《国际市场营销学》第八章习题参考答案
国际市场营销学第八章
第八章国际营销调研与信息系统国际营销调研就是采用科学的方法，系统的搜集、整理、分析有关国际市场的各种基本状况及其影响因素的信息，为国际企业决策提供重要的科学依据的过程。
国际营销调研的内容：信息收集，存放，分类，处理，总结。
信息是制定成功的营销策略和避免严重的营销失误的关键因素。
国际营销调研的作用1.有利于国际企业发现国际营销机会，开拓潜在的国际市场2.为企业进行国际营销组合决策提供依据3.有利于国际企业评价国际营销活动的成果，为调整国际营销策略提供依据4.有利于国际企业预测国际市场的发展变化规律国际营销调研的功能：描述，诊断，预测根据国际企业在进行国际营销的过程中所需要的信息的不同，国际营销调研的分类：1.有关国家、地区或市场的一般信息2.通过把握特定市场或国家的社会、经济、消费与工业发展趋势，预测未来营销要求所必需的信息3.作出产品、促销、分销和定价决策以及制定营销计划所需的信息国际营销调研的内容1.国际市场环境的调研1.经济环境2.人口环境3.政治和法律环境4.社会文化环境5.技术环境6.地理环境7.竞争形势2.国际市场营销策略的调研1.产品调研2.价格调研3.分销渠道调研4.促销调研3.国际市场消费者的调研（1）消费者在人口统计方面的特征（2）消费者的购买力水平（3）消费者的购买行为（4）消费者的偏好国际营销调研的类型1.探测性调研2.描述性调研。
大多数用的是这种，与探测性调研相比，描述性调研的目的更明确研究的问题更加具体。
3.因果关系调研。
目的是找出关联现象或变量之间的因果关系，可用实验法来检测和验证，回答为什么，如何的问题。
4.预测性调研国际营销调研的程序1.确定调研问题和目标2.制定调研计划，指实现调研目标或检验假设所要实施的计划。
3.收集信息4.分析信息（整理原始资料，对资料进行分类汇编，资料分析）5.撰写调研报告，应包括序文，主体，附录。
制定调研计划的内容1.确定调研内容2.确定资料来源3.选择调研方法，与调研的地点和对象有关。
8国际市场营销学课后习题答案
第一章1、国际市场营销学：就是一门研究以国外顾客需求为中心、从事国际市场营销活动得国际企业经营管理得科学。
2、国际市场营销学与市场营销学、国际贸易学得区别与联系就是什么?答：国际市场营销学与市场营销学得关系与区别联系：①理论基础相同②经营理念相同③市场边界得扩大区别:①国际市场环境更加复杂②国际市场营销面对更多不确定因素③国际市场营销方案更多样化④国际市场营销得难度更大国际市场营销与国际贸易得联系与区别联系：①国际贸易就是国际市场营销得先导.②企业得国际市场营销就是国际贸易得一部分.区别:①经营主体不同②商品得流通形态不同③经营动力或行为动机不同④评价经济效益得信息来源不同⑤国际市场营销活动得作业流程比国际贸易更加复杂3、企业开展国际市场营销得动因就是什么?答:⑴国内市场竞争激烈，利润微薄促使企业走向国际市场⑵企业走向国际市场以延长其产品得生命周期⑶国际市场需求潜力大、机会多⑷对低成本得追求⑸对东道国丰富与廉价资源得吸引⑹本国政府得支持与鼓励⑺东道国市场环境与基础设施条件得吸引4、国际市场营销得发展过程就是什么？答：⑴国内营销阶段⑵出口营销阶段⑶国际市场营销阶段5、国际市场得研究内容有哪些？答:研究对象:国际市场需求、国际市场营销活动、国际市场营销规律研究内容：国际市场营销环境、国际市场得选择、国际市场得调研、国际市场营销规划与组织、国际市场营销信息系、国际市场营销策略、国际市场竞争战略。
第二章1、国际政治环境：就是指东道国直接或间接影响与制约国际市场营销得各种政治因素得集合,其内容主要涉及政府与政党体制、政府政策与政治风险.２、国际法律环境：影响国际企业开展国际市场营销活动得法律主要有国内法律国际法律与东道国法律构成了国际法律环境.３、如何评估国际政治环境？答：⑴专家调查法⑵实地考察法⑶利用驻外专家调查法⑷利用国际咨询机构法⑸政治体制稳定指数（PSSＩ）法4、采取什么措施以防范国际政治风险？答：⑴回避策略⑵保险策略⑶当地化策略⑷建立合资企业策略⑸树立良好得企业形象策略⑹积极参与东道国经济建设策略5、国际商务争端得解决途径有哪些？答：(1）协商：就是指在发生商务争端之后，各方当事人约定在自愿互谅互让、相互妥协得基础上，依据相关法律与合同条款得规定,达成各方都能接受得解决方案。
国际市场营销学Lascu_Chapter8
Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2008 2
International Product Life Cycle: Maturity
• • • • Product is adopted by most target consumers. Sales are leveling off. Profits decline due to intense competition. Manufacturing operations move to developing countries to take advantage of cheap labor. • New competitors: firms from developing countries.
