词类。

表1-1 常用前缀注：cross-examination → examination-in-chief(主询问)2、后缀后缀是指在派生词中，位于词根后面，给予词的补充意义的部分。

与前缀的作用不同，后缀不仅补充词的含义，而且还能转变词类。

后缀可以分为四种：名词后缀、动词后缀、形容词后缀和副词后缀。

表1-2 名词后缀表1-3 动词后缀表1-4 形容词后缀二、构词法（一）派生构词法（derivation）由词根加上词缀构成新词的方法。

由这种方法构成的词称为派生词（derivative）。

在法律英语中由派生构词法构成的单词数量很多。

例如，词根leg-[lawful]（法律）的意思，它和大量的前缀和后缀结合，在英语中构成了一系列与“法律”有关的单词，如表2-1所示：表2-1又如词根just-[right]（正义）的意思，为此就不难理解下面几个词的含义：表2-2（二）复合构词法（compounding）由两个或者两个以上的词干或者独立的词结合在一起构成新词。

用复合构词法构成的单词为复合词（compound）。

法律英语中有很多合成词。

以“jack”为例，合成词就有：hijack劫持（hijack一词源自抢劫犯命令受害者在枪口下举起手来的用语。

hi=high[把手举高]，command to raise hands during robbery ; Jack泛指“老兄”[对陌生人的称呼]，转义为“劫掠”、“胁迫”。

dow jones&Co.INC.v Gutnick case

INTRODUCTION: Dow Jones & CO. INC. v Gutnick case is a famous case in 2000.The details are that Dow Jones published an article entitled “Unholy Gains” on Barron’s online without permission by Mr. Joe Gutnick. This case involves restatement of torts, right of reputation , Jurisdiction.The typical case states a lot of principles about personal Jurisdiction, from it, we have a good knowledge of how to protect reputation and the law of Jurisdiction. Therefore , we believed that the case is the best choice to analysis.BACKGROUND:Mr.Joe Gutnick lives in Victoria and has many friends and associates there , he is chairman of a corporation , shares in which are traded in the United States. Dow Jones company is an American publishing and financial informatio n firm. It has several flagship publications, like Barron’s Online that covers U.S. financial information, market developments, and relevant statistics.Dow Jones published an article with five copies of the print edition were sent from New Jersey for circulation in Australia. Mr. Joe Gutnick thought this article defame his reputation. So, Mr. Joe Gutnick sued Dow Jones in Victoria and won the lawsuit. However, Dow Jones appealed to the High Court of Australia, because they thought it’s unfair. So, Dow Jo nes became the plaintiff , Mr. Joe Gutnick became the respondent.QUESTIONS & ANSWERSWho is the Plaintiff and from what state?Dow Jones was plaintiff . Because Barron’s Online published by Dow Jones in USA. Dow Jones thought this case should be heard in America. So, Dow Jones appealed to the High Court of Australia.Who is defendant and from what state?Mr. Joe Gutnick was defendant . Because he’s reputation was damaged by the article . About this article , Barron’s investigation found that sev eral charities traded heavily in stocks promoted by Gutnick, The article associates the respondent with Mr.Nachum Goldberg who is apparently a convicted tax evader and another person awaiting trail for stock manipulation in New York. His reputation was serious damaged in Victoria, what’s more, he believed that jurisdiction belong to Australia. Why are they bringing suit?For Mr. Joe Gutnick : He is a successful business man , his business activities have extended beyond Australia. However, the internet ver sion of Barron’s had over half a million subscribers, with some 1700 online subscribers in Australia. Mr.Gutnick thought the article's defamatory statement had a bad influence on his reputation and his business.For Dow Jones: Dow Jones thought the first determination of Victoria Court is unfair, therefore they brought the suit to the HIGH COURT OF AUSTRALIA, Dow Jones thought the article was published online in America, and this case should be trial by America.How did suit proceed?Mr. Joe Gutnick brought suit in victoria and won the lawsuit. Then, Dow Jones appealed to the High Court of Australia . In the end, Dow Jones should be pay $580,000 to Gutnick.What decision was given by judge?All seven high court justices determined that Gutnick could bring suit in Victoria, the place where damage to his reputation occurred. Defamation did not occur at the time of publishing, but rather when some third party read publication and thereby thought less of Gutnick.What legal issue(s) were cited in the decision?1．DefamationDefamation—also called calumny, vilification, or traducement—is thecommunication of a factual statement that harms the reputation of an individual, business, product, group, government, religion, or nation.Most jurisdictions allow legal action to deter various kinds of defamation and retaliate against groundless criticism.2．ReputationArticle 17 of the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights statesa. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with hisprivacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honour and reputation.b. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against suchinterference or attacks.3．Extraterritorial Application of U.S. Antitrust LawsThe courts have imposed several jurisdictional tests that limit the legislative rule.They require a showing that, first an alleged defendant is subject to the personal jurisdiction of the court and, second, that the court has subject matter jurisdiction.4．Personal Jurisdiction Requirements of U.S. Antitrust LawsAccording to the personal jurisdiction requirements of U.S. Antitrust laws. The American antitrust laws authorize a court to assume personal jurisdiction if adefendant has the contacts specified either by (1). section 12 of the Clayton Act or(2). an applicable state long arm statute.5．Subject Matter Jurisdiction Requirement of U.S. Antitrust LawsTwo tests are used to determine whether a court has subject matter jurisdiction in an American antitrust case. But in this case , we just use the second test named Jurisdiction rule of reason .ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION:Form of defamation and Reputational damage : According to the definition of defamation. Dow Jones harms the Mr. Joe Gutnick’s reputation o f an individual and business. Although defamation did not occur at the time of publishing, when some third party read the publication and thereby damage Gutnick’s reputation. So we believe that libel formed.Disputes of Jurisdiction: Section 12of Clayton Act allows a court to assume personal jurisdiction over an antitrust defendant who transacts business in the forum jurisdiction and state long arm statutes are applicable to antitrust proceedings because of a provision in the U.S Federal Rules of civil procedure that looks upon state law as an independent basis for exercising personal jurisdiction in federal casts. From the cast we know , thought the respondent of a business.Mr. Joe Gutnick lives in Victoria and have many friends and associates there, he are traded in the United States. It meet the conditions--The defendant an the court has a minimum contact, so the America may exercise the jurisdiction. This case can be trialed in America.RECOMMENDATIONS: How to protect your reputation: 1)In the business, any person who engaged in trading activities must comply with business ethics and constraints of legal, people should be engaged in legitimate business activities. 2) If someone defame you and damage your reputation, you should protect your legitimate rights and interests through legal channels.How to use jurisdiction properly: 1) Countries need to improve and perfect the legal system.2)The court can trial cases by refer the relevant cases.3)The plaintiff can consult a lawyer before the appeal.CONCLUSIONS: It’s really a very controversial case in the history of jurisdiction. First of all, it contains a lot of torts. Such as Reputational damage and defamation. And it can help people learn more knowledge to protect their rights. Second, this case also includes some blurry questions in jurisdiction. Because the place that the case happened is not clearly. This case is a good example that the clear jurisdiction vesting is significant. So we choose this case and provide a detailed analysis.。

