英国历史 美国历史

英国历史(按主题分)I.The Founding of the Nation1. Roman Britain and the Anglo-Saxons1.1 The Celtic Invasion1.2 Roman Conquest: 43 AD—5th Century ---- by the Roman Empire1.3 The Anglo-Saxon Invasion: 5th—8th Century----- by the Anglo-Saxons1.4 Danish Invasion: 8th Century—1066 ------ by the Vikings/Danes1.5 The Norman Conquest 1066 ------by the Normans2. Feudal Soiety1215: King John---the Great Charter (Magna Carta)part of the British Constitution today1236: Birth of Parliament (derived from the Great Council)Decline of Feudalism:1 The Hundred Years‘ War 1337-14532 The Black Death 1348-13493 The Peasant Uprising (leader: Wat Tyler) 1381 /the Peasant‘s Revolt4 Religious Reform (14th century- ): John Wycliff, John Ball5 The Wars of the Roses 1455-1485Lancaster, the House of the Red RoseYork, the House of theWhite RoseII. Transition to the Modern Age2.1The Renaissance (15-16th century, )2.2 The Enclosure Movement (late 15th century开始，16th century 高涨)2.3 Religious Reformation (16th century)=Protestant Reformation:In essence, the Reformation was a political movement in a religious guise.leaders:Germany: Martin LutherFrance: John CalvinEngland: King Henry VIII2.3.1 King Henry VIII ---- established the Church of England1534 the Act of Supremacy: Henry VIII—―only supreme head of the Church of England‖2.3.2 Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603)Consolidated the Church of EnglandDefended the fruit of the Reformation in essence1588 defeated the Spanish Armada2.3.3 Golden Age of English HistoryEngland advanced in such areas as foreign trade, exploration, literature, and the arts.The age of exploration began: claiming new lands for England and introducing new materials and foods.The American State, Virginia, is named after Queen Elizabeth I.2.4 The English Bourgeois Revolution (17th century)2.4.1 The Civil War1642-1649: The Civil War broke out1649—1660: The CommonwealthOliver Cromwell, head of the CommonwealthIn 1660, Parliament had Charles II as king of England. This put an end to the Commonwealth.2.4.2 The Restoration1661, Charles II: to restore the old social order1685, James II: to reestablish Catholicism2.4.3 the Glorious Revolution1688: joint sovereign of William III and Mary II1689: Bill of Rights ---- established Constitutional Monarchy2.4 The Industrial Revolution (1750-1850)A series of important inventions in the textile industry marked the beginning of Industrial Revolution: Spinning JennyWater frameSpinning mulePower loomSteam engineIII. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire3.1 The Formation of the British Empire3.1.1. First British Empire: 19th CenturyIt included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indies3.1.2. Second British Empire during the Victorian Age: Mid- and late-19th CenturyQueen Victoria’s foreign policy—New ImperialismIt included the colonies in Australia, New Zealand and Canada—dominions1876 Victoria—―Empress of India‖In Asia, occupied Burma and some other small states. Opium War against ChinaIn Africa, control Suez Canal and conquer EgyptUnion of South Africa—the 4th dominionOn the Eve of World War I, Britain had the largest colonial empire the world had ever seen.a territory of 33.5 million square kilometers (1/4 of the world‘s total land).a population of 393.5 million (8 times as large as that in Britain)3.2 Britain in the World Wars3.2.1 World War I (1914-1918)By the beginning of th e 20th century, Britain’s dominance was challenged by other European nations and the US. Two camps in Europe:Triple Alliance----the UK, France, Russia英，法，俄Triple Entente: 德，奥（匈帝国），意Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and BulgariaAllied Powers: Britain, France, Russia, Italy and USThe immediate cause—assassination in SarajevoThe cost of the war for Britain was great:drained of its manpowerlost the sea supremacya huge national debtThe League of Nations was founded after WWI.3.2.2 World War II(1939-1945)Germany—plan