• Product line
• All the brands the company offers in one product category.
Colgate Palmolive offers different brands to consumers worldwide.
Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2008 2
Decline
Developing Country Markets Remain Viable Target Markets for MNC; MNC Home Country Market Is Diminiyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2008 2
Copyright Atomic Dog Publishing, 2008 2
Dimensions of the International Product Mix
国际市场营销 (第三版)习题答案 项目八
工程八参考答案
【知识测验】一、名词解释
1. 国际分销渠道：国际分销渠道(International Distribution
Channels)是指国际市场营销中商品的流通渠道，是由生产商向国外消费者或用户转移产品或劳务所经过的通道。
2.出口经销商：出口经销商是指经营出口业务,在本国市场上买进产品再将
产品销往国外的贸易企业。
出口经销商自主经营，自筹资金，自备仓库，自担风险。
3.国际标准化分销渠道：国际标准化分销渠道是指国际营销企业的产品进入
不同的目标市场国都采用相同的分销渠道，如使用相同宽度和长度的渠道销售本企业产品。
二、填空题L中间商、消费者2.国外目标市场国3.直接渠道
4•广泛分销5.经济性目标、安全性目标、灵活性目标、方便性目标三、单项选择题
1. A
2.B
3.C
4. D
5. D四、多项选择题
1. AB
2. ABCDE
3. ABCD
4. ABCD
5. ABCD.
五、判断题.正确
1.错误.正确
2.正确.正确。
国际市场营销 全球营销学每章课后习题答案
全球营销学第四版每章课后习题答案第一章Introduction to Global Marketing1.What are the basic goals of marketing? Are these goals relevant to globalmarketing?P31、Surpass the competition at the task of creating perceived value for customers2、The Guide line is the value equation –Value = Benefits/Price (Money, Time, Effort, Etc.)P42.What is mean by “global localization”?（全球本土化策略）Is Coca-Cola a globalproduct? Explain.The phrase “global localization” represents an attempt to capture the spirit of the rallying cry for o rganizations in the 21st century, namely, “think globally, act locally.”Most people will agree that Coca-Cola is a global product by virtue of the fact that it is available in more than 195 countries in red cans bearing the distinctive signature style. It must be noted, however, that customer service efforts are adapted to the needs of particular markets, e.g., vending machines in Japan. Thus, Coca-Cola is both global and local.3.Describe some of the global marketing strategies available to companies. Giveexamples of companies that use the different strategies.Global marketing strategies: 1. global market participation is the extent to which a company has operations in major world markets; 2. standardization versus adaptation is the extent to which each marketing mix element can be standardized or adapted in various country markets; 3. concentration of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed in one or a few country locations; 4. coordination of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed interdependently around the globe; 5. integration of competitive moves is the extent to which a firm’s competitive marketing tactics in different parts of world are interdependent.Examples: 1. Coke is the best-known, strongest brand, as the Coca-Cola Company, supporting its Coke, Fanta, and Powerade brands with marketing mix elements both that are globe and local, is adept at adapting sales promotion, distribution, and customer service efforts to local needs;2. Mcdonald’s business model is a restaurant system that can be set up virtually anywhere in the world and offers core menu items-hamburgers, French fries, and soft drinks-in most countries, and the company also customizes menu offerings according to local eating customs.4.How do the global marketing strategies of Harley-Davidson and Toyota differ?Harley-Davidson motorcycles are known the world over as “the” all-American motorcycle. Harley’s mystique and heritag e are associated with the USA. The company backs up this positioning with exports from two U.S. manufacturing locations. By contrast, Toyota builds some models (e.g., Camry and Avalon) for the U.S. market in the U.S., a fact that Toyota stresses in its American ad. Thus, Harley-Davidson serves global markets while sourcing locally, while Toyota’s strategy calls for serving world markets and using the world as a source of supply.5.Describe the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, regiocentric, andgeocentric management orientations.The premise of an ethnocentric orientation is that home country products and management processes are superior. An ethnocentric company that neither sources inputs from, nor seeks market opportunities in the world outside the home country may be classified as an domestic company. A company that does business abroad while still presuming the superiority of the home country may be classified as an international company. Such a company would rely on an extension strategy whereby it would export, without adaptation, products designed for the domestic market.The polycentric orientation that predominates at a multinational company leads to aview of the world in which each country markets is different from the others. Local country managers operating with a high degree of autonomy adapt the marketing mix in a polycentric, multinational company. Managers who are regiocentric or