2024年反垄断法在国际视角下的探讨5篇英文版

2024年反垄断法在国际视角下的探讨5篇英文版Exploring Antitrust Laws in 2024 from an International PerspectiveIn the year 2024, the global landscape of antitrust laws is evolving rapidly. Countries around the world are taking proactive measures to address issues of market competition and consumer protection. In this document, we will delve into five key aspects of antitrust laws from an international viewpoint.1. Overview of Antitrust Laws: Antitrust laws are designed to promote fair competition and prevent monopolistic practices in the marketplace. By analyzing the enforcement of these laws in different countries, we can gain insights into the effectiveness of regulatory frameworks.2. Global Enforcement Trends: The enforcement of antitrust laws varies across jurisdictions, with some countries taking a more aggressiveapproach towards antitrust violations. Understanding these trends can help businesses navigate the complex regulatory environment.3. Challenges in Cross-Border Antitrust Cases: In an increasingly interconnected world, cross-border antitrust cases pose unique challenges for regulators and businesses. Issues such as jurisdictional conflicts and differing legal standards can complicate the resolution of these cases.4. Emerging Technologies and Antitrust: The rise of new technologies, such as artificial intelligence and blockchain, is reshaping the competitive landscape. Antitrust authorities are grappling with how to apply traditional antitrust principles to these innovative industries.5. Collaborative Approaches to Antitrust Compliance: In light of the growing complexity of antitrust laws, businesses are adopting collaborative approaches to ensure compliance. Through industry partnerships and information-sharing initiatives, companies can stay ahead of regulatory developments.By examining these key themes, we can gain a comprehensive understanding of the evolving nature of antitrust laws in 2024. As businesses navigate the challenges and opportunities presented by these laws, staying informed and proactive is crucial to maintaining a competitive edge in the global marketplace.。