to conquer EuropeBritain—appeasementdeclare war on Germany on September 3, 1939alliance with the Soviet Union and the United StatesGermany surrendered unconditionally on May 7, 1945great cost—lose its naval supremacy and in debt to the United States.UK's role in World War II:Germany: Hitler—plan to conquer Europe1Britain—appeasement(non-intervention) policy（Chamberlain administration 1937-1940）1938 UK and France signed Munich Agreement with Hitler2Winston Churchill：Prime Minister of the War Cabinet (1940-1945)The whole nation was mobilized1939.9.1 Germany‘s surprise attack of Polanddeclare war on Germany on September 3, 1939alliance with the Soviet Union and the United States: the Allies同盟国May, 1940 Great Retreat of Dunkirk (UK and France)敦刻尔克大撤退the Blitz: 闪电战August-November, 1940 German bombing raids in Great Britain1944 Allied forces landed in Normandy, France：Allied Armie s Normandy Landing(s)诺曼底登陆Germany surrendered unconditionally on May 7, 1945great cost—lose its naval supremacy and in debt to the United States.1945.10.24 The United Nations was founded3.3 The Fall of the Empire3.3.1 Independence movement—India, Pakistan, Burma, Malaya and Egypt3.3.2 British Commonwealth of Nations: 1931(a loosely organized community of former British colonies)4. Britain since World War II4.1. “Three Majestic Circles”4.1. 1One of the Big Three after WWII4.1. 2Foreign Policy: Three Majestic Circlesless involvement in the Commonwealth circleclose cooperation with the United Statesan isolationist policy towards Europe4.2 “Special Relationship” with the US4.2.1 Margaret ThatcherReestablished ―special relationship‖ with the United Statesagainst European integration4.2.2 Tony Blairmore positive towards Europe (but refuse to join the Euro)further strengthened the close relationship with the United States英国历史(按时间分)I. The decline of feudalism:the Hundred Years‘ War (1337-1453)百年战争the Black Death (1348-1350) 黑死病Religious Reform(14th Century- ) 宗教改革Wat Tyler‘s Uprising =Revolt/ the Peasants‘ Uprising (1381) 泰勒起义the Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) 玫瑰战争Henry Tudor都铎王朝the end of medieval England/feudalismII. 16th--- the rise of capitalism:Enclosure 圈地运动（15th-）the Renaissance文艺复兴III. 17th—: the English Bourgeois Revolution =Puritan Revolution/ the English Civil WarThe civil war broke out (1642—1649)Between the Royalists (the Cavalier [保王党人]) and Parliamentarians(Roundheads [圆颅党人])Result: the monarchy was abolished in 1949England was declared a commonwealth, i.e. a republicIV．18th____: the Industrial Revolution （1750-1850/1840)1733 John Kay---flying shuttle1765 James Hargreaves ----spinning jenny珍妮纺纱机1769 Richard Arkwright--- water frame水力纺纱机1769 James Watt ---steam engin改良蒸汽机results: the UK= workshop of the world;世界工厂the birth of the proletariat V．Chartist Movement (1836-1848)宪章运动VI. 19th---:From free enterprise to imperialismthe UK= workshop of the worldearliest colonial powers:Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands(17th )imperialism:1588: defeated Spain-- destroyed the Spanish Armada无敌舰队(Invincible Fleet)17th: defeated the Netherlands18th : defeated France英法四次争霸战争1688-1697-War of the League of Augsburg奥格斯堡联盟战争1701-1713 War of Spanish Succession西班牙王位继承战争1756-1763 the Seven Years‘ War英法七年战争1803-1815 the Napoleonic War 拿破仑战争（1805: The Battle of Trafalgar）（1815: the Battle of Waterloo）mid 19th: fefeated Russia1854-1856 the Crimean War克里米亚战争16th—19th:colonial expansion ---India, China, America, Africa (Elizabeth I，Victoria) 1583: New Foundland1607: Virginia1783: BahamaNew Zealand, China, India, BurmaVII. 1914-1918: World War I一战: 英国霸权地位的削弱，丧失霸主地位Triple Alliance----the UK, France, Russia英，法，俄Triple Entente: 德，奥（匈帝国），意VIII. 