geocentric in their orientations recognize both similarities and differences in world markets. Market opportunities are pursued using both extension and adaptation strategies. The regiocentric and geocentric orientations are characteristic of global transnational companies.OrEthnocentric orientation: home country is superior to the rest of the world, sees similarities in foreign countries，leads to a standardized or extension approach; Polycentric orientation: the opposite of ethnocentrism, each country in which a company does business is unique, sees differences in foreign countries, leads to localized or adaption approach; Regiocentric orientation: a region becomes the relevant geographic unit; management`s goal is to develop an integrated regional strategy; Geocentric orientation：views the entire world as a potential market and strives to develop integrated world market strategies.6.Identify and briefly describe some of the forces that have resulted in increased globalintegration and the growing importance of global marketing.P21+Driving Forces：Regional economic agreements、Market needs and wants、TechnologyTransportation and communication improvements、Product development costs、Quality、World economic trends、LeverageRestraining Forces：Management myopia、Organizational culture、National controls 7.Define leverage and explain the different types of leverage utilized by companieswith global operations.Define leverage：P25第二章The Global Economic Environment1.Explain the difference between market capitalism, centrally planned capitalism,centrally planned socialism, and market socialism. Give an example of a country that illustrates each types of system.Market capitalism is an economic system in which individuals and firms allocate resources and production resources are privately owned. (England).Centrally planned capitalism is an economic system in which command resource allocation is utilized extensively in an environment of private resource ownership. (Sweden)Centrally planned socialism, in this type of economic system, the state has broad powers to serve the public interest as it sees fit. (Former Soviet Union)Market socialism, in such a system, market allocation policies are permitted within an overall environment of state ownership. (China)2.What is a BEM? Identify the BEMs according to their respective stages of economicdevelopment.P53P56-583. A manufacture of satellite dishes is assessing the world market potential for hisproducts. He asks you if he should consider developing countries as potential markets.How would you advise him?Despite the difficult economic conditions in parts of developing countries, many nations will involve into attractive markets.One of marketing’s roles in developing countries is to focus resources on the task of creating and delivering products that are best suited to local needs and incomes. The role of marketing to indentify people’s needs and wants is the same in all countries, irrespective of level of economic development. It is also an opportunity to help developing countries join the information age.And P654.Turn to the Index of Economic Freedom (Table 2-1) and identify where the BEMs areranked. What does the result tell you in terms of the relevance of the index to global marketers?P52第三章Social and Cultural Environments1.What are some of the elements that make up culture? How do these find expression inyour native culture?Culture is a collection of Values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that distinguish one society from another.Culture is acted out in social institutions, such as, family, education, religion, government, business.2.What is the difference between a low-context culture and a high-context culture?Give an example of a country that is an example of each type and provide evidence for your answer.PPT 第四章4-63.How can Hofstede’s cultural typologies help Western marketers better understandAsian culture?P874.Explain the self-reference criterion(自我参照准则). Go to the library and findexamples of product failures that might have been avoided through the application of the SRC.Unconscious reference to one’s own cultural values; creates cultural myopia5.Briefly explain the social research of Everrtt Rogers regarding diffusion ofinnovations,……P94pare and contrast USA and Japan in terms of traditions and organizationalbehavior and norms.第四章The Legal and Regulatory Environments of Global Marketing1.What is sovereignty? What is it an important consideration in the politicalenvironment of global marketing?sovereignty2.Describe some of the sources of political risk. Specially, what forms can political risktake?Tension between aspirations and realityPrimarily occurs in lower and lower-middle income countries–Indonesia and economic crisisWhen political risk occurs in high income countries, it is generally due to a long-standing conflict–Northern IrelandP1423.Briefly describe some of the differences between the legal environment of a countrythat embraces common law and one that observes civil law.4.Global marketers can avoid legal conflicts by understanding the reasons conflictsarise in the first place. Identify and describe several legal issues that relate to global commerce.Intellectual PropertyAntitrustContractualLicensing and Trade Secrets5.