法院英语词汇汇总

法院英语词汇汇总Aa law 法规,法例法规,法例argumentative question 争论性的问题争论性的问题attempt 企图企图abate 降低,减少,排除降低,减少,排除abduct 拐骗,诱拐拐骗,诱拐abortion 堕胎堕胎abscond 潜逃,逃跑潜逃,逃跑absolve 宣告无罪宣告无罪abstract 摘要摘要abuse (people) 虐待,辱骂虐待,辱骂abuse (power) 滥用权利滥用权力abuse (office) 滥用职权滥用职权acceptance of bribes 受贿受贿accessory 从犯从犯accident 事故,意外事故,意外accomplice 共犯,帮凶共犯,帮凶accord and satisfaction 和解与清偿和解与清偿according to law 按照法律,依照法律,与法律一致按照法律,依照法律,与法律一致accusation 指控,控告指控,控告accused 被告被告acquittal 宣告无罪宣告无罪act of Congress 国会法案国会法案act of God 不可抗力,天灾不可抗力,天灾adjudication 判决,裁定判决,裁定admitted into evidence 接收为证据接收为证据admissible evidence 可接纳的证据可接纳的证据admission 供认,招认供认,招认adoption 收养,领养,认养;采用,接纳收养,领养,认养;采用,接纳Adult Probation and Parole 成人缓刑与假释成人缓刑与解释adultery 通奸通奸advisement of rights 权利告诫权利告诫advocate (n) 辩护人辩护人advocate (v) 辩护;倡导辩护;倡导affiant 宣誓人,立誓词人宣誓人,立誓人affidavit 宣誓书,经宣誓的书面陈述宣誓书,经宣誓的书面陈述affirm 确认,(上诉院)维持原判确认,(上诉院)维持原判aggravated 加重的加重的aggravated circumstances 增加严重性的情节增加严重性的情节agreement 协议协议aid and abet 协谋,教唆,帮凶协谋,教唆,帮凶aiding escape 协助逃跑协助逃跑aiding prostitution 协助卖淫协助卖淫alias 别名,化名,假名别名,化名,假名alib i 不在现场的证据不在现场的证据alien 外侨,侨民外侨,侨民alimony (付给前配偶的)赡养费(傅给前配偶的)赡养费allegation 指称,指控指称,指控alleged thief 被指称为窃贼的人被指称为窃贼的人allocution 认罪供词,自白供词认罪供词,自白供词amnesty 大赦大赦ancillary 附属的附属的animal control officer 动物检疫人员动物检疫animal cruelty 虐畜罪虐畜罪anticompetitive practices 防止竞争措施防止竞争措施antitrust act 反托拉斯法案,发信托案反托拉斯法案,发信托案appeal 上诉上诉appearance 出庭出庭appellate court 上诉法庭上诉法庭applicability 可适应性可适应性appoint 指定,委派,委任指定,委派,委任appraisal 估价估价aquatic wildlife 野生水中动物,鱼类野生水中动物,鱼类arbitration 仲裁,公断仲裁,公断argument 争辩,辩论争辩,辩论arm of the law 法律的权利法律的权利armed robbery 持械抢劫持械抢劫arraignment 提审,提讯,提堂,过堂提审,提讯,提堂,过堂arraignment hearing 提讯听证提讯听证arrest 逮捕,拘捕逮捕,拘捕arrest on suspicion 因有疑而被捕因有疑而被捕arrest warrant 逮捕证,通缉令逮捕证,通缉令arresting officer 执行逮捕的警员执行逮捕的警员arsenal 弹药库,枪械库弹药库,枪械库arson 纵火罪纵火罪ascertain 确定,查明确定,查明aspersion 中伤,诽谤中伤,诽谤assassin 刺客,暗杀凶手刺客,暗杀凶手assailant 攻击者攻击者assault 攻击攻击assault and battery 殴打罪,伤害人身罪殴打罪,伤害人身罪assess 估价,征收估价,徵收assets 资产资产asylum 庇护庇护atrocity 暴行暴行attempted crime 犯罪未遂犯罪未遂attempted murder 谋杀未遂谋杀未遂audit 稽查,查帐,审计,审核稽查,查帐,审计,审核authenticate 鉴定,认证鉴定,认证auto burglary 偷汽车里的东西偷汽车裏的东西auto theft 偷汽车偷汽车automobile homicide 车祸杀人车祸杀人autopsy 验尸,尸体剖检验尸,尸体剖检avow 招认,承认招认,承认award (v) 判给判给award (n) 裁定额裁定额Bbackup 后援,后备后援,后备badge (of a police officer) 徽章徽章bail 保释,保释金保释,保释金bail bond 保释保证金,保金保释保证金,保金bail bondsman 保释代理人保释代理人bail forfeiture 保释金没收保释金没收bail jumping 弃保潜逃,保释中逃跑,逃保弃保潜逃,保释中逃跑,逃跑Bail Reform Act 保释修正案保释修正案bailey 法庭法庭bailiff 法警,法庭执行官法警,法庭执行官ban 禁止,禁令,取缔禁止,禁令,取缔bandit 盗贼,土匪盗贼,土匪banish 流放,驱逐流放,驱逐bar 律师业律师业bar association 律师协会律师协会barricade 临时防御,障碍物临时防御,障碍物befouling water 污染水源污染水源behavior 品性,行为品性,行为bench 法官席,法官法官席,法官bench trail 法官(无陪审团)审讯法官(无陪审团)审讯bench warrant 法庭传票法庭传票beyond reasonable doubt 理无置疑,无合理怀疑理无置疑,无合理怀疑bias 偏见偏见bicycle path 自行车/脚踏车/单车专用道自行车/脚踏车/单车专用道bid 投标,出价投标,出价bigamy 一夫多妻制;重婚罪一夫多妻制;重婚罪bill (in a legislature) 议案议案bill of lading 提货单,提单提货单,提单bill of particular 诉讼明细书诉讼明细书Bill of Rights 人权法案,基本权利法案人权法案,基本权利法案bind over 责令待审责令待审binding 有约束力的,附有义务的有约束力的,附有义务的binding agreement 有约束力的协议有约束力的协议birthright 与生俱来的权利与生俱来的权利black market 黑市黑市blackmail 勒索,敲诈,讹诈勒索,敲诈,讹诈blood alcohol 血液内的酒精含量血液内的酒精含量blood test 验血验血bludgeon 杖刑杖刑board certified (medical) 拥有(医学)公会认可的资格执照拥有(医学)公会认可的资格执照board examiner (medical) (医学)公会监考员(医学)公会监考员boating infractions 划船游乐方面的违规划船游乐方面的违规body search 搜身搜身book verb 入案,落案入案,落案bookie /bookmaker 赌博(各种比赛)的经纪人赌博(各种比赛)的经济人bookmaking 外围下注外围下注bound 受到约束的受到约束的bounty hunter 为领赏而追捕逃犯的人为领赏而追捕逃犯的人brandish a weapon 挥动武器(来威胁) 挥动武器(来威胁)breaking and entering 强行闯入强行闯入bribe 行贿,贿赂行贿,贿赂brief 摘要书,辨诉状摘要书,辩诉状bring to justice 移送法办,绳之以法移送法办,绳之以法burden of proof 举证责任擧证责任burglary 盗窃,盗窃罪盗窃,盗窃罪business license 营业执照营业执照bylaws 规章,规程规章,规程C(credit for) time served 已服刑时间已服刑时间campaign contribution 竞选捐献,竞选献金竞选捐献,竞选献金cannabis 大麻,大麻类毒品大麻,大麻类毒品capital punishment 死刑死刑carcass 动物尸体动物实体carjacking 劫车劫车carpool lane 合用车专用道合用车专用道carrying a concealed weapon 身携暗器,携带暗器身擕暗器,携带暗器case 案子,诉讼案件案子,诉讼案件case in chief 主案,控方的证据主案,控方的证据case law 判例法,案例法判例法,案例法causation 因果关系,造事原因因果关系,造事原因causing catastrophe 造成大灾难造成大灾难caveat 警告,中止诉讼的通知警告,中止诉讼的通知cease and desist 停止,制止停止,制止census 人口普查,人口调查人口普查,人口调查certified 被证明的,有保证的被证明的,有保证的chain of custody 接受监管的次序接受监管的次序challengea. preemptory challenge 不述理由而要求陪审员退席不述理由而要求陪审员退席b. challenge for cause 有原因要求陪审员退席有原因要求陪审员退席challenge (v) 