1939.9.1-1945.8.8: World War II 二战英帝国的急剧衰落英帝国的瓦解和英联邦（the Commonwealth 1931）的出现IX. Post WWII PeriodThe Cold War (1949-1989)50 Things You Need to Know About British History In date order：1.Stonehenge 2200 BC2.Roman Invasion and Civilisation 43 AD3.St Augustine and Christianity 5974.King Alfred the Great and the Doom Book 8715.Battle of Hastings and Norman Conquest 10666.Magna Carta and trial by jury 12157.Declaration of Arbroath 13208.Canterbury Tales 13709.Peasants’ Revolt 138110.The longbows at Agincourt 141511.Sir Francis Drake and the defeat of the Spanish Amrada 158812.Gunpowder Plot 160513.Shakespeare 161014.Plantation of Ulster 161115.Execution of Charles I 164916.Glorious Revolution (1688) and Bill of Rights (1689)17.Religious Settlement 155918.The Bank of England 169419.Act of Union 1707 (with Scotland)20.Britain’s first Prime Minister Robert Walpole 172121.Gin craze and British drink culture 172922.The East India Company and the Battle of Plassey 175723.Longitude 175924.Watt‘s Steam Engine 176925.Arkwright‘s Spinning Frame 177126.Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations 177627.The Siege of Yorktown and the loss of America 178128.Nelson‘s death and the Battle of Trafalgar 180529.William Wilberforce and the abolition of the slave trade 180730.Battle of Waterloo and national identity 181531.Sir Robert Peel and the British Bobby 182932.Factory Acts and the British weekend 185033.Dr Livingstone and Africa 185534.Charles Darwin and evolution 185935.The Red House and ‗my home is my castle‘ 185936.The laws of association football 186337.Suffragettes 191338.The Battle of the Somme 191639.The BBC 192740.Gandhi and Indian Independence 193141.The Blitz 194042.Frank Whittle and the jet engine 194143.The NHS and Welfare State 194844.SS Windrush and Multiculturalism 194845.The Beatles 196446.Monty Python and British humour 197147.Britain joins European Union 197348.Miners‘ strike and Mrs Thatcher 198449.The Channel Tunnel 199150.The Good Friday Agreement 1998History of the US（美国历史）I. America in the Colonial Era1.1 Plantation of 13 British colonies:1607 Virginia: by the London Company1620 Puritan New England: the Pilgrim FathersCatholic Maryland: by Calvert, the 2nd Lord Baltimore 1649Quaker Pensylvania 1681: by William Penn1.2 1773 Boston Tea Party1.3 1774 The First Continental CongressII. The War of Independence2.1 1775 The Gunshot of Lexington2.2 1775 The Second Continental Congress: Assume the functions of a national government2.3 July 4th, 1776: Declaration of IndependenceIII. The Establishment of the Constitution and federal government3.11787, the Constitution was drafted.1789, the Constitution came into effect in nine states.Federal government was founded, George Washington the 1st American president (1789-1797)3.21791 Ten amendments—The Bill of Rights—were added to the ConstitutionIV. the War of 1812 第二次美英战争US←→UK: the Second War of IndependenceV. Westward Expansion (1810s/1600s -1850s/1890s)●Florida: 1853, from SpainThe Oregon territory: 1846, from Britain●California: 1846, from Mexico (gold rush)●Alaska: 1867, from Russia●Hawaii: 1898, annexed Spanish-American War(1898)5.1 1823 the Monroe Doctrine:It later became a principle of US intervewntion whenever its national interesta were thereatened5.2 1836-1848 The Mexican-American WarVI. 1861-1865 The Civil War: Abraham Lincoln1863 the Gettsburg Address1863 The Emancipation Proclamation 《解放宣言》1865 the 13th amendment to the US Constitution, abolished slaveryVII. The Progressive Era (late 1800’s - early 1900’s ) 进步时代●A strong spirit of reform in the US●In response to problems raised by rapid industrialization and urbanization that followed the Civil War ●To protect their historic tradition of democratic government and universal economic opportunity Major themes●Concern for the underprivileged and downtrodden●The restoration of government to the rank and file●The enlargement of government power in order to bring industry and finance under popular controlSupport from three Presidents after 1900●President Theodore Roosevelt: establishment of the Bureau of Corporations (1903)●President Taft: furthering the cause of reform●President Wilson: flourishing