“See you in court” is one way to respond when legal issues arise. What otherapproaches are possible?LitigationFormal arbitration–Settles disputes outside of court–Groups agree to abide by panel’s decision1958 United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards–Most important treaty regarding international arbitration第五章Global Information Systems and Market Research1.Explain two information technology puts powerful tools in the hands of globalmarketers.Modern IT tools provide the means for a company's marketing information system and research functions to provide relevant information in a timely, cost –efficient, and actionable manner.Electronic data interchange (EDI) allows business units to submit orders, to issue invoices, to conduct business electronically, Wal-Mart legendary for its EDI, save time and money, enables retailers to improve inventory management. Transaction formats are universalEfficient Consumer Response (ECR) This is in addition to EDI, an effort for retailers and vendors to work closely on stock replenishment(补充). ECR can be defined as a joint initiative by members of a supply chain to work toward improving and optimizing(最优化) aspects of the supply chain to benefit customersIntranet, Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS), Data Warehouses are also helping businesses improve their ability to target consumers and increase loyalty.2.What are the different modes of information acquisition? Which is the most importantfor gathering strategic information?3.4、Outline the basic steps of the market research process.5、What is the difference between existing, latent, and incipient demand? How mightthese differences affect the design of a marketing research project?Demand and profit potential, in turn, depend in part on whether the market being studied can be classifieds existing or potential. Existing markets are those in which customer needs are already being served by one or more companies. In some instances, there is no existing market to research and. information may be readily available. A latent market is in essence, an und iscovered segment .It’s a market in which demand would materialize if an appropriate product were made available. An incipient market is a market that will emerge if particular economic demographic, political, or sociocultural trend continues. A company is not likely to achieve satisfactory results if it offers a product in an incipient market before the trends have taken root.Market growth, brand loyalty, market segment, product, sales promotion, pricing, distribution, will be different in marketing research project.6.Describe some of the analytical techniques used by global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each technique?A number of techniques are available for analyzing survey data.Factor analysis can be used to transform large amount of data into manageable units. It is useful in psychographic segmentation studies or creating perceptual maps; cluster analysis allows the researchers to group variables into clusters that maximize within-group similarities and between-group differences. It can be used to do global marketing research, to perform benefit segmentation, and to identify new product opportunities. Multi dimensional scaling is another technique for creating perceptual maps which is particular useful when there are many product to choose and consumers have difficulty in verbalizing their conceptions. Conjoint analysis is used to gain insights into the combination of features that will be the most attractive to consumers. It is useful when determines the values and utilities of the various levels of product features and plots them graphically.