反对,质问反对,质问change of venue 变更审判地点,转移管辖变更审判地点,转移管辖character evidence 人格证据,品德证据人格证据,品德证据charges 指控,罪名指控,罪名charge to the jury (法官)对陪审团的指导(法官)对陪审团的指导charitable organization 慈善机构,慈善组织慈善机构,慈善组织charity drive 慈善活动慈善活动chattel 动产,有形财产动产,有形财产chief justice 首席法官首席法官child endangerment 危害儿童危害儿童child labor law 童工法童工法child molestation 猥亵儿童猥亵儿童child welfare service 儿童福利服务儿童福利服务choking 窒息窒息circuit court 巡回法庭巡回法庭circumstantial evidence 间接证据,旁证间接证据,旁证citation 罚单,传票罚单,传票civil code 民事法典民事法典civil enforcement 执行民事法典执行民事法典civil law 民法民法civil liberty 公民自由公民自由civil right 公民权利公民权利claim (n) 要求权要求权claim (v) 声称,断言声称,断言claim (damages) 索赔索赔claim (lost or stolen property) 认领认领claimant 债权人,原告,索赔人债权人,原告,索赔人clandestine 暗中的,秘密的暗中的,秘密的class action lawsuit 集体诉讼集体诉讼classified (advertisement) 分类的分类的classified (document) 保密的保密的clerk of the court 法庭书记法庭书记closing argument 终结陈述,终结辩论终结陈述,终结辩论cocaine 古柯碱,可卡因,白粉古柯碱,可卡因,白粉co-conspirator 共谋人,篡谋人共谋人,簒谋人coercion 强迫,胁迫,挟制强迫,胁迫,挟持cohabitation 同居同居commercial drivers license 商业性驾驶执照商业性驾驶执照commit a crime 犯下罪行犯下罪行commitment hearing 拘禁听证拘禁听证common law 判例法,习惯法,普通法判例法,习惯法,普通法common law marriage 普通法/习惯法上的婚姻普通法/习惯法上的婚姻community service 社区服务社区服务community standards 共同道德标准共同道德标准compelling argument 有道理/有说服力的争辩有道理/有说服力的争辩competence 能力,权限能力,权限competent council 合格的律师合格的律师competent court 管辖法院,主管法院管辖法院,主管法院complaint 控诉,民事起诉控诉,民事起诉compulsory education 义务教育义务教育compulsory process 强制到庭的程序强制到庭的程序computer crimes 用计算机(电脑)犯罪用计算机(电脑)犯罪concealed firearm 夹带/夹藏的枪械夹带/夹藏的枪械concealed weapon 夹带/夹藏武器,暗器夹带/夹藏武器,暗器concurrent sentences 合并刑期,同时执行合并刑期,同时执行confession 认罪,供认,招认认罪,供认,招认confidentiality 保密性,机密性保密性,机密性confinement 监禁,拘留监禁,拘留confiscate 没收,充公没收,充公conflict of interest 利益冲突利益冲突confrontation of witness 证人对质证人对质consecutive sentences 连续刑期连续刑期conspiracy 共谋,篡谋共谋,篡谋conspiracy to commit a crime 篡谋犯罪篡谋犯罪constable 警察警察constitutional right 宪法权利宪法权利contempt of court 蔑视法庭蔑视法庭continuance/continuation (of the case) 诉讼延期,展延诉讼延期,展延contract 契约,合同契约,合同contract law 合同法,契约法合同法,契约法contradict 反驳反驳contradict oneself 自相矛盾自相矛盾contradiction 矛盾矛盾convict noun 罪犯犯罪convict verb 定罪定罪conviction 定罪,判罪定罪,判罪coroner 验尸官验尸官correctional officer 狱警,监管警员狱警,监管警员corroborate 证实证实costs incurred 所引起的费用所引起的费用counsel 律师律师counseling 心理辅导心理辅导count 罪项罪项court 法庭,法院法庭,法院court appointed attorney 法庭任命的律师法庭任命的律师court interpreter 法庭翻译,法庭传译法庭翻译,法庭传译court of appeals 上诉法院上诉法院court of last resort 终审法院终审法院court of record 案件记录所在的法院案件纪录所在的法院credibility 可信度,可信性可信度,可信性creditor 债权人债权人crime 罪行罪行crime lab 罪证化验室罪证化验室criminal background information 前科资料前科资料criminal code 刑事法典刑事法典criminal information 刑事检举书刑事检举书criminal intent 犯罪意图犯罪意图criminal justice 刑事司法刑事司法criminal mischief 刑事恶作剧刑事恶作剧criminal offense 刑事犯罪刑事犯罪criminal proceedings 刑事诉讼程序刑事诉讼程序criminal record 犯罪记录犯罪记录criminal trespass 非法进入他人土地或房屋非法进入他人土地或房屋cross examination 盘问盘问crosswalk 行人穿越道,斑马线,人行横道行人穿越道,斑马线,人行道curfew 宵禁,戒严宵禁,戒严custodial interference 妨碍监护权妨碍监护权custody (of children) 监护权监护权(take into) custody 拘留,扣押拘留,扣押DDA (District Attorney) 检查官,检控官检查官,检控琯damage 损失,损害损失,损害damages 损害赔偿损害赔偿data 数据,资料数据,资料de facto 事实上,实际上事实上,实际上de jure 法理上法理上deadly weapon 致命武器致命武器death sentence 死刑死刑debate 辩论辩论debrief (a witness) 询问(证人) 询问(证人)deceit 欺骗,欺诈欺骗,欺诈deception 欺瞒,蒙骗欺瞒,蒙骗(to issue a) decree 颁布法令,命令颁布法令,命令deface 毁伤外貌,污损毁伤外貌,污损defamation 诽谤诽谤default 缺席,逾期未…… 缺席,逾期未……default judgment 缺席判决缺席判决defendant 被告被告defense 辩护,答辩,辨方辩护,答辩,辩方defense attorney 辩护律师辩护律师defense exhibit A 辨方呈物甲/证物甲辩方呈物甲/证物甲deferred prosecution 缓期起诉缓期起诉defraud 诈骗,欺诈诈骗,欺诈defunct 已死的,已故的,已倒闭的已死的,已故的,已倒闭的demolish 拆毁,拆除拆毁,拆除denounce 谴责,斥责,驳斥谴责,斥责,驳斥deny (a charge) 否认,否定否认,否定deny (a request or proposal) 驳回,否决驳回,否决department of corrections 惩治局,狱政局,监狱局,劳改局惩治局,狱政局,监狱局,劳改局department of motor vehicles 机动车辆管理局,车管局机动车辆管理局,车官局department of public safety 公安局,公安机关公安局,公安机关deportation 递解出境,驱逐出境递解出境,驱逐出境deposition 宣誓证言,宣誓证词宣誓证言,宣誓证词deprave 腐化,腐败腐化,腐败deputy D.A. 