of the reform movementVIII. The US Becomes a World Power8.1 Imperial Foreign Policy:Isolationism→ Interventionism●Before the 1890‘s: Isolationism 孤立主义●During the 1890‘s and 1900‘s: InterventionismBecoming a great power and an imperialistic countryA world power ready to assert its influence in international affairs8.21898: Spanish-American War8.3 1899 Open Door Policy: ChinaIX. The United States in the 20th century:9.1Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909): “Big Stick” Policy9.2 The United States and World War I (1914-1918)•Allies—Britain, France, and Russia•The Central Powers—Germany, Austria-HungaryThe Treaty of Versailles (1919)President Wilson: Fourteen Points and the League of Nations(1920-1949)十四点计划和国际联盟9.3 The Post World War I Period1Isolation: a new one●The world‘s greatest manufacturing and exporting nation: Impossibility of total disengagement from world affairs2immigration●The end of free and open immigration in 1921●A significant change in attitude and legislation about immigration●Consequence: lessening the competitive and mobile character of American life3The booming 1920s: The Booming Economy in 1920‘s4Migration to the Cities: an urban nation5Women‘s Suffrage6 The Great Depression --1930s (1929- )Franklin Roosevelt–the ―New Deal‖9.4 The United States and World War II (1939-1945)1Isolation and Neutrality: A sit-on-the-fence policy2America Enters the War (1941-1945)•December 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor,Conference at Potsdam3End of WWII▪The US airforce dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima On August 6 and on Nagasaki on August 8.▪On September 2, 1945, Japan surrendered.Results of World War II●Enhanced military and economic power: the only nation that benefited from the war●The Baby Boom 1946-1964●Establishment of the UN (1945.10.24)9.5The Cold War (1945-1989)1United Nations in 1945—a new and better world would emerge from World War II.2The conflict between the two superpowers Russia and the US increased and later led to the Cold War.3President Truman: 1947 the Containment PolicyGeorge Marshal: 1947 The Marshall Plan4the United States – 1949 NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization)1955, the Soviet Union -- Warsaw Pact5the Korean War (1950-1953)6The Red Scare and McCarthyism赤色恐慌和麦卡锡主义A modern witch hunt for communists from 1951 to 1954 政治迫害7John Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis 古巴导弹危机8The Vietnam War (1954/1961-1973/1975)9Richard Nixon and Détente国际紧张关系的缓和Two other diplomatic breakthroughs:1979 Re-establ ishing US relations with the People‘s Republic of ChinaNegotiating the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty with the Soviet Union•Table Tennis Foreign Policy•Nixon–first US president visited Beijing.•The ―Shanghai Communiqué‖—a new US policy:–there was one China;–Taiwan was part of China;–a peaceful settlement of the dispute by the Chinese themselves was in American interest.–The Watergate Scandal 水门事件: Richard Nixon‘s resignation in August,197410Ronald Regan: the Star Wars Project9.6 Social Movements in the 1960sThe Civil Rights Movement 民权运动The Youth (Anti-war) Movement: Counter Culture 青年文化/ 反传统文化Women’s Rights Movement9.7 George Bush(1989-92): The Persian Gulf War (Gulf War)1990: Iraq occupied and annexed Kuwait9.8 Bill Clinton (1992-2000): Engagement and expansion3 pillars of US foreign policy---national security, economic prosperity, promotion of democracyKosovo CrisisX. America in the 21st Century10.1 George W. Bush(2001-2009): Unilateralism and faith in military strength1The war against terrorismTerrorist Event on September 11, 20012Invasion of Iraq (March 19, 2003)•―Trial of century‖—the trial of Saddam began on October, 19, 2005 in Baghdad.•Saddam is accused of crimes against humanity.10.2 Barrack Obama(2009- ): DemocraticChallenges:Economic turmoil, unpopular unjustifiable war (the war in Afghanistan, in Iraq), time of changes。