第六章Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning1.differentiate the five basic segmentation strategies. Give an example of a companythat has used each one.P170-P1831、IncomePopulationsAge distributionGenderEducationOccupation2、Grouping people according to attitudes, value, and lifestyles3、4、Benefit segmentation focuses on the value equation–Value = Benefits / Price5、The population of many countries includes ethnic groups of significant size2.Explain the difference between segmenting and targeting.P200pare and contrast standardized, concentrated, and differentiated global marketing.Illustrate each strategy with an example from a global company.Standardized global marketing is mass marketing on a global scale with undifferentiated target marketing (Revlon International)Concentrated global marketing, involves devising a marketing mix to reach a niche. A niche is simply a single segment of the global market. (Germany`s Winter halter) Differentiated global marketing, represents a more ambitious approach than concentrated target marketing with multi-segment targeting and two or more distinct markets (Rover)4.5.What is positioning? Identify the different positioning strategies presented in thechapter and give examples of companies or products that illustrate each.Locating a brand in consumers’minds over and against competitors in terms of attributes and benefits that the brand does and does not offer.P192-1956.What is global consumer culture positioning? What other strategic positioningchoices do global marketers have?Identifies the brand as a symbol of a particular global culture or segment.P1967.What is high-touch product? Explain the difference between high-tech productpositioning and high-touch product positioning. Can some products be positioned using both strategies? Explain.High-tech products are sophisticated technologically complex, and/or difficult to explain or understand, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established objective standards. High-tech global consumer positioning also works well for special interest products associated with leisure of recreation.High-touch products, consumers are generally energized by emotional motives rather than rational ones, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established subjective, aesthetic terms.Some products can be positioned using both strategies, with both satisfying buyers’ rational criteria and evoking an emotional response. Nokia, for example, combines technical performance with a fashion orientation.第七章Global Market Entry Strategies:1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of using licensing as a market entry tool?Give examples of companies from different countries that use licensing as a global marketing strategy.Advantages to LicensingProvides additional profitability with little initial investmentProvides method of circumventing tariffs, quotas, and other export barriersAttractive ROILow costs to implementDisadvantages to LicensingLimited participationReturns may be lostLack of controlLicensee may become competitorLicensee may exploit company resourcesP2062.What is foreign direct investment? What forms can FDI take?P209Partial or full ownership of operations outside of home countryForms:Joint ventures–Minority or majority equity stakes–Outright acquisition3.Do you agree with Ford’s decision to acquire Jaguar? What was more valuable toFord---the physical assets or the name?P2154.What is meant by the phrase global strategic partnership? In what ways does this formof market entry strategy differ from more traditional forms such as joint ventures? Participants remain independent following formation of the allianceParticipants share benefits of alliance as well as control over performance of assigned tasksParticipants make ongoing contributions in technology, products, and other key strategic areasPPT3055.What are Keiretsu? How does this form of industrial structure affect companies thatcompete with Japan or that are trying to enter the Japanese market?PPT307书P2276.Which Strategic options for market entry or expansion would a small company belikely to pursue? A large company?StrategiesCompanies must decide to expand by:–Seeking new markets in existing countries–Seeking new country markets for already identified and served market segments第八章Product and Brand Decisions1.What is the difference between a product and a brand?A product is a good, service, or ideaBrandsBundle of images and experiences in the customer’s mindA promise made by a particular company about a particular productA quality certificationDifferentiation between competing productsThe sum of impressions about a brand is the Brand ImageThe added value that accrues to a product as a result of investments in the marketing of the brandAn asset that represents the value created by the relationship between the brand and customer over time2.How do local, international, and global products differ? Cite examplesLocal Product is one that has achieved success in a single national market and represents the lifeblood of domestic companies. （Coca-cola, ginseng beverage only in Japan）International product is offered in several markets in a particular region (Euro-product, only in euro zone)Global product meets the wants and needs of a global market and is offered in all world regions (personal stereos)3.What are some of the elements that make up a brand? Are these elements tangible orintangible?IntangibleP2414.What criteria should global marketers consider when making product designdecisions?In many instances, packaging is an integral element of product-related design decisions. Packaging is designed to protect or contain the product during shipping；Labeling provides consumers with various types of information; Aesthetics differ around the world. Global marketers must understand the importance of visual aesthetics; Product Warranties is a written guarantee that assures the buyer is getting what they paid for or provides a remedy in case of a product failure. Warranties can be used as a competitive tool5.How can buyer at titudes about a product’s country of origin affect marketing strategy?