地区副检控官地区检控官deputy sheriff 警员警员desecration 亵渎,污辱亵渎,侮辱destruction of property 破坏财物破坏财务detain 扣留,拘留扣留,拘留detainer 扣押令扣押令detention 拘留拘留diagnosis 诊断诊断direct evidence 直接证据直接证据direct examination 直接询问直接询问disavowal 拒绝承担责任拒绝承担责任discharge 撤销(命令),释放撤销(命令),释放disciplinary action 纪律处分,惩戒处分纪律处分,惩罚处分disciplinary measure 纪律措施纪律措施discovery 告知准备使用的证据,透露证据告知准备使用的证据,透露证据dismemberment 肢解肢解dismiss 驳回驳回dismiss with prejudice 有偏见驳回起诉(不可以再诉) 有偏见驳回起诉(不可以再诉) dismiss without prejudice 无偏见驳回起诉(可以再诉) 无偏见驳回起诉(可以再诉) disorderly conduct 扰乱治安行为,行为不轨扰乱治安行为,行为不轨disposition (juvenile) (对未成年人的)判决,处理(对未成年人的)判决,处理dissident 异议人士,持不同政见者异议人士,持不同政见者disturbing public meeting 扰乱公众会议扰乱公众会议disturbing the peace 扰乱治安扰乱治安diversion 转移,替换转移,替换divest 剥夺剥夺divorce 离婚离婚docket sheet 法院日程表法院日程表dog fighting 斗狗斗狗domestic violence 家庭暴力家庭暴力double jeopardy 双重判案,一罪重审双重判案,一罪重审dragnet 法网法网driver's education 驾驶培训驾驶培训driving on a suspended license 在驾照吊销期间开车在驾照吊销期间开车driving record 驾驶记录驾驶纪录driving under the influence 酒后或吸毒后开车,受影响下驾驶酒后或吸毒后开车,受影响下驾驶drug abuse 滥用毒品滥用毒品drug bust 突击搜捕毒品及贩毒者突击搜捕毒品及贩毒者drug dealer 贩毒者贩毒者drug trafficking 贩毒贩毒drugs 毒品毒品drunk driving 酒后开车酒后开车due process of the law 适当/应有的法律程序适当/应有的法律程序duly sworn 正式发誓正式发誓Eeavesdropping 窃听,偷听窃听,偷听electric chair 电椅,电刑处死电椅,电刑处死electronic monitoring 电子监视电子监视elements of the offense 犯法要素犯法要素eligibility 资格资格embezzlement 盗用,侵吞,监守自盗盗用,侵吞,坚守自盗emergency medical service 急救服务急救服务enhanced penalties 加重刑罚加重刑罚entrapment 陷阱,圈套陷阱,圈套equal protection 平等保护/保障平等保护/保障escape 逃跑,逃脱逃跑,逃税evidence 证据证据examination 审查,发问,盘问审查,发问,盘问exclusionary rule 排除不合法证据的法规排除不合法证据的法规excusable homicide 可原谅的杀人可原谅的杀人exculpatory 申明无罪的申明无罪的exhibit 呈物,证物呈物,证物exoneration 证明无罪,免除责任证明无罪,免除责任exoneration of bail 免除保释金免除保释金expert witness 专家鉴定证人专家鉴定证人exploitation 利用,剥削利用,剥削explosive 炸药,爆炸物炸药,爆炸物expose (a crime) 揭露,揭发揭露,揭发expunge 删除,剔除删除,剔除extortion 勒索勒索extradition 引渡引渡eyewitness 目击证人目击证人Ffabrication 捏造,伪造捏造,伪造fact 事实,真相事实,真相failure to appear 不出庭罪不出庭罪fair use 公平使用公平使用fallacy 谬论谬论false accusation 诬告罪诬告罪false alarm 虚惊虚惊false arrest 非法逮捕非法逮捕falsification of documents 伪造文件伪造文件falsification of evidence 伪造证据伪造证据felony 刑事重罪刑事重罪fencing 买卖赃物买卖赃物field sobriety test 现场清醒测验现场清醒测验file (n) 档案,卷宗档案,卷宗file (v) 提交,入档,提出(诉讼) 提交,入档,提出(诉讼)find (n) 拾得物,掘获物拾得物,掘获物find (v) 判定判定finding 判决,调查结果判决,调查结果fine 罚款罚款fingerprints 指纹指纹fire code 防火规章防火规章fire marshal 消防局长消防局长fire prevention 防火措施防火措施firearms 枪械枪械firecrackers 鞭炮,爆竹鞭炮,爆竹fireworks 烟火,焰火,烟花烟火,焰火,烟花flagellate 鞭打鞭打flammable material 易燃物品易燃物品for the record 记录在案纪录在案foreclosure 赎回权的取消赎回权的取消forensic 法庭的,用于法庭的法庭的,用於法庭的forensic expert 法医,科学鉴定专家法医,科学鉴定专家forensic psychiatry 司法精神病学司法精神病学forensic science 科学鉴定学科学鉴定学forensics 法医学法医学forfeit 放弃,失去放弃,失去forgery 伪造伪造fornication 私通私通foster home 寄养家庭,收养所寄养家庭,收养所foul language 粗话粗活found liable 判定有责任判定有责任frame up 造假陷害造假陷害fraud 行骗,欺诈行骗,欺诈frisk 搜身搜身fugitive 逃犯逃犯Ggag order 禁止谈论令禁止谈论令gallows 绞刑台绞刑台gaming 赌博,赌塞赌博,堵塞gang 帮派,团伙帮派,团夥garnish 扣押钱财扣押钱财gas chamber 毒气室毒气室genocide 种族灭绝种族灭绝gimmick 手法,手段手法,手段gist (诉讼中的)主旨,要点,大意(诉讼中的)主旨,要点,大意good behavior 品行良好品行良好good cause 正当理由正当理由good faith effort 有诚意的努力有诚意的努力grace period 宽限期宽限期graffiti 乱涂乱写乱凃乱写graft 受贿,渎职受贿,渎职grand jury 大陪审团大陪审团grand theft 重偷窃罪重偷窃罪grievously sinful 罪孽深重罪孽深重grievance 不满,冤情不满,冤情gross negligence 严重失职严重失职groundless 无根据,没道理无根据,没道理ground 理由理由guardian 监护人监护人guilty 有罪有罪gun runner 军火走私贩军火走私贩gunshot wound 枪伤枪伤Hhabeas corpus 人身保护法人身保护法habitual offender 惯犯惯犯habitual sex offender 性惯犯性惯犯habitual violent offender 暴力惯犯暴力惯犯hallucinogen 幻觉剂幻觉剂handcuff 手铐手铐handgun 手枪手枪harassment 骚扰骚扰harbor a criminal 窝藏罪犯窝藏罪犯hate crime 仇恨罪仇恨罪hazardous material 危害物品,危险材料危害物品,危险材料hazing 戏弄,恶作剧戏弄,恶作剧hearing 聆讯聆讯hearsay 传闻传闻heroin 海洛因海洛因highway patrol 高速公路巡警高速公路巡警hijacking 劫持劫持hit and run 驾车肇事后逃跑驾车肇事后逃跑hoarding 囤积囤积hoax 骗局骗局home detention 软禁软禁homicide 杀人,他杀杀人,他杀hostage 人质人质hostile witness 敌对证人敌对证人hot pursuit 紧追紧追hung jury 不能做出一致决断的陪审团不能做出一致决断的陪审团hunting certificate/license/permit 狩猎许可狩猎许可hunting tag 狩猎标牌狩猎标牌Iidentification 身份证身份证identify 认出,辨认,分辨认出,辨认,分辨illegal alien 非法居留者非法拘留者illegal immigration 非法移民非法移民illegal immigration broker 蛇头蛇头illegitimate child 私生子,非婚生子私生子,非婚生子illicit 非法非法illusory 错觉的错觉的immunity 豁免权豁免权immunity from liability 责任豁免权责任豁免权immunity from prosecution 检控豁免权检控豁免权impeachment of witness 指责证人指责证人impersonation of judge 假扮法官假扮法官impersonation of police officer 假扮警察假扮警察implicate 牵连,牵涉牵连,牵涉implied consent 默认,默示同意默认,默示同意impound 没收,扣押,充公没收,扣押,充公imprisonment 徒刑,下狱,坐牢,禁锢徒刑,下狱,坐牢,禁锢in camera 不公开不公开in session 开庭开庭inadmissible 不可接纳的不可接纳的incarceration 监禁监禁incest 乱伦乱伦inchoate offenses 犯罪未遂犯罪未遂incite 煽动,鼓动煽动,鼓动inconsistent (statements) 矛盾(供词) 矛盾(供词)incriminate 归罪,使负罪归罪,使负罪indictment 大陪审团起诉书,大陪审团公诉书大陪审团起诉述,大陪审团公诉述indigent 贫穷的贫穷的indirect evidence 间接证据间接证据inducement 诱惑诱惑infiltration 渗透渗透influence peddling 招权纳贿招权纳贿informant 告密者,线人告密者,线人information 正式起诉书正式起诉述informed consent 知情的同意知情的同意infraction 违规,违例违规,违例inherent right 固有权利固有权利inheritance 继承;遗产继承;遗产injunction 禁令,强制令禁令,强制令injustice 不公正,不正义,不法不公正,不正义,不法inmate 囚犯囚犯insanity 精神错乱精神错乱instigate 煽乱,怂恿煽乱,怂恿insurance 保险保险insurgent 叛乱的叛乱的intent 意图意图interference with public servant 妨害公务罪意图INTERPOL 国际刑事警察组织国际刑事警察组织interstate 州际州际intimidation 恐吓恐吓intoxilizer 酒醉测试器酒醉测试器investigation 调查调查irrational 不合理智的不合理智的issue (n) 问题,争论点; 子女,后嗣问题,争论点;子女,后嗣issue (v) 发行,发出,分配发行,发出,分配itemize 列举,详细列举列举,详细列举Jjail 拘留所,监狱拘留所,监狱jailbreak 越狱越狱jay-walk 违章穿越马路违章穿越马路John/Jane Doe 无名氏无名氏joy riding 偷车兜风偷车兜风Judge Advocate General 军法局长,军法处长军法局长,军法处长judgment 判决判决judicial 司法的司法的judicial notice 司法上应有的知识司法上应有的知识judiciary 司法系统司法系统jump bail 弃保潜逃弃保潜逃junk dealer 收售旧物者收售旧物者jurisdiction 司法权,管辖权,判决权司法权,管辖权,判决权jurisprudence 法理家法理家jurist 法学家法学家juror 陪审员陪审员juror, alternative 候补陪审员候补陪审员juror, prospective 待选陪审员待选陪审员juror, sworn 正选陪审员正选陪审员jury 陪审团陪审团jury box 陪审团席陪审团席jury instructions (法官给)陪审团的指示(法官给)陪审团的指示jury tempering 非法干预陪审团非法干预陪审团jury trial 陪审团审案陪审团审案juvenile court 青少年/未成年人法庭青少年/未成年人法庭juvenile delinquent 青少年/未成年人罪犯青少年/未成年人罪犯Kkidnapping 绑架,绑票绑架,绑票killer 凶手凶手kiting 开空投支票开空头支票kleptomania 盗窃狂盗窃狂knowingly 知情地,故意地知情地,故意地Llabor law 劳工法,劳动法劳工法,劳动法landmark decision 里程碑式的判决里程碑式的判决larceny 盗窃罪盗窃罪laser-sight weapon 激光瞄准武器激光瞄准武器law code 法典,法例法典,法例law enforcement agency 执法机构执法机构law firm 律师事务所律师事务所law school 法学院法学院lawsuit 官司,诉讼,案件官司,诉讼,案件lead council 首席律师首席律师leading question 诱导发问诱导发问lechery 淫乱行为淫乱行为legal age 法定年龄法定年龄legal aid 法律援助法律援助legal aide 法律助理法律助理legal council 法律顾问法律顾问legal obligation 法律义务法律义务legal system 法律体制法律体制legal tender 法定货币法定货币legalese 法律术语法律术语legality 合法性合法性legislature 立法机关立法机关leniency 宽恕,宽大处理宽恕,宽大处理lethal injection 致命性注射剂致命性注射剂lethal weapon 致命凶器致命凶器letter bomb 信件炸弹信件炸弹lewd conduct 猥亵行为,淫秽行为,下流行为猥亵行为,淫秽行为,下流行为liability 应负责任,债务应负责任,债务liable 法律责任法律责任liability insurance 责任保险责任保险libel 诽谤罪诽谤罪lie detector 测谎器测谎器lie in wait 埋伏以待埋伏以待lien 留置权,扣押权留置权life sentence 无期徒刑,终生监禁无期徒刑,终生监禁lineup 列队辨认嫌疑犯列队辨认嫌疑犯litigant 诉讼当事人诉讼当事人litigation 诉讼,打官司诉讼,打官司littering 乱丢垃圾乱丢垃圾loaded weapon 装上弹药的武器装上弹药的武器loan shark 高利贷者高利贷者lodge a complaint 投诉投诉loitering 闲荡闲荡loophole 漏洞漏洞looting 洗劫,趁乱打劫洗劫,趁乱打劫losses 损失损失LSD 迷幻药迷幻药lynching 私刑处死私刑处死MMafia 黑手党,黑社会,黑帮团伙黑手党,黑社会,黑帮团夥magistrate 裁判官裁判官mail bomb 邮件炸弹邮件炸弹mail fraud 邮件欺诈邮件欺诈mail theft 邮件盗窃邮件盗窃maiming 残害残害making arrest 拘捕,逮捕拘捕,逮捕malfeasance 恶行,劣迹恶行,劣迹malice 恶意恶意malicious mischief 恶意作弄恶意作弄malicious prosecution 恶意控告恶意控告malign 诬蔑,诋毁污蔑,诋毁malpractice 失职失职mandate 执行令执行令mandatory 规定的,强制性的规定的,强制性的mandatory sentences 规定刑期规定死期manhunt 搜捕逃犯搜捕逃犯manslaughter 过失杀人,误杀过失杀人,误杀maritime law 海事法海事法marshal 法警,庭警发精,庭警mass hysteria 集体发疯集体发疯material facts 重要事实重要事实material statement 重要声明重要声明material witness 重要证人重要证人matter of record 有案可查的事项有案可查的事项maxim 格言格言mayhem 残害身体残害身体mediation 调停,仲裁调停,仲裁minimum standard 最低标准最低标准minor 未成年人未成年人Miranda Rights 米兰达权利米兰达权利mischief 恶作剧恶作剧misconduct 不法行为,不端行为不法行为,不端行为misdemeanor 轻刑罪轻型罪misleading question 误导问题误导问题misnomer 误称误称misquote 错误引用错误引用misrepresentation 虚假不实的陈述虚假不实的陈述missing 失踪失踪mistrial 无效审判(可重审) 无效审判(可重审) mitigating circumstances 减罪细节减罪细节mitigating factors 减罪因素减罪因素modus operandi 作案方法作案方法money laundering 洗钱洗钱monopoly 垄断垄断moot (adj.) 假设的,非实际的假设的,非实际的moral certainty 确实可靠性确实可靠性moral standard 道德标准道德标准moral turpitude 违背道德,卑鄙违背道德,卑鄙motion 动议动议motion denied 动议被否决动议被否决motion granted 动议被批准动议被批准motive 动机动机mug shot 入案照片入案照片mutilation 切断,残害,毁伤切断,残害,毁伤mutiny 兵变,叛变兵变,叛变Nnarcotics 麻醉品麻醉品native-born citizen 土生公民土生公民naturalization 入境,归化入境,归化negligence 疏忽,过失疏忽,过失negligent homicide 过失杀人过失杀人nepotism 任人唯亲,裙带风任人唯亲,裙带风neutrality law 中立法中立法next of kin 最近亲属最近亲属night court 晚间法庭晚间法庭no contest 无争议无争议nonfeasance 不履行义务不履行义务nonpayment 不支付,未缴纳不支付,未缴纳nonresident 非(某地)居民非(某地)居民not guilty 无罪无罪notary public 公证人公证人nuisance 妨害公共利益的行为妨害公共利益的行为null and void 无效,失效无效,失效nullify 取消取消Ooath 誓言誓言objection 反对,抗议,异议反对,抗议,异议obscene 猥亵,淫荡猥亵,淫荡obscene phone call 猥亵/淫秽电话猥亵/淫秽电话obscenity 猥亵,淫秽,下流猥亵,淫秽,下流obstructing justice 妨害司法妨害司法offense 罪行,犯法罪行,犯法officer 警察,官员警察,官员official misconduct 官员渎职官员渎职on the record 记录在案记录在案open court 公开法庭公开法庭opening statement 开案陈述/陈词开案陈述/陈词ordinance 法令,条例法令,条例ostracism 排斥排斥outlaw (n) 歹徒歹徒outlaw (v) 取缔,剥夺(权利) 取缔,剥夺(权利)outstanding warrant 未执行的逮捕证,仍有效的通缉令未执行的逮捕证,仍有效的通缉令overrule 驳回,推翻驳回,推翻over act 明显/公开行为明显/公开行为P。