买家对于原产国的态度对营销策略有什么影响？Perceptions about and attitudes toward particular countries often extend to products and brands known to originate in those countries–Japan–Germany–France–ItalyP252-2546.Identify several global brands. What are some of the reasons for the global success ofthe brands you chose?Both products and brand are good……7.Briefly describe various combinations of product-communication strategies availableto global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each?Product-communication extension (dual extension) is a strategy selling the same product with the same promotional appeals used in domestically when pursuing opportunities outside the home market. It used frequently with industrial (business to business) products.Product extension-communication adaptation strategy is a relatively low cost of implementation because the physical product is unchanged, and the main costs are associated with market research and revising promotional appeals. It used frequently when consumer conceptions outside the home market are very different from domestic marketProduct adaptation-communication extension is an approach to global product planning is to extend, without change, the basic home-market communications strategy while adapting the product to local use or preference conditions. It used frequently when natural conditions outside the home market are very different from domestic market Product-communication adaptation (dual adaptation) strateg y is an approach used both the different product serves and advertising appeals to consumer receptivity when comparing a new geographic market to the home market, environmental conditions or consumer preferences differ;第九章Pricing Decisions1.What are the basic factors that affect price in any market? What considerations enterinto the pricing decision?In global marketing, the task of setting prices is complicated by fluctuating exchange rates. Currency fluctuations can create significant problems and opportunities for the classic international company that exports from the home country.Inflation, or a persistent upward change in price levels, is a problem in many country markets. It can be caused by an increase in the money supply and currency devaluation. Governmental policies and regulations that affect pricing decisions include dumping legislation, resale price maintenance legislation, price ceilings, and general reviews of price levels.Pricing decisions are bounded not only by cost and nature of demand but also by competitive action.Competitive Behavior: If competitors do not adjust their prices in response to rising costs it is difficult to adjust your price to maintain operating margins; If competitors are manufacturing or sourcing I a lower-cost country, it may be necessary to cut prices to stay competitiveThe global marketer has several options for addressing the problem of price escalation orthe environmental factors described in the last section.2.Define the various types of pricing strategies and objectives available to globalmarketers.Market Skimming and Financial Objectives: Market Skimming charges a premium price which may occur at the introduction stage of product life cyclePenetration Pricing and Non-Financial Objectives: Penetration Pricing charges a low price in order to penetrate market quickly which appropriates to saturate market prior to imitation by competitors3.Identify some of the environmental constraints on global pricing decisions. Currency FluctuationsInflationary EnvironmentGovernment Controls, Subsidies, RegulationsCompetitive BehaviorSourcing4.Why do price differences in world markets often lead to gray marketing?Because price differences in world markets lead to trademarked products are exported from one country to another where they are sold by unauthorized persons or organizationsGray marketing occurs when product is in short supply, when producers use skimming strategies in some markets, and when goods are subject to substantial mark-ups 5.What is dumping? Why was dumping such an important issue during the UruguayRound of GATT negotiations?Sale of an imported product at a price lower than that normally charged