涉外法律英语词汇

涉外法律英语词汇agent ad litem [英汉法学大词典]法定代理人,诉讼代理人,指定代理人answer to the complaint答辩状antidumping/antisubsidy/antitrust反倾销/反补贴/反垄断articles of association 章程assignment of contract/registered trademark合同/注册商标转让assignor转让人authorized agent指定代理barrister 大律师bill of defense答辩书business license运业执照certificate of authorization 授权书certificate of proxy委托书certificate of trademark 商标注册证civil legal relation 民事法律关系competent authority 主管当局/机关conclusion of contract 合同的缔结conclusinve evidence确切证据concurrent jurisdiction共同管辖involving foreign interest涉外conterfeited registered trademark 假冒注册商标court of first/second instance一审/二审法院default judgement缺席判决discovery取证duration of patent right专利权期限enforcement强制执行entrusted agent委托代理人establishment through agreement/approval/confirmation协议/批准/确认设立examination on substance 实质审查exclusive jurisdiction专属管辖exclusive right to use the trademark商标专用权exemption clause免责条款expiration of the term期满exploitation fee 使用费extension of contract 合同期限的延展false imprisonment非法拘禁final determination/termination最终裁决/裁定force majeure不可抗力garantee clause担保条款guarantor 担保人holder of patent right专利权持有人indictment起诉书interested parties有关当事人interrogatory书面质询invalidation of patent right专利权的无效invention－creation发明创造law of onflicts冲突法legal formalities法定手续legal liquidated damages法定违约金legal person法人legal representative法定代表lex loci contractus合同订立地lex loci solutionis合同履行地lex rei sitae合同标的物所在地malicious prosecution诬告material injury实质损害modification of contract合同的变更movable property动产non－service invention－creation非职务发明创造notarize公证party concerned当事人patentee专利权人patent reexamination board专利复审委员会patent right of design/invention/utility model外观设计、发明、实用新型power of attorney代理人委托书preliminary approval/determination初步审查/裁定preservative measures诉讼保全price undertaking价格承诺proper law准据法reciprocal agreement互惠协议rescission of contract合同的撤销residence registration户籍restoration of marriage复婚revocable contract可撤销合同service送达service invention 职务发明sbuject matter 标的subcribe认缴summary trial即决审理summons传票surety contract involving foreign interest涉外担保合同suspend settlement中止协议suspension of performance of contract合同中止履行statutory succession法定继承testamentary succession遗嘱继承tamper篡改/伪造territorial jurisdiction地域管辖testimony of the witness证人证言vacant succession无人继承。