in a domestic market or country of origin.P2966.What is transfer price? Why is it an important issue for companies with foreignaffiliates(外国子公司)? Why did transfer pricing in Europe take on increased importance in 1999?The transfer price is that Pricing of goods, services, and intangible property bought and sold by operating units or divisions of a company doing business with an affiliate in another jurisdiction.P2997.What is the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, and geocentric pricingstrategies? Which one would you recommend to a company that has global market aspirations?P291-292 PPT240-242pare and contrast the different forms of countertrade.Countertrade occurs when payment is made in some form other than moneyOptions–BarterThe least complex and oldest form of bilateral, non-monetary counter-tradeA direct exchange of goods or services between two parties–Counter-purchase P303-304–Offset–Compensation trading–Cooperation agreements–Switch trading第十章Global Marketing Channels and Physical Distribution1.In what ways can channel intermediaries create utility for buyers?ObjectivesMarketing channels exist to create utility for customers–Place utility -availability of a product or service in a location that is convenient to a potential customer–Time utility -availability of a product or service when desired by a customer–Form utility -availability of the product processed, prepared, in proper condition and/or ready to use–information utility -availability of answers to questions and general communicationabout useful product features and benefits2.What factors influence the channel structures and strategies available to globalmarketers?B2CThe characters of both buyers and products have an important influence on channel design.The number of individual buyers and their geographic distribution, income, shopping habits and different channel approaches.Products characters such as degree of standardization, perishability, bulk, service requirements, and unit price have an impact as well.Channels tends to be longer as the number of consumers to be served increases and the price per unit decreases. Bulky products usually require channel arrangements that minimize the shipping distances and the number of times products change hands before they reach the ultimate customer.B2BAs is true with consumer channels, product and consumer characteristics have an impact on channel structure. Three basic elements are involved: the manufacture's sales force, distributors or agents and wholesalers.Channel strategy in a global marketing program must fit the company's competitive position and overall marketing objectives in each national market.market factors: consumer profiles, market size and location of country.3.What is cherry picking? What approaches can be used to deal with this problem?P323pare and contrast the typical channel structures for consumer products andindustrial products.P340 PPT252-2555.Identify the different forms of retailing and cite an example of each form. Identifyretailers from as many different countries as you can.PPT258-259 P3256.Identify the four retail market expansion strategies discussed in the text. What factorsdetermine the appropriable mode?Organic–Company uses its own resources to open a store on a green field site or acquire one or more existing retail facilitiesFranchise–Appropriate strategy when barriers to entry are low yet the market is culturally distant in terms of consumer behavior or retailing structuresChain Acquisition–A market entry strategy that entails purchasing a company with multiple existing outlets in a foreign countryJoint Venture–This strategy is advisable when culturally distant, difficult-to-enter markets are targeted 7.What special distribution challenges exist in Japan? What is the best way for anon-Japanese company to deal with these challenges?第十一章Global Marketing Communications Decisions:Advertising and Public Relations1.In what ways can global brands and global advertising campaigns benefit a company? P3482.How does the “standardized versus localized” debate apply to advertising?Four difficulties that compromise an organization’s communicat ion efforts–The message may not get through to the intended recipient.–The message may reach the target audience but may not be understood or may even be misunderstood.–The message may reach the target audience and may be understood but still may not induce the recipient to take the action desired by the sender.–The effectiveness of the message can be impaired by noise.。
市场营销课后习题答案 第8章
第八章促销策略一、单选题：1、促销工作的核心是B 。
A．出售商品B．沟通信息C．建立良好关系D．寻找顾客2、促销的目的是引发刺激消费者产生 A 。
A．购买行为B．购买兴趣C．购买决定D．购买倾向3、对单位价值高、性能复杂、需要做示范的产品，通常采用 C 策略。
A．广告B．公共关系C．推式D．拉式4、公共关系是一项 D 的促销方式。
A．一次性B．偶然C．短期D．长期5、销售促进是一种 B 的促销方式。
A．常规性B．辅助性C．经常性D．连续性6、企业广告又称 B 。