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Software has become an integral part of our society. The economic success of our country depends on the success of the software industry. ``Open source'' software, software which users are allowed to modify and redistribute, is a very important part of the software industryCopyright and patent laws are inappropriate for computer software, their imposition slows down software development and reduces competition. Computer software has become more and more important. Software has played an important part in the world. Computers have most likely played an important role in all our lives, from making math easier with calculators, to having money on the go with ATM machines. But software is completely defenseless, as it is more or less simply intellectual property, and not a physical thing, thus very easily copied."There are two kinds of intellectual property. The first one is composed of writing, music, and films, which are covered by copyright. Inventions and innovations are covered by patent. Unfortunately, it is not that easy when dealing with such a complex matter as computer software. When something is typed on a computer, it is considered writing, as it is all written words and numbers. However, when executed by the computer, it functions like an invention, performing a specific task as instructed by the user. Thus, software falls into both categories"1(By Del Guercio 22-24).It is generally covered today by copyright laws. More advanced software or programming techniques, however, can be patented, as they are neither obvious nor old. Copyrights last the lifetime of the author, plus 50 years, and can be renewed. Patents last only 17 years, but cannot be renewed. With technology advancing so quickly, it is not necessary to maintain the protection of the software for the length of the copyright, but also, it is sometimes necessary to renew them."For a 10th sequel in a video game series or version 47.1 of Bob's Graphic Program. With copyrighted material, one is able to write software similar to someone else's, so long as the programming code is their own, and not borrowed from the others"2(By Del Guercio 22-24) This keeps the industry competitive, and thus results in better software.Supporters of software patents claim that the involvement of the patent system is needed to provide incentive to innovate new software technology. They believe that the developers of new software technology have a right to a monopoly on the technology as it falls under the category of ``intellectual property.''Many companies that support software patents have large investments in existing patent portfolios. This includes companies such as IBM, Unisys and Microsoft. They1Del Guercio, Gino. Softwars. World Monitor Oct. 1991: 22-24. Reprinted in T echnology 3. Boca Raton, Florida: SIRS, Inc., 1996: Article 75.2Del Guercio, Gino. Softwars. World Monitor Oct. 1991: 22-24. Reprinted in T echnology 3. Boca Raton, Florida:have market power from their patents which supporters of software patents feel they are entitled to have.According to supporters, software patents encourage competition by giving anyone who creates a new software technology power over that technology. Kenneth Nichols points out that patent law protects a wider range of ``intellectual-property'' than copyrights and trade secrets, the traditional methods of software protection. ``The patent system has the advantages of being already in place and using a model that is adequate to cover a sizable portion of the software currently on the market'' (Nichols 105)3But with the ability to patent new and non-obvious software functions comes serious problems. The latest new technology, be it ray-tracing 3D engines, anti-aliasing software, or a new internet exploring fad can be patented. This would mean that only one company and its software could use it. Any other companies that wanted to use the software would have to pay them a large sum of money for the rights. Also, since patent hearings are conducted over a period of 3 years, and in secrecy, "company A might create a software package and then apply for a patent, and company B may create better software during that period, and might become quite successful, and then bam, the patent is given to the company A, who promptly sues the pants off company B. This stagnates the computer industry; it used to be that company A would retaliate by making better software"4(By Del Guercio 22-24). Let's say mouse support. Now, it cannot happen to mouse support as it is today, but in the future, something undoubtedly will replace the mouse as the preferred method of input, for instance, in what may be a virtual reality future think the glove may be the input device. Anyway, say it did happen to mouse support. Every single program that uses mouse support would have to pay a fee for the rights to do so. This would result in higher software prices, and reduced quality in the programs, as they have to worry about the legalities more. Needless to say, the patenting of software is not a widely encouraged policy, mostly loved by large corporations like Lotus and Microsoft. Smaller companies and most often consumers are generally against it. Even with all the legal problems I've mentioned that arise with current laws, that is not all. The complexity of software protection laws brings up a large degree of confusion.And the patent last 17 years, is too long for the software industry. I believe that the time-period is too complicated for an industry that changes every five years. And the main use of software patents is to block out competition. It claims that the government's policy to allow cross-licensing benefits companies that have large patent portfolios at the expense of their smaller competitors.3Nichols, Kenneth. Inventing Software: The Rise of ``Computer-Related'' Patents. Westport: Quorum, 1998.4Del Guercio, Gino. Softwars. World Monitor Oct. 1991: 22-24. Reprinted in T echnology 3. Boca Raton, Florida:There are some supporters of the ``free software'' movement, who believe that source code should be free as in free speech, consider software patents to be completely counter to the movement. Free software supporters believe that software patents provide too much control to the patent owners. These particular supporters believe that ``intellectual property'' should be shared and that software patents prevent ideas from being shared and thus inhibit the growth of software technology.All parties with an opinion on software patents purport to have the interest of the end-users of software in mind. ``Patents...create intellectual property rights that can be bought, sold, rented and licensed like other property rights''5(By Heckel 128).This is supposed to increase the dissemination of ideas through the marketplace and thus benefit users of software who should get better products. However, founder of the Free Software Foundation, Richard Stallman points out "navigating the maze of patents will be harder than writing software"6(By Richard Stallman) if software patents continue to spread. This would only reduce the amount of software that would be available. Because it increases the entry barrier and then lower the competition.Reducing the amount of available software may seem to be a good idea to some. But experience in the software industry shows that products that lack competition tend to stagnate. Like Microsoft did little to MS-DOS until competing products such as PC-DOS and DR-DOS became available. The capabilities of Internet browsers were fueled largely due to competition between Microsoft and Netscape.Of course, quality should be emphasized over quantity when it comes to the output of any industry including the software industry. Paul Heckel suggested that ``if software patents were more widely respected we would probably have fewer variations on a theme, and more themes to vary on''7(By Paul Heckel). He cited the 250 different spreadsheet programs available in 1992 as an example of the overuse of a product idea. However, in Intellectual Property Issues in Software it was noted that."Software innovator Bricklin, the creator of the original spreadsheet program, VisiCalc, believes that software patents could be very bad for the industry. It had patents been available when he and his collaborator developed VisiCalc, Bricklin speculated, their company, Software Arts, would have sought the protection. The consequences of such a decision, he further speculated, would have been to prevent 5Heckel, Paul. ``Debunking the Software Patent Myths.'' Communications of the ACM 35.6 (1992): 121-1406Stallman, Richard. ``Patent Reform is not Enough.'' 20 Mar. 1999. Free Software Foundation.26Apr.1999/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html.other innovators from exploring different expressions of the spreadsheet idea and to handicap the competition."8(By National Research Council )Open source software adds even more competition to the software industry and thus increases the need for innovation. Open source programs have demonstrated a level of reliability under rapidly changing conditions. At the very least, this raises the level of quality needed for successful proprietary software. Because competitive lead to improvement.According to the Open Source Initiative, the organization which controls the `Open Source trademark, open source software may not restrict any party from selling or giving away the software. However, the GNU General Public License (GPL) preamble notes that software patents create the ``danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary''9 (GNU GPL). What is worse is that third parties can also obtain patents and thus have control over software that they did not even write.This has shown to be true with in the case of the Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) compression algorithm whose author obtained a patent for the technique in 1985. However, the algorithm became part of several standards, partially due to ignorance that the algorithm, which had been published in the June 1984 issue of IEEE Computer, was patented. One of those standards was the CompuServe GIF file format. This file format allows lossless image compression; meaning that it makes image files smaller without losing any data. Today the GIF image format is the most popular lossless image compression format despite attempts to displace it with other standards. Even though Unisys, the current patent holder, had no part in creating this file format, it now asserts intellectual-property rights and demands royalty payments for programs that create GIFs.Unisys's policy is to allow non-commercial software free license to the LZW algorithm. However, open source software is not necessarily non-commercial software. This means that any one that asserts the right to sell an open source product that creates GIFs has to pay a royalty to Unisys. A distributor may not even be able to distribute the product if Unisys were to deny the distributor the right to use the LZW technology.Supporters of software patents would contend that Unisys has these rights as the owner of the LZW algorithm. However, Unisys is able to assert the right to royalties for software that was not written by any Unisys employees. Traditionally "it was the means for carrying out an idea that was patentable not the idea itself" 10(By Mylott 8National Research Council. Intellectual Property Issues in Software. Washington, D.C.: National Academy, 1991. 9GNU General Public License. 16 Feb. 1998. Free Software Foundation. 13 Apr. 1999/copy left/gpl.html.48). But any software that implements the LZW algorithm probably does it in a different way; thus software patents such as this cover an idea too.The original reasoning behind the patentability of software was that a computer running some software was in fact a different machine. Software changes the information stored in a computer's memory; changes what the computer knows how to do. "Viewing software as a physical, electrical process operating in a physical matrix of digital circuitry opens the way for it to be considered patentable subject matter" 11(By Lautsh 59). The logic behind this view is very convoluted and indicates how much the patent system has had to stretch to even allow software patents. Even a novice computer programmer, and many non-programmers, would know that simply implementing software on a different type of computer can dramatically change the actual instructions that tell the computer how to work. However, software patents are usually broad enough to cover the implementation on any platform.In the case of the LZW compression algorithm it is true that software patents have encouraged innovation. When it became apparent that the LZW patent was going to make it difficult to distribute graphics software, developers at Hutchison Avenue Software Corporation contributed code that created compatible GIF data without using the LZW algorithm to the library, a software library for generating GIFs. However, they had to use an inferior method along with an algorithm to make the data look like it was generated using the LZW algorithm. This process makes it possible for viewers such as web browsers to read the images; but it makes the images much larger than they should be. Users now have images that take up more space than they have to, wasting disk space and network bandwidth, hardly beneficial to anyone.Software patents currently can only do more harm than good to the software industry. Their only real benefit is that they can give small companies legal leverage in a competitive marketplace. But this benefit is even greater for the large companies that generate thousands of patents a year. Even worse, this benefit does not readily extend itself to independent developers who are often involved in open source development projects. Despite the myopic fear that proprietary software developers have of open source software development, this area in the software industry is a major resource. Action should be taken to protect this resource and encourage its growth. By requiring software patents be licensed ``openly,'' the software industry would benefit due to increased software quality and larger markets for software.Bibliography``The Business Case for Open Source.'' Apr. 1999. The Open Source Initiative. 26 Apr. 1999 /for-suits.html.GNU General Public License. 16 Feb. 1998. Free Software Foundation. 13 Apr. 1999 /copyleft/gpl.html.Heckel, Paul. ``Debunking the Software Patent Myths.'' Communications of the ACM 35.6 (1992): 121-140Del Guercio, Gino. Softwars. World Monitor Oct. 1991: 22-24. Reprinted in Technology 3. Boca Raton, Florida: SIRS, Inc., 1996: Article 75.Nichols, Kenneth. Inventing Software: The Rise of ``Computer-Related'' Patents. Westport: Quorum, 1998.Mylott, Tom. Computer Law for Computer Professionals. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1984National Research Council. Intellectual Property Issues in Software. Washington, D.C.: National Academy, 1991.Lautsh, John C. American Standard Handbook of Software Business Law. Reston: Reston, 1985.``The Open Source Definition.'' Apr. 1999. The Open Source Initiative. 26 Apr. 1999 /osd.html.Stallman, Richard. ``Patent Reform is not Enough.'' 20 Mar. 1999. Free Software Foundation.26Apr.1999/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html.。