A．商品广告B．商誉广告C．广告主广告D．媒介广告7、在产品生命周期的投入期，消费品的促销目标主要是宣传介绍产品，刺激购买欲望的产生，因而主要应采用 A 促销方式。
A．广告B．人员推销C．价格折扣D．销售促进8、人员推销活动的主体是 C 。
A．推销市场B．推销品C．推销人员D．推销条件9、公关活动的主体是 A 。
A．一定的组织B．顾客C．政府官员D．推销员10、公共关系目标是使企业C 。
A．出售商品B．盈利C．广结良缘D．占领市场11、一般日常生活用品，适合于选择 C 做广告。
A．人员B．专业杂志C．电视D．公共关系12、公共关系 C 。
A．是一种短期促销战略B．直接推销产品C．树立企业形象D．需要大量的费用13、开展公共关系工作的基础和起点是 A 。
A．公共关系调查B．公共关系计划C．公共关系实施D．公共关系策略选择14、一般说来，人员推销有上门推销、柜台推销和 B 三种形式。
A．宣传推销B．会议推销C．协作推销D．节假日推销三、多选：1、促销的具体方式包括（BCDE）。
A．市场细分B．人员推销C．广告D．公共关系E．销售促进2、促销策略从总的指导思想上可分为（CD）。
A．组合策略B．单一策略C．推式策略D．拉式策略E．综合策略3、促销组合和促销策略的制定其影响因素较多，主要应考虑的因素有BCDE 。
A．消费者状况B．促销目标C．产品因素D．市场条件E．促销预算4、在人员推销活动中的三个基本要素为（CDE）。
国际市场营销学复习题答案
国际市场营销学复习题答案国际市场营销学复习题答案第一章1、什么是市场营销？市场营销的基本要素是什么？市场营销有哪些主要职能？“市场营销”是企业以顾客需要为出发点，有计划的组织各项经营活动，为顾客提供满意的商品和服务而实现企业目标的过程。
市场营销基本要素是：A．产品B．价格C．渠道D．促销主要职能：采购与销售、分销与存货、质量与数量、促销与信息、财务与风险2、目前有哪些市场营销组合理论？各有哪些优势和不足之处？4P策略是指产品product,价格price,地点place,促销promotion.首先这四种因素是企业可以调节、控制和运用的。
其次，这些因素都不是固定不变的，而是不断变化的。
企业受到内部条件、外部环境变化的影响，必须能动地做出相应的反应。
最后这四种因素是一个整体，它们不是简单的相加或拼凑集合，而应在统一目标指导下，彼此配合、相互补充，能够求得大于局部功能之和的整体效应。
7Ps营销理论(The Marketing Theory of 7Ps)，1981年布姆斯（Booms）和比特纳（Bitner）建议在传统市场营销理论4Ps的基础上增加三个“服务性的P”，即：人（ People ）、过程（ Process）、物质环境（Physical Environment）。
C是由营销学家菲利普·科特勒所提出来的，他提出了整体营销的概念，整合营销其意义就是强调各种要素之间的关联性，要求它们成为统一的有机体。
具体地讲，整合营销更要求各种营销要素的作用力统一方向，形成合力，共同为企业的营销目标服务。
4C是指消费者consumer,成本cost,便利convenience,沟通communication.4R策略的营销新理论是美国的Done Schuhz提出，阐述了一个全新的营销四要素：与顾客建立关联Relevance,反应React,关系Relation,回报Return.11P营销理念，即在大营销6P之外加上调研、区隔、优先、定位和人，并将产品、定价、渠道、促销称为战术4P，将探查、分割、优先、定位称为战略4P。
(完整版)《国际市场营销学》课后习题答案
1.企业走向国际市场的主要动因是什么？我国企业走向国际市场的动因有哪些特殊性？国内市场需求饱和及市场竞争激烈；国际市场的吸引力；政府鼓励与支持企业出口政策；科学技术发展为企业跨国经营提供物质前提；我国动因：国内市场竞争激烈；国外产品通过各种渠道大量涌入国内市场，使国内市场呈现出饱和状态，企业为实现产品的竞争日益激烈；获取国外先进科学技术及先进的管理技术；利用俩种资源与俩个市场获取国外低成本的生产资源及引进外资；2.什么是国际市场营销？国际营销同国内营销有何联系和区别？国际市场营销是指在一国以上把企业生产的商品或劳务引导到消费者或用户中去的经营活动；一)国际营销与国内营销的联系1．基础的共同性国际营销与国内营销都以经济学的基本原理作为理论基础。
现代管理学、统计学、数学、会计学、社会学、心理学等诸多学科的内容，既可以指导国内营销活动，又广泛运用于国际营销之中。
2．观念的一致性在当代经济活动中，国际营销观念与国内营销观念本质上是一致的，都以“市场观念”作为指导原则，以满足消费者和用户的需求为中心。
所谓满足需求，一是指满足消费者和用户对商品或服务在使用价值上的需求；二是指满足消费者和用户的心理需求。
由于观念的一致性，企业的国内外营销活动也具有一致性，即企业在国内外营销活动中都必须做到：（1）企业生产、销售产品与服务都要有自己的目标市场，即要有特定的用户作为自己的买主；（2）企业提供的产品和服务，不仅在物质功能上而且在价值观念上，都要满足目标市场的需求；（3）企业销售产品与服务在时间、地点、方式、价格等方面，都必须便于顾客购买；（4）及时为顾客提供信息和满意的售后服务，以满足现实顾客和潜在顾客对商品和服务的多种需要。
3．经营的延伸性在经营上，国际营销与国内营销往往存在一定的联系。
就其经营发生的过程来看，国际营销是国内营销的延伸。
粗略说来，企业先从事国内营销，再逐渐发展到国际营销。
也就是说，企业发展国际营销，一般都有一个渐进的过程。
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1.解释下列概念：
国际市场营销调研：国际市场营销调研是指企业运用科学的方法，有目的地、系统地搜集、记录一切与国际市场营销活动相关的信息，对所收集到的信息进行整理和分析，从而把握目标市场的变化规律，为国际市场上的营销决策提供可靠的依据。
文案调研：文案调研方式是指从各种文书档案中检索出有用的信息资料，再加以分析判断确定国际市场营销策略的一种以收集第二手资料为主的调研方式。
实地调研：实地调研是指市场调研信息资料直接来源于国际市场，从而取得第一手资料的调研方式。
问卷调查：问卷调查是将设计好的问卷寄给被调查者，请其回答后寄回以获取信息资料。
抽样调查：这是从调查对象的总体中按随机原则抽取一部分单位作为样本，对样本进行观测和调查，并以所观测和调查的样本指标推断或推算总体指标的一种非全面调查方法。
二手信息资料：第二手资料包括联合国、各国（地区）政府、贸易协会及其他组织公布的资料，企业内部记录和报告以及从各种渠道得到的间接资料。
第一手信息资料：是市场营销人员直接从顾客、中间商、推销员和竞争者等方面收集得来的第一手资料。
询问法：指采取询问方式向具有代表性的被调查者了解情况，从而获取原始信息资料的一种方法。
观察法：指由调研人员直接到现场，通过工具、机器或直观方法，观察被调查者的行动和表情，收集原始资料。
实验法：指在一定的小范围市场（样本空间）内，对某一购买行为进行实验性的统计性观察，从而了解其因果关系的一种重要方法。
2.国际市场营销调研主要包括哪些内容？
答：国际市场营销环境调研：国际自然环境；人口资源；国民收入；各国社会和文化；
国际政治环境；国际经济环境。
国际市场的消费者调研：消费者调研；消费量调研。
国际市场营销组合因素调研：国际市场营销的产品信息调研；国际市场营销的价格信息调研；国际市场营销的分销渠道信息调研；国际市场营销的促销信息调研；国际市场营销的竞争信息调研。
3.如何设计一个完整的国际市场营销调研方案？
答：确定市场调研目的与市场调研类型；确定国际市场调研范围；拟定调研项目；确定资料来源和整理资料；撰写市场调研报告。
4.实地调研常用方法有哪些？如何进行文案调研？
答：实地调研的主要方式包括：询问法、观察法、试验法、抽样调查法等。
搞好文案调研的关键在于熟悉资料的来源和检索办法。
同时，还要会正确认识和评价这些资料的背景材料和合理成分。
5.如何选择合适的国际市场营销调研代理机构？
答：选择东道国代理的途径可采用几种方法：通过东道国销售顾问协助挑选调研代理机构；同业公会、行业出版物，或其他公司的销售研究部门；管理顾问及工程顾问的全国协会；大使馆的商务处；诸如国际贸易中心之类的国际组织。
国际上的市场营销调研代理选择时，要认真审查有关调研代理的业务能力、经验和资信水平、营业方式、工作方式和实地调研技术，并作出比较和选择。
6.美国、日本、西欧等国别市场各有哪些主要特点？
答：美国市场的主要特点：市场经济发达，市场化程度高；美国市场容量巨大，需求层次多；美国市场渠道畅通；美国市场对产品质量要求高，注重广告宣传；美国市场安全性强。
西欧国家市场的主要特点：西欧市场是世界第一大市场；西欧市场为区域联盟大市场；
西欧市场是一个内部统一市场；西欧市场是一个自由贸易市场；西欧市场中商业零售发展快、形式新；西欧各国政府对市场商品监督管理严格。
日本市场的主要特点：日本市场是一个垄断控制型市场；日本市场是外向主导型市场；日本市场规模大，消费水平高；日本市场的对外开放性日益加强；日本市场进口商品结构出现新变化；日本市场的流通渠道复杂；日本市场竞争激烈；日本市场对商品质量要求高。
7.试举例说明如何进行抽样调查？
答：抽样方案设计的内容主要包括：
（1）明确调查目的，确定所要估计的目标量。
例如，电视节目的收视率调查、日用品的消费调查等等，往往是以户为单位的。
(2)明确总体及抽样单元。
例如，电视节目的收视率调查，总体一般指在电视覆盖地区的拥有电视的家庭中4岁以上的居民，最小抽样单位一般为“户”。
而广播电视的广告、传播效果调查一般以9岁或12岁以上的公民为受众总体，最小抽样单位为“个人”。
消费者调查、社会问题的调查的总体一般是指18岁或18岁以上的公民。
（3）确定或构建抽样框。
(4)对主要目标的精度提出要求。
例如在收视率的调查中，平均收视率的误差不超过3%等等。
(5)选择抽样方案的类型。
例如在收视率调查中采用多级抽样，而在各级中又采用分层抽样等组织形式，最后一级采用等距抽样方式等等。
（6）根据抽样方案的类型、对主要目标量的精确度要求及置信度等等，确定样本量，并给出总体目标量的估计式（点估计或区间估计）和抽样误差的估算式。
（7）制定实施方案的具体办法和步骤。
8.试举例说明什么是市场机会，如何评估市场机会？
答：所谓市场机会，是指市场上存在“未满足的需求”。
由于产品生命周期快速变化及消费者需求的变化，“未满足需求”的市场永远会存在。
评价市场机会可以从这几个方面：市场机会是否同企业的目标和任务相符合；企业是否具备利用国际市场机会的能力；企业能否获得最大的“差别利益”。
9.试结合实例，说明估计国际市场需求的主要方法。
答：基于国际市场巨大的不确定性和数据资料的局限性，以下两种预测需求的方法适合于国际营销者，即专家意见法与类比法。
课后案例答案提示
讨论题
1.通过对意大利纺织品的市场分析，中国进入意大利家纺市场时必须考虑哪些主要因素？
答：可从市场需求、竞争对手、市场容量、渠道等方面作答。
2.除了上文对意大利纺织品市场的因素分析之外，还应该考虑哪些可能的影响因素？
答：可从东道国法律、文化等方面作答。
3.中国正式加入WTO后，在意大利的家纺市场所采取的营销策略是否应有所改变？
答：应该有所改变，应该利用WTO的规则趋利避害，调整营